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Caught in the Act of Protest: Contextualizing Contestation (CCC)-project is set up to combine interview data of individual participants in the act of demonstrating with multilayered contextual data that allow embedding this individual participation in meaningful contextual differences. The data were collected in nine countries: Belgium, Czech Republic, Italy, Mexico, The Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom.

Observation and model data for locations Fendt (DE-Fen), Rottenbuch (DE-RbW) and Graswang (DE-Gwg), in conjunction with selected journal publications. These data have primarily been used for investigation of surface carbon fluxes (Net Ecosystem Exchange, Gross Primary Productivity), seasonal climatic trends and land management. The sites are part of TERENO, a network of observatories in Germany. The TERENO Data Portal should provide other and more up-to-date information. The time period includes the ScaleX intensive observation campaigns that took place in 2015 and 2016. The data format is NetCDF4. A Jupyter notebook is available (see Related identifiers, GitLab) with technical notes and examples.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- This version has been superseded. The latest version is at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5517550 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Eddy covariance flux tower datasets of all Urban-PLUMBER sites, associated with the manuscript: "Harmonized, gap-filled dataset from 20 urban flux tower sites" Use of any data must give credit through citation of the above manuscript and other sources as appropriate. We recommend data users consult with site contributing authors and/or the coordination team in the project planning stage. Relevant contacts are included in timeseries metadata. For site information and timeseries plots see https://urban-plumber.github.io/sites. For processing code see https://github.com/matlipson/urban-plumber_pipeline. Within each site folder: - `index.html`: A summary page with site characteristics and timeseries plots. - `SITENAME_sitedata_vX.csv`: comma seperated file for numerical site characteristics e.g. location, surface cover fraction etc. - `timeseries/` (following files available as netCDF and txt) - `SITENAME_raw_observations_vX`: site observed timeseries before project-wide quality control. - `SITENAME_clean_observations_vX`: site observed timeseries after project-wide quality control. - `SITENAME_metforcing_vX`: site observed timeseries after project-wide quality control and gap filling. - `SITENAME_era5_corrected_vX`: site ERA5 surface data (1990-2020) with bias corrections as applied in the final dataset. - `log_processing_SITENAME_vX.txt`: a log of the print statements through running the create_dataset_SITENAME scripts. Authors Mathew Lipson, Sue Grimmond, Martin Best, Andreas Christen, Andrew Coutts, Ben Crawford, Bert Heusinkveld, Erik Velasco, Helen Claire Ward, Hirofumi Sugawara, Je-Woo Hong, Jinkyu Hong, Jonathan Evans, Joseph McFadden, Keunmin Lee, Krzysztof Fortuniak, Leena Järvi, Matthias Roth, Nektarios Chrysoulakis, Nigel Tapper, Oliver Michels, Simone Kotthaus, Stevan Earl, Sungsoo Jo, Valéry Masson, Winston Chow, Wlodzimierz Pawlak, Yeon-Hee Kim. Corresponding author: Mathew Lipson <m.lipson@unsw.edu.au>

Abstract This paper represents a novel lithium-ion capacitor model. The proposed model has significantly high accuracy (less 4%). The model is an extension of Zubieta model for EDLCs. The proposed model consists of three capacitors, representing the influence of temperature, current rate (ΔC1) and SoC (ΔC2) on the capacitance of LiCaps, respectively. Unlike to the electrical double-layer capacitors, the model contains two resistances, illustrating the charge and discharge processes. Then, a self-discharge resistance is added to demonstrate the long term effect on the LiCaps capabilities. This model is able to predict the lithium-ion behavior during constant charging and discharging as well as during short pulses duration. The parameters of the model have been derived based on the extended characterization tests that have been carried out. The investigated performance parameters are energy and power abilities, charge and discharge capabilities at different current rates. Furthermore, these parameters have been examined at different working temperatures (60 °C, 40 °C, 25 °C, 0 °C and −18 °C). The experimental results reveal that the type of lithium-ion capacitor used in this work has an energy density about 14 Wh/kg, which is two and half times higher than the used EDLC. These results also indicate similar properties as the electrical double-layer capacitors in the terms of internal resistance and state of charge determination. In contrast to EDLCs, the results show that lithium-ion capacitors suffer considerably at the low temperatures due to lower energy at high current rate. The same characteristics can be observed during discharge phase, due to the occurrence of the Peukert effect. Moreover, series of tests have been carried out at different state of charge values. Here we have found that the capacitance has a polynomial relationship against a linear equation for EDLC and it seems in function of applied current rates. From the point of view of the power capabilities, several approaches have been investigated based on the EDLC and battery methodologies. The results reveal that the power density according to EDLC method is about 1200 W/kg with a pulse efficiency of 90%. However, the W/kg based on the battery method during 2 s pulse is about 500 W/kg. Furthermore, a life cycle test has been done based on the load profile as reported in the forthcoming ISO 12405-2 standard. The preliminary results figure out that the life cycle of the lithium-ion capacitors is decreased with 3.4% till 1400 cycles. Then forward, the capacity reduction is stabilized until 4000 cycles.

Abstract Grid-connected renewable energy systems are considered a viable solution for satisfying the swiftly growing demand. Nevertheless, the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources (RESs) hinders their performance and can not be efficiently utilized, rather imposes power quality and instability problem on the grid system. To alleviate this challenge, it is common practice to integrate RESs with efficient battery energy storage technologies. Lead-acid batteries were playing the leading role utilized as stationary energy storage systems. However, currently, there are other battery technologies like lithium-ion (Li-ion), which are used in stationary storage applications though there is uncertainty in its cost-effectiveness. In this paper, a state-of-the-art simulation model and techno-economic analysis of Li-ion and lead-acid batteries integrated with Photovoltaic Grid-Connected System (PVGCS) were performed with consideration of real commercial load profiles and resource data. The Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables (HOMER) was used for the study of the techno-economic analysis. Besides, the performance of these batteries is greatly affected by the rate of charge and discharge cycling effects which gradually degrades the capacity of the battery. This effect was also investigated with Matlab using a simplified equivalent circuit model by considering a typical stationary application datasheet. The techno-economic simulation output provided that the system with Li-ion battery resulted in a Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) of 0.32 €/kWh compared to the system with lead-acid battery with LCOE of 0.34 €/kWh. Besides, the Net Present Cost (NPC) of the system with Li-ion batteries is found to be €14399 compared to the system with the lead-acid battery resulted in an NPC of €15106. According to the result found, Li-ion batteries are techno-economically more viable than lead-acid batteries under the considered specifications and application profile.

In 2022, over half of the web traffic was accessed through mobile devices. By reducing the energy consumption of mobile web apps, we can not only extend the battery life of our devices, but also make a significant contribution to energy conservation efforts. For example, if we could save only 5% of the energy used by web apps, we estimate that it would be enough to shut down one of the nuclear reactors in Fukushima. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of energy-saving experiments and related approaches for mobile web apps, relevant for researchers and practitioners. To achieve this objective, we conducted a systematic literature review and identified 44 primary studies for inclusion. Through the mapping and analysis of scientific papers, this work contributes: (1) an overview of the energy-draining aspects of mobile web apps, (2) a comprehensive description of the methodology used for the energy-saving experiments, and (3) a categorization and synthesis of various energy-saving approaches.

AbstractThis study investigated the shifts in irrigation water demand and supply of the major staple and water-intensive crops (wheat and rice) in the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra (IGB) river basins of South Asia under the combined impacts of climate change and socio-economic development during the period 1981–2100. It explores irrigation water usage during climate-sensitive crop growth phases (i.e. vegetative and reproductive which required ~ 60% of the total seasonal (sowing to harvest) water demand), which is supposed to be crucial for long-term integrated crop water management. A hydrology vegetation model Lund Potsdam Jena Managed Land is forced with an ensemble of eight downscaled (5 arc-min) global climate model’s using the RCP (Representative concentration pathways) -SSP (Shared socio-economic pathways) framework, i.e. RCP4.5-SSP1 and RCP8.5-SSP3. To investigate phase-specific crop water projections, trend analysis is performed. It shows a significant (p<0.001) increase in irrigation water demand during the vegetative phase of wheat (6 mm) and reproductive phase of rice (26 mm) and a decrease during the reproductive phase of wheat (13 mm) and vegetative phase of rice (11 mm) in selected study sites. The large decrease in projected irrigation demand for wheat can be explained by a shortening of the growing season length as a result of rising temperatures and increased precipitation. Whereas, an increase in irrigation demand for rice is a combined effect of higher temperatures and less precipitation during the reproductive phase in the region. At the same time, irrigation supply by surface water and groundwater is likely to change in future due to warmer and drier growing periods, causing a significant increase in groundwater irrigation, mainly for rice. Our major research findings show the importance of crop water assessments during the sensitive crop growth phases of wheat and rice which vary in space and time. Including crop phase-specific, climate impact assessments of regional and global projection will help improve the region’s existing crop-water management strategies and adaptation practices.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has a monopoly on the provision of climate policy advice at the international level and a strong market position in national policy advice. This may have been the intention of the founders of the IPCC. I argue that the IPCC has a natural monopoly, as a new entrant would have to invest time and effort over a longer period to perhaps match the reputation, trust, goodwill, and network of the IPCC. The IPCC is a not-for-profit organization, and it is run by nominal volunteers. It therefore cannot engage in the price-gouging that is typical of monopolies. However, the IPCC has certainly taken up tasks outside its mandate. The IPCC has been accused of haughtiness. Innovation is slow. Quality may have declined. And the IPCC may have used its power to hinder competitors. There are all things that monopolies tend to do, against the public interest. The IPCC would perform better if it were regulated by an independent body which audits the IPCC procedures and assesses its performance; if outside organizations would be allowed to bid for the production of reports and the provision of services under the IPCC brand; and if policy makers would encourage potential competitors to the IPCC. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.