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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: orcid bw Georgi Laukert;
    Georgi Laukert
    ORCID
    Derived by OpenAIRE algorithms or harvested from 3rd party repositories

    Georgi Laukert in OpenAIRE
    orcid Dorothea Bauch;
    Dorothea Bauch
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Dorothea Bauch in OpenAIRE
    orcid Benjamin Rabe;
    Benjamin Rabe
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Benjamin Rabe in OpenAIRE
    orcid bw Thomas Krumpen;
    Thomas Krumpen
    ORCID
    Derived by OpenAIRE algorithms or harvested from 3rd party repositories

    Thomas Krumpen in OpenAIRE
    +14 Authors

    Abstract The Transpolar Drift (TPD) plays a crucial role in regulating Arctic climate and ecosystems by transporting fresh water and key substances, such as terrestrial nutrients and pollutants, from the Siberian Shelf across the Arctic Ocean to the North Atlantic. However, year-round observations of the TPD remain scarce, creating significant knowledge gaps regarding the influence of sea ice drift and ocean surface circulation on the transport pathways of Siberian fresh water and associated matter. Using geochemical provenance tracer data collected over a complete seasonal cycle, our study reveals substantial spatiotemporal variability in the dispersal pathways of Siberian matter along the TPD. This variability reflects dynamic shifts in contributions of individual Siberian rivers as they integrate into a large-scale current system, followed by their rapid and extensive redistribution through a combination of seasonal ice–ocean exchanges and divergent ice drift. These findings emphasize the complexity of Arctic ice–ocean transport pathways and highlight the challenges of forecasting their dynamics in light of anticipated changes in sea ice extent, river discharge, and surface circulation patterns.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ NERC Open Research A...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Nature Communications
    Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    PubMed Central
    Other literature type . 2025
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    Nature Communications
    Article . 2025
    Data sources: DOAJ
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      Nature Communications
      Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      PubMed Central
      Other literature type . 2025
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    Authors: orcid bw Georgi Laukert;
    Georgi Laukert
    ORCID
    Derived by OpenAIRE algorithms or harvested from 3rd party repositories

    Georgi Laukert in OpenAIRE
    orcid Dorothea Bauch;
    Dorothea Bauch
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Dorothea Bauch in OpenAIRE
    orcid Benjamin Rabe;
    Benjamin Rabe
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Benjamin Rabe in OpenAIRE
    orcid bw Thomas Krumpen;
    Thomas Krumpen
    ORCID
    Derived by OpenAIRE algorithms or harvested from 3rd party repositories

    Thomas Krumpen in OpenAIRE
    +14 Authors

    Abstract The Transpolar Drift (TPD) plays a crucial role in regulating Arctic climate and ecosystems by transporting fresh water and key substances, such as terrestrial nutrients and pollutants, from the Siberian Shelf across the Arctic Ocean to the North Atlantic. However, year-round observations of the TPD remain scarce, creating significant knowledge gaps regarding the influence of sea ice drift and ocean surface circulation on the transport pathways of Siberian fresh water and associated matter. Using geochemical provenance tracer data collected over a complete seasonal cycle, our study reveals substantial spatiotemporal variability in the dispersal pathways of Siberian matter along the TPD. This variability reflects dynamic shifts in contributions of individual Siberian rivers as they integrate into a large-scale current system, followed by their rapid and extensive redistribution through a combination of seasonal ice–ocean exchanges and divergent ice drift. These findings emphasize the complexity of Arctic ice–ocean transport pathways and highlight the challenges of forecasting their dynamics in light of anticipated changes in sea ice extent, river discharge, and surface circulation patterns.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ NERC Open Research A...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Nature Communications
    Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    PubMed Central
    Other literature type . 2025
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: PubMed Central
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Nature Communications
    Article . 2025
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ NERC Open Research A...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      Nature Communications
      Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      PubMed Central
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      Article . 2025
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: orcid Seger, Marcel;
    Seger, Marcel
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Seger, Marcel in OpenAIRE
    orcid Brand, Christian;
    Brand, Christian
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Brand, Christian in OpenAIRE
    orcid Clement, Christoph;
    Clement, Christoph
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Clement, Christoph in OpenAIRE
    orcid Dixon, James;
    Dixon, James
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Dixon, James in OpenAIRE
    +1 Authors

    Abstract Expanding electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure is essential for transitioning to an electrified mobility system. With rising EV adoption rates, firms face increasing regulatory pressure to build up workplace charging facilities for their employees. However, the impact of EV charging loads on businesses’ specific electricity consumption profiles remains largely unknown. Our study addresses this challenge by presenting a mathematical optimisation model, available via an open-source web application, that empowers business executives to manage energy consumption effectively, enabling them to assess peak loads, charging costs and carbon emissions specific to their power profiles and employee needs. Using real-world data from a global car manufacturer in South East England, UK, we demonstrate that smart charging strategies can reduce peak loads by 28% and decrease charging costs and emissions by 9% compared to convenience charging. Our methodology is widely applicable across industries and geographies, offering data-driven insights for planning EV workplace charging infrastructure.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ IIASA PUREarrow_drop_down
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    npj Sustainable Mobility and Transport
    Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    PubMed Central
    Other literature type . 2025
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.48620/86...
    Other literature type . 2025
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      npj Sustainable Mobility and Transport
      Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.48620/86...
      Other literature type . 2025
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: orcid Seger, Marcel;
    Seger, Marcel
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Seger, Marcel in OpenAIRE
    orcid Brand, Christian;
    Brand, Christian
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Brand, Christian in OpenAIRE
    orcid Clement, Christoph;
    Clement, Christoph
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Clement, Christoph in OpenAIRE
    orcid Dixon, James;
    Dixon, James
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Dixon, James in OpenAIRE
    +1 Authors

    Abstract Expanding electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure is essential for transitioning to an electrified mobility system. With rising EV adoption rates, firms face increasing regulatory pressure to build up workplace charging facilities for their employees. However, the impact of EV charging loads on businesses’ specific electricity consumption profiles remains largely unknown. Our study addresses this challenge by presenting a mathematical optimisation model, available via an open-source web application, that empowers business executives to manage energy consumption effectively, enabling them to assess peak loads, charging costs and carbon emissions specific to their power profiles and employee needs. Using real-world data from a global car manufacturer in South East England, UK, we demonstrate that smart charging strategies can reduce peak loads by 28% and decrease charging costs and emissions by 9% compared to convenience charging. Our methodology is widely applicable across industries and geographies, offering data-driven insights for planning EV workplace charging infrastructure.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ IIASA PUREarrow_drop_down
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    npj Sustainable Mobility and Transport
    Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
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      npj Sustainable Mobility and Transport
      Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: orcid Stefaniec, Agnieszka;
    Stefaniec, Agnieszka
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    Egan, Robert; orcid Hosseini, Keyvan;
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    Hosseini, Keyvan in OpenAIRE
    Caulfield, Brian;

    PUBLISHED Governments support the switch to electric vehicles (EVs) through subsidies and other incentives, as this is expected to help meet climate targets. This research examines the affordability of EVs for Irish households, focusing on equity implications and the impact of affordability on achieving decarbonisation goals. Affordability is estimated for eight scenarios, considering both current and reduced EV prices, and assessed across Ireland. The research finds that flat-rate subsidies do not adequately support lower-income households, impede EV adoption, and could jeopardise the achievement of emission reduction targets. Need-based subsidies would ensure more inclusive EV uptake. If current prices are considered, the target for the number of EVs on the road by 2030 can be met only with the purchase of small-sized EVs. This suggests that achieving EV targets is unlikely without promoting smaller vehicles. The current €3500 EV grant may be insufficient for many households without extended loan terms. Therefore, differentiated subsidies based on income and household size are recommended to increase EV adoption. Households in remote rural areas, where forced car ownership is high, require higher subsidies. In contrast, urban areas could receive lower subsidies to promote the use of more sustainable transport modes, such as cycling, shared mobility, and public transport.

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    Research in Transportation Economics
    Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
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      Research in Transportation Economics
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    Authors: orcid Stefaniec, Agnieszka;
    Stefaniec, Agnieszka
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    Stefaniec, Agnieszka in OpenAIRE
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    Hosseini, Keyvan in OpenAIRE
    Caulfield, Brian;

    PUBLISHED Governments support the switch to electric vehicles (EVs) through subsidies and other incentives, as this is expected to help meet climate targets. This research examines the affordability of EVs for Irish households, focusing on equity implications and the impact of affordability on achieving decarbonisation goals. Affordability is estimated for eight scenarios, considering both current and reduced EV prices, and assessed across Ireland. The research finds that flat-rate subsidies do not adequately support lower-income households, impede EV adoption, and could jeopardise the achievement of emission reduction targets. Need-based subsidies would ensure more inclusive EV uptake. If current prices are considered, the target for the number of EVs on the road by 2030 can be met only with the purchase of small-sized EVs. This suggests that achieving EV targets is unlikely without promoting smaller vehicles. The current €3500 EV grant may be insufficient for many households without extended loan terms. Therefore, differentiated subsidies based on income and household size are recommended to increase EV adoption. Households in remote rural areas, where forced car ownership is high, require higher subsidies. In contrast, urban areas could receive lower subsidies to promote the use of more sustainable transport modes, such as cycling, shared mobility, and public transport.

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    Research in Transportation Economics
    Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: orcid Thet Paing Tun;
    Thet Paing Tun
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    Thet Paing Tun in OpenAIRE
    orcid Oguzhan Ceylan;
    Oguzhan Ceylan
    ORCID
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    Oguzhan Ceylan in OpenAIRE
    Ioana Pisica;

    The electrification of energy systems is essential for carbon reduction and sustainable energy goals. However, current network asset ratings and the poor thermal efficiency of older buildings pose significant challenges. This study evaluates the impact of heat pump and electric vehicle (EV) penetration on a UK residential distribution network, considering the highest coincident electricity demand and worst weather conditions recorded over the past decade. The power flow calculation, based on Python, is performed using the pandapower library, leveraging the actual distribution network structure of the Hillingdon area by incorporating recent smart meter data from a distribution system operator alongside historical weather data from the past decade. Based on the outcome of power flow calculation, the transformer loadings and voltage levels were assessed for existing and projected heat pump and EV adoption rates, in line with national policy targets. Findings highlight that varied consumer density and diverse usage patterns significantly influence upgrade requirements.

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    Authors: orcid Thet Paing Tun;
    Thet Paing Tun
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Thet Paing Tun in OpenAIRE
    orcid Oguzhan Ceylan;
    Oguzhan Ceylan
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Oguzhan Ceylan in OpenAIRE
    Ioana Pisica;

    The electrification of energy systems is essential for carbon reduction and sustainable energy goals. However, current network asset ratings and the poor thermal efficiency of older buildings pose significant challenges. This study evaluates the impact of heat pump and electric vehicle (EV) penetration on a UK residential distribution network, considering the highest coincident electricity demand and worst weather conditions recorded over the past decade. The power flow calculation, based on Python, is performed using the pandapower library, leveraging the actual distribution network structure of the Hillingdon area by incorporating recent smart meter data from a distribution system operator alongside historical weather data from the past decade. Based on the outcome of power flow calculation, the transformer loadings and voltage levels were assessed for existing and projected heat pump and EV adoption rates, in line with national policy targets. Findings highlight that varied consumer density and diverse usage patterns significantly influence upgrade requirements.

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    Authors: Zahara Yaakop; orcid Hee-Min Teh;
    Hee-Min Teh
    ORCID
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    Hee-Min Teh in OpenAIRE
    orcid Vengatesan Venugopal;
    Vengatesan Venugopal
    ORCID
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    Vengatesan Venugopal in OpenAIRE
    Zhe Ma;

    Ocean energy, e.g., waves, tidal current, and thermal and salinity gradient, can be used to produce electricity. These marine-based renewable energy technologies are at relatively early stages of development and potentially deployed at various sea conditions. In the past, numerous studies were undertaken to explore the feasibility of harvesting of the marine energy in Malaysia; however, those studies were limited to a specific location (i.e., the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia) and the consideration of sea level rise effect was not studied. This study assessed the potential of tidal and wave energy resources in Malaysia’s waters with the effect of projected sea level rise and was undertaken through numerical modeling using MIKE 21 software. The research outcomes were tidal and wave energy contours for Malaysia’s waters with an inclusion of the sea level rise projection for 2060 and 2100, as well as a potential site determined for tidal and wave energy harvesting. The simulation results highlight the significant potential of tidal and wave energy in specific locations around Malaysia and its coastal regions, as well as in the South China Sea’s offshore regions. By incorporating sea level rise projections into tidal and wave simulations, we revealed a notable increase in tidal and wave power.

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    Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
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    Authors: Zahara Yaakop; orcid Hee-Min Teh;
    Hee-Min Teh
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Hee-Min Teh in OpenAIRE
    orcid Vengatesan Venugopal;
    Vengatesan Venugopal
    ORCID
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    Vengatesan Venugopal in OpenAIRE
    Zhe Ma;

    Ocean energy, e.g., waves, tidal current, and thermal and salinity gradient, can be used to produce electricity. These marine-based renewable energy technologies are at relatively early stages of development and potentially deployed at various sea conditions. In the past, numerous studies were undertaken to explore the feasibility of harvesting of the marine energy in Malaysia; however, those studies were limited to a specific location (i.e., the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia) and the consideration of sea level rise effect was not studied. This study assessed the potential of tidal and wave energy resources in Malaysia’s waters with the effect of projected sea level rise and was undertaken through numerical modeling using MIKE 21 software. The research outcomes were tidal and wave energy contours for Malaysia’s waters with an inclusion of the sea level rise projection for 2060 and 2100, as well as a potential site determined for tidal and wave energy harvesting. The simulation results highlight the significant potential of tidal and wave energy in specific locations around Malaysia and its coastal regions, as well as in the South China Sea’s offshore regions. By incorporating sea level rise projections into tidal and wave simulations, we revealed a notable increase in tidal and wave power.

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    Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
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    Authors: orcid Pang B.;
    Pang B.
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Pang B. in OpenAIRE
    Hu X.; Zhang M.; Alam S.; +1 Authors

    Climate change induces an increased frequency of adverse weather, particularly thunderstorms, posing significant safety and efficiency challenges in en route airspace, especially in oceanic regions with limited air traffic control services. These conditions require multi-aircraft cooperative trajectory planning to avoid both dynamic thunderstorms and other aircraft. Existing literature has typically relied on centralized approaches and single-agent principles, which lack coordination and robustness when surrounding aircraft or thunderstorms change paths, leading to scalability issues due to heavy trajectory regeneration needs. To address these gaps, this paper introduces a multi-agent cooperative method for autonomous trajectory planning. The problem is modeled as a Decentralized Markov Decision Process (DEC-MDP) and solved using an Independent Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (IDDPG) learning framework. A shared actor-critic network is trained using combined experiences from all aircraft to optimize joint behavior. During execution, each aircraft acts independently based on its own observations, with coordination ensured through the shared policy. The model is validated through extensive simulations, including uncertainty analysis, baseline comparisons, and ablation studies. Under known thunderstorm paths, the model achieved a 2 % loss of separation rate, increasing to 4 % with random storm paths. ETA uncertainty analysis demonstrated the model's robustness, while baseline comparisons with the Fast Marching Tree and centralized DDPG highlighted its scalability and efficiency. These findings contribute to advancing autonomous aircraft operations.

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    Advanced Engineering Informatics
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      Advanced Engineering Informatics
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    Authors: orcid Pang B.;
    Pang B.
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Pang B. in OpenAIRE
    Hu X.; Zhang M.; Alam S.; +1 Authors

    Climate change induces an increased frequency of adverse weather, particularly thunderstorms, posing significant safety and efficiency challenges in en route airspace, especially in oceanic regions with limited air traffic control services. These conditions require multi-aircraft cooperative trajectory planning to avoid both dynamic thunderstorms and other aircraft. Existing literature has typically relied on centralized approaches and single-agent principles, which lack coordination and robustness when surrounding aircraft or thunderstorms change paths, leading to scalability issues due to heavy trajectory regeneration needs. To address these gaps, this paper introduces a multi-agent cooperative method for autonomous trajectory planning. The problem is modeled as a Decentralized Markov Decision Process (DEC-MDP) and solved using an Independent Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (IDDPG) learning framework. A shared actor-critic network is trained using combined experiences from all aircraft to optimize joint behavior. During execution, each aircraft acts independently based on its own observations, with coordination ensured through the shared policy. The model is validated through extensive simulations, including uncertainty analysis, baseline comparisons, and ablation studies. Under known thunderstorm paths, the model achieved a 2 % loss of separation rate, increasing to 4 % with random storm paths. ETA uncertainty analysis demonstrated the model's robustness, while baseline comparisons with the Fast Marching Tree and centralized DDPG highlighted its scalability and efficiency. These findings contribute to advancing autonomous aircraft operations.

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    Advanced Engineering Informatics
    Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: orcid Nilotpal Dhar;
    Nilotpal Dhar
    ORCID
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    Nilotpal Dhar in OpenAIRE
    orcid Charlie J. Lloyd;
    Charlie J. Lloyd
    ORCID
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    Charlie J. Lloyd in OpenAIRE
    John Walker; orcid Robert M. Dorrell;
    Robert M. Dorrell
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Robert M. Dorrell in OpenAIRE

    Floating offshore wind turbine (FOWT) platforms are subject to a wide range of hydrodynamic loading and dynamic movement, making hydrodynamic force evaluation difficult. Amongst various floating platforms, submersible platforms are structurally complex, with multiple members held together by cross-braces. The influence of these members on hydrodynamic loading is poorly understood. An investigation of the effect of these members on loads is essential to optimise the design of FOWT platforms, mooring systems, and protective coatings, leading to a reduction in construction and maintenance costs. This paper numerically investigates the effect of structural members on the forces acting on a static semi-submersible platform in a unidirectional current flow of Reynolds number (Re) ranging from 2000 to 200,000, based on structural diameter and tidal velocity. The OC4 semi-submersible is chosen as the baseline platform. For each Re, this study is divided into three stages, such that in each stage, the number of members increased. These stages are as follows: (1) a finite cylinder (FC), (2) a finite cylinder with a heave plate (FCHP), (3) three cylinders with heave plates (TCHP) in an equilateral triangle arrangement, and (4) the OC4 semi-sub. The drag coefficient (C¯d) increases with increasing structural members and weakly varies with increasing Re. However, the viscous drag coefficient (C¯f) decreases with increasing Re, and a reverse trend is seen in the case of the pressure drag coefficient (C¯p), with pressure drag dominating over friction drag. Further, the contribution of individual members is observed to vary with Re. The contribution of cylinders towards C¯d is higher than heave plates, showing that contributions directly depend on the aspect ratio of members. In the case of TCHP and OC4, the contribution of the rear members is higher than that of the leading members due to the strong wake effect of the former. Also, the braces and pontoons of OC4 have contributed substantially towards total C¯d, unlike the central cylinder, which has experienced low drag due to the wake effect of the front cylinder and heave plate. Also, flow visualisation has shown vortex cores, and recirculating flows in the near wake of the cylinders and under the heave plates. Recirculation zones under the heave plates lead to vertical pressure on the structures. This vertical pressure increases with the number of structural members and the vertical pressure coefficient (C¯v), varying with Re due to three-dimensionality in the wake. Further, this pressure varies across the bottom surfaces of structures. Analyses of the streamwise pressure coefficient have shown it is highest on the front surfaces of cylinders. The highest friction is on the top and sides of the heave plates, and there is considerable friction on the sides of the cylinder.

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    Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
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    Authors: orcid Nilotpal Dhar;
    Nilotpal Dhar
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    Nilotpal Dhar in OpenAIRE
    orcid Charlie J. Lloyd;
    Charlie J. Lloyd
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    John Walker; orcid Robert M. Dorrell;
    Robert M. Dorrell
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    Robert M. Dorrell in OpenAIRE

    Floating offshore wind turbine (FOWT) platforms are subject to a wide range of hydrodynamic loading and dynamic movement, making hydrodynamic force evaluation difficult. Amongst various floating platforms, submersible platforms are structurally complex, with multiple members held together by cross-braces. The influence of these members on hydrodynamic loading is poorly understood. An investigation of the effect of these members on loads is essential to optimise the design of FOWT platforms, mooring systems, and protective coatings, leading to a reduction in construction and maintenance costs. This paper numerically investigates the effect of structural members on the forces acting on a static semi-submersible platform in a unidirectional current flow of Reynolds number (Re) ranging from 2000 to 200,000, based on structural diameter and tidal velocity. The OC4 semi-submersible is chosen as the baseline platform. For each Re, this study is divided into three stages, such that in each stage, the number of members increased. These stages are as follows: (1) a finite cylinder (FC), (2) a finite cylinder with a heave plate (FCHP), (3) three cylinders with heave plates (TCHP) in an equilateral triangle arrangement, and (4) the OC4 semi-sub. The drag coefficient (C¯d) increases with increasing structural members and weakly varies with increasing Re. However, the viscous drag coefficient (C¯f) decreases with increasing Re, and a reverse trend is seen in the case of the pressure drag coefficient (C¯p), with pressure drag dominating over friction drag. Further, the contribution of individual members is observed to vary with Re. The contribution of cylinders towards C¯d is higher than heave plates, showing that contributions directly depend on the aspect ratio of members. In the case of TCHP and OC4, the contribution of the rear members is higher than that of the leading members due to the strong wake effect of the former. Also, the braces and pontoons of OC4 have contributed substantially towards total C¯d, unlike the central cylinder, which has experienced low drag due to the wake effect of the front cylinder and heave plate. Also, flow visualisation has shown vortex cores, and recirculating flows in the near wake of the cylinders and under the heave plates. Recirculation zones under the heave plates lead to vertical pressure on the structures. This vertical pressure increases with the number of structural members and the vertical pressure coefficient (C¯v), varying with Re due to three-dimensionality in the wake. Further, this pressure varies across the bottom surfaces of structures. Analyses of the streamwise pressure coefficient have shown it is highest on the front surfaces of cylinders. The highest friction is on the top and sides of the heave plates, and there is considerable friction on the sides of the cylinder.

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    Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
    Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
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      Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
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    Authors: orcid Ruengwit Khwanrit;
    Ruengwit Khwanrit
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    Ruengwit Khwanrit in OpenAIRE
    orcid Saher Javaid;
    Saher Javaid
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    Saher Javaid in OpenAIRE
    Yuto Lim; orcid bw Chalie Charoenlarpnopparut;
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    Chalie Charoenlarpnopparut in OpenAIRE
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    The widespread adoption of Electric Vehicles (EVs) in the smart grid is transforming the traditional grid into a more complex system. EVs have the ability to both charge and discharge, acting as loads that draw high power and sources that inject energy back into the grid. Consequently, energy sharing and management within smart grid communities integrated with EVs have become interesting aspects to study in order to efficiently utilize this energy. However, most existing research focuses solely on energy sharing within single communities, utilizing homogeneous energy profiles and neglecting the potential of heterogeneous energy across multiple communities. EVs also possess the capability to travel to different places and communities, where they can engage in energy sharing with areas that have varying load profiles and prices. In this work, a novel three-level energy sharing management approach is proposed for a multiple community system integrating movable energy storage such as EVs. This model involves three main entities: the Utility Company (UC), Community Energy Aggregator (CEA), and EVs. The energy sharing problem is formulated as a Stackelberg game, with all entities striving to maximize their utility through optimal strategies, including pricing, energy demand, or supply. The proposed model is validated through comparison with typical human charging behavior, as well as single- and multiple-community two-level game models. The findings reveal that the proposed model successfully optimizes pricing and energy strategies, significantly lowering the peak-to-average ratio and smoothing the overall energy profile.

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    Authors: orcid Ruengwit Khwanrit;
    Ruengwit Khwanrit
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    Ruengwit Khwanrit in OpenAIRE
    orcid Saher Javaid;
    Saher Javaid
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    Saher Javaid in OpenAIRE
    Yuto Lim; orcid bw Chalie Charoenlarpnopparut;
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    Chalie Charoenlarpnopparut in OpenAIRE
    +1 Authors

    The widespread adoption of Electric Vehicles (EVs) in the smart grid is transforming the traditional grid into a more complex system. EVs have the ability to both charge and discharge, acting as loads that draw high power and sources that inject energy back into the grid. Consequently, energy sharing and management within smart grid communities integrated with EVs have become interesting aspects to study in order to efficiently utilize this energy. However, most existing research focuses solely on energy sharing within single communities, utilizing homogeneous energy profiles and neglecting the potential of heterogeneous energy across multiple communities. EVs also possess the capability to travel to different places and communities, where they can engage in energy sharing with areas that have varying load profiles and prices. In this work, a novel three-level energy sharing management approach is proposed for a multiple community system integrating movable energy storage such as EVs. This model involves three main entities: the Utility Company (UC), Community Energy Aggregator (CEA), and EVs. The energy sharing problem is formulated as a Stackelberg game, with all entities striving to maximize their utility through optimal strategies, including pricing, energy demand, or supply. The proposed model is validated through comparison with typical human charging behavior, as well as single- and multiple-community two-level game models. The findings reveal that the proposed model successfully optimizes pricing and energy strategies, significantly lowering the peak-to-average ratio and smoothing the overall energy profile.

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    Energies
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      Energies
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    Authors: Firoozeh Yeganehdoust; Anil Kumar Madikere Raghunatha Reddy; orcid Karim Zaghib;
    Karim Zaghib
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    Karim Zaghib in OpenAIRE

    This paper reviews the growing demand for and importance of fast and ultra-fast charging in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for electric vehicles (EVs). Fast charging is critical to improving EV performance and is crucial in reducing range concerns to make EVs more attractive to consumers. We focused on the design aspects of fast- and ultra-fast-charging LIBs at different levels, from internal cell architecture, through cell design, to complete system integration within the vehicle chassis. This paper explores battery internal cell architecture, including how the design of electrodes, electrolytes, and other factors may impact battery performance. Then, we provide a detailed review of different cell format characteristics in cylindrical, prismatic, pouch, and blade shapes. Recent trends, technological advancements in tab design and placement, and shape factors are discussed with a focus on reducing ion transport resistance and enhancing energy density. In addition to cell-level modifications, pack and chassis design must be implemented across aspects such as safety, mechanical integrity, and thermal management. Considering the requirements and challenges of high-power charging systems, we examined how modules, packs, and the vehicle chassis should be adapted to provide fast and ultra-fast charging. In this way, we explored the potential of fast and ultra-fast charging by investigating the required modification of individual cells up to their integration into the EV system through pack and chassis design.

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    Batteries
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    Authors: Firoozeh Yeganehdoust; Anil Kumar Madikere Raghunatha Reddy; orcid Karim Zaghib;
    Karim Zaghib
    ORCID
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    Karim Zaghib in OpenAIRE

    This paper reviews the growing demand for and importance of fast and ultra-fast charging in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for electric vehicles (EVs). Fast charging is critical to improving EV performance and is crucial in reducing range concerns to make EVs more attractive to consumers. We focused on the design aspects of fast- and ultra-fast-charging LIBs at different levels, from internal cell architecture, through cell design, to complete system integration within the vehicle chassis. This paper explores battery internal cell architecture, including how the design of electrodes, electrolytes, and other factors may impact battery performance. Then, we provide a detailed review of different cell format characteristics in cylindrical, prismatic, pouch, and blade shapes. Recent trends, technological advancements in tab design and placement, and shape factors are discussed with a focus on reducing ion transport resistance and enhancing energy density. In addition to cell-level modifications, pack and chassis design must be implemented across aspects such as safety, mechanical integrity, and thermal management. Considering the requirements and challenges of high-power charging systems, we examined how modules, packs, and the vehicle chassis should be adapted to provide fast and ultra-fast charging. In this way, we explored the potential of fast and ultra-fast charging by investigating the required modification of individual cells up to their integration into the EV system through pack and chassis design.

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    Batteries
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    Authors: orcid Zwerschke, Nadescha;
    Zwerschke, Nadescha
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    Zwerschke, Nadescha in OpenAIRE
    Arboe, Nanette Hammeken; orcid Behrisch, Johanna;
    Behrisch, Johanna
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    Behrisch, Johanna in OpenAIRE
    Blicher, Martin; +1 Authors

    Polar ecosystems are on the forefront of climate change, yet large parts of our polar seas remain unexplored. This affects our ability to detect change in these regions and hampers global science driven conservation efforts. In Greenland, which is heavily reliant on demersal fisheries, this also affects the economy by complicating sustainability certification. Based on a 8-year benthic bycatch monitoring programme recording primarily megabenthos (>1 cm), we provide a first baseline of the benthic ecosystem in Greenland. We calculated richness, rarity, vulnerable marine ecosystem indicator taxon richness (VME) and biomass across 21 % of the Greenlandic EEZ and suggest seven areas to be considered for management effort based on the 75th percentile of sample distribution for richness, rarity and VMEs. We could identify a clear pattern between East and West Greenland primarily driven by a greater abundance of ostur sponges in the East and greater richness and presence of rare species in the West. We identified patterns of geographic-scale richness (Gamma richness) across depth, latitude, distance from coast and temperature and found that richness decreased with latitude and depth and increased towards the shelf-break as expected. Some deviation from these patterns might have been due to sampling bias. Generally, taxa were found to occupy large spatial regions with few endemic or rare species across the study region. This study is the largest assessment of the benthic Greenlandic shelf ecosystem to date and offers essential guidance to policymakers across the Arctic by providing key knowledge on a hitherto understudied area in the Arctic and implementing an easily applicable approach to conservation area selection that is achievable by nations with limited resources.

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    Journal of Environmental Management
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      Journal of Environmental Management
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    Authors: orcid Zwerschke, Nadescha;
    Zwerschke, Nadescha
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    Zwerschke, Nadescha in OpenAIRE
    Arboe, Nanette Hammeken; orcid Behrisch, Johanna;
    Behrisch, Johanna
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    Behrisch, Johanna in OpenAIRE
    Blicher, Martin; +1 Authors

    Polar ecosystems are on the forefront of climate change, yet large parts of our polar seas remain unexplored. This affects our ability to detect change in these regions and hampers global science driven conservation efforts. In Greenland, which is heavily reliant on demersal fisheries, this also affects the economy by complicating sustainability certification. Based on a 8-year benthic bycatch monitoring programme recording primarily megabenthos (>1 cm), we provide a first baseline of the benthic ecosystem in Greenland. We calculated richness, rarity, vulnerable marine ecosystem indicator taxon richness (VME) and biomass across 21 % of the Greenlandic EEZ and suggest seven areas to be considered for management effort based on the 75th percentile of sample distribution for richness, rarity and VMEs. We could identify a clear pattern between East and West Greenland primarily driven by a greater abundance of ostur sponges in the East and greater richness and presence of rare species in the West. We identified patterns of geographic-scale richness (Gamma richness) across depth, latitude, distance from coast and temperature and found that richness decreased with latitude and depth and increased towards the shelf-break as expected. Some deviation from these patterns might have been due to sampling bias. Generally, taxa were found to occupy large spatial regions with few endemic or rare species across the study region. This study is the largest assessment of the benthic Greenlandic shelf ecosystem to date and offers essential guidance to policymakers across the Arctic by providing key knowledge on a hitherto understudied area in the Arctic and implementing an easily applicable approach to conservation area selection that is achievable by nations with limited resources.

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    Journal of Environmental Management
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