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  • Energy Research
  • 2021-2025
  • Spanish; Castilian
  • Transport Research

  • Authors: Dávila, Julio D;

    Using illustrations from some of Latin America's largest cities, the chapter examines the causes and consequences of urban expansion and the more recent phenomenon of urban sprawl. It reflects on the role of transport and mobility, both as consequences of urban growth and as causes of it. It reflects on the equity and sustainability dimensions of this phenomenon.

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    Authors: González Barcenilla, Óscar;

    La preocupación mundial por el cambio climático ha impulsado a las industrias a buscar alternativas más sostenibles para lograr los objetivos medioambientales fijados por las administraciones. Como consecuencia, el transporte marítimo, responsable del 2-3% (IMO, 2023) de las emisiones globales de gases de efecto invernadero, está bajo presión para reducir su huella de carbono. La transición de combustibles tradicionales, como el fueloil pesado, al Gas Natural Licuado (GNL) se presenta como una solución efectiva en este proceso. El menor factor de emisión del GNL frente a otros combustibles tradicionales junto con la experiencia y el estado ‘maduro’ de la tecnología hace de éste, un combustible ideal para su rápida implantación y cumplimiento de las normas de la Organización Marítima Internacional (OMI). Dichas regulaciones van, paulatinamente, reduciendo los niveles admisibles de emisiones impulsando la investigación e inversión de las distintas figuras del sector. Tomando de referencia los datos reales de consumo de 8 buques tanque destinados al tráfico ‘tramp’ este trabajo de fin de máster calcula las emisiones de CO₂ emitidas a la atmósfera durante 4 años y analiza la transición de la muestra al uso de GNL explorando sus ventajas, desafíos e impacto. Los resultados del estudio estiman el hipotético potencial reductor de las emisiones de CO₂ cerca del 25% logrando, en la muestra estudiada, una reducción de 129.000 toneladas en el periodo estudiado. Global concern about climate change has prompted industries to look for more sustainable alternatives to achieve the environmental targets set by governments. As a consequence, shipping, responsible for 2-3% of global greenhouse gas emissions, is under pressure to reduce its carbon footprint. The transition from traditional fuels, such as heavy fuel oil, to Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) presents itself as an effective solution in this process. The lower emission factor of LNG compared to other traditional fuels together with the experience and 'mature' state of the technology makes it an ideal fuel for rapid deployment and compliance with International Maritime Organisation (IMO) regulations. These regulations are gradually reducing the admissible levels of emissions, driving research and investment by the various players in the sector. Taking as a reference the real consumption data of 8 tankers destined to tramp traffic, this master's thesis calculates the CO₂ emissions emitted to the atmosphere during 4 years and analyses the transition of the sample to the use of LNG, exploring its advantages, challenges and impact. The results of the study estimate the hypothetical potential for reducing CO₂ emissions by around 25%, achieving, in the sample studied, a reduction of 129,000 tonnes in the period studied. Doble Grado en Administración y Dirección de Empresas y Economía

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    UCrea
    Bachelor thesis . 2024
    Data sources: UCrea
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      UCrea
      Bachelor thesis . 2024
      Data sources: UCrea
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  • Authors: Thomas, Hugo;

    Rapport réalisé pour l'ANR Modural. ; Since the Brundtland report and the Conference of Rio in 1992, the political agendas have seized the “sustainable city” paradigm, at the center of which lies the concept of “sustainable mobility”, despite the absence of a clear and operational definition. From a North-South circulation of models perspective, sustainable mobility has also been adopted by Latin-American public policies. However, due to the strong social concerns among the continent, and above all its cities, the environmental issues are in the background of the social protests that occur there. This report carries out a comparison between two Latin-American metropolis, Bogotá and Lima, on the basis of the public policies of mobility adopted and then of the environmental externalities produced by transport, and their mitigation measures. Both cities experienced urban transition and unplanned growth during the second half of the 20th century, but have followed different development paths along the last decades. Especially, Bogotá set up an ambitious public transport reform as long as the promotion of cycling thanks to its strong governance, whereas institutional fragmentation in Lima only produces a widely informal development. However, the lack of clear definition of funding for the transport reform as long as of joint planning of transport and urbanism put constraints to reaching sustainability in Bogotá: on the one hand, informal transport spreading again fills the gap of the new service, on the other hand, private modes, among which the moto, are growing quickly. These are major stakes to think about looking for a development pathway in Lima. In both cities, the stock of vehicles is ancient and produces a lot of environmental externalities. The analysis of the climate action and air pollution plans of both cities reveals methodological limits regarding the quantification of the impact of the proposed actions. That is why we set up an innovating methodology to assess the environmental impact of mobility. ...

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  • Authors: Barrios Torres, Rodolfo Andrés; Medina Berdugo, Keylin Juanita;

    Una de las principales causas del cambio climático es el uso de los combustibles fósiles que provocan un aumento de emisión de dióxido de carbono (CO2) y contribuye a un incremento de la temperatura en la tierra. Por lo tanto, se trata de remediar dichos efectos a través de diferentes mecanismos, uno de ellos es usar más fuentes renovables de energía e incentivar un mayor uso del transporte eléctrico tanto público como privado. Para ello es importante acompañar esta estrategia con la implementación de estaciones de recarga públicas para los vehículos eléctricos. Actualmente se observa que en Barranquilla no se registra estaciones eléctricas públicas, por esta razón el proyecto se basa en el diseño de un sistema fotovoltaico para una estación de recarga con dos módulos para vehículos y uno para buses eléctricos con generación fotovoltaica de 240kW, que se ubicaría en el parqueadero de la Universidad del Norte. Para estructurar este diseño, se analizaron los posibles lugares, la cantidad de radiación solar que recibe este sector durante un período de dos años (2019-2020), y el sistema de carga para buses y automóviles eléctricos teniendo en cuenta las marcas comerciales que actualmente se cuentan en el país o que llegarán en un futuro muy cercano. A partir de esto, se prosigue con el diseño fotovoltaico y su respectivo sistema de protecciones -de acuerdo con el reglamento RETIE y la norma técnica NTC2050- y puesta a tierra. Por último, se realiza la validación del sistema fotovoltaico ON-GRID que suplirá la demanda de la estación de recarga, planteando 3 escenarios que son generación máxima, generación promedio y generación mínima, cuyos resultados son: 61,4%, 41,8% y 28,3% respectivamente, frente a la demanda energética máxima prevista. Finalmente, se considera importante el aporte del presente trabajo en cuanto a la necesidad de la ciudad, las características de la región, facilidad de réplica, y su impacto positivo al medio ambiente. ; One of the main causes of climate change is the use of fossil fuels that cause an increase in the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) and contribute to an increase in temperature on earth. Therefore, it is about remedying these effects through different mechanisms, one of them is to use more renewable sources of energy and encourage greater use of both public and private electric transport. For this, it is important to accompany this strategy with the implementation of public charging stations for electric vehicles. Currently, it is observed that in Barranquilla there are no public electricity stations, for this reason the project is based on the design of a photovoltaic system for a recharging station with two modules for vehicles and one for electric buses with photovoltaic generation of 240kW, which is It would be located in the parking lot of the Universidad del Norte. To structure this design, the possible places were analyzed, the amount of solar radiation that this sector receives during a period of two years (2019-2020), and the charging system for buses and electric cars, taking into account the commercial brands that currently they are counted in the country or they will arrive in the very near future. From this, the photovoltaic design and its respective protection system - in accordance with the RETIE regulation and the NTC2050 technical standard - and grounding are continued. Finally, the validation of the ON-GRID photovoltaic system that will supply the demand of the charging station is carried out, proposing 3 scenarios that are maximum generation, average generation and minimum generation, whose results are: 61.4%, 41.8% and 28.3% respectively, compared to the maximum expected energy demand. Finally, the contribution of this work is considered important in terms of the need of the city, the characteristics of the region, ease of replication, and its positive impact on the environment.

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    Authors: Sapigiuc, Eduard Gabriel;

    [ES] Este Trabajo de Fin de Máster estudia, por un lado, la logística urbana de mercancías, sus principales fundamentos y las particularidades que la distinguen del resto de eslabones de la Cadena de Suministro (CdS) y, por otro lado, aborda la necesidad de adoptar un enfoque de Estrategia Ciudad en lo que respecta a la movilidad en general y la Distribución Urbana de Mercancías (DUM) en particular, a través de la cual ser capaces de integrar distintas soluciones que aporten y garanticen una sostenibilidad robusta y de triple impacto, económico, social y medioambiental, tanto en la Última Milla (UM) como en las CdS. La UM hace referencia al último eslabón o tramo de la CdS, donde los productos son entregados desde un centro de distribución o almacén, hasta el destinatario final, tanto B2B como B2C. Cuando se produce en entornos urbanos hablamos de DUM. Esta entrega al destinatario final puede ser realizada en su domicilio o en cualquier otro lugar designado previamente por el comprador a través de la DUM y la logística urbana. La criticidad de la logística de UM dentro de la CdS radica en la proximidad de esta al cliente final, y el impacto que ello puede generar en su experiencia final, así como en las posibles decisiones de compra futuras. Además de la proximidad al cliente, existen otros aspectos de gran importancia como las entregas cada vez más rápidas y puntuales, la complejidad de planificación eficiente y seguimiento de rutas, la gestión de flotas o las políticas de costes, que hacen de la UM un desafío constante para los proveedores de servicios logísticos. Todo lo anteriormente mencionado, ha de ser abordado teniendo en cuenta aspectos esenciales como la sostenibilidad desde todas sus perspectivas, es decir, económica, social y medioambiental. Su consecución puede ser alcanzada a través de distintas soluciones y estrategias, brindándole especial atención al papel del uso eficiente de las infraestructuras, mediante las cuales conseguir una mayor proximidad al cliente, consolidación de paquetes y optimización de rutas, gestión eficiente de inventarios, empleo de modalidades de entrega más sostenibles, mayor flexibilidad ante la demanda del mercado, etc. Si se tiene en cuenta el aumento progresivo de la población urbana, parece lógico el hecho de contemplar y repensar las ciudades desde un punto de vista logístico, donde el transporte tanto de mercancías como de personas puedan convivir. Para ello se ha de abordar el concepto de Estrategia Ciudad, donde las distintas soluciones propuestas sean integradas e integrables en función de las características de cada urbe, para diseñar modelos realmente sistémicos, evitando la adopción de soluciones dispersas o inconexas que puedan dificultar aún más, la ya compleja de por sí, logística urbana de UM. [EN] This Master's Thesis examines, on the one hand, urban goods logistics, its key principles, and the particularities that set it apart from other links in the Supply Chain (SC). On the other hand, it addresses the need to adopt a City Strategy approach regarding mobility in general and Urban Goods Distribution (UGD) in particular. Through this approach, it aims to integrate various solutions that contribute to and ensure robust triple-impact sustainability, economic, social, and environmental, in both the Last Mile (LM) and the SC. The LM refers to the final segment of the SC, where products are delivered from a distribution center or warehouse to the end recipient, encompassing both B2B (Business-to-Business) and B2C (Business-to-Customer) deliveries. When this occurs in urban environments, it is referred to as UGD and involves delivering the products either to the recipient's home or to any other location previously designated by the buyer through the use of urban logistics. The criticality of LM logistics within the SC lies in its proximity to the end customer and the impact this can have on the final experience and potential future purchasing decisions. In addition to proximity to the customer, other important aspects include increasingly faster and punctual deliveries, efficient route planning and tracking, fleet management, cost policies, among others, making LM a constant challenge for any logistics service provider. All the aforementioned must be addressed taking into account essential aspects such as sustainability from all perspectives, namely economic, social, and environmental. Its achievement can be reached through various solutions and strategies, with special attention to the role of efficient infrastructure utilization, which allows for greater proximity to the customer, package consolidation, route optimization, efficient inventory management, the use of more sustainable delivery methods, increased flexibility in response to market demand,etc. Given the progressive increase in urban population, it seems logical to contemplate and rethink cities from a logistical standpoint, where both goods and people transport coexist. To achieve this, the concept of City Strategy must be addressed, ensuring that the proposed solutions are integrated or integrable based on the characteristics of each urban area. This way, truly systemic solutions can be designed, avoiding the adoption of dispersed or disconnected solutions that may further complicate the already complex nature of urban LM logistics.

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    Authors: Bisquert Miralles, Nuria;

    [ES] A lo largo de la historia la energía ha constituido una pieza clave para el desarrollo de la humanidad. Desde mediados del siglo XX se experimenta un aumento de la población mundial, pasando de 2.600 millones de personas en 1950 a 7.875 millones de personas actualmente . Este hecho provocó la necesidad de ampliar la oferta de combustibles para cubrir la demanda energética, acrecentando las emisiones de dióxido de carbono. Este último ha generado un fenómeno perjudicial para la salud ambiental de la tierra, conocido como cambio climático. Actualmente, la solución pasa por generar un cambio en el sistema energético del mundo, lo que se traduce en apoyar e impulsar las tecnologías energéticas que generan reducidas o nulas emisiones de CO_2, como es el caso de las energías renovables. Sin embargo, uno de los inconvenientes que supone el uso de estas energías renovables son las fluctuaciones que sufre su producción acorde a las condiciones ambientales (momento del día y estación del año). El sistema de producción de energía renovable sigue siendo incapaz de satisfacer la demanda y es necesario desarrollar soluciones que permitan el almacenamiento de energía para asegurar su disponibilidad cuando la producción sea nula. En este sentido, la Unión Europa se plantea como reto la creación de una industria de fabricación de baterías de iones de litio, que además de impactar de forma positiva en la vertiente económica y formación de empleo, asegure que los componentes se produzcan de la manera más sostenible posible. Es por esto que surge la oportunidad de proponer un estudio de mercado de este producto, para conocer y proponer alternativas en las que se pueda involucrar empresas de la Comunidad Valenciana. De tal forma, les permitirían cumplir con las políticas de reducción de emisiones que plantea periódicamente la Comunidad, en consonancia con los objetivos ambientales europeos. Por último, se propondrán cuatro alternativas de fábricas de este tipo de baterías en función de la capacidad de almacenamiento de estas. Así, se podrá proponer la opción más rentable en un horizonte de 10 años [EN] Throughout history, energy has been a key element for the development of humanity. Since the middle of the 20th century, there has been an increase in the world population, from 2,600 million people in 1950 to 7,875 million people today . This fact caused the need to expand the supply of fuels to meet energy demand, increasing carbon dioxide emissions. The latter has generated a phenomenon that is detrimental to the earth's environmental health, known as global warming. Currently, the solution is to generate a change in the world's energy system, which translates into supporting and promoting energy technologies that generate low or no CO_2 emissions, sucha as renewable energy. However, one of the drawbacks of the use of these renewable energies are the fluctuations that their production undergoes according to the environmental conditions (time of day and season of the year). The renewable energy production system is still unable to meet demand and it is necessary to develop solutions that allow energy storage to ensure its availability when production is zero. In this point, the European Union sets itself the challenge of creating an industry for the manufacture of lithium-ion batteries, which, in addition to having a positive impact on the economic aspect and job training, ensures that the components are produced in the most sustainable posible way. This is why the opportunity arises to propose a market study for this product, to learn about and propose alternatives in which companies from the Valencian Community can get involved. In this way, they would allow them to fulfill with the emission reduction policies periodically proposed by the Community, according with European environmental objectives. Finally, four alternatives for factories of this type of batteries will be proposed depending on their storage capacity. Thus, the most profitable option can be proposed in a 10-year horizon.

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    Authors: Leiva Hernández, Joel;

    [ES] El rápido crecimiento de la comarca sur en la isla de Tenerife por la actividad turística a finales del siglo pasado y principios de este ha supuesto un cambio radical en este territorio. La implantación de nuevas actividades de ocio y servicios ha propiciado la creación de un gran polo de atracción en torno a los núcleos de Los Cristianos-Costa Adeje. La falta de planificación urbanística, entre otros, ha llevado al establecimiento de núcleos dormitorios alrededor de este gran nodo. En los últimos años el papel medioambiental ha ganado protagonismo en agendas políticas y la conciencia social, no obstante, la evolución del transporte público y planificación de la movilidad en el sur ha seguido patrones inadecuados, que no han tenido en cuenta las características de la zona y han fomentado el número de usuarios de vehículos privados, y con ello la ocupación de espacio público por infraestructura viaria y vehículos en una isla con territorio limitado y con un entorno, especialmente el urbano, descuidado. Por ello, este documento propone un análisis territorial con foco en la movilidad que diagnostique los principales problemas, y la introducción de algunas medidas que devuelvan la competitividad del transporte público, integrando proyectos en desarrollo por el propio Cabildo Insular [EN] A rapid growth on the southern region on the island of Tenerife due to tourist activity in the last decades has led to a radical change in this territory. The introduction of new leisure activities and services mean the creation of a great pole of attraction around the centres of Los Cristianos-Costa Adeje. The lack of urban planning, among others, has led to the establishment of commuter towns around this great node. In recent years, the environmental role has become a prominence in political agendas and social awareness, however, the evolution of public transport and mobility planning in the south has followed inappropriate patterns, not considering the characteristics of the area. That made the number of private vehicle users skyrocketed, and with it the occupation of public space by road infrastructure and vehicles on an island with limited territory and a poor environment, especially in urban spaces. Therefore, this document proposes a territorial overview with a focus on mobility that diagnoses the main problems, that allows to understand and suggest the introduction of some measures that restore the competitiveness of public transport, even integrating projects under development by the Island Council itself.

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    Authors: Palá Badules, Alberto;

    [ES] Este trabajo final de grado consiste en el diseño de una instalación fotovoltaica de autoconsumo con una potencia aproximada de 400 kW, para la carga de vehículos eléctricos. Dicha instalación dispondrá de baterías, así como estar conectada a Red para la adaptación a los diferentes periodos de consumo. Incluyendo un estudio para el uso de conexión a Red en los periodos de menor coste de la energía. Este proyecto forma parte de un proyecto de renovación de la flota de vehículos de la compañía de Agricultores de la Vega de Valencia (SAV), y se llevará a cabo sobre las cubiertas de una de sus instalaciones en Paiporta. [EN] This final degree project entails the design of a self-consumption photovoltaic installation with an approximate power of 400 kW, intended to support the charging of electric vehicles. The proposed installation will incorporate battery storage and will be grid-connected to optimize energy consumption during different periods. A comprehensive study will also be conducted to explore the utilization of grid connection during periods of reduced energy costs. This project is an integral part of the fleet renewal initiative undertaken by Agricultores de la Vega de Valencia (SAV), a company based in Paiporta. The installation will be strategically implemented on the rooftops of one of their facilities, contributing to their sustainability objectives and enhancing their transition towards renewable energy sources.

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    Authors: Tortosa Navarro, David;

    [ES] Las Comunidades Energéticas Locales (CEL) son herramientas clave en la transición energética hacía un modelo más sostenible, permitiendo la descentralización y el empoderamiento ciudadano. El objetivo principal es determinar la influencia de las variables críticas sobre la rentabilidad económica de la CEL. Se han considerado variables críticas aquellas con mayor peso en la inversión inicial: electricidad adquirida de la red, módulo fotovoltaico, baterías estacionarias y gasolina para los vehículos de combustión interna iniciales. Además, se generan otros escenarios variando la potencia fotovoltaica instalada y la capacidad de las baterías, resultando un total de 16.640 escenarios. El caso de estudio se basa en la formación de una CEL en Catarroja, València. Los elementos principales que la componen son: 25 curvas de carga residenciales horarias, instalación de generación fotovoltaica (13 a 100 kWp), sistema de almacenamiento energético mediante baterías comunitarias de ion-litio (0 a 90 kWh), 10 puntos de recarga para vehículos eléctricos y 10 veces el diferencial de adquisición entre un vehículo de combustión y uno eléctrico. Para la simulación de la CEL, se utiliza un modelo matemático desarrollado en la Cátedra de Transición Energética Urbana UPV y su función es determinar los coeficientes de reparto de la energía óptimos para maximizar los beneficios económicos de la CEL. Se pueden emplear coeficientes de reparto estáticos, variables o dinámicos. Con los resultados de la optimización se realiza el análisis técnico-económico con la finalidad de evaluar las variables críticas. Este trabajo evaluará la repercusión en la rentabilidad de las variables críticas a la hora de desarrollar una CEL. Ayudará a los entes públicos a tomar mejores decisiones al canalizar recursos y programas públicos hacia soluciones no maduras, en lugar de favorecer soluciones que ya son aplicadas sin apoyo. Futuras investigaciones deberían estudiar las variables más críticas para impulsar su desarrollo tecnológico. [EN] Local Energy Communities (LECs) are key tools in the energy transition towards a more sustainable model, enabling decentralisation and citizen empowerment. The main objective is to determine the influence of critical variables on the economic profitability of the LEC. Critical variables are considered to be those with the greatest weight in the initial investment: electricity purchased from the grid, photovoltaic module, stationary batteries and gasoline for the initial internal combustion vehicles. In addition, other scenarios are generated by varying the installed PV power and battery capacity, resulting in a total of 16,640 scenarios. The case study is based on the formation of a LEC in Catarroja, Valencia. The main elements that compose it are: 25 hourly residential load curves, photovoltaic generation installation (13 to 100 kWp), energy storage system using lithium-ion community batteries (0 to 90 kWh), 10 charging points for electric vehicles and 10 times the purchasing differential between a combustion vehicle and an electric vehicle. For the simulation of the LEC, a mathematical model developed at the Cátedra de Transición Energética Urbana UPV is used and its function is to determine the optimal energy sharing coefficients to maximise the economic benefits of the LEC. Static, variable or dynamic distribution coefficients can be used. With the optimisation results, the techno-economic analysis is performed in order to evaluate the critical variables. This work will assess the impact on the cost-effectiveness of critical variables when developing a CEL. It will help public authorities to make better decisions by channelling public resources and programmes towards immature solutions, rather than favouring solutions that are already implemented without support. Future research should study the most critical variables to boost their technological development. [CAT] Les Comunitats Energètiques Locals (CEL) són ferramentes clau en la transició energètica cap a un model més sostenible, permetent la descentralització i l’apoderament ciutadà. L’objectiu principal és determinar la influència de les variables crítiques sobre la rendibilitat econòmica d’una CEL. S’han considerat variables crítiques aquelles amb major pes en la inversió inicial: electricitat adquirida de la xarxa, mòdul fotovoltaic, bateries estacionàries, gasolina per a vehicles de combustió interna inicials. A més, es generen altres escenaris variant la potència fotovoltaica instal·lada i la capacitat de les bateries, resultant un total de 16.640 escenaris. El cas d’estudi es basa en la formació d’una CEL a Catarroja, València. Els elements principals que la componen són: 25 corbes de càrrega residencials horaries, instal·lació de generació fotovoltaica (13 a 100 kWp), sistema d’emmagatzemament energètic per mitjà de bateries comunitàries d’ió-liti (0 a 90 kWh), 10 punts de recàrrega per a vehicles elèctrics i 10 vegades el diferencial d’adquisició entre un vehicle de combustió i un elèctric. Per a la simulació de la CEL, s’utilitza un model matemàtic desenvolupat en la Càtedra de Transició Energètica Urbana UPV i la seua funció és determinar els coeficients de repartiment de l’energia òptims per a maximitzar els beneficis econòmics del conjunt de la CEL. Es poden emprar coeficients de repartiment estàtics, variables o dinàmics. Amb els resultats de l’optimització es realitza l’anàlisi tècnic-econòmic amb la finalitat d’avaluar les variables crítiques. Aquest treball avaluarà la repercusió en la rendibilitat de les variables crítiques a l’hora de formar una CEL. Ajudarà als ens públics a prendre millors decisions al canalitzar recursos i programes públics cap a solucions no madures, en compte d’afavorir solucions que ja són aplicades sense suport. Futures investigacions haurien d’estudiar les variables més crítiques per a impulsar la seua millora tecnològica

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    Authors: Manso Burgos, Álvaro;

    [ES] Las comunidades de energía local (CEL) se incorporaron recientemente a la normativa europea gracias a la conclusión del Paquete de «Energía Limpia para todos los europeos» (PEL) y, concretamente, las Directivas 2018/2001 sobre Energía Renovable (DER II) y 2019/944 sobre el Mercado Interior de la Electricidad (DMIE). Tras esto, España traspuso esta nueva normativa en los RD244/2019 y RD23/2020 dando un marco legal favorable al autoconsumo individual y compartido. A partir de aquí, surge la necesidad de analizar la mejor forma de desarrollar este tipo de entidades de forma que se exprima al máximo su potencial y su rentabilidad. Para ello, en este trabajo se desarrolla un modelo matemático y una metodología con los que se puede simular y estudiar una CEL. El modelo permite trabajar con diferentes configuraciones de CEL que incluyen variaciones en las demandas, el modo de reparto y la inclusión de sistemas de almacenamiento. Una vez desarrollado el modelo y la metodología se ha probado mediante un caso de estudio que consiste en una CEL situada sobre el tejado de un edificio de Las Naves en el área urbana de València. La CEL estará compuesta por miembros residenciales y comerciales cuyos datos de consumo se obtuvieron a partir de datos reales de consumo. Finalmente, se evaluaron un total de 432 escenarios combinando las diferentes variables de diseño. Este trabajo concluye que simular matemáticamente una CEL es posible. Además, determina que son rentables económicamente, aunque los sistemas de almacenamiento de momento no lo son. No obstante, las baterías aumentan el grado de autoconsumo de la comunidad y, por otro lado, la integración del vehículo eléctrico aumenta las emisiones de carbono evitadas. Esto implica que a nivel técnico y económico no hay barreras para el desarrollo de CEL y, por lo tanto, las mayores barreras se encuentran en el ámbito social y normativo. [EN] Local Energy Communities (LECs) were recently incorporated into European regulations with the completion of the "Clean Energy for All Europeans" (CEEP) Package and, specifically, the Renewable Energy Directive 2018/2001 (RED II) and the Internal Electricity Market Directive 2019/944 (IEMD). Following this, Spain transposed these new regulations in RD244/2019 and RD23/2020, providing a legal framework favourable to individual and shared self-consumption. Hence, the need to analyse the best way to develop these types of entities to maximise their potential and profitability arises. For this purpose, this work develops a mathematical model and a methodology with which a LEC can be simulated and analysed. The model allows working with different LEC configurations that include variations in the demands, the allocation mode and the inclusion of storage systems. Once the model and methodology has been developed, it has been tested through a case study consisting of a LEC located on the roof of a building in Las Naves in the urban area of Valencia. The LEC will be composed of residential and commercial members whose consumption data was obtained from real consumption data. Finally, a total of 432 scenarios combining the different design variables were evaluated. This paper concludes that it is possible to mathematically simulate a LEC. Furthermore, it determines that they are economically profitable, although storage systems are currently not. Nevertheless, batteries increase the degree of self-consumption of the community and, on the other hand, the integration of the electric vehicle increases the carbon emissions avoided. This implies that there are no technical and economic barriers to the development of LECs and therefore the biggest barriers are in the social and regulatory field.

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  • Authors: Dávila, Julio D;

    Using illustrations from some of Latin America's largest cities, the chapter examines the causes and consequences of urban expansion and the more recent phenomenon of urban sprawl. It reflects on the role of transport and mobility, both as consequences of urban growth and as causes of it. It reflects on the equity and sustainability dimensions of this phenomenon.

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    Authors: González Barcenilla, Óscar;

    La preocupación mundial por el cambio climático ha impulsado a las industrias a buscar alternativas más sostenibles para lograr los objetivos medioambientales fijados por las administraciones. Como consecuencia, el transporte marítimo, responsable del 2-3% (IMO, 2023) de las emisiones globales de gases de efecto invernadero, está bajo presión para reducir su huella de carbono. La transición de combustibles tradicionales, como el fueloil pesado, al Gas Natural Licuado (GNL) se presenta como una solución efectiva en este proceso. El menor factor de emisión del GNL frente a otros combustibles tradicionales junto con la experiencia y el estado ‘maduro’ de la tecnología hace de éste, un combustible ideal para su rápida implantación y cumplimiento de las normas de la Organización Marítima Internacional (OMI). Dichas regulaciones van, paulatinamente, reduciendo los niveles admisibles de emisiones impulsando la investigación e inversión de las distintas figuras del sector. Tomando de referencia los datos reales de consumo de 8 buques tanque destinados al tráfico ‘tramp’ este trabajo de fin de máster calcula las emisiones de CO₂ emitidas a la atmósfera durante 4 años y analiza la transición de la muestra al uso de GNL explorando sus ventajas, desafíos e impacto. Los resultados del estudio estiman el hipotético potencial reductor de las emisiones de CO₂ cerca del 25% logrando, en la muestra estudiada, una reducción de 129.000 toneladas en el periodo estudiado. Global concern about climate change has prompted industries to look for more sustainable alternatives to achieve the environmental targets set by governments. As a consequence, shipping, responsible for 2-3% of global greenhouse gas emissions, is under pressure to reduce its carbon footprint. The transition from traditional fuels, such as heavy fuel oil, to Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) presents itself as an effective solution in this process. The lower emission factor of LNG compared to other traditional fuels together with the experience and 'mature' state of the technology makes it an ideal fuel for rapid deployment and compliance with International Maritime Organisation (IMO) regulations. These regulations are gradually reducing the admissible levels of emissions, driving research and investment by the various players in the sector. Taking as a reference the real consumption data of 8 tankers destined to tramp traffic, this master's thesis calculates the CO₂ emissions emitted to the atmosphere during 4 years and analyses the transition of the sample to the use of LNG, exploring its advantages, challenges and impact. The results of the study estimate the hypothetical potential for reducing CO₂ emissions by around 25%, achieving, in the sample studied, a reduction of 129,000 tonnes in the period studied. Doble Grado en Administración y Dirección de Empresas y Economía

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    UCrea
    Bachelor thesis . 2024
    Data sources: UCrea
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      UCrea
      Bachelor thesis . 2024
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  • Authors: Thomas, Hugo;

    Rapport réalisé pour l'ANR Modural. ; Since the Brundtland report and the Conference of Rio in 1992, the political agendas have seized the “sustainable city” paradigm, at the center of which lies the concept of “sustainable mobility”, despite the absence of a clear and operational definition. From a North-South circulation of models perspective, sustainable mobility has also been adopted by Latin-American public policies. However, due to the strong social concerns among the continent, and above all its cities, the environmental issues are in the background of the social protests that occur there. This report carries out a comparison between two Latin-American metropolis, Bogotá and Lima, on the basis of the public policies of mobility adopted and then of the environmental externalities produced by transport, and their mitigation measures. Both cities experienced urban transition and unplanned growth during the second half of the 20th century, but have followed different development paths along the last decades. Especially, Bogotá set up an ambitious public transport reform as long as the promotion of cycling thanks to its strong governance, whereas institutional fragmentation in Lima only produces a widely informal development. However, the lack of clear definition of funding for the transport reform as long as of joint planning of transport and urbanism put constraints to reaching sustainability in Bogotá: on the one hand, informal transport spreading again fills the gap of the new service, on the other hand, private modes, among which the moto, are growing quickly. These are major stakes to think about looking for a development pathway in Lima. In both cities, the stock of vehicles is ancient and produces a lot of environmental externalities. The analysis of the climate action and air pollution plans of both cities reveals methodological limits regarding the quantification of the impact of the proposed actions. That is why we set up an innovating methodology to assess the environmental impact of mobility. ...

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  • Authors: Barrios Torres, Rodolfo Andrés; Medina Berdugo, Keylin Juanita;

    Una de las principales causas del cambio climático es el uso de los combustibles fósiles que provocan un aumento de emisión de dióxido de carbono (CO2) y contribuye a un incremento de la temperatura en la tierra. Por lo tanto, se trata de remediar dichos efectos a través de diferentes mecanismos, uno de ellos es usar más fuentes renovables de energía e incentivar un mayor uso del transporte eléctrico tanto público como privado. Para ello es importante acompañar esta estrategia con la implementación de estaciones de recarga públicas para los vehículos eléctricos. Actualmente se observa que en Barranquilla no se registra estaciones eléctricas públicas, por esta razón el proyecto se basa en el diseño de un sistema fotovoltaico para una estación de recarga con dos módulos para vehículos y uno para buses eléctricos con generación fotovoltaica de 240kW, que se ubicaría en el parqueadero de la Universidad del Norte. Para estructurar este diseño, se analizaron los posibles lugares, la cantidad de radiación solar que recibe este sector durante un período de dos años (2019-2020), y el sistema de carga para buses y automóviles eléctricos teniendo en cuenta las marcas comerciales que actualmente se cuentan en el país o que llegarán en un futuro muy cercano. A partir de esto, se prosigue con el diseño fotovoltaico y su respectivo sistema de protecciones -de acuerdo con el reglamento RETIE y la norma técnica NTC2050- y puesta a tierra. Por último, se realiza la validación del sistema fotovoltaico ON-GRID que suplirá la demanda de la estación de recarga, planteando 3 escenarios que son generación máxima, generación promedio y generación mínima, cuyos resultados son: 61,4%, 41,8% y 28,3% respectivamente, frente a la demanda energética máxima prevista. Finalmente, se considera importante el aporte del presente trabajo en cuanto a la necesidad de la ciudad, las características de la región, facilidad de réplica, y su impacto positivo al medio ambiente. ; One of the main causes of climate change is the use of fossil fuels that cause an increase in the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) and contribute to an increase in temperature on earth. Therefore, it is about remedying these effects through different mechanisms, one of them is to use more renewable sources of energy and encourage greater use of both public and private electric transport. For this, it is important to accompany this strategy with the implementation of public charging stations for electric vehicles. Currently, it is observed that in Barranquilla there are no public electricity stations, for this reason the project is based on the design of a photovoltaic system for a recharging station with two modules for vehicles and one for electric buses with photovoltaic generation of 240kW, which is It would be located in the parking lot of the Universidad del Norte. To structure this design, the possible places were analyzed, the amount of solar radiation that this sector receives during a period of two years (2019-2020), and the charging system for buses and electric cars, taking into account the commercial brands that currently they are counted in the country or they will arrive in the very near future. From this, the photovoltaic design and its respective protection system - in accordance with the RETIE regulation and the NTC2050 technical standard - and grounding are continued. Finally, the validation of the ON-GRID photovoltaic system that will supply the demand of the charging station is carried out, proposing 3 scenarios that are maximum generation, average generation and minimum generation, whose results are: 61.4%, 41.8% and 28.3% respectively, compared to the maximum expected energy demand. Finally, the contribution of this work is considered important in terms of the need of the city, the characteristics of the region, ease of replication, and its positive impact on the environment.

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    Authors: Sapigiuc, Eduard Gabriel;

    [ES] Este Trabajo de Fin de Máster estudia, por un lado, la logística urbana de mercancías, sus principales fundamentos y las particularidades que la distinguen del resto de eslabones de la Cadena de Suministro (CdS) y, por otro lado, aborda la necesidad de adoptar un enfoque de Estrategia Ciudad en lo que respecta a la movilidad en general y la Distribución Urbana de Mercancías (DUM) en particular, a través de la cual ser capaces de integrar distintas soluciones que aporten y garanticen una sostenibilidad robusta y de triple impacto, económico, social y medioambiental, tanto en la Última Milla (UM) como en las CdS. La UM hace referencia al último eslabón o tramo de la CdS, donde los productos son entregados desde un centro de distribución o almacén, hasta el destinatario final, tanto B2B como B2C. Cuando se produce en entornos urbanos hablamos de DUM. Esta entrega al destinatario final puede ser realizada en su domicilio o en cualquier otro lugar designado previamente por el comprador a través de la DUM y la logística urbana. La criticidad de la logística de UM dentro de la CdS radica en la proximidad de esta al cliente final, y el impacto que ello puede generar en su experiencia final, así como en las posibles decisiones de compra futuras. Además de la proximidad al cliente, existen otros aspectos de gran importancia como las entregas cada vez más rápidas y puntuales, la complejidad de planificación eficiente y seguimiento de rutas, la gestión de flotas o las políticas de costes, que hacen de la UM un desafío constante para los proveedores de servicios logísticos. Todo lo anteriormente mencionado, ha de ser abordado teniendo en cuenta aspectos esenciales como la sostenibilidad desde todas sus perspectivas, es decir, económica, social y medioambiental. Su consecución puede ser alcanzada a través de distintas soluciones y estrategias, brindándole especial atención al papel del uso eficiente de las infraestructuras, mediante las cuales conseguir una mayor proximidad al cliente, consolidación de paquetes y optimización de rutas, gestión eficiente de inventarios, empleo de modalidades de entrega más sostenibles, mayor flexibilidad ante la demanda del mercado, etc. Si se tiene en cuenta el aumento progresivo de la población urbana, parece lógico el hecho de contemplar y repensar las ciudades desde un punto de vista logístico, donde el transporte tanto de mercancías como de personas puedan convivir. Para ello se ha de abordar el concepto de Estrategia Ciudad, donde las distintas soluciones propuestas sean integradas e integrables en función de las características de cada urbe, para diseñar modelos realmente sistémicos, evitando la adopción de soluciones dispersas o inconexas que puedan dificultar aún más, la ya compleja de por sí, logística urbana de UM. [EN] This Master's Thesis examines, on the one hand, urban goods logistics, its key principles, and the particularities that set it apart from other links in the Supply Chain (SC). On the other hand, it addresses the need to adopt a City Strategy approach regarding mobility in general and Urban Goods Distribution (UGD) in particular. Through this approach, it aims to integrate various solutions that contribute to and ensure robust triple-impact sustainability, economic, social, and environmental, in both the Last Mile (LM) and the SC. The LM refers to the final segment of the SC, where products are delivered from a distribution center or warehouse to the end recipient, encompassing both B2B (Business-to-Business) and B2C (Business-to-Customer) deliveries. When this occurs in urban environments, it is referred to as UGD and involves delivering the products either to the recipient's home or to any other location previously designated by the buyer through the use of urban logistics. The criticality of LM logistics within the SC lies in its proximity to the end customer and the impact this can have on the final experience and potential future purchasing decisions. In addition to proximity to the customer, other important aspects include increasingly faster and punctual deliveries, efficient route planning and tracking, fleet management, cost policies, among others, making LM a constant challenge for any logistics service provider. All the aforementioned must be addressed taking into account essential aspects such as sustainability from all perspectives, namely economic, social, and environmental. Its achievement can be reached through various solutions and strategies, with special attention to the role of efficient infrastructure utilization, which allows for greater proximity to the customer, package consolidation, route optimization, efficient inventory management, the use of more sustainable delivery methods, increased flexibility in response to market demand,etc. Given the progressive increase in urban population, it seems logical to contemplate and rethink cities from a logistical standpoint, where both goods and people transport coexist. To achieve this, the concept of City Strategy must be addressed, ensuring that the proposed solutions are integrated or integrable based on the characteristics of each urban area. This way, truly systemic solutions can be designed, avoiding the adoption of dispersed or disconnected solutions that may further complicate the already complex nature of urban LM logistics.

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    Authors: Bisquert Miralles, Nuria;

    [ES] A lo largo de la historia la energía ha constituido una pieza clave para el desarrollo de la humanidad. Desde mediados del siglo XX se experimenta un aumento de la población mundial, pasando de 2.600 millones de personas en 1950 a 7.875 millones de personas actualmente . Este hecho provocó la necesidad de ampliar la oferta de combustibles para cubrir la demanda energética, acrecentando las emisiones de dióxido de carbono. Este último ha generado un fenómeno perjudicial para la salud ambiental de la tierra, conocido como cambio climático. Actualmente, la solución pasa por generar un cambio en el sistema energético del mundo, lo que se traduce en apoyar e impulsar las tecnologías energéticas que generan reducidas o nulas emisiones de CO_2, como es el caso de las energías renovables. Sin embargo, uno de los inconvenientes que supone el uso de estas energías renovables son las fluctuaciones que sufre su producción acorde a las condiciones ambientales (momento del día y estación del año). El sistema de producción de energía renovable sigue siendo incapaz de satisfacer la demanda y es necesario desarrollar soluciones que permitan el almacenamiento de energía para asegurar su disponibilidad cuando la producción sea nula. En este sentido, la Unión Europa se plantea como reto la creación de una industria de fabricación de baterías de iones de litio, que además de impactar de forma positiva en la vertiente económica y formación de empleo, asegure que los componentes se produzcan de la manera más sostenible posible. Es por esto que surge la oportunidad de proponer un estudio de mercado de este producto, para conocer y proponer alternativas en las que se pueda involucrar empresas de la Comunidad Valenciana. De tal forma, les permitirían cumplir con las políticas de reducción de emisiones que plantea periódicamente la Comunidad, en consonancia con los objetivos ambientales europeos. Por último, se propondrán cuatro alternativas de fábricas de este tipo de baterías en función de la capacidad de almacenamiento de estas. Así, se podrá proponer la opción más rentable en un horizonte de 10 años [EN] Throughout history, energy has been a key element for the development of humanity. Since the middle of the 20th century, there has been an increase in the world population, from 2,600 million people in 1950 to 7,875 million people today . This fact caused the need to expand the supply of fuels to meet energy demand, increasing carbon dioxide emissions. The latter has generated a phenomenon that is detrimental to the earth's environmental health, known as global warming. Currently, the solution is to generate a change in the world's energy system, which translates into supporting and promoting energy technologies that generate low or no CO_2 emissions, sucha as renewable energy. However, one of the drawbacks of the use of these renewable energies are the fluctuations that their production undergoes according to the environmental conditions (time of day and season of the year). The renewable energy production system is still unable to meet demand and it is necessary to develop solutions that allow energy storage to ensure its availability when production is zero. In this point, the European Union sets itself the challenge of creating an industry for the manufacture of lithium-ion batteries, which, in addition to having a positive impact on the economic aspect and job training, ensures that the components are produced in the most sustainable posible way. This is why the opportunity arises to propose a market study for this product, to learn about and propose alternatives in which companies from the Valencian Community can get involved. In this way, they would allow them to fulfill with the emission reduction policies periodically proposed by the Community, according with European environmental objectives. Finally, four alternatives for factories of this type of batteries will be proposed depending on their storage capacity. Thus, the most profitable option can be proposed in a 10-year horizon.

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    Authors: Leiva Hernández, Joel;

    [ES] El rápido crecimiento de la comarca sur en la isla de Tenerife por la actividad turística a finales del siglo pasado y principios de este ha supuesto un cambio radical en este territorio. La implantación de nuevas actividades de ocio y servicios ha propiciado la creación de un gran polo de atracción en torno a los núcleos de Los Cristianos-Costa Adeje. La falta de planificación urbanística, entre otros, ha llevado al establecimiento de núcleos dormitorios alrededor de este gran nodo. En los últimos años el papel medioambiental ha ganado protagonismo en agendas políticas y la conciencia social, no obstante, la evolución del transporte público y planificación de la movilidad en el sur ha seguido patrones inadecuados, que no han tenido en cuenta las características de la zona y han fomentado el número de usuarios de vehículos privados, y con ello la ocupación de espacio público por infraestructura viaria y vehículos en una isla con territorio limitado y con un entorno, especialmente el urbano, descuidado. Por ello, este documento propone un análisis territorial con foco en la movilidad que diagnostique los principales problemas, y la introducción de algunas medidas que devuelvan la competitividad del transporte público, integrando proyectos en desarrollo por el propio Cabildo Insular [EN] A rapid growth on the southern region on the island of Tenerife due to tourist activity in the last decades has led to a radical change in this territory. The introduction of new leisure activities and services mean the creation of a great pole of attraction around the centres of Los Cristianos-Costa Adeje. The lack of urban planning, among others, has led to the establishment of commuter towns around this great node. In recent years, the environmental role has become a prominence in political agendas and social awareness, however, the evolution of public transport and mobility planning in the south has followed inappropriate patterns, not considering the characteristics of the area. That made the number of private vehicle users skyrocketed, and with it the occupation of public space by road infrastructure and vehicles on an island with limited territory and a poor environment, especially in urban spaces. Therefore, this document proposes a territorial overview with a focus on mobility that diagnoses the main problems, that allows to understand and suggest the introduction of some measures that restore the competitiveness of public transport, even integrating projects under development by the Island Council itself.

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    Authors: Palá Badules, Alberto;

    [ES] Este trabajo final de grado consiste en el diseño de una instalación fotovoltaica de autoconsumo con una potencia aproximada de 400 kW, para la carga de vehículos eléctricos. Dicha instalación dispondrá de baterías, así como estar conectada a Red para la adaptación a los diferentes periodos de consumo. Incluyendo un estudio para el uso de conexión a Red en los periodos de menor coste de la energía. Este proyecto forma parte de un proyecto de renovación de la flota de vehículos de la compañía de Agricultores de la Vega de Valencia (SAV), y se llevará a cabo sobre las cubiertas de una de sus instalaciones en Paiporta. [EN] This final degree project entails the design of a self-consumption photovoltaic installation with an approximate power of 400 kW, intended to support the charging of electric vehicles. The proposed installation will incorporate battery storage and will be grid-connected to optimize energy consumption during different periods. A comprehensive study will also be conducted to explore the utilization of grid connection during periods of reduced energy costs. This project is an integral part of the fleet renewal initiative undertaken by Agricultores de la Vega de Valencia (SAV), a company based in Paiporta. The installation will be strategically implemented on the rooftops of one of their facilities, contributing to their sustainability objectives and enhancing their transition towards renewable energy sources.

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    Authors: Tortosa Navarro, David;

    [ES] Las Comunidades Energéticas Locales (CEL) son herramientas clave en la transición energética hacía un modelo más sostenible, permitiendo la descentralización y el empoderamiento ciudadano. El objetivo principal es determinar la influencia de las variables críticas sobre la rentabilidad económica de la CEL. Se han considerado variables críticas aquellas con mayor peso en la inversión inicial: electricidad adquirida de la red, módulo fotovoltaico, baterías estacionarias y gasolina para los vehículos de combustión interna iniciales. Además, se generan otros escenarios variando la potencia fotovoltaica instalada y la capacidad de las baterías, resultando un total de 16.640 escenarios. El caso de estudio se basa en la formación de una CEL en Catarroja, València. Los elementos principales que la componen son: 25 curvas de carga residenciales horarias, instalación de generación fotovoltaica (13 a 100 kWp), sistema de almacenamiento energético mediante baterías comunitarias de ion-litio (0 a 90 kWh), 10 puntos de recarga para vehículos eléctricos y 10 veces el diferencial de adquisición entre un vehículo de combustión y uno eléctrico. Para la simulación de la CEL, se utiliza un modelo matemático desarrollado en la Cátedra de Transición Energética Urbana UPV y su función es determinar los coeficientes de reparto de la energía óptimos para maximizar los beneficios económicos de la CEL. Se pueden emplear coeficientes de reparto estáticos, variables o dinámicos. Con los resultados de la optimización se realiza el análisis técnico-económico con la finalidad de evaluar las variables críticas. Este trabajo evaluará la repercusión en la rentabilidad de las variables críticas a la hora de desarrollar una CEL. Ayudará a los entes públicos a tomar mejores decisiones al canalizar recursos y programas públicos hacia soluciones no maduras, en lugar de favorecer soluciones que ya son aplicadas sin apoyo. Futuras investigaciones deberían estudiar las variables más críticas para impulsar su desarrollo tecnológico. [EN] Local Energy Communities (LECs) are key tools in the energy transition towards a more sustainable model, enabling decentralisation and citizen empowerment. The main objective is to determine the influence of critical variables on the economic profitability of the LEC. Critical variables are considered to be those with the greatest weight in the initial investment: electricity purchased from the grid, photovoltaic module, stationary batteries and gasoline for the initial internal combustion vehicles. In addition, other scenarios are generated by varying the installed PV power and battery capacity, resulting in a total of 16,640 scenarios. The case study is based on the formation of a LEC in Catarroja, Valencia. The main elements that compose it are: 25 hourly residential load curves, photovoltaic generation installation (13 to 100 kWp), energy storage system using lithium-ion community batteries (0 to 90 kWh), 10 charging points for electric vehicles and 10 times the purchasing differential between a combustion vehicle and an electric vehicle. For the simulation of the LEC, a mathematical model developed at the Cátedra de Transición Energética Urbana UPV is used and its function is to determine the optimal energy sharing coefficients to maximise the economic benefits of the LEC. Static, variable or dynamic distribution coefficients can be used. With the optimisation results, the techno-economic analysis is performed in order to evaluate the critical variables. This work will assess the impact on the cost-effectiveness of critical variables when developing a CEL. It will help public authorities to make better decisions by channelling public resources and programmes towards immature solutions, rather than favouring solutions that are already implemented without support. Future research should study the most critical variables to boost their technological development. [CAT] Les Comunitats Energètiques Locals (CEL) són ferramentes clau en la transició energètica cap a un model més sostenible, permetent la descentralització i l’apoderament ciutadà. L’objectiu principal és determinar la influència de les variables crítiques sobre la rendibilitat econòmica d’una CEL. S’han considerat variables crítiques aquelles amb major pes en la inversió inicial: electricitat adquirida de la xarxa, mòdul fotovoltaic, bateries estacionàries, gasolina per a vehicles de combustió interna inicials. A més, es generen altres escenaris variant la potència fotovoltaica instal·lada i la capacitat de les bateries, resultant un total de 16.640 escenaris. El cas d’estudi es basa en la formació d’una CEL a Catarroja, València. Els elements principals que la componen són: 25 corbes de càrrega residencials horaries, instal·lació de generació fotovoltaica (13 a 100 kWp), sistema d’emmagatzemament energètic per mitjà de bateries comunitàries d’ió-liti (0 a 90 kWh), 10 punts de recàrrega per a vehicles elèctrics i 10 vegades el diferencial d’adquisició entre un vehicle de combustió i un elèctric. Per a la simulació de la CEL, s’utilitza un model matemàtic desenvolupat en la Càtedra de Transició Energètica Urbana UPV i la seua funció és determinar els coeficients de repartiment de l’energia òptims per a maximitzar els beneficis econòmics del conjunt de la CEL. Es poden emprar coeficients de repartiment estàtics, variables o dinàmics. Amb els resultats de l’optimització es realitza l’anàlisi tècnic-econòmic amb la finalitat d’avaluar les variables crítiques. Aquest treball avaluarà la repercusió en la rendibilitat de les variables crítiques a l’hora de formar una CEL. Ajudarà als ens públics a prendre millors decisions al canalitzar recursos i programes públics cap a solucions no madures, en compte d’afavorir solucions que ja són aplicades sense suport. Futures investigacions haurien d’estudiar les variables més crítiques per a impulsar la seua millora tecnològica

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    Authors: Manso Burgos, Álvaro;

    [ES] Las comunidades de energía local (CEL) se incorporaron recientemente a la normativa europea gracias a la conclusión del Paquete de «Energía Limpia para todos los europeos» (PEL) y, concretamente, las Directivas 2018/2001 sobre Energía Renovable (DER II) y 2019/944 sobre el Mercado Interior de la Electricidad (DMIE). Tras esto, España traspuso esta nueva normativa en los RD244/2019 y RD23/2020 dando un marco legal favorable al autoconsumo individual y compartido. A partir de aquí, surge la necesidad de analizar la mejor forma de desarrollar este tipo de entidades de forma que se exprima al máximo su potencial y su rentabilidad. Para ello, en este trabajo se desarrolla un modelo matemático y una metodología con los que se puede simular y estudiar una CEL. El modelo permite trabajar con diferentes configuraciones de CEL que incluyen variaciones en las demandas, el modo de reparto y la inclusión de sistemas de almacenamiento. Una vez desarrollado el modelo y la metodología se ha probado mediante un caso de estudio que consiste en una CEL situada sobre el tejado de un edificio de Las Naves en el área urbana de València. La CEL estará compuesta por miembros residenciales y comerciales cuyos datos de consumo se obtuvieron a partir de datos reales de consumo. Finalmente, se evaluaron un total de 432 escenarios combinando las diferentes variables de diseño. Este trabajo concluye que simular matemáticamente una CEL es posible. Además, determina que son rentables económicamente, aunque los sistemas de almacenamiento de momento no lo son. No obstante, las baterías aumentan el grado de autoconsumo de la comunidad y, por otro lado, la integración del vehículo eléctrico aumenta las emisiones de carbono evitadas. Esto implica que a nivel técnico y económico no hay barreras para el desarrollo de CEL y, por lo tanto, las mayores barreras se encuentran en el ámbito social y normativo. [EN] Local Energy Communities (LECs) were recently incorporated into European regulations with the completion of the "Clean Energy for All Europeans" (CEEP) Package and, specifically, the Renewable Energy Directive 2018/2001 (RED II) and the Internal Electricity Market Directive 2019/944 (IEMD). Following this, Spain transposed these new regulations in RD244/2019 and RD23/2020, providing a legal framework favourable to individual and shared self-consumption. Hence, the need to analyse the best way to develop these types of entities to maximise their potential and profitability arises. For this purpose, this work develops a mathematical model and a methodology with which a LEC can be simulated and analysed. The model allows working with different LEC configurations that include variations in the demands, the allocation mode and the inclusion of storage systems. Once the model and methodology has been developed, it has been tested through a case study consisting of a LEC located on the roof of a building in Las Naves in the urban area of Valencia. The LEC will be composed of residential and commercial members whose consumption data was obtained from real consumption data. Finally, a total of 432 scenarios combining the different design variables were evaluated. This paper concludes that it is possible to mathematically simulate a LEC. Furthermore, it determines that they are economically profitable, although storage systems are currently not. Nevertheless, batteries increase the degree of self-consumption of the community and, on the other hand, the integration of the electric vehicle increases the carbon emissions avoided. This implies that there are no technical and economic barriers to the development of LECs and therefore the biggest barriers are in the social and regulatory field.

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