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  • COVID-19

  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Michele Barry; orcid Ashley Jowell;
    Ashley Jowell
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Ashley Jowell in OpenAIRE

    The COVID-19 pandemic highlights the multidimensional and inseparable connection between human health and environmental systems. COVID-19, similar to other emerging zoonotic diseases, has had a devastating impact on our planet. In this perspective, we argue that as humans continue to globalize and encroach on our surrounding natural systems, societies must adopt a "planetary health lens" to prepare and adapt to these emerging infectious diseases. This piece further explores other critical components of a planetary health approach to societal response, such as the seasonality of disease patterns, the impact of climate change on infectious disease, and the built environment, which can increase population vulnerabilities to pandemics. To address planetary health threats that cross international borders, such as COVID-19, societies must practice interdependence sovereignty and direct resources to organizations that facilitate shared global governance, and thus can enable us to adapt and ultimately build a more resilient world.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ American Journal of ...arrow_drop_down
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    American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ American Journal of ...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: orcid bw Takashi Yamagata;
    Takashi Yamagata
    ORCID
    Derived by OpenAIRE algorithms or harvested from 3rd party repositories

    Takashi Yamagata in OpenAIRE
    Takashi Yamagata; L. Vanessa Smith; orcid Nori Tarui;
    Nori Tarui
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    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Nori Tarui in OpenAIRE

    We assess the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on global fossil fuel consumption and CO2 emissions over the two-year horizon 2020Q1-2021Q4. We apply a global vector autoregressive (GVAR) model, which captures complex spatial-temporal interdependencies across countries associated with the international propagation of economic impact due to the virus spread. The model makes use of a unique quarterly data set of coal, natural gas, and oil consumption, output, exchange rates and equity prices, including global fossil fuel prices for 32 major CO2 emitting countries spanning the period 1984Q1-2019Q4. We produce forecasts of coal, natural gas and oil consumption, conditional on GDP growth scenarios based on alternative IMF World Economic Outlook forecasts that were made before and after the outbreak. We also simulate the effect of a relative price change in fossil fuels, due to global scale carbon pricing, on consumption and output. Our results predict fossil fuel consumption and CO2 emissions to return to their pre-crisis levels, and even exceed them, within the two-year horizon despite the large reductions in the first quarter following the outbreak. Our forecasts anticipate more robust growth for emerging than for advanced economies. The model predicts recovery to the pre-crisis levels even if another wave of pandemic occurs within a year. Our counterfactual carbon pricing scenario indicates that an increase in coal prices is expected to have a smaller impact on GDP than on fossil fuel consumption. Thus, the COVID-19 pandemic would not provide countries with a strong reason to delay climate change mitigation efforts.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ COREarrow_drop_down
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    CORE
    Article . 2021
    License: CC BY NC ND
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    Energy Economics
    Article
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Energy Economics
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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    SSRN Electronic Journal
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ COREarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      CORE
      Article . 2021
      License: CC BY NC ND
      Data sources: CORE
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Energy Economics
      Article
      Data sources: UnpayWall
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Energy Economics
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Elsevier TDM
      Data sources: Crossref
      SSRN Electronic Journal
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
      Data sources: Crossref
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: orcid Mariana Cernicova-Buca;
    Mariana Cernicova-Buca
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Mariana Cernicova-Buca in OpenAIRE
    orcid Adina Palea;
    Adina Palea
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Adina Palea in OpenAIRE

    Communication during an ongoing crisis is a challenging task that becomes even more demanding during a public health crisis. Early in the start of the pandemic, global leaders called upon the public to reject infodemics and access official sources. This article focuses on the communicative aspects of health services management, with a particular focus on the communication strategy of the Romanian district public health authorities during the COVID-19 lockdown, as seen on official websites and social networks. The 15 most affected districts were selected, according to the officially reported health cases. The issued press releases and the posts on Facebook pages show an uneven experience on the part of district authorities in dealing with public information campaigns. In addition, the results of the study indicate a lack of sustainable communication approaches as well as the need of professional training and strategy in dealing with the public health crisis. From a communication point of view, a strategic approach on behalf of the public health sector is crucial to enhance the preparedness of appropriate institutions to act during emergencies and to respond to the needs of the media and the public with timely, correct, and meaningful information.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Sustainabilityarrow_drop_down
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    Sustainability
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Sustainability
    Article . 2021
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Sustainabilityarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Sustainability
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      Sustainability
      Article . 2021
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: orcid Cătălin Grădinaru;
    Cătălin Grădinaru
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Cătălin Grădinaru in OpenAIRE
    orcid Ștefan-Alexandru Catană;
    Ștefan-Alexandru Catană
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Ștefan-Alexandru Catană in OpenAIRE
    orcid Sorin George Toma;
    Sorin George Toma
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Sorin George Toma in OpenAIRE
    orcid Andreea Barbu;
    Andreea Barbu
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Andreea Barbu in OpenAIRE

    The emergence and spread of the COVID-19 pandemic have significantly changed the way commerce processes have been carried out over the last two years. Considering the development of the Internet and the increasing use of digitalization in recent years, electronic commerce has become an important part of the global retail framework. Accordingly, mobile commerce has emerged and developed through various applications as a modern alternative for buying and selling products and/or services using only mobile devices. This paper aims to identify and analyze several key factors that influence students’ perceptions regarding m-commerce acquisitions. It also attempts to illustrate some of the main advantages and disadvantages of m-commerce acquisition and to investigate its influence on students’ perceptions regarding m-commerce purchases. In order to achieve these objectives, the authors gathered data through a quantitative research method by using a questionnaire. The data were analyzed and interpreted through a factorial analysis that uses the presentation of the main components as an extraction method, with the varimax rotation method adopting Kaiser normalization, and processed with SPSS statistical software. The results of this research show that mobile-commerce acquisitions are influenced by five factors (social, political-legislative, technological, financial, and economic). In this respect, social and political-legislative factors influence, at a moderate level, the general frequency of m-commerce acquisition, while the economic factor does not influence the general frequency of m-commerce purchases. The study provides a theoretical model that takes into account the factors that influence m-commerce acquisition, including the influence of the perceived advantages and disadvantages on m-commerce purchase. The paper also displays the way in which these items influence students’ perception on m-commerce acquisitions.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Sustainabilityarrow_drop_down
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    Sustainability
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Article . 2022
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Sustainabilityarrow_drop_down
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      Sustainability
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: orcid bw Lukoye Atwoli;
    Lukoye Atwoli
    ORCID
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    Lukoye Atwoli in OpenAIRE
    orcid bw Gregory E. Erhabor;
    Gregory E. Erhabor
    ORCID
    Derived by OpenAIRE algorithms or harvested from 3rd party repositories

    Gregory E. Erhabor in OpenAIRE
    orcid bw Aiah A Gbakima;
    Aiah A Gbakima
    ORCID
    Derived by OpenAIRE algorithms or harvested from 3rd party repositories

    Aiah A Gbakima in OpenAIRE
    orcid bw Abraham Haileamlak;
    Abraham Haileamlak
    ORCID
    Derived by OpenAIRE algorithms or harvested from 3rd party repositories

    Abraham Haileamlak in OpenAIRE
    +17 Authors

    Les pays riches doivent renforcer leur soutien à l'Afrique et aux pays vulnérables pour faire face aux impacts passés, présents et futurs du changement climatique. Le rapport de 2022 du Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'évolution du climat brosse un sombre tableau de l'avenir de la vie sur terre, caractérisé par l'effondrement des écosystèmes, l'extinction des espèces et les risques climatiques tels que les vagues de chaleur et les inondations1. Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'évolution du climat Changement climatique 2022 : impacts, adaptation et vulnérabilité. Contribution du Groupe de travail II au sixième rapport d'évaluation du GIEC.https ://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/Date : 2022Date d'accès : 4 octobre 2022Google Scholar Ceux-ci sont tous liés à des problèmes de santé physique et mentale, avec des conséquences directes et indirectes de l'augmentation de la morbidité et de la mortalité. Pour éviter ces effets catastrophiques sur la santé dans toutes les régions du monde, il existe un large consensus : 231 revues spécialisées dans la santé ont plaidé ensemble dans 20212Atwoli L Baqui AH Benfield T et al. Appel à des mesures d'urgence pour limiter l'augmentation de la température mondiale, restaurer la biodiversité et protéger la santé. Lancet. 2021 ; 398: 939-941Résumé Texte intégral PDF PubMed Scopus (59) Google Scholar - que l'augmentation de la température mondiale doit être limitée à moins de 1,5°C par rapport aux niveaux préindustriels. Bien que l'Accord de Paris de 2015 définisse un cadre d'action mondial intégrant la fourniture de financements climatiques aux pays en développement, ce soutien ne s'est pas encore concrétisé.3UNL' Accord de Paris.https ://www.un.org/en/climatechange/paris-agreementDate : 2015Date d'accès : 12 septembre 2022Google Scholar COP27 est la cinquième Conférence des Parties (COP) à la Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques à être organisée en Afrique depuis sa création en 1995. Avant cette réunion, nous, en tant que rédacteurs en chef de revues de santé de tout le continent, appelons à une action urgente pour nous assurer que c'est la COP qui assure enfin la justice climatique pour l'Afrique et les pays vulnérables. C'est essentiel non seulement pour la santé de ces pays, mais aussi pour la santé du monde entier. L'Afrique a souffert de manière disproportionnée de la crise climatique, bien qu'elle n'ait pas fait grand-chose pour la provoquer. La crise climatique a eu un impact sur les déterminants environnementaux et sociaux de la santé à travers l'Afrique, entraînant des effets dévastateurs sur la santé.4Climate Investment FundsClimate change and health in sub-Saharan Africa : the case of Uganda.https ://www.climateinvestmentfunds.org/sites/cif_enc/files/knowledge-documents/final_chasa_report_19may2020.pdfDate : 2020Date d'accès : 26 septembre 2022Google Scholar Les impacts sur la santé peuvent résulter directement de chocs environnementaux et indirectement par le biais d'effets à médiation sociale.5WHOSrenforcer la résilience de la santé au changement climatique. Organisation mondiale de la santé, Genève2016Google Scholar Les risques liés au changement climatique en Afrique comprennent les inondations, la sécheresse, les vagues de chaleur, la réduction de la production alimentaire et la réduction de la productivité du travail.6Trisos CH Adelekan IO Totin E et al.Africa. In : Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'évolution du climat. Changement climatique 2022 : impacts, adaptation et vulnérabilité.https ://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/Date : 2022Date d'accès : 26 septembre 2022Les sécheresses de Google Scholar en Afrique subsaharienne ont triplé entre 1970–79 et 2010-19.7Banque mondialeAdaptation au changement climatique et transformation économique en Afrique subsaharienne. Banque mondiale, Washington, DC2021Google Scholar En 2018, des cyclones dévastateurs ont touché 2,2 millions de personnes au Malawi, au Mozambique et au Zimbabwe.7 Banque mondialeAdaptation au changement climatique et transformation économique en Afrique subsaharienne. Banque mondiale, Washington, DC2021Google Scholar En Afrique occidentale et centrale, de graves inondations ont entraîné une mortalité et une migration forcée dues à la perte d'abris, de terres cultivées et de bétail.8Opoku SK Leal Filho W Hubert F Adejumo O Changement climatique et préparation sanitaire en Afrique : analyse des tendances dans six pays africains.Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 ; 184672Crossref Scopus (185) Google Scholar Les changements dans l'écologie vectorielle provoqués par les inondations et les dommages causés à l'hygiène de l'environnement ont entraîné une augmentation des maladies en Afrique subsaharienne, avec des augmentations du paludisme, de la dengue, de la fièvre de Lassa, de la fièvre de la vallée du Rift, de la maladie de Lyme, de la maladie à virus Ebola, du virus du Nil occidental et d'autres infections.9Evans M Munslow B Changement climatique, santé et conflit dans l'arc d'instabilité de l'Afrique. 2021 ; 141: 338-341Crossref PubMed Scopus (178) Google Scholar, 10Stawicki SP Papadimos TJ Galwankar SC Miller AC Firstenberg MS Réflexions sur le changement climatique et la santé publique en Afrique à l'ère de la pandémie mondiale. Développements et perspectives contemporains en matière de sécurité sanitaire internationale.vol 2. IntechOpen, Londres2021Google Scholar L'élévation du niveau de la mer réduit la qualité de l'eau, entraînant des maladies d'origine hydrique, y compris des maladies diarrhéiques, l'une des principales causes de mortalité en Afrique9. Evans M Munslow B Changement climatique, santé et conflits dans l'arc d'instabilité de l'Afrique.Perspect Public Health. 2021 ; 141: 338-341Crossref PubMed Scopus (178) Google Scholar Extreme weather damage water and food supply, increasing food insecurity and malnutrition, which causes 1·7 million deaths annual in Africa.11African Climate Policy CentreClimate change and health in Africa : issues and options.https ://archive.uneca.org/sites/default/files/PublicationFiles/policy_brief_12_climate_change_and_health_in_africa_issues_and_options.pdfDate : 2013Date d'accès : 12 septembre 2022Google Scholar According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, malnutrition has increased by nearly 50% since 2012, due to the central role agriculture has in African economies.12UNClimate change is an increasing threat to Africa. UN Climate Change News.https ://unfccc.int/news/climate-change-is-an-increasing-threat-to-africaDate : 2020Date d'accès : 12 septembre 2022Google Scholar Environmental shocks and their knock-on effects also cause severe harm to mental health.13Atwoli L Muhia J Merali Z Mental health and climate change in Africa.BJPsych International. 2022 ; (published online June 17.) https://doi.org/10.1192/bji.2022.14Crossref PubMed Scopus (152) Google Scholar Au total, on estime que la crise climatique a détruit un cinquième du produit intérieur brut des pays les plus vulnérables aux chocs climatiques.14Vulnerable Twenty GroupClimate vulnerable economies loss report. Vulnerable Twenty Group, Suisse2020Google Scholar Les dommages causés à l'Afrique devraient être de la plus haute importance pour toutes les nations. C'est en partie pour des raisons morales. Il est hautement injuste que les nations les plus touchées aient le moins contribué aux émissions cumulées mondiales, qui sont à l'origine de la crise climatique et de ses effets de plus en plus graves. L'Amérique du Nord et l'Europe ont contribué à 62 % des émissions de dioxyde de carbone depuis la révolution industrielle, alors que l'Afrique n'a contribué qu'à 3 % .15Ritchie H Qui a le plus contribué aux émissions mondiales de CO2 ? Our World in Data.https ://ourworldindata.org/contributed-most-global-co2Date : 2019Date d'accès : 12 septembre 2022Google Scholar Pourtant, ce n'est pas seulement pour des raisons morales que toutes les nations devraient se préoccuper de l'Afrique. La lutte contre la crise climatique a besoin de toutes les mains sur le pont. Les impacts aigus et chroniques de la crise climatique créent des problèmes tels que la pauvreté, les maladies infectieuses, les migrations forcées et les conflits qui se propagent par le biais de systèmes mondialisés7. Banque mondialeAdaptation au changement climatique et transformation économique en Afrique subsaharienne. Banque mondiale, Washington, DC2021Google Scholar, 16Bilotta N Botti F Paving the way for greenener central banks : current trends and future developments around the globe. Edizioni Nuova Cultura pour Istituto Affari Internazionali, Rome2022Google Scholar Ces répercussions affectent toutes les nations. La COVID-19 a servi de signal d'alarme à ces dynamiques mondiales et ce n'est pas un hasard si les professionnels de la santé ont été actifs dans l'identification et la réponse aux conséquences des risques systémiques croissants pour la santé. Mais les leçons de la pandémie de COVID-19 ne doivent pas se limiter au risque de pandémie.17Rapport spécial de l'OMSCOP26 sur le changement climatique et la santé : l'argument sanitaire en faveur de l'action climatique. Organisation mondiale de la santé, Genève2021Google Scholar, 18Al-Mandhari A Al-Yousfi A Malkawi M El-Adawy M « Notre planète, notre santé » : sauver des vies, promouvoir la santé et atteindre le bien-être en protégeant la planète - les perspectives de la Méditerranée orientale. East Mediterr Health J. 2022 ; 28: 247-248Crossref PubMed Scopus (178) Google Scholar Au lieu de cela, il est impératif que la souffrance des nations de première ligne, y compris celles d'Afrique, soit au cœur de la COP27 ; dans un monde interconnecté, laisser les pays à la merci des chocs environnementaux crée une instabilité qui a de graves conséquences pour toutes les nations. L'objectif principal des sommets sur le climat reste de réduire rapidement les émissions afin que les hausses de température mondiale soient maintenues en dessous de 1,5°C. Cela limitera les dommages. Mais, pour l'Afrique et d'autres régions vulnérables, ce préjudice est déjà grave. Atteindre l'objectif promis de fournir 100 milliards de dollars de financement climatique par an est désormais essentiel à l'échelle mondiale si nous voulons prévenir les risques systémiques de laisser les sociétés en crise. Cela peut être fait en veillant à ce que ces ressources se concentrent sur l'augmentation de la résilience aux impacts existants et futurs inévitables de la crise climatique, ainsi que sur le soutien aux pays vulnérables pour réduire leurs émissions de gaz à effet de serre : une parité d'estime entre l'adaptation et l'atténuation. Ces ressources devraient provenir de subventions et non de prêts, et être mises à l'échelle de toute urgence avant la période d'examen actuelle de 2025. Ils doivent mettre la résilience du système de santé au premier plan, car les crises aggravantes causées par la crise climatique se manifestent souvent par des problèmes de santé aigus. Le financement de l'adaptation sera plus rentable que de compter sur les secours en cas de catastrophe. Des progrès ont été réalisés en matière d'adaptation en Afrique et dans le monde, y compris des systèmes d'alerte précoce et des infrastructures pour se défendre contre les extrêmes. Mais les pays de première ligne ne sont pas indemnisés pour les impacts d'une crise qu'ils n'ont pas causée. Ce n'est pas seulement injuste, mais cela entraîne également la spirale de la déstabilisation mondiale, car les nations versent de l'argent pour répondre aux catastrophes, mais ne peuvent plus se permettre de payer pour une plus grande résilience ou de réduire le problème à la racine grâce à des réductions d'émissions. Un mécanisme de financement pour les pertes et dommages doit maintenant être mis en place, fournissant des ressources supplémentaires au-delà de celles allouées à l'atténuation et à l'adaptation. Cela doit aller au-delà des échecs de la COP26 où la suggestion d'une telle installation a été déclassée en « dialogue ».19 Evans S Gabbatiss J McSweeney R et al.COP26 : principaux résultats convenus lors des pourparlers sur le climat des Nations Unies à Glasgow. Carbon Brief.https ://www.carbonbrief.org/cop26-key-outcomes-agreed-at-the-un-climate-talks-in-glasgow/Date : 2021Date d'accès : 12 septembre 2022Google Scholar La crise climatique est le produit de l'inaction mondiale et coûte très cher non seulement aux pays africains touchés de manière disproportionnée, mais aussi au monde entier. L'Afrique est unie à d'autres régions de première ligne pour exhorter les nations riches à enfin s'intensifier, ne serait-ce que pour la simple raison que les crises en Afrique se propageront tôt ou tard et engloutiront tous les coins du globe, et qu'il sera peut-être trop tard pour y répondre efficacement. Si jusqu'à présent les pays riches n'ont pas réussi à être persuadés par des arguments moraux, alors j'espère que leur intérêt personnel prévaudra maintenant. CZ reçoit des honoraires de conseil de la UK Health Alliance on Climate Change. PY reçoit des honoraires de Novartis, bioMérieux et Pfizer et reçoit des honoraires du conseil consultatif de Pfizer et des honoraires pour avoir siégé à un DSMB du National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute des États-Unis, tous sans rapport avec le sujet de ce commentaire. JM est un membre non rémunéré du Conseil d'administration du Groupe de travail international pour le renforcement des systèmes de santé sans rapport avec le sujet de ce commentaire. DO-A reçoit des honoraires du conseil consultatif d'Inovio Pharmaceuticals et est membre du conseil d'administration de GLICO Healthcare, tous sans rapport avec le sujet de ce commentaire. Les autres auteurs ne déclarent aucun intérêt concurrent. Ce commentaire est publié simultanément dans plusieurs revues (annexe). La liste complète des revues et des revues à l'appui peut être trouvée sur le site Web du BMJ. Télécharger .pdf (.14 Mo) Aide avec les fichiers pdf Annexe supplémentaire Las naciones ricas deben intensificar el apoyo a África y a los países vulnerables para abordar los impactos pasados, presentes y futuros del cambio climático. El informe de 2022 del Grupo Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre el Cambio Climático pinta un panorama oscuro del futuro de la vida en la tierra, caracterizado por el colapso de los ecosistemas, la extinción de especies y los peligros climáticos como las olas de calor y las inundaciones.1Cambio climático 2022: impactos, adaptación y vulnerabilidad. Grupo de Trabajo II Contribución al Sexto Informe de Evaluación del IPCC.https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/Date: 2022Fecha de acceso: 4 de octubre de 2022Google Scholar Todos estos están relacionados con problemas de salud física y mental, con consecuencias directas e indirectas del aumento de la morbilidad y la mortalidad. Para evitar estos efectos catastróficos en la salud en todas las regiones del mundo, existe un amplio acuerdo, como 231 revistas de salud argumentaron juntas en 20212 Atwoli L Baqui AH Benfield T et al. Solicitar medidas de emergencia para limitar el aumento de la temperatura global, restaurar la biodiversidad y proteger la salud. Lancet. 2021; 398: 939-941Resumen Texto Completo Texto Completo PDF PubMed Scopus (59) Google Scholar-que el aumento de la temperatura global debe limitarse a menos de 1·5°C en comparación con los niveles preindustriales. Aunque el Acuerdo de París de 2015 describe un marco de acción global que incorpora la provisión de financiación climática a los países en desarrollo, este apoyo aún no se ha materializado.3UNEl Acuerdo de París.https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/paris-agreementDate: 2015Fecha de acceso: 12 de septiembre de 2022La Google Scholar COP27 es la quinta Conferencia de las Partes (COP) de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático que se organiza en África desde su creación en 1995. Antes de esta reunión, nosotros, como editores de revistas de salud de todo el continente, pedimos medidas urgentes para garantizar que sea la COP la que finalmente brinde justicia climática para África y los países vulnerables. Esto es esencial no solo para la salud de esos países, sino también para la salud de todo el mundo. África ha sufrido de manera desproporcionada por la crisis climática, aunque ha hecho poco para causar la crisis. La crisis climática ha tenido un impacto en los determinantes ambientales y sociales de la salud en toda África, lo que ha provocado efectos devastadores para la salud.4Fondos de inversión climáticosCambio climático y salud en el África subsahariana: el caso de Uganda.https://www.climateinvestmentfunds.org/sites/cif_enc/files/knowledge-documents/final_chasa_report_19may2020.pdfDate: 2020Fecha de acceso: 26 de septiembre de 2022Los impactos de Google Scholar en la salud pueden ser el resultado directo de las crisis ambientales e indirectamente a través de los efectos mediados por la sociedad.5WHOSfortalecimiento de la resiliencia de la salud al cambio climático. Organización Mundial de la Salud, Ginebra2016Google Scholar Los riesgos relacionados con el cambio climático en África incluyen inundaciones, sequías, olas de calor, reducción de la producción de alimentos y reducción de la productividad laboral.6Trisos CH Adelekan IO Totin E et al.Africa. En: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambio climático 2022: impactos, adaptación y vulnerabilidad.https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/Date: 2022Fecha de acceso: 26 de septiembre de 2022Las sequías de Google Scholar en el África subsahariana se han triplicado entre 1970–79 y 2010-19.7Banco MundialLa adaptación al cambio climático y la transformación económica en el África subsahariana. Banco Mundial, Washington, DC2021Google Scholar En 2018, los devastadores ciclones afectaron a 2.2 millones de personas en Malawi, Mozambique y Zimbabwe.7Banco MundialAdaptación al cambio climático y transformación económica en el África subsahariana. Banco Mundial, Washington, DC2021Google Scholar En África occidental y central, las graves inundaciones provocaron la mortalidad y la migración forzada por la pérdida de viviendas, tierras cultivadas y ganado.8Opoku SK Leal Filho W Hubert F Adejumo O Cambio climático y preparación para la salud en África: análisis de tendencias en seis países africanos.Int J Environ Res Salud Pública. 2021; 184672Crossref Scopus (185) Google Scholar Los cambios en la ecología vectorial provocados por las inundaciones y el daño a la higiene ambiental han provocado aumentos en las enfermedades en el África subsahariana, con aumentos en la malaria, el dengue, la fiebre de Lassa, la fiebre del Valle del Rift, la enfermedad de Lyme, la enfermedad del virus del Ébola, el virus del Nilo Occidental y otras infecciones.9Evans M Munslow B Cambio climático, salud y conflicto en el arco de inestabilidad de África. 2021; 141: 338-341Crossref PubMed Scopus (178) Google Scholar, 10Stawicki SP Papadimos TJ Galwankar SC Miller AC Firstenberg MS Reflections on climate change and public health in Africa in an era of global pandemic. Desarrollos y perspectivas contemporáneos en la seguridad sanitaria internacional.vol 2. IntechOpen, Londres2021El aumento del nivel del mar según Google Scholar reduce la calidad del agua, lo que conduce a enfermedades transmitidas por el agua, incluidas las enfermedades diarreicas, una de las principales causas de mortalidad en África.9Evans M Munslow B El cambio climático, la salud y los conflictos en el arco de inestabilidad de África.Perspectiva de la salud pública. 2021; 141: 338-341Crossref PubMed Scopus (178) Google Scholar El clima extremo daña el suministro de agua y alimentos, aumentando la inseguridad alimentaria y la desnutrición, lo que causa 1·7 millones de muertes anuales en África.11Centro Africano de Política ClimáticaCambio climático y salud en África: problemas y opciones.https://archive.uneca.org/sites/default/files/PublicationFiles/policy_brief_12_climate_change_and_health_in_africa_issues_and_options.pdfDate: 2013Fecha de acceso: 12 de septiembre de 2022Google Scholar Según la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura, la desnutrición ha aumentado en casi un 50% desde 2012, debido al papel central que tiene la agricultura en las economías africanas.12El cambio climático es una amenaza creciente para África. UN Climate Change News.https://unfccc.int/news/climate-change-is-an-increasing-threat-to-africaDate: 2020Fecha de acceso: 12 de septiembre de 2022Los choques ambientales de Google Scholar y sus efectos en cadena también causan graves daños a la salud mental.13Atwoli L Muhia J Merali Z La salud mental y el cambio climático en África.BJPsych International. 2022; (publicado en línea el 17 de junio.) https://doi.org/10.1192/bji.2022.14Crossref PubMed Scopus (152) Google Scholar En total, se estima que la crisis climática ha destruido una quinta parte del producto interno bruto de los países más vulnerables a los choques climáticos.14Vulnerable Twenty GroupClimate vulnerable economies loss report. Vulnerable Twenty Group, Suiza2020Google Scholar El daño a África debería ser de suma preocupación para todas las naciones. Esto se debe en parte a razones morales. Es muy injusto que las naciones más afectadas hayan contribuido menos a las emisiones acumuladas globales, que están impulsando la crisis climática y sus efectos cada vez más graves. América del Norte y Europa han contribuido con el 62% de las emisiones de dióxido de carbono desde la Revolución Industrial, mientras que África ha contribuido solo con el 3% .15Ritchie H ¿Quién ha contribuido más a las emisiones globales de CO2? Nuestro mundo en datos.https://ourworldindata.org/contributed-most-global-co2Date: 2019Fecha de acceso: 12 de septiembre de 2022Google Scholar Sin embargo, no es solo por razones morales que todas las naciones deberían preocuparse por África. La lucha contra la crisis climática necesita todas las manos a la obra. Los impactos agudos y crónicos de la crisis climática crean problemas como la pobreza, las enfermedades infecciosas, la migración forzada y los conflictos que se propagan a través de los sistemas globalizados.7Banco MundialAdaptación al cambio climático y transformación económica en el África subsahariana. Banco Mundial, Washington, DC2021Google Scholar, 16Bilotta N Botti F Pavimentando el camino para bancos centrales más verdes: tendencias actuales y desarrollos futuros en todo el mundo. Edizioni Nuova Cultura para Istituto Affari Internazionali, Roma2022Estos impactos en cadena afectan a todas las naciones. El COVID-19 sirvió como una llamada de atención a estas dinámicas globales y no es coincidencia que los profesionales de la salud hayan estado activos en la identificación y respuesta a las consecuencias de los crecientes riesgos sistémicos para la salud. Pero las lecciones de la pandemia de COVID-19 no deberían limitarse al riesgo de pandemia.17WHOCOP26 informe especial sobre el cambio climático y la salud: el argumento de la salud para la acción climática. Organización Mundial de la Salud, Ginebra2021Google Scholar, 18Al-Mandhari A Al-Yousfi A Malkawi M El-Adawy M "Nuestro planeta, nuestra salud": salvar vidas, promover la salud y lograr el bienestar protegiendo el planeta: las perspectivas del Mediterráneo Oriental. East Mediterr Health J. 2022; 28: 247-248Crossref PubMed Scopus (178) Google Scholar En cambio, es imperativo que el sufrimiento de las naciones de primera línea, incluidas las de África, sea la consideración central en la COP27; en un mundo interconectado, dejar a los países a merced de los choques ambientales crea inestabilidad que tiene graves consecuencias para todas las naciones. El objetivo principal de las cumbres climáticas sigue siendo reducir rápidamente las emisiones para que los aumentos de la temperatura global se mantengan por debajo de 1,5 °C. Esto limitará el daño. Pero, para África y otras regiones vulnerables, este daño ya es grave. Alcanzar el objetivo prometido de proporcionar 100 mil millones de dólares de financiación climática al año es ahora crítico a nivel mundial si queremos prevenir los riesgos sistémicos de dejar a las sociedades en crisis. Esto se puede hacer asegurando que estos recursos se centren en aumentar la resiliencia a los impactos actuales e inevitables futuros de la crisis climática, así como en apoyar a las naciones vulnerables para que reduzcan sus emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero: una paridad de estima entre la adaptación y la mitigación. Estos recursos deben provenir de subvenciones, no de préstamos, y ampliarse urgentemente antes del actual período de revisión de 2025. Deben poner en primer plano la resiliencia del sistema de salud, ya que las crisis agravadas causadas por la crisis climática a menudo se manifiestan en problemas de salud agudos. Financiar la adaptación será más rentable que depender del socorro en casos de desastre. Se han logrado algunos avances en la adaptación en África y en todo el mundo, incluidos los sistemas de alerta temprana y la infraestructura para defenderse de los extremos. Pero las naciones de primera línea no son compensadas por los impactos de una crisis que no causaron. Esto no solo es injusto, sino que también impulsa la espiral de desestabilización global, ya que las naciones invierten dinero en responder a los desastres, pero ya no pueden permitirse pagar por una mayor resiliencia o reducir el problema de raíz a través de la reducción de emisiones. Ahora se debe introducir un mecanismo de financiación para pérdidas y daños, que proporcione recursos adicionales a los otorgados para la mitigación y la adaptación. Esto debe ir más allá de los fracasos de la COP26, donde la sugerencia de una instalación de este tipo se redujo a "un diálogo" .19Evans S Gabbatiss J McSweeney R et al.COP26: resultados clave acordados en las conversaciones climáticas de la ONU en Glasgow. Carbon Brief.https://www.carbonbrief.org/cop26-key-outcomes-agreed-at-the-un-climate-talks-in-glasgow/Date: 2021Fecha de acceso: 12 de septiembre de 2022Google Scholar La crisis climática es producto de la inacción global y tiene un gran costo no solo para los países africanos afectados de manera desproporcionada, sino también para todo el mundo. África se une a otras regiones de primera línea para instar a las naciones ricas a que finalmente den un paso adelante, si no por otra razón que la de que las crisis en África se extenderán más temprano que tarde y engullirán todos los rincones del mundo, momento en el que puede ser demasiado tarde para responder de manera efectiva. Si hasta ahora los países ricos no han sido persuadidos por argumentos morales, entonces es de esperar que su propio interés prevalezca ahora. CZ recibe honorarios de consultoría de la Alianza de Salud del Reino Unido sobre el Cambio Climático. PY recibe honorarios de Novartis, bioMérieux y Pfizer y recibe honorarios de la junta asesora de Pfizer y honorarios por servir en un DSMB del Instituto Nacional del Corazón, los Pulmones y la Sangre de EE. UU., todo lo cual no está relacionado con el tema de este Comentario. JM es miembro no remunerado de la Junta del Grupo de Trabajo Internacional para el fortalecimiento de los sistemas de salud no relacionados con el tema de este Comentario. DO-A recibe honorarios de la junta asesora de Inovio Pharmaceuticals y es miembro de la Junta Directiva de GLICO Healthcare, todo lo cual no está relacionado con el tema de este Comentario. Los demás autores declaran no tener intereses contrapuestos. Este comentario se publica simultáneamente en varias revistas (apéndice). La lista completa de revistas y revistas de apoyo se puede encontrar en el sitio web de BMJ. Descargar .pdf (.14 MB) Ayuda con archivos pdf Apéndice complementario Wealthy nations must step up support for Africa and vulnerable countries in addressing past, present, and future impacts of climate change. The 2022 report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change paints a dark picture of the future of life on earth, characterised by ecosystem collapse, species extinction, and climate hazards such as heatwaves and floods.1Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeClimate change 2022: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Working Group II Contribution to the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report.https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/Date: 2022Date accessed: October 4, 2022Google Scholar These are all linked to physical and mental health problems, with direct and indirect consequences of increased morbidity and mortality. To avoid these catastrophic health effects across all regions of the globe, there is broad agreement—as 231 health journals argued together in 20212Atwoli L Baqui AH Benfield T et al.Call for emergency action to limit global temperature increases, restore biodiversity, and protect health.Lancet. 2021; 398: 939-941Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (59) Google Scholar—that the rise in global temperature must be limited to less than 1·5°C compared with pre-industrial levels. Although the Paris Agreement of 2015 outlines a global action framework that incorporates providing climate finance to developing countries, this support has yet to materialise.3UNThe Paris Agreement.https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/paris-agreementDate: 2015Date accessed: September 12, 2022Google Scholar COP27 is the fifth Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to be organised in Africa since its inception in 1995. Ahead of this meeting, we—as health journal editors from across the continent—call for urgent action to ensure it is the COP that finally delivers climate justice for Africa and vulnerable countries. This is essential not just for the health of those countries, but also for the health of the whole world. Africa has suffered disproportionately from the climate crisis, although it has done little to cause the crisis. The climate crisis has had an impact on the environmental and social determinants of health across Africa, leading to devastating health effects.4Climate Investment FundsClimate change and health in sub-Saharan Africa: the case of Uganda.https://www.climateinvestmentfunds.org/sites/cif_enc/files/knowledge-documents/final_chasa_report_19may2020.pdfDate: 2020Date accessed: September 26, 2022Google Scholar Impacts on health can result directly from environmental shocks and indirectly through socially mediated effects.5WHOStrengthening health resilience to climate change. World Health Organization, Geneva2016Google Scholar Climate-change-related risks in Africa include flooding, drought, heatwaves, reduced food production, and reduced labour productivity.6Trisos CH Adelekan IO Totin E et al.Africa. In: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Climate change 2022: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability.https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/Date: 2022Date accessed: September 26, 2022Google Scholar Droughts in sub-Saharan Africa have tripled between 1970–79 and 2010–19.7World BankClimate change adaptation and economic transformation in sub-Saharan Africa. World Bank, Washington, DC2021Google Scholar In 2018, devastating cyclones impacted 2·2 million people in Malawi, Mozambique, and Zimbabwe.7World BankClimate change adaptation and economic transformation in sub-Saharan Africa. World Bank, Washington, DC2021Google Scholar In west and central Africa, severe flooding resulted in mortality and forced migration from loss of shelter, cultivated land, and livestock.8Opoku SK Leal Filho W Hubert F Adejumo O Climate change and health preparedness in Africa: analysing trends in six African countries.Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021; 184672Crossref Scopus (185) Google Scholar Changes in vector ecology brought about by floods and damage to environmental hygiene has led to increases in diseases across sub-Saharan Africa, with rises in malaria, dengue fever, Lassa fever, Rift Valley fever, Lyme disease, Ebola virus disease, West Nile virus, and other infections.9Evans M Munslow B Climate change, health, and conflict in Africa's arc of instability.Perspect Public Health. 2021; 141: 338-341Crossref PubMed Scopus (178) Google Scholar, 10Stawicki SP Papadimos TJ Galwankar SC Miller AC Firstenberg MS Reflections on climate change and public health in Africa in an era of global pandemic. Contemporary developments and perspectives in international health security.vol 2. IntechOpen, London2021Google Scholar Rising sea levels reduce water quality, leading to water-borne diseases, including diarrhoeal diseases, a leading cause of mortality in Africa.9Evans M Munslow B Climate change, health, and conflict in Africa's arc of instability.Perspect Public Health. 2021; 141: 338-341Crossref PubMed Scopus (178) Google Scholar Extreme weather damages water and food supply, increasing food insecurity and malnutrition, which causes 1·7 million deaths annually in Africa.11African Climate Policy CentreClimate change and health in Africa: issues and options.https://archive.uneca.org/sites/default/files/PublicationFiles/policy_brief_12_climate_change_and_health_in_africa_issues_and_options.pdfDate: 2013Date accessed: September 12, 2022Google Scholar According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, malnutrition has increased by almost 50% since 2012, owing to the central role agriculture has in African economies.12UNClimate change is an increasing threat to Africa. UN Climate Change News.https://unfccc.int/news/climate-change-is-an-increasing-threat-to-africaDate: 2020Date accessed: September 12, 2022Google Scholar Environmental shocks and their knock-on effects also cause severe harm to mental health.13Atwoli L Muhia J Merali Z Mental health and climate change in Africa.BJPsych International. 2022; (published online June 17.)https://doi.org/10.1192/bji.2022.14Crossref PubMed Scopus (152) Google Scholar In all, it is estimated that the climate crisis has destroyed a fifth of the gross domestic product of the countries most vulnerable to climate shocks.14Vulnerable Twenty GroupClimate vulnerable economies loss report. Vulnerable Twenty Group, Switzerland2020Google Scholar The damage to Africa should be of supreme concern to all nations. This is partly for moral reasons. It is highly unjust that the most impacted nations have contributed the least to global cumulative emissions, which are driving the climate crisis and its increasingly severe effects. North America and Europe have contributed 62% of carbon dioxide emissions since the Industrial Revolution, whereas Africa has contributed only 3%.15Ritchie H Who has contributed most to global CO2 emissions? Our World in Data.https://ourworldindata.org/contributed-most-global-co2Date: 2019Date accessed: September 12, 2022Google Scholar Yet it is not just for moral reasons that all nations should be concerned for Africa. The fight against the climate crisis needs all hands on deck. The acute and chronic impacts of the climate crisis create problems such as poverty, infectious disease, forced migration, and conflict that spread through globalised systems.7World BankClimate change adaptation and economic transformation in sub-Saharan Africa. World Bank, Washington, DC2021Google Scholar, 16Bilotta N Botti F Paving the way for greener central banks: current trends and future developments around the globe. Edizioni Nuova Cultura for Istituto Affari Internazionali, Rome2022Google Scholar These knock-on impacts affect all nations. COVID-19 served as a wake-up call to these global dynamics and it is no coincidence that health professionals have been active in identifying and responding to the consequences of growing systemic risks to health. But the lessons of the COVID-19 pandemic should not be limited to pandemic risk.17WHOCOP26 special report on climate change and health: the health argument for climate action. World Health Organization, Geneva2021Google Scholar, 18Al-Mandhari A Al-Yousfi A Malkawi M El-Adawy M "Our planet, our health": saving lives, promoting health and attaining well-being by protecting the planet—the Eastern Mediterranean perspectives.East Mediterr Health J. 2022; 28: 247-248Crossref PubMed Scopus (178) Google Scholar Instead, it is imperative that the suffering of front-line nations, including those in Africa, be the core consideration at COP27; in an interconnected world, leaving countries to the mercy of environmental shocks creates instability that has severe consequences for all nations. The primary focus of climate summits remains to rapidly reduce emissions so that global temperature rises are kept to below 1·5°C. This will limit the harm. But, for Africa and other vulnerable regions, this harm is already severe. Achieving the promised target of providing US$100 billion of climate finance a year is now globally critical if we are to forestall the systemic risks of leaving societies in crisis. This can be done by ensuring these resources focus on increasing resilience to the existing and inevitable future impacts of the climate crisis, as well as on supporting vulnerable nations to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions: a parity of esteem between adaptation and mitigation. These resources should come through grants not loans, and be urgently scaled up before the current review period of 2025. They must put health-system resilience at the forefront, as the compounding crises caused by the climate crisis often manifest in acute health problems. Financing adaptation will be more cost-effective than relying on disaster relief. Some progress has been made on adaptation in Africa and around the world, including early warning systems and infrastructure to defend against extremes. But front-line nations are not compensated for impacts from a crisis they did not cause. This is not only unfair, but also drives the spiral of global destabilisation, as nations pour money into responding to disasters, but can no longer afford to pay for greater resilience or to reduce the root problem through emissions reductions. A financing facility for loss and damage must now be introduced, providing additional resources beyond those given for mitigation and adaptation. This must go beyond the failures of COP26 where the suggestion of such a facility was downgraded to "a dialogue".19Evans S Gabbatiss J McSweeney R et al.COP26: key outcomes agreed at the UN climate talks in Glasgow. Carbon Brief.https://www.carbonbrief.org/cop26-key-outcomes-agreed-at-the-un-climate-talks-in-glasgow/Date: 2021Date accessed: September 12, 2022Google Scholar The climate crisis is a product of global inaction, and comes at great cost not only to disproportionately impacted African countries, but also to the whole world. Africa is united with other front-line regions in urging wealthy nations to finally step up, if for no other reason than that the crises in Africa will sooner rather than later spread and engulf all corners of the globe, by which time it may be too late to effectively respond. If so far wealthy countries have failed to be persuaded by moral arguments, then hopefully their self-interest will now prevail. CZ receives consulting fees from the UK Health Alliance on Climate Change. PY receives honoraria from Novartis, bioMérieux, and Pfizer and receives advisory board fees from Pfizer and fees for serving on a DSMB from the US National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute all unrelated to the topic of this Comment. JM is an unpaid Board member of the International Working Group for Health systems strengthening unrelated to the topic of this Comment. DO-A receives advisory board fees from Inovio Pharmaceuticals and is a member of the Board of Directors of GLICO Healthcare all unrelated to the topic of this Comment. The other authors declare no competing interests. This Comment is being published simultaneously in multiple journals (appendix). The full list of journals and supporting journals can be found on the BMJ website. Download .pdf (.14 MB) Help with pdf files Supplementary appendix يجب على الدول الغنية زيادة دعمها لأفريقيا والبلدان الضعيفة في معالجة آثار تغير المناخ في الماضي والحاضر والمستقبل. يرسم تقرير الهيئة الحكومية الدولية المعنية بتغير المناخ لعام 2022 صورة قاتمة لمستقبل الحياة على الأرض، والتي تتميز بانهيار النظام البيئي وانقراض الأنواع والمخاطر المناخية مثل موجات الحر والفيضانات .1 الهيئة الحكومية الدولية المعنية بتغير المناختغير المناخ 2022: التأثيرات والتكيف والضعف. مساهمة الفريق العامل الثاني في تقرير التقييم السادس للفريق الحكومي الدولي المعني بتغير المناخ.https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/Date:2022Date accessed: October 4, 2022Google Scholar ترتبط جميعها بمشاكل الصحة البدنية والعقلية، مع عواقب مباشرة وغير مباشرة لزيادة الاعتلال والوفيات. لتجنب هذه الآثار الصحية الكارثية في جميع مناطق العالم، هناك اتفاق واسع - كما جادلت 231 مجلة صحية معًا في عام 20212. أتولي L Baqui AH Benfield T et al.Call لاتخاذ إجراءات طارئة للحد من الزيادات في درجات الحرارة العالمية، واستعادة التنوع البيولوجي، وحماية الصحة. 2021 ؛ 398: 939-941 ملخص النص الكامل PDF PubMed Scopus (59) الباحث العلمي من Google - أن الارتفاع في درجة الحرارة العالمية يجب أن يقتصر على أقل من 1·5 درجة مئوية مقارنة بمستويات ما قبل الصناعة. على الرغم من أن اتفاقية باريس لعام 2015 تحدد إطار عمل عالمي يتضمن توفير التمويل المناخي للبلدان النامية، إلا أن هذا الدعم لم يتحقق بعد .3 اتفاقية باريس.https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/paris-agreementDate:2015Date accessed: September 12, 2022 يعد الباحث العلمي من Google COP27 هو المؤتمر الخامس للأطراف في اتفاقية الأمم المتحدة الإطارية بشأن تغير المناخ الذي يتم تنظيمه في إفريقيا منذ إنشائه في عام 1995. قبل هذا الاجتماع، ندعو - بصفتنا محرري المجلات الصحية من جميع أنحاء القارة - إلى اتخاذ إجراءات عاجلة لضمان أن مؤتمر الأطراف هو الذي يحقق أخيرًا العدالة المناخية لأفريقيا والبلدان الضعيفة. وهذا أمر ضروري ليس فقط لصحة تلك البلدان، ولكن أيضًا لصحة العالم بأسره. عانت أفريقيا بشكل غير متناسب من أزمة المناخ، على الرغم من أنها لم تفعل الكثير للتسبب في الأزمة. كان لأزمة المناخ تأثير على المحددات البيئية والاجتماعية للصحة في جميع أنحاء إفريقيا، مما أدى إلى آثار صحية مدمرة .4 صناديق الاستثمار في المناختغير المناخ والصحة في أفريقيا جنوب الصحراء الكبرى: حالة أوغندا .https://www.climateinvestmentfunds.org/sites/cif_enc/files/knowledge-documents/final_chasa_report_19may2020.pdfالتاريخ: 2020 تاريخ الوصول: 26 سبتمبر 2022 يمكن أن تنتج تأثيرات الباحث العلمي من Google على الصحة بشكل مباشر عن الصدمات البيئية وبشكل غير مباشر من خلال التأثيرات التي يتم التوسط فيها اجتماعيًا .5 تعزيز المرونة الصحية في مواجهة تغير المناخ. منظمة الصحة العالمية، جنيف 2016 عالم جوجل تشمل المخاطر المتعلقة بتغير المناخ في أفريقيا الفيضانات والجفاف وموجات الحر وانخفاض إنتاج الغذاء وانخفاض إنتاجية اليد العاملة .6 Trisos CH Adelekan IO Totin E et al.Africa. في: الفريق الحكومي الدولي المعني بتغير المناخ. تغير المناخ 2022: التأثيرات والتكيف وقابلية التأثر.https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/Date:2022 تاريخ الوصول: 26 سبتمبر 2022 تضاعف جفاف الباحث العلمي من Google في أفريقيا جنوب الصحراء ثلاث مرات بين 1970-1979 و 2010-19.7 البنك الدولي التكيف مع تغير المناخ والتحول الاقتصادي في أفريقيا جنوب الصحراء. البنك الدولي، واشنطن العاصمة 2021 باحث جوجل في عام 2018، أثرت الأعاصير المدمرة على 2·2 مليون شخص في ملاوي وموزمبيق وزيمبابوي .7 البنك الدولي التكيف مع تغير المناخ والتحول الاقتصادي في أفريقيا جنوب الصحراء الكبرى. البنك الدولي، واشنطن، DC2021 باحث جوجل في غرب ووسط أفريقيا، أدت الفيضانات الشديدة إلى الوفيات والهجرة القسرية من فقدان المأوى والأراضي المزروعة والثروة الحيوانية. 8 أوبوكو إس كيه ليل فيلهو دبليو هوبرت إف أديجومو تغير المناخ والتأهب الصحي في أفريقيا: تحليل الاتجاهات في ستة بلدان أفريقية. INT J Environ Res الصحة العامة. 2021 ؛ 184672 Crossref Scopus (185) أدت التغييرات التي أجراها الباحث العلمي من Google في بيئة ناقلات الأمراض الناجمة عن الفيضانات والأضرار التي لحقت بالنظافة البيئية إلى زيادة الأمراض في جميع أنحاء أفريقيا جنوب الصحراء الكبرى، مع ارتفاع معدلات الإصابة بالملاريا وحمى الضنك وحمى لاسا وحمى الوادي المتصدع ومرض لايم ومرض فيروس الإيبولا وفيروس غرب النيل وغيرها من الأمراض .9 إيفانز م مونسلو ب تغير المناخ والصحة والصراع في قوس عدم الاستقرار في أفريقيا .توقع الصحة العامة. 2021 ؛ 141: 338-341 Crossref PubMed Scopus (178) الباحث العلمي من Google، 10Stawicki SP Papadimos TJ Galwankar SC Miller AC Firstenberg MS Reflections on climate change and public health in Africa in an era of global pandemic. التطورات ووجهات النظر المعاصرة في الأمن الصحي الدولي. المجلد 2. IntechOpen, London2021 الباحث العلمي من Google ارتفاع منسوب مياه البحر يقلل من جودة المياه، مما يؤدي إلى الأمراض التي تنقلها المياه، بما في ذلك أمراض الإسهال، وهو السبب الرئيسي للوفيات في أفريقيا .9 إيفانز م مونسلو ب تغير المناخ والصحة والصراع في قوس عدم الاستقرار في أفريقيا. توقع الصحة العامة. 2021 ؛ 141: 338-341 Crossref PubMed Scopus (178) الباحث العلمي من Google يلحق الطقس المتطرف أضرارًا بإمدادات المياه والغذاء، مما يزيد من انعدام الأمن الغذائي وسوء التغذية، مما يتسبب في 1·7 ملايين حالة وفاة سنويًا في إفريقيا .11 المركز الأفريقي لسياسات المناختغير المناخ والصحة في إفريقيا: القضايا والخيارات .https://archive.uneca.org/sites/default/files/PublicationFiles/policy_brief_12_climate_change_and_health_in_africa_issues_and_options.pdfتاريخ: 2013 تاريخ الوصول: 12 سبتمبر 2022 الباحث من Google وفقًا لمنظمة الأمم المتحدة للأغذية والزراعة، زاد سوء التغذية بنسبة 50 ٪ تقريبًا منذ عام 2012، نظرًا للدور المركزي الذي تلعبه الزراعة في الاقتصادات الأفريقية .12 يمثل التغير المناخي تهديدًا متزايدًا لأفريقيا. UN Climate Change Newss.https://unfccc.int/news/climate-change-is-an-increasing-threat-to-africaDate:2020Date Accessed: September 12, 2022 الصدمات البيئية للباحثين من Google وآثارها غير المباشرة تسبب أيضًا ضررًا جسيمًا للصحة العقلية .13 Atwoli L Mohia J Merali Z الصحة العقلية وتغير المناخ في أفريقيا .BJPsych International. 2022 ؛ (نشر على الإنترنت في 17 يونيو.) https://doi.org/10.1192/bji.2022.14 كروسريف بوبميد سكوبس (152) الباحث من Google بشكل عام، تشير التقديرات إلى أن أزمة المناخ قد دمرت خمس الناتج المحلي الإجمالي للبلدان الأكثر عرضة للصدمات المناخية .14 تقرير خسائر الاقتصادات الضعيفة لعشرين مجموعة مناخية ضعيفة. Vulnerable Twenty Group, Switzerland2020Google Scholar يجب أن يكون الضرر الذي يلحق بأفريقيا مصدر قلق كبير لجميع الدول. ويرجع ذلك جزئيًا إلى أسباب أخلاقية. من الظلم الشديد أن الدول الأكثر تضررًا ساهمت بأقل قدر في الانبعاثات التراكمية العالمية، والتي تقود أزمة المناخ وآثارها المتزايدة الشدة. ساهمت أمريكا الشمالية وأوروبا بنسبة 62 ٪ من انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون منذ الثورة الصناعية، في حين ساهمت أفريقيا بنسبة 3 ٪ فقط .15 ريتشي ح من ساهم أكثر في انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون العالمية ؟ عالمنا في البيانات.https://urworldindata.org/contributed-most-global-co2Date:2019Date accessed: September 12, 2022 الباحث العلمي من Google ومع ذلك، يجب ألا تهتم جميع الدول بأفريقيا لأسباب أخلاقية فقط. إن الكفاح ضد أزمة المناخ يحتاج إلى كل الأيدي على ظهر السفينة. تخلق الآثار الحادة والمزمنة لأزمة المناخ مشاكل مثل الفقر والأمراض المعدية والهجرة القسرية والنزاعات التي تنتشر من خلال الأنظمة المعولمة .7 البنك الدولي التكيف مع تغير المناخ والتحول الاقتصادي في أفريقيا جنوب الصحراء الكبرى. البنك الدولي، واشنطن، DC2021 الباحث العلمي من Google، 16Bilotta N Botti F تمهيد الطريق لبنوك مركزية أكثر اخضرارًا: الاتجاهات الحالية والتطورات المستقبلية في جميع أنحاء العالم. Edizioni Nuova Cultura for Istituto Affari Internazionali, Rome2022 الباحث العلمي من Google تؤثر هذه التأثيرات غير المباشرة على جميع الدول. كان COVID -19 بمثابة دعوة للاستيقاظ لهذه الديناميكيات العالمية وليس من قبيل المصادفة أن يكون المهنيون الصحيون نشطين في تحديد عواقب المخاطر النظامية المتزايدة على الصحة والاستجابة لها. ولكن لا ينبغي أن تقتصر الدروس المستفادة من جائحة كوفيد-19 على مخاطر الجائحة .17 تقرير WHOCOP26 الخاص عن تغير المناخ والصحة: الحجة الصحية للعمل المناخي. منظمة الصحة العالمية، جنيف 2021 الباحث العلمي من Google، 18 المنذري أ اليوسفي أ المالكاوي م العدوي م "كوكبنا، صحتنا ": إنقاذ الأرواح وتعزيز الصحة وتحقيق الرفاهية من خلال حماية الكوكب - وجهات نظر شرق البحر الأبيض المتوسط. East Mediterr Health J. 2022; 28: 247-248 Crossref PubMed Scopus (178) الباحث العلمي من Google بدلاً من ذلك، من الضروري أن تكون معاناة دول الخطوط الأمامية، بما في ذلك تلك الموجودة في إفريقيا، هي الاعتبار الأساسي في COP27 ؛ في عالم مترابط، يؤدي ترك البلدان تحت رحمة الصدمات البيئية إلى عدم استقرار له عواقب وخيمة على جميع الدول. يبقى التركيز الأساسي لقمم المناخ على الحد بسرعة من الانبعاثات بحيث يتم الحفاظ على ارتفاع درجات الحرارة العالمية إلى أقل من 1.5درجةمئوية. هذا سيحد من الضرر. ولكن بالنسبة لأفريقيا والمناطق الضعيفة الأخرى، فإن هذا الضرر شديد بالفعل. إن تحقيق الهدف الموعود المتمثل في توفير 100 مليار دولار أمريكي من التمويل المناخي سنويًا أمر بالغ الأهمية الآن على مستوى العالم إذا أردنا إحباط المخاطر النظامية لترك المجتمعات في أزمة. ويمكن القيام بذلك من خلال ضمان تركيز هذه الموارد على زيادة المرونة في مواجهة الآثار المستقبلية الحالية والحتمية لأزمة المناخ، وكذلك على دعم الدول الضعيفة للحد من انبعاثات غازات الاحتباس الحراري: تكافؤ التقدير بين التكيف والتخفيف. يجب أن تأتي هذه الموارد من خلال المنح وليس القروض، ويجب زيادتها بشكل عاجل قبل فترة المراجعة الحالية لعام 2025. يجب أن يضعوا مرونة النظام الصحي في المقدمة، حيث أن الأزمات المتفاقمة الناجمة عن أزمة المناخ غالباً ما تظهر في مشاكل صحية حادة. سيكون تمويل التكيف أكثر فعالية من حيث التكلفة من الاعتماد على الإغاثة في حالات الكوارث. تم إحراز بعض التقدم في التكيف في أفريقيا وحول العالم، بما في ذلك أنظمة الإنذار المبكر والبنية التحتية للدفاع ضد التطرف. لكن دول الخطوط الأمامية لا يتم تعويضها عن الآثار الناجمة عن أزمة لم تسببها. وهذا ليس غير عادل فحسب، بل إنه يدفع أيضًا إلى دوامة زعزعة الاستقرار العالمي، حيث تصب الدول الأموال في الاستجابة للكوارث، ولكنها لم تعد قادرة على تحمل تكاليف زيادة المرونة أو الحد من المشكلة الجذرية من خلال خفض الانبعاثات. يجب الآن إنشاء مرفق تمويل للخسائر والأضرار، مما يوفر موارد إضافية تتجاوز تلك المقدمة للتخفيف والتكيف. يجب أن يتجاوز هذا إخفاقات COP26 حيث تم تخفيض مستوى اقتراح مثل هذا المرفق إلى "حوار" .19 إيفانز إس غاباتيس جيه ماك سويني آر وآخرون .COP26: النتائج الرئيسية المتفق عليها في محادثات الأمم المتحدة للمناخ في غلاسكو. Carbon Brief.https://www.carbonbrief.org/cop26-key-outcomes-agreed-at-the-un-climate-talks-in-glasgow/Date:2021Date accessed: September 12, 2022 الباحث العلمي من Google إن أزمة المناخ هي نتاج التقاعس العالمي، وتأتي بتكلفة كبيرة ليس فقط للبلدان الأفريقية المتأثرة بشكل غير متناسب، ولكن أيضًا للعالم بأسره. تتحد إفريقيا مع مناطق الخطوط الأمامية الأخرى في حث الدول الغنية على التعجيل أخيرًا، إن لم يكن لسبب آخر سوى أن الأزمات في إفريقيا ستنتشر عاجلاً وليس آجلاً وتبتلع جميع أنحاء العالم، وبحلول ذلك الوقت قد يكون قد فات الأوان للاستجابة بفعالية. إذا فشلت الدول الغنية حتى الآن في إقناعها بالحجج الأخلاقية، فمن المأمول أن تسود مصلحتها الذاتية الآن. تتلقى CZ رسومًا استشارية من تحالف الصحة في المملكة المتحدة بشأن تغير المناخ. تتلقى PY الأتعاب من Novartis و bioMérieux و Pfizer وتتلقى رسوم المجلس الاستشاري من Pfizer ورسوم الخدمة في DSMB من المعهد الوطني للقلب والرئة والدم في الولايات المتحدة وكلها لا علاقة لها بموضوع هذا التعليق. JM هو عضو مجلس إدارة غير مدفوع الأجر في مجموعة العمل الدولية لتعزيز الأنظمة الصحية التي لا علاقة لها بموضوع هذا التعليق. تتلقى DO - A رسوم المجلس الاستشاري من Inovio Pharmaceuticals وهي عضو في مجلس إدارة GLICO Healthcare وكلها لا علاقة لها بموضوع هذا التعليق. يعلن المؤلفون الآخرون عدم وجود مصالح متنافسة. يتم نشر هذا التعليق في وقت واحد في مجلات متعددة (ملحق). يمكن العثور على القائمة الكاملة للمجلات والمجلات الداعمة على موقع BMJ. تنزيل .pdf (.14 MB) المساعدة في ملفات pdf ملحق إضافي

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    Authors: orcid Michelle Marie Esposito;
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    Leora Lehrfield; Ayat Shoman;

    As humans expand their territories across more and more regions of the planet, activities such as deforestation, urbanization, tourism, wildlife exploitation, and climate change can have drastic consequences for animal movements and animal–human interactions. These events, especially climate change, can also affect the arthropod vectors that are associated with the animals in these scenarios. As the COVID-19 pandemic and other various significant outbreaks throughout the centuries have demonstrated, when animal patterns and human interactions change, so does the exposure of humans to zoonotic pathogens potentially carried by wildlife. With approximately 60% of emerging human pathogens and around 75% of all emerging infectious diseases being categorized as zoonotic, it is of great importance to examine the impact of human activities on the prevalence and transmission of these infectious agents. A better understanding of the impact of human-related factors on zoonotic disease transmission and prevalence can help drive the preventative measures and containment policies necessary to improve public health.

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    Authors: orcid Muhammad Azmat Hayat;
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    Mumtaz Anwar Chaudhry; Maryam Batool; Huma Ghulam; +5 Authors

    The COVID-19 pandemic has brought rampant changes in skill needed in the labor market. It has accentuated technological disruption leaving millions in dire need of reskilling and upskilling. In this paper, we empirically analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic related lockdown on the thrust of skills upgradation among people. By analyzing the Google trends data of 13 countries, we test the effect of the lockdown implementations on the urge to upgrade the skills through online searches for skills enhancement. Using difference-in-difference estimation approach, we found a substantial hike in the frequency of search terms related to skills upgradation. Our results suggest that people are utilizing the excess time, made available due to lockdowns, by exploring avenues to enhance their skills to accumulate human capital. The online educational platforms have been proven vital. The findings of this study establish the causal link between use of online education platforms and human capital development.

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    Authors: Rajvikram Madurai Elavarasan; orcid Rishi Pugazhendhi;
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    orcid Muhammad Irfan;
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    The COVID-19 pandemic affects all of society and hinders day-to-day activities from a straightforward perspective. The pandemic has an influential impact on almost everything and the characteristics of the pandemic remain unclear. This ultimately leads to ineffective strategic planning to manage the pandemic. This study aims to elucidate the typical pandemic characteristics in line with various temporal phases and its associated measures that proved effective in controlling the pandemic. Besides, an insight into diverse country's approaches towards pandemic and their consequences is provided in brief. Understanding the role of technologies in supporting humanity gives new perspectives to effectively manage the pandemic. Such role of technologies is expressed from the viewpoint of seamless connectivity, rapid communication, mobility, technological influence in healthcare, digitalization influence, surveillance and security, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Internet of Things (IoT). Furthermore, some insightful scenarios are framed where the full-fledged implementation of technologies is assumed, and the reflected pandemic impacts in such scenarios are analyzed. The framed scenarios revolve around the digitalized energy sector, an enhanced supply chain system with effective customer-retailer relationships to support the city during the pandemic scenario, and an advanced tracking system for containing virus spread. The study is further extended to frame revitalization strategies to highlight the expertise where significant attention needs to be provided in the post-pandemic period as well as to nurture sustainable development. Finally, the current pandemic scenario is analyzed in terms of occurred changes and is mapped into SWOT factors. Using Fuzzy Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution based Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis, these SWOT factors are analyzed to determine where prioritized efforts are needed to focus so as to traverse towards sustainable cities. The results indicate that the enhanced crisis management ability and situational need to restructure the economic model emerges to be the most-significant SWOT factor that can ultimately support humanity for making the cities sustainable.

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    Sustainable Cities and Society
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    Authors: Argumedo, Alejandro; Song, Yiching; orcid Khoury, Colin K.;
    Khoury, Colin K.
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    Hunter, Danny; +1 Authors

    The Comment by Carol Zavaleta-Cortijo and colleagues1 was timely in emphasising the challenges faced by Indigenous peoples due to the combined effects of climate change, COVID-19, and longstanding inequities. Although pressure on Indigenous livelihoods is nothing new, current effects are extreme, both in terms of deaths due to the virus and disruptions to lifeways, including Indigenous food systems. Both the importance and also the vulnerability of Indigenous food systems, and therefore the obligation to “ensure that current decisions and development trajectories do not further jeopardise the resilience of Indigenous food systems, which have integral roles in the response of Indigenous populations to current and future pandemics and climatic changes”,1 should be highlighted in all pertinent policy and development arenas, including the Convention on Biological Diversity's Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework and upcoming UN Food Systems Summit, among many others. Our experiences in the Andean, Himalayan, and other mountainous regions offer the insight that Indigenous food system biocultural diversity provides the foundations for resilience. This diversity encompasses not only the many crop and livestock species, and their varieties and breeds, but also the wild organisms supporting and interacting with Indigenous agriculture and food. Traditional knowledge systems around this diversity provide health and sustainability solutions that are unique to place, but whose benefits are urgently needed globally.2, 3 The ongoing loss of this biocultural diversity and associated knowledge is a global tragedy. We draw hope from two ongoing movements regarding Indigenous food system biocultural diversity. First, Indigenous communities have organised around nurturing this diversity by sharing experiences and visions on food, health, climate adaptation, conservation, and livelihood generation with others facing similar threats around the world, through networks such as the International Network of Mountain Indigenous Peoples. ...

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    The Lancet Planetary Health
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      The Lancet Planetary Health
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  • abstract: Prior to the COVID-19 global pandemic, ecotourism represented the tourism industry’s fastest growing segment with projections estimating that ecotourism would become the world’s largest tourism type by 2030. While the tourism industry will need several years to rebound, if historic trends tell us anything, it is that ecotourism will continue to represent a large portion of the overall industry and will continue to grow at a rate that outpaces all other tourism types. In theory, ecotourism promotes sustainable socioeconomic development while also minimizing negative environmental impacts. Unfortunately, research suggests that this is not always true, and many examples exist of ecotourism causing more harm than good. In order to combat these potential negative impacts, the ecotourism industry has become increasingly reliant on ecotourism certification programs to act as an assessment tool that identifies ecotourism’s best practitioners while minimizing false advertising present within the industry. Despite these beliefs in the efficacy of certification, there is a lack of empirical research to actually support certification as an effective assessment tool. Furthermore, little research has been conducted that assesses the impacts that certification itself has on ecotourism businesses (both certified and uncertified) and the local communities dependent on ecotourism. My dissertation employs a mixed methods design and combines qualitative and quantitative research methods spanning multiple geographic scales to develop an understanding of certification programs as they exist today and to discern the impacts that certification itself may cause for all those either directly or indirectly involved in ecotourism. My findings ultimately suggest that certification reform is needed if certification programs are expected to be the assessment tool ecotourism experts claim them to be. Specifically, as certification exists presently, there is: no universal guideline or standard for existing certification programs to follow, a disconnect between the advertised benefits certification offers and the actual benefits received, and a lack of market penetration both amongst ecotourists and ecotourism businesses. Each of these must be addressed before certification can live up to its full potential. Furthermore, I found that certification may impact community socioeconomic dynamics, particularly by creating or exacerbating community wealth distribution. ; Dissertation/Thesis ; Doctoral Dissertation Biology 2020

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