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Abstract. The impact of multiphase reactions involving nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and aromatic compounds was simulated in this study. A mechanism (CAPRAM 2.4, MODAC Mechanism) was applied for the aqueous phase reactions, whereas RACM was applied for the gas phase chemistry. Liquid droplets were considered as monodispersed with a mean radius of 0.1 µm and a liquid content (LC) of 50 µg m-3. The multiphase mechanism has been further extended to the chemistry of aromatics, i.e. reactions involving benzene, toluene, xylene, phenol and cresol have been added. In addition, reaction of NO2 with dissociated hydroxyl substituted aromatic compounds has also been implemented. These reactions proceed through charge exchange leading to nitrite ions and therefore to nitrous acid formation. The strength of this source was explored under urban polluted conditions. It was shown that it may increase gas phase HONO levels under some conditions and that the extent of this effect is strongly pH dependent. Especially under moderate acidic conditions (i.e. pH above 4) this source may represent more than 75% of the total HONO/NO2 - production rate, but this contribution drops down close to zero in acidic droplets (as those often encountered in urban environments).

AbstractSolar fuels offer a promising approach to provide sustainable fuels by harnessing sunlight1,2. Following a decade of advancement, Cu2O photocathodes are capable of delivering a performance comparable to that of photoelectrodes with established photovoltaic materials3–5. However, considerable bulk charge carrier recombination that is poorly understood still limits further advances in performance6. Here we demonstrate performance of Cu2O photocathodes beyond the state-of-the-art by exploiting a new conceptual understanding of carrier recombination and transport in single-crystal Cu2O thin films. Using ambient liquid-phase epitaxy, we present a new method to grow single-crystal Cu2O samples with three crystal orientations. Broadband femtosecond transient reflection spectroscopy measurements were used to quantify anisotropic optoelectronic properties, through which the carrier mobility along the [111] direction was found to be an order of magnitude higher than those along other orientations. Driven by these findings, we developed a polycrystalline Cu2O photocathode with an extraordinarily pure (111) orientation and (111) terminating facets using a simple and low-cost method, which delivers 7 mA cm−2 current density (more than 70% improvement compared to that of state-of-the-art electrodeposited devices) at 0.5 V versus a reversible hydrogen electrode under air mass 1.5 G illumination, and stable operation over at least 120 h.

A thermal diluted acid pretreatment using brewers spent grain (BSG) was optimised to improve enzymatic hydrolysis while minimising energy and chemical inputs. First, the use of hydrochloric or sulfuric acid for pretreatment was compared, using hydrochloric acid for the next steps. Three different dilute acid thermal pretreatment combinations were optimised in terms of acid concentration, temperature and time using a response surface methodology. Optimization was based on i) highest remaining protein content in the solid fraction (C1: 0.49% HCl; 87.7°C; 92 min), ii) highest liquid recovery (C2: 0.80% HCl; 121.0°C; 142 min), iii) lowest acid concentration applied to achieve largest protein and lowest remaining solid levels (C3: 0.10% HCl; 104.0°C; 70 min); and iv) a final condition based on the lowest water retention capacity when using HCl (C4: 0.20% HCl; 121.0°C; 20 min). The efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis was evaluated, in the absence and presence of a large concentration of reducing carbohydrates, by centrifuging the slurry after acid pretreatment, recovering the solid fraction and resuspending it in fresh water. In C2, the enzyme (Depol 40L) was added directly to the entire slurry after pretreatment. For C1, C3, and C4 direct addition of enzyme to the whole slurry resulted in a higher release of carbohydrates during hydrolysis. Only in the case of C2 did the use of the resuspended solid result in a higher carbohydrate release. The overall carbohydrate recovery efficiency in the liquid fractions for C1, C2, C3 and C4 corresponded to 399.1 (±26.1), 535.8 (±28.7), 257.0 (±11.5), and 446.3 (±81.1) mg carbohydrate per Gram of BSG (dry weight), respectively. C1 and C4 were considered the optimal pretreatments as these combined a low acid concentration and energy input prior to enzymatic hydrolysis.

ABSTRACT Three graduate-level short courses on ecological agriculture and food systems were held in 1995–1997 in Norway to introduce systems thinking, creative research methods, and innovative learning approaches. In 1999, a three-day evaluation and planning workshop was held to assess course impacts, to determine relative importance of content areas, to compare learning methods with special attention to case studies, and to vision and develop action plans for future education in the region. Students and faculty agreed that soft systems research methods and varied learning processes in the course were more valuable than specific technical content that can be learned in other venues. Nine priority education areas were identified for ecological agriculture: (1) systems thinking, (2) research methods, (3) farmer/stakeholder participation, (4) improving production methods, (5) relating agriculture to food systems, (6) learning about learning, (7) values and ethics, (8) faculty development and institutional ch...

A central concern for large-scale sensor networks and the Internet of Things (IoT) has been battery capacity and how to recharge it. Recent advances have pointed to a technique capable of collecting energy from radio frequency (RF) waves called radio frequency-based energy harvesting (RF-EH) as a solution for low-power networks where cables or even changing the battery is unfeasible. The technical literature addresses energy harvesting techniques as an isolated block by dealing with energy harvesting apart from the other aspects inherent to the transmitter and receiver. Thus, the energy spent on data transmission cannot be used together to charge the battery and decode information. As an extension to them, we propose here a method that enables the information to be recovered from the battery charge by designing a sensor network operating with a semanticfunctional communication framework. Moreover, we propose an event-driven sensor network in which batteries are recharged by applying the technique RF-EH. In order to evaluate system performance, we investigated event signaling, event detection, empty battery, and signaling success rates, as well as the Age of Information (AoI). We discuss how the main parameters are related to the system behavior based on a representative case study, also discussing the battery charge behavior. Numerical results corroborate the effectiveness of the proposed system.