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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Shili-Touzi, Inès;

    The introduction of a living cover crop during a cash crop growth cycle (relay intercropping) and its maintenance after the cash crop harvest may help to preserve biodiversity, increase soil organic matter content and carbon sequestration and provide other ecosystem services, such as increasing useful biotic interactions within the agroecosystem. We studied the impact of various approaches to managing a cover crop (red-fescue (Festuca rubra L.) or Lucerne (Medicago sativa L.)) intercropped with a winter wheat crop (Triticum aestivum L.) during an annual scale in terms of light, water and nitrogen competition, using both modeling and experimental approaches. Modelling and experimental results showing that the use of a leguminous as a cover crop in a wheat intercropping system can therefore improve environmental performances by favoring certain biotic processes such as the production of primary biomass, the interception of radiation, which might otherwise reach weeds, and nitrate leaching at the end of growth cycle. These positives effects where observed during intercropping period and especially after the harvest of wheat, when the cover crop is maintained alive. Whatever the experiment, soil tillage had a very little effect on these processes; Les systèmes de cultures sous couvert végétal permanent associé à une culture commerciale ont la réputation d'être susceptibles d'assurer certains services écologiques et agronomiques : étouffement des adventices, mais aussi protection du sol, augmentation de la biodiversité, de l'activité biologique et du taux de matière organique des sols, diminution de l'érosion. Si ces systèmes se sont bien développés en climat tropical, ils restent toutefois presque inexistants en climat tempéré. L'objectif de cette étude est d'évaluer, par modélisation et expérimentation, les différentes interactions qui existent entre une culture de blé et une plante de couverture (fétuque rouge (Festuca rubra L.) ou luzerne (Medicago sativa L.)) cultivées simultanément pour les différentes ressources du milieu (lumière, eau et azote) dans les conditions de climat tempéré. La période considérée comprend la période culturale (association) et la période d'interculture (couvert maintenu vivant après la récolte du blé). Les résultats de modélisation et d'expérimentation montrent que l'introduction d'une plante de couverture en association avec un blé et son maintien en vie en période d'interculture peuvent améliorer les performances environnementales du système en favorisant certains processus biotiques comme par exemple la production de biomasse primaire, l'interception de rayonnement (qui agit directement sur le développement des adventices en réduisant la ressource en lumière arrivant au niveau du sol), et la réduction du stock d'azote susceptible d'être lessivé. Ces effets positifs sont observés en partie en période culturale mais surtout en période d'interculture

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ INRIA a CCSD electro...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ INRIA a CCSD electro...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Camara, Mamadou Baïlo Camara;

    This subject is the continuity of the works started at L2ES Laboratory within the framework of ECCE program in collaboration with CREEBEL which ensures the nancial support. ECCE test bench is a series electrical hybrid vehicle with 4 independent wheels and a rated power of 120kW. The main energy source consists of two diesel motors and each is coupled to one alternator. The produced energy feeds 4 electric traction motors ; the remainder is stored by the batteries. This thesis presents the energy coupling strategies between these batteries and the supercapacitors to ensure dynamics in energy supply and storage for the hybrid vehicle. A bibliographical study has allowed to review technical progress and the available applications of the supercapacitors. A simplied model of supercapacitors which accurately translates the behavior of the cells during the charge and discharge is developed. Several DC/DC converters topologies with original strategies of embarked power management are developed. These topologies are based on the Buck-Boost converters and DC/AC-AC/DC converters with high frequency planar transformer. For cost raisons, the experimental test benches has been designed at a reduced scale ( 1/10 ). The experimental results obtained have allowed to compare the topologies performances for two control strategies. The polynomial control strategy (RST) is compared to classical PI correctors. These comparative studies have allowed choosing the best topology intended for the supercapacitors coupling to ECCE DC-bus.; Ce sujet s'inscrit dans la continuité des travaux commencés au sein du L2ES dans le cadre du programme ECCE en partenariat avec CREEBEL qui assure le nancement. La plateforme ECCE est un véhicule hybride électrique série à 4 roues indépendantes d'une puissance nominale en propulsion de 120kW électrique. La source d'énergie principale est constituée de deux moteurs diesels entraînant deux alternateurs. L'énergie électrique produite alimente les 4 moteurs électriques de traction et le reste est stocké dans le pack des batteries. Cette thèse développe les stratégies de couplage énergétique entre ce pack des batteries et les supercondensateurs an d'assurer au véhicule une dynamique de fourniture et du stockage de l'énergie électrique. Une étude bibliographique a permis de passer en revue le bilan technologique et les applications potentielles des supercondensateurs, puis d'élaborer le modèle simplié des supercondensateurs qui traduit dèlement le comportement des cellules durant les phases de charge et de décharge. Diérentes topologies des convertisseurs DC/DC avec des stratégies originales de gestion d'énergie électrique embarquée sont traitées. Les topologies proposées sont basées sur les convertisseurs Buck-Boost et les convertisseurs DC/AC-AC/DC à étage intermédiaire haute fréquence. Pour une raison de coût, les maquettes expérimentales des topologies ont été réalisées à l'échelle réduite ( 1/10 ). Les résultats expérimentaux obtenus ont permis de comparer les performances des topologies pour deux types de commande. La stratégie de gestion d'énergie à base des correcteurs polynomiaux (RST) est comparée à celle utilisant des correcteurs PI classiques. Ces études comparatives ont permis de choisir la meilleure topologie destinée au couplage des supercondensateurs sur le bus continu du banc ECCE.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ INRIA a CCSD electro...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ INRIA a CCSD electro...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: François-Martin, Claire;

    In vivo, membrane fusion must not occur spontaneously. Thus, membrane fusion requires a large activation energy that is overcome through the action of multiple proteins. Even though biological fusion is very complex, it results in the coalescence of both lipid bilayers that constitute the cores of the involved membranes. Therefore, the activation energy that is necessary to disrupt the leaflet arrangement during lipid bilayer fusion should be similar to that of in vivo membrane fusion. In order to approach biological membrane fusion’s activation energy, we developed an experimental protocol which allows determining the activation energy and the Arrhenius factor of the reaction, thanks to Arrhenius’ law. The relative areas occupied by the polar head and hydrophobic tails of a lipid confers to it a preferential curvature, called spontaneous curvature. Investigating membranes with several lipid compositions, I found that a mismatch between the membrane curvature and the spontaneous curvature of the lipid affects both the Arrhenius factor and the activation energy. A more negative curvature generates more hydrophobic defects in the “flat” membrane which leads to an increase in the frequency of fusion nucleation, i.e. a larger Arrhenius factor. During the fusion process, membrane shapes are modified and adopt large positive and negative curvatures, each leaflet having opposite curvatures. A mismatch between the spontaneous curvature of the lipid and the one it should adopt in order for fusion to proceed can inhibit the process of fusion, i.e increase its activation energy. In vivo, la fusion membranaire ne doit pas avoir lieu spontanément. C’est pourquoi ce processus présente une barrière énergétique conséquente qui est surmontée grâce à l'action de multiples protéines. Même si la fusion biologique est très complexe, son résultat est la coalescence des deux bicouches lipidiques qui forment la matrice des membranes impliquées. L'énergie nécessaire à la perturbation de l'arrangement en bicouche lors de leur fusion doit donc être semblable à celle intervenant dans la fusion biologique. Dans le but d'estimer l’énergie d’activation de la fusion biologique, nous avons établi un protocole expérimental permettant de déterminer l’énergie d’activation et le facteur d’Arrhenius de la réaction, grâce à la loi d’Arrhenius. Les surfaces relatives occupées par la tête polaire et les queues hydrophobes d’un lipide lui confèrent une courbure préférentielle, dite courbure spontanée. En étudiant des membranes présentant des compositions lipidiques diverses, j’ai montré qu’une inadéquation entre la courbure de la membrane et la courbure spontanée du lipide affectait à la fois le facteur d’Arrhenius et l’énergie d’activation. Une courbure plus négative génère plus de défauts à la surface de la membrane « plate », ce qui augmente la fréquence de la nucléation de la fusion et accroît le facteur d’Arrhenius. Au cours du processus de fusion, la géométrie des membranes est modifiée et celle-ci présente de régions de fortes courbures. Une inadéquation entre la courbure spontanée du lipide et celle qu’il devrait adopter pour que la fusion soit accomplie peut inhiber la fusion et donc faire augmenter l’énergie d’activation.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Authors: Motte, Vianney;

    Boron carbide B4C is a ceramic commonly used as a neutron absorber to control the power of nuclear power plants. The neutron absorption reactions, (n,α) type on the boron-10 isotope, lead to the production of large quantities of helium (up to 1022.cm-3). This results to swelling induced by the formation of highly pressurized bubbles, followed by microcracking. Analysis of the literature shows that helium diffusion mechanisms and the early stages of bubble formation are poorly understood. The goal of our work is to study the behaviour of helium in boron carbide, by carrying out a parametric analysis. For this purpose, samples of B4C, sintered from different powders, were implanted in helium with ion accelerators at different concentrations and temperatures, in order to simulate the helium produced in the reactor. The analyses were then mainly based on two characterization techniques: Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA), which is an ion beam analysis technique. The 3He(d,4He)1H reaction used allows obtaining helium profiles in the material. The Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), which allows observation of potential helium clusters in the material. We first demonstrated the influence of the concentration of implanted helium: the higher it is, the higher the density of clusters in the implanted area; then the influence of the implantation temperature: the higher it is, the higher the threshold temperature for cluster nucleation and the lower the density. We have deduced that these differences were due to the influence of the residual damage, which is lower at high temperature. Dual gold and helium implantations confirmed that damage caused by Au ions had a significant effect on cluster nucleation, lowering the temperature threshold of their occurrence and increasing their density. Next, we have highlighted the role of grain boundaries which have proved to be very efficient traps for helium. We have demonstrated that helium does not diffuse into these grain boundaries at temperatures up to 1200°C. Finally, the broadening of the helium profiles after heat treatments, in the temperature range 600-800°C, allowed us to determine an apparent diffusion coefficient of helium in B4C, still unknown in the literature: D = D0.exp (-Ea/kT), with D0 = 6.03x10-3 x/ 2.5 cm2.s-1 and Ea = 2.03 ± 0.18 eV. This work allowed us to better understand the behaviour of helium in boron carbide, which will be used in power control devices and neutron protections for the ASTRID reactor, a French sodium fast-neutron reactor project. The results thus allow obtaining useful indications for the design of the neutron absorber elements of the reactor Le carbure de bore B4C est une céramique couramment utilisée comme absorbant neutronique pour la régulation de la puissance des réacteurs nucléaires. Les réactions d’absorption neutronique, de type (n,α) sur l’isotope bore-10, conduisent à la production de grandes quantités d’hélium (jusqu’à 1022.cm-3). Il en résulte du gonflement induit par la formation de bulles hautement pressurisées, puis de la microfissuration. L’analyse de la littérature montre que les mécanismes de diffusion de l’hélium et les premières étapes de la formation des bulles sont mal connus. L’objectif de notre étude est d’étudier le comportement de l’hélium dans le carbure de bore, en réalisant une analyse paramétrique. Pour cela, des échantillons de B4C fritté à partir de différentes poudres ont été implantés en hélium dans des accélérateurs d’ions à différentes concentrations et températures, ce afin de simuler l’hélium produit en réacteur. Les analyses se sont ensuite principalement appuyées sur deux techniques de caractérisation : L’analyse par réactions nucléaires ou NRA (Nuclear Reaction Analysis) qui est une technique d’analyse par faisceau d’ions. La réaction 3He(d,4He)1H utilisée permet d’obtenir des profils d’hélium dans le matériau. La Microscope Electronique en Transmission (MET) qui permet d’observer les amas potentiels d’hélium dans le matériau. Nous avons tout d’abord mis en évidence l’influence de la concentration d’hélium implanté : plus elle est élevée, plus la densité d’amas dans la zone implantée est élevée ; puis celle de de la température d’implantation : plus cette dernière est élevée, plus la température seuil de germination des amas est élevée et leur densité réduite. Nous en avons déduit que ces différences étaient dues à l’influence de l’endommagement résiduel, plus faible à haute température. Des doubles implantations d’or et d’hélium ont confirmé que l’endommagement créé par les ions Au avait un effet significatif sur la germination des amas, en abaissant le seuil de température de leur apparition et en augmentant leur densité. Ensuite, nous avons mis en évidence le rôle des joints de grains qui se sont révélés être de véritables pièges pour hélium. Nous avons démontré que l’hélium ne diffuse pas dans ni à travers ces joints de grains jusqu’à des températures de l’ordre de 1200°C. Enfin, l’élargissement des profils d’hélium après traitements thermiques, dans la gamme de température 600-800°C, a permis de déterminer un coefficient de diffusion apparent de l’hélium dans le B4C, paramètre inconnu dans la littérature, ainsi qu’une énergie d’activation : D = D0.exp(-Ea/kT), avec D0 = 6,03x10- 3 x/ 2,5 cm2.s-1 et Ea = 2,03 ±0,18 eV. L’ensemble de ce travail a permis de mieux appréhender le comportement de l’hélium dans le carbure de bore qui sera utilisé dans les dispositifs de contrôle de la puissance et les protections neutroniques du réacteur ASTRID, projet français de réacteur à spectre neutronique rapide refroidi au sodium. Les résultats obtenus permettent ainsi de tirer des indications utiles à la conception des éléments absorbants neutroniques du réacteur

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    Authors: Ismail, Y.;

    The rising price of fuel and the severity of the pollutionnorms push automotive engineers to find innovativesolutions to reduce fuel consumption and pollution. Theincreased efficiency of the combustion engine is nowadaysone of the most used methods. Among the variouspossibilities of increasing the efficiency is the exhaustenergy recovery which proposes to transform to mechanicalwork the thermal energy lost through a systemof energy conversion. The problem with this solution liesfirst in the potential of the exhaust fluid to be convertedinto mechanical work, and the performance of the conversionsystem and the interactions of the system withthe engine which modify its operation. In this contextthis theses focuses on the recovery of energy to theexhaust via a turbine for energy recovery. This solutionconverts the energy of the exhaust into work at theturbine wheel. It can be delivered to the crankshaft via amechanical gearing and assist in the development ofengine torque (mechanical turbocompound) or convertedinto electricity (electrical turbocompound).In the first part of the thesis a study based on the firstand second law of thermodynamics (Exergy approach)is performed. This study evaluates the theoretical potentialfor mechanization of energy in the exhaust.Subsequently, a methodology for assessing the potentialof energy recovery via a turbine is developed. Thismethodology takes into account the interactions betweenthe power turbine and the engine operation. Inthis methodology, we show the necessary modificationsto the engine to make it work correctly by adding therecovery turbine that generates a backpressure. Enginetests were carried out on engine test bench followed bya simulation study of the engine and the power turbine.The evaluation of this system is made on two types ofcombustion gasoline and diesel. A detailed explanationof the phenomena taking place in the engine after addingthe recovery system is proposed. Finally, conclusionsare drawn about the contribution of this system onthe overall performance on different operating points ofthe engine. L’augmentation du prix de pétrole ainsi que la sévérité des normes de pollution poussent les ingénieurs automobiles de trouver des solutions innovantes en vue de réduire la consommation et polluer moins. L’augmentation du rendement du moteur thermique est l’une des voies les plus exploitées dans nos jours. Parmi les différentes possibilités d’augmenter ce rendement vient la récupération de l’énergie à l’échappement qui propose de mécaniser l’énergie perdue sous forme thermique par le biais d’un système de conversion de l’énergie. Le problème de cette solution est d’abord dans le potentiel du fluide de l’échappement d’être converti en travail mécanique, ainsi que le rendement du système de conversionet les interactions du système avec le moteur thermique qui viennent modifier son fonctionnement. Dans ce contexte cette thèse se focalise sur la récupération de l’énergie à l’échappement via une turbine de récupération de l’énergie. Cette solution permet de convertir l’énergie de l’échappement en travail au niveau de la roue de la turbine. Ce dernier peut être remis au vilebrequin via une démultiplication mécanique et assister au développement du couple moteur (turbocompound mécanique), soit converti en électricité (turbocompound électrique). Dans une première partie de la thèse une étude basée sur le premier et le second principe de la thermodynamique (approche exergétique) est effectuée. Cette étude évalue le potentiel théorique de mécanisation de l’énergie à l’échappement.Par la suite de la thèse, une méthodologie d’évaluation du potentiel de récupération d’énergie par une turbine est développée. Cette méthodologie prend en compte les interactions entre la turbine de récupération et le fonctionnement du moteur. Dans celle-ci, nous montrons des adaptations nécessaires au moteur pour le faire fonctionner correctement en ajoutant la turbine de récupération qui génère une contre pression. Des essais banc moteur ont été réalisés suivi d’une étude par simulation du moteur et de la turbine de récupération. L’évaluation de ce système est faite sur deux types de combustion essence et Diesel. Une explication détaillée des phénomènes prenant lieu dans le moteur après l’ajout du système de récupération est proposée. Finalement, des conclusions sont tirées sur l’apport de ce système sur le rendement global sur les différents points de fonctionnement du moteur

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    Authors: Ben Jdidia, Anoire;

    In manufacturing, the electrical energy consumption is considered as one of the major problems which are systematically related to the gas emission containing carbon dioxide and leading to the greenhouse effect. Studies based on the estimation of the machine tools energy consumption become the interest of researchers in recent decades.As a result, different models for energy estimating are developed in order to minimize the quantity of consumed energy. These models are either empirical or theoretical and are limited to taking into account the dynamic behavior of the cutting system during machining operations. The fundamental contribution of this doctoral thesis is the characterization of the nonlinear behavior of cutting and rolling forces during estimating the consumed energy by a machine tool. The developed approach is based on the determination of the variable cutting forces and bearings forces which are function of time. These forces are deduced by solving the equation of motion based on finite element method using Newark's method coupled with Newton Raphson's algorithm. These forces are used to calculate the power then the consumed energy by the axis feed, the spindle and therefore the machine tool. In order to validate our approach, the power and energy obtained from the model developed are compared with the power and energy obtained with an experimental device. A parametric study is carried out to focus on the impact of the variation of the cutting parameters on the value of the consumed power and energy. An interest is given for different types of defect (innerring spalling, outer ring spalling, eccentricity and unbalance) in order to study their impact on the spindle consumed power during approach and cutting phases under different rotating conditions. Particular attention has also been devoted to develop a global model for optimizing machine too lmovements that minimizes the consumed energy, the production time, the cost and the surface roughness with respect of the technological constraints.; Dans l’industrie manufacturière, la consommation d’énergie électrique est considérée comme l'un des problèmes majeurs qui est malheureusement liée systématiquement à l'émission de gaz contenant du dioxyde de carbone et amenant à l’effet de serre. Des études sur l’estimation de l’énergie électrique consommée par les machines outils sont développées par des chercheurs au cours des dernières décennie pour proposer des modèles d’estimation de cette énergie. Ces modèles sont soit empiriques soit théoriques et se limitent à tenir compte du comportement dynamique du système de coupe lors des opérations d’usinage. La contribution fondamentale de cette thèse de doctorat est la caractérisation du comportement non linéaire des efforts de coupe et du système de guidage lors de l’estimation de l’énergie consommée par une machine outil. La modélisation repose sur la détermination de l’effort de coupe et de l’effort des roulements qui sont variables en fonction du temps et qui sont déduites de l’écriture de l’équation de mouvement du système (broche ou machine-outil)discrétisé en éléments finis en utilisant la méthode de Newark couplée avec l’algorithme de Newton Raphson. Ces efforts de coupe et de roulements sont utilisés pour calculer la puissance puis l’énergie consommée par la table d’avance, la broche et par conséquent la machine outil. Afin de valider notre approche, la puissance et l’énergie obtenues à partir du modèle développé sont comparées avec la puissance et l’énergie obtenues avec un dispositif expérimental. Une étude paramétrique est réalisée pour mettre l’accent sur l’impact de la variation des paramètres de coupe sur la valeur de la puissance et de l’énergie consommées. On introduit par la suite des défauts d’usure et de montage au niveau des roulements et nous présentons leurs impacts sur le comportement énergétique de la machine. Une attention particulière a également été consacrée à développer un modèle d’optimisation des mouvement d’une machine outil globale minimisant à la fois l’énergie consommée, le temps de production, le coût et la rugosité de surface en respectant les consignes technologiques.

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    Authors: Wantz, Eliot;

    Biogas upgrading is a valorization pathway that is essential to the energy transition, allowing the substitution of natural gas of fossil origin by a renewable energy for various applications. But the low economic profitability for small production scales, typical of a medium-sized agricultural installation, restricts its development, whereas these units are the most compatible on the societal and environmental level. The objective of this work is to develop an upgrading process called Epurogaz that uses High Pressure Water Scrubbing, to meet the requirements of the sector and to reach an economic profitability.New modeling approaches have been developed to identify possible improvements. These models consider the concomitant absorption of carbon dioxide and methane and the reduction in gas volume flow that occurs in the absorption column, as well as the water regeneration steps for closed loop operation. The accuracy of the predictions obtained by the simulations was evaluated by a sensitivity analysis and the results were then validated by comparison with the experimental results from the thesis of D.Benizri (2016).The simulations highlighted the significant improvement in methane purity when the water is regenerated under a primary vacuum rather than at atmospheric pressure due to an increased desorption of the gas contained in the water. This results in a lower dissolved gas concentration in the water, which then translates into higher absorption in the absorption column, and thus a higher methane content in the biomethane produced. Estimates of energy consumption have made it possible to define an optimal vacuum range, between 0.2 and 0.5 bar absolute, allowing to reach the optimal absorption performances for a reduced energy consumption.Moreover, the integration of a desorption of water under intermediate pressure, between the absorption column and the final regeneration of the water under vacuum, allows to recirculate a significant fraction of the methane dissolved in the absorption column and thus to increase its recovery rate, and thus the economic and environmental performances of the installation. At this stage, an optimal pressure can be defined, corresponding to a maximum methane recovery that does not disturb the operation of the absorption column. This pressure, which also depends on the other operating parameters, is generally between 3 and 4 bars. This desorption at intermediate pressure leads to the formation of a gas-liquid mixture requiring the separation of the gas and the liquid. A GLCC, cyclonic gas-liquid mixture separator, can be advantageously implemented in replacement of the classical separation tanks in order to reduce the system costs.These innovations have been integrated into the fabrication of a full-scale upgrading prototype developed during the project with industrial partners. The prototype, designed for the upgrading of a biogas flow of 20 to 40 Nm3/h, was installed on the anaerobic digestion site of the farm of Lamothe at Seysses, France, for an experimentation campaign that confirmed the results of the simulations and validated the operation of the process in real operating conditions. The innovations made it possible to obtain a biomethane that complies with the specifications for injection into the network (and therefore also the vehicle fuel quality) with a methane content of over 97% for an energy consumption equivalent to the values given in the literature.An economic study completed by a life cycle analysis showed the relevance of the developed process for small scale biogas upgrading.; L’épuration du biogaz est une voie de valorisation de la filière méthanisation indispensable à la transition énergétique, permettant la substitution du gaz naturel d’origine fossile par une énergie renouvelable pour diverses applications. Mais la faible rentabilité économique pour de petites échelles de production, typiques d’une installation agricole de taille moyenne, représente aujourd’hui un véritable frein à son développement, alors que ces unités sont les plus compatibles sur le plan sociétal et environnemental. Ce travail a pour objectif de développer un procédé d’épuration par lavage à l’eau sous pression en colonne d’absorption, le procédé Epurogaz, permettant de répondre aux exigences de la filière et d’atteindre une rentabilité économique.Des approches de modélisation inédites ont été développées pour identifier des pistes d’améliorations. Ces modélisations prennent notamment en considération l’absorption concomitante du dioxyde de carbone et du méthane et la réduction du débit volumique de gaz qui se produit dans la colonne d’absorption, ainsi que les étapes de régénération de l’eau pour un fonctionnement en circuit fermé. La précision des prédictions obtenues par les simulations a été évaluée par une étude de sensibilité puis les résultats ont été validés par comparaison avec les résultats expérimentaux de la thèse de D.Benizri (2016).Les simulations ont mis en évidence l’importante amélioration de la pureté en méthane lorsque l’eau est régénérée sous un vide primaire plutôt qu’à pression atmosphérique grâce à une désorption accrue du gaz contenu dans l’eau. L’eau présente alors une concentration en gaz dissous plus faible qui se traduit ensuite par une absorption plus importante dans la colonne d’absorption, et donc une teneur en méthane plus importante dans le biométhane produit. Des estimations de consommation énergétique ont permis de définir une plage de vide optimale, entre 0.2 et 0.5 bar absolu, permettant d’atteindre les performances d’absorption optimales pour une consommation énergétique réduite.Par ailleurs, l’intégration d’une désorption de l’eau sous pression intermédiaire, entre la colonne d’absorption et la régénération finale de l’eau sous vide, permet de recirculer une fraction importante du méthane dissous dans la colonne d’absorption et ainsi d’augmenter son taux de récupération, et donc les performances économiques et environnementales de l’installation. Sur cette étape, une pression optimale peut être définie, correspondant à un maximum de récupération de méthane ne perturbant pas le fonctionnement de la colonne d’absorption. Cette pression, qui dépend également des autres paramètres opératoires, se situe généralement entre 3 et 4 bars. Cette désorption à pression intermédiaire conduit à la formation d’un mélange gaz-liquide nécessitant la séparation du gaz et du liquide. Un GLCC, séparateur cyclonique de mélange gaz-liquide, peut avantageusement être mis en œuvre en remplacement des ballons de séparation classiques afin de réduire les coûts du système.Ces innovations ont été intégrées à la fabrication d’un prototype d’épuration à pleine échelle élaboré pendant la durée du projet avec des partenaires industriels. Le prototype, dimensionné pour l’épuration d’un débit de biogaz de 20 à 40 Nm3/h, a été mis en place sur le site de méthanisation de la ferme de Lamothe à Seysses, en France, pour une campagne d’expérimentation qui a permis de confirmer les résultats des simulations et valider le fonctionnement du procédé en conditions de fonctionnement réelles. Les innovations ont permis d’obtenir un biométhane respectant les spécifications pour l’injection dans le réseau (et donc aussi la qualité carburant véhicule) avec un taux de méthane supérieur à 97% pour une consommation énergétique équivalente aux valeurs données dans la littérature.Une étude économique complétée par une analyse de cycle de vie a montré la pertinence du procédé développé pour l’épuration du biogaz à petites échelles.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Lamaa, Lina;

    In order to address the growing demand for indoor air treatment, many commercial systems based in the potocatalytic degradation using TiO2 have reached the market. Recently, deactivation of these systems has been observed. Some of the potentially most important deactivation pollutants are volatile methyl siloxanes (VMS), which are becoming more and more abundant indoor and in ambient air. Moreover, the increasing interest in the utilization of biogas to generate renewable energy (production of heat or electricity), has created significant concerns about the presence of VMS in the biogas. During biogas combustion, VMS are oxidized to abrasive microcrystalline silica that causes serious damage to gas engines, thus reducing the economic benefits of using biogas. Hence, it is essential to be able to measure the concentration of such VMS in ambient air and in biogas by a reliable method, as well as to study their impact on the photocatalytic systems. To address these issues, this work has three main parts: The first part is dedicated to the development of a method for measuring volatile methyl siloxanes in biogas and in ambient air. We have chosen sampling gas through sorbent tube followed by thermal desorption or chemical desorption (solvent extraction) and analysed using GC-MS. Since no systematic study on the choice of materials is related in the literature, we compared several types of adsorbents based on the determination of the VMS breakthrough volume (BV), in order to choose an appropriate adsorbent and to obtain accurate quantification of VMS. The second part is devoted to the evaluation of VMS in biogas and in ambient air at different sites. A reliable analytical method has been developed, and results are in agreement with the previous results obtained in the laboratory regarding the choice of adsorbents. Finally, in the third part, for a better understanding of the impact of VMS on photocatalytic systems, D4 was chosen as a VMS model compound as it is one of the most important VMS Afin de satisfaire la demande croissante des systèmes de traitement de l'air, des procédés commerciaux basés sur la photocatalyse par TiO2 ont été commercialisés. Récemment le problème de la désactivation de ces systèmes a attiré l'attention des industriels ainsi que des chercheurs. Les Siloxanes Méthyliques Volatils (SMVs) présents dans l'air auraient été identifiés comme une source majeure contribuant à cette désactivation. Par ailleurs, dans les centres de stockage des déchets, la valorisation du biogaz nécessite de recueillir et de traiter le biogaz issu des déchets organiques en vue de produire de l'énergie renouvelable et inoffensive pour l'environnement. A nouveau, les SMVs ont été identifiés comme un frein principal au développement de cette filière, ces derniers conduisant après oxydation à des dépôts de silice abrasifs dans le moteur. Les difficultés de mesure des SMVs aussi bien dans le biogaz que dans l'air ambiant ainsi que l'évaluation de leur impact sur les systèmes photocatalytiques ou dans les procédés de valorisation du biogaz constituent par conséquent un vrai défi. Afin de répondre à ces problématiques, ce travail comporte trois volets principaux : Le premier volet est dédié à la mise au point d'une méthode de mesure des siloxanes méthyliques volatils dans le biogaz et dans l'air ambiant. Pour ce faire nous avons choisi de mettre en place un système d'échantillonnage des SMVs basé sur leur piégeage et préconcentration sur un support solide suivi d'une désorption thermique ou chimique (extraction par solvant) avant leur analyse par GC-MS. Puisqu'aucune étude systématique sur le choix des supports n'est relatée dans la littérature, nous avons comparé plusieurs types d'adsorbants en déterminant le volume de perçage pour chacun des SMVs afin de choisir le (les) meilleur(s). Le second volet est consacré à l'évaluation des teneurs en SMVs dans le biogaz ainsi que dans l'air ambiant en différents endroits. Une méthode d'analyse des SMVs fiable a été développée qui a permis de confirmer les résultats précédents obtenus au laboratoire en ce qui concerne le choix des adsorbants pouvant piéger quantitativement les SMVs. Enfin, dans le troisième volet, l'impact des SMVs sur les systèmes photocatalytiques en choisissant comme molécule modèle l'octaméthylcyclotétrasiloxane (D4) a été étudié

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Ricaurte Ortega, Deyanira;

    Study of a treatment of siloxane by adsorption process into porous materials: treatment application to biogas Biogases have strong content of methane used in the production of heat or electricity. They contain more or less important quantities of siloxanes, which are forbidden for numerous uses of biogases. The possibility of siloxanes elimination by adsorption process is studied. The study in batch reactors allows us to evaluate the adsorption capacities of different materials as activated carbons cloths and grains, zeolites and silica gel. The influence on the treatment capacities of siloxanes under the presence of CH4, CO2, humidity, and other volatile organic compounds is studied. Good adsorption capacities for some adsorbents were found. For the most disadvantageous conditions of adsorption, a reduction of 20 % on the adsorption capacities has been found. The adsorption capacity remains modest. The influence of the operational conditions of the process is studied in order to improve the treatment capacities and to reduce the quantity of the adsorbent used. The results allowed us to define, validate and design a reduced scale system in the treatment of siloxanes. The process consists of an adsorption into activated carbon cloth, alternating with thermal regeneration by Joule effect. A pilot plant allowed us to accomplish and evaluate the aging of the process. All this work allows us to see the possibilities of industrial applications of the process, even if a trial stage on site in real conditions is still necessary.; Étude du traitement des siloxanes par adsorption sur matériaux poreux : application au traitement des biogaz Les biogaz sont des mélanges à forte teneur en méthane utilisés dans la production de chaleur ou d'électricité. Ils contiennent des quantités plus ou moins importantes de siloxanes qui sont interdits pour de nombreuses utilisations du biogaz. La possibilité d'élimination des siloxanes par adsorption est étudiée. Une étude en réacteurs statiques permet d'évaluer les capacités d'adsorption des charbons actifs, de zéolithes et du gel de silice. L'influence sur les capacités de traitement des siloxanes, de la présence de CH4, de CO2, de l'humidité, et d'autres composés organiques volatils dans la matrice gazeuse, est étudiée. Des bonnes capacités d'adsorption de certains adsorbants sont retrouvées. Dans les conditions d'adsorption les plus défavorables on obtient une diminution de 20 % sur les capacités d'adsorption. Les capacités de traitement restent modestes. L'influence des conditions opératoires du procédé est étudiée dans le but d'augmenter les capacités de traitement et réduire la quantité d'adsorbant. Les résultats nous ont permis de définir, valider et dimensionner un système de traitement à échelle réduite. Le procédé envisagé consiste en une adsorption sur tissu de carbone activé, alternant avec des phases de régénération thermique. Une unité pilote a permis de réaliser et d'évaluer le vieillissement du procédé. L'ensemble de ce travail laisse entrevoir des possibilités d'applications industrielles du procédé, même si une phase d'essai sur site en conditions réelles est encore nécessaire.

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    Authors: Bertrand, François;

    International audience Ce chapitre traite de l'adaptation au changement climatique (CC), en centrant son propos sur les questions des effets du CC sur les territoires (2) et de l'action locale en réponse à ces effets (3). Auparavant, sont rappelés les changements éthiques et cognitifs associés au CC (en introduction), et les liens entre ce phénomène et la problématique du développement durable (DD) (1). Ce chapitre n'aborde donc guère les questions liées à l'atténuation des causes du CC, un autre chapitre (n° 37) étant consacré aux démarches locales d'atténuation, notamment sous la forme des Plans climats territoriaux. Cependant, aucune cloison étanche ne sépare ces deux types de réponses des sociétés humaines face au défi posé par le CC : atténuer le phénomène et se préparer à ses effets relèvent de la même logique et doivent être appréhendés conjointement, de façon intégrée.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Shili-Touzi, Inès;

    The introduction of a living cover crop during a cash crop growth cycle (relay intercropping) and its maintenance after the cash crop harvest may help to preserve biodiversity, increase soil organic matter content and carbon sequestration and provide other ecosystem services, such as increasing useful biotic interactions within the agroecosystem. We studied the impact of various approaches to managing a cover crop (red-fescue (Festuca rubra L.) or Lucerne (Medicago sativa L.)) intercropped with a winter wheat crop (Triticum aestivum L.) during an annual scale in terms of light, water and nitrogen competition, using both modeling and experimental approaches. Modelling and experimental results showing that the use of a leguminous as a cover crop in a wheat intercropping system can therefore improve environmental performances by favoring certain biotic processes such as the production of primary biomass, the interception of radiation, which might otherwise reach weeds, and nitrate leaching at the end of growth cycle. These positives effects where observed during intercropping period and especially after the harvest of wheat, when the cover crop is maintained alive. Whatever the experiment, soil tillage had a very little effect on these processes; Les systèmes de cultures sous couvert végétal permanent associé à une culture commerciale ont la réputation d'être susceptibles d'assurer certains services écologiques et agronomiques : étouffement des adventices, mais aussi protection du sol, augmentation de la biodiversité, de l'activité biologique et du taux de matière organique des sols, diminution de l'érosion. Si ces systèmes se sont bien développés en climat tropical, ils restent toutefois presque inexistants en climat tempéré. L'objectif de cette étude est d'évaluer, par modélisation et expérimentation, les différentes interactions qui existent entre une culture de blé et une plante de couverture (fétuque rouge (Festuca rubra L.) ou luzerne (Medicago sativa L.)) cultivées simultanément pour les différentes ressources du milieu (lumière, eau et azote) dans les conditions de climat tempéré. La période considérée comprend la période culturale (association) et la période d'interculture (couvert maintenu vivant après la récolte du blé). Les résultats de modélisation et d'expérimentation montrent que l'introduction d'une plante de couverture en association avec un blé et son maintien en vie en période d'interculture peuvent améliorer les performances environnementales du système en favorisant certains processus biotiques comme par exemple la production de biomasse primaire, l'interception de rayonnement (qui agit directement sur le développement des adventices en réduisant la ressource en lumière arrivant au niveau du sol), et la réduction du stock d'azote susceptible d'être lessivé. Ces effets positifs sont observés en partie en période culturale mais surtout en période d'interculture

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    Authors: Camara, Mamadou Baïlo Camara;

    This subject is the continuity of the works started at L2ES Laboratory within the framework of ECCE program in collaboration with CREEBEL which ensures the nancial support. ECCE test bench is a series electrical hybrid vehicle with 4 independent wheels and a rated power of 120kW. The main energy source consists of two diesel motors and each is coupled to one alternator. The produced energy feeds 4 electric traction motors ; the remainder is stored by the batteries. This thesis presents the energy coupling strategies between these batteries and the supercapacitors to ensure dynamics in energy supply and storage for the hybrid vehicle. A bibliographical study has allowed to review technical progress and the available applications of the supercapacitors. A simplied model of supercapacitors which accurately translates the behavior of the cells during the charge and discharge is developed. Several DC/DC converters topologies with original strategies of embarked power management are developed. These topologies are based on the Buck-Boost converters and DC/AC-AC/DC converters with high frequency planar transformer. For cost raisons, the experimental test benches has been designed at a reduced scale ( 1/10 ). The experimental results obtained have allowed to compare the topologies performances for two control strategies. The polynomial control strategy (RST) is compared to classical PI correctors. These comparative studies have allowed choosing the best topology intended for the supercapacitors coupling to ECCE DC-bus.; Ce sujet s'inscrit dans la continuité des travaux commencés au sein du L2ES dans le cadre du programme ECCE en partenariat avec CREEBEL qui assure le nancement. La plateforme ECCE est un véhicule hybride électrique série à 4 roues indépendantes d'une puissance nominale en propulsion de 120kW électrique. La source d'énergie principale est constituée de deux moteurs diesels entraînant deux alternateurs. L'énergie électrique produite alimente les 4 moteurs électriques de traction et le reste est stocké dans le pack des batteries. Cette thèse développe les stratégies de couplage énergétique entre ce pack des batteries et les supercondensateurs an d'assurer au véhicule une dynamique de fourniture et du stockage de l'énergie électrique. Une étude bibliographique a permis de passer en revue le bilan technologique et les applications potentielles des supercondensateurs, puis d'élaborer le modèle simplié des supercondensateurs qui traduit dèlement le comportement des cellules durant les phases de charge et de décharge. Diérentes topologies des convertisseurs DC/DC avec des stratégies originales de gestion d'énergie électrique embarquée sont traitées. Les topologies proposées sont basées sur les convertisseurs Buck-Boost et les convertisseurs DC/AC-AC/DC à étage intermédiaire haute fréquence. Pour une raison de coût, les maquettes expérimentales des topologies ont été réalisées à l'échelle réduite ( 1/10 ). Les résultats expérimentaux obtenus ont permis de comparer les performances des topologies pour deux types de commande. La stratégie de gestion d'énergie à base des correcteurs polynomiaux (RST) est comparée à celle utilisant des correcteurs PI classiques. Ces études comparatives ont permis de choisir la meilleure topologie destinée au couplage des supercondensateurs sur le bus continu du banc ECCE.

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    Authors: François-Martin, Claire;

    In vivo, membrane fusion must not occur spontaneously. Thus, membrane fusion requires a large activation energy that is overcome through the action of multiple proteins. Even though biological fusion is very complex, it results in the coalescence of both lipid bilayers that constitute the cores of the involved membranes. Therefore, the activation energy that is necessary to disrupt the leaflet arrangement during lipid bilayer fusion should be similar to that of in vivo membrane fusion. In order to approach biological membrane fusion’s activation energy, we developed an experimental protocol which allows determining the activation energy and the Arrhenius factor of the reaction, thanks to Arrhenius’ law. The relative areas occupied by the polar head and hydrophobic tails of a lipid confers to it a preferential curvature, called spontaneous curvature. Investigating membranes with several lipid compositions, I found that a mismatch between the membrane curvature and the spontaneous curvature of the lipid affects both the Arrhenius factor and the activation energy. A more negative curvature generates more hydrophobic defects in the “flat” membrane which leads to an increase in the frequency of fusion nucleation, i.e. a larger Arrhenius factor. During the fusion process, membrane shapes are modified and adopt large positive and negative curvatures, each leaflet having opposite curvatures. A mismatch between the spontaneous curvature of the lipid and the one it should adopt in order for fusion to proceed can inhibit the process of fusion, i.e increase its activation energy. In vivo, la fusion membranaire ne doit pas avoir lieu spontanément. C’est pourquoi ce processus présente une barrière énergétique conséquente qui est surmontée grâce à l'action de multiples protéines. Même si la fusion biologique est très complexe, son résultat est la coalescence des deux bicouches lipidiques qui forment la matrice des membranes impliquées. L'énergie nécessaire à la perturbation de l'arrangement en bicouche lors de leur fusion doit donc être semblable à celle intervenant dans la fusion biologique. Dans le but d'estimer l’énergie d’activation de la fusion biologique, nous avons établi un protocole expérimental permettant de déterminer l’énergie d’activation et le facteur d’Arrhenius de la réaction, grâce à la loi d’Arrhenius. Les surfaces relatives occupées par la tête polaire et les queues hydrophobes d’un lipide lui confèrent une courbure préférentielle, dite courbure spontanée. En étudiant des membranes présentant des compositions lipidiques diverses, j’ai montré qu’une inadéquation entre la courbure de la membrane et la courbure spontanée du lipide affectait à la fois le facteur d’Arrhenius et l’énergie d’activation. Une courbure plus négative génère plus de défauts à la surface de la membrane « plate », ce qui augmente la fréquence de la nucléation de la fusion et accroît le facteur d’Arrhenius. Au cours du processus de fusion, la géométrie des membranes est modifiée et celle-ci présente de régions de fortes courbures. Une inadéquation entre la courbure spontanée du lipide et celle qu’il devrait adopter pour que la fusion soit accomplie peut inhiber la fusion et donc faire augmenter l’énergie d’activation.

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    Authors: Motte, Vianney;

    Boron carbide B4C is a ceramic commonly used as a neutron absorber to control the power of nuclear power plants. The neutron absorption reactions, (n,α) type on the boron-10 isotope, lead to the production of large quantities of helium (up to 1022.cm-3). This results to swelling induced by the formation of highly pressurized bubbles, followed by microcracking. Analysis of the literature shows that helium diffusion mechanisms and the early stages of bubble formation are poorly understood. The goal of our work is to study the behaviour of helium in boron carbide, by carrying out a parametric analysis. For this purpose, samples of B4C, sintered from different powders, were implanted in helium with ion accelerators at different concentrations and temperatures, in order to simulate the helium produced in the reactor. The analyses were then mainly based on two characterization techniques: Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA), which is an ion beam analysis technique. The 3He(d,4He)1H reaction used allows obtaining helium profiles in the material. The Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), which allows observation of potential helium clusters in the material. We first demonstrated the influence of the concentration of implanted helium: the higher it is, the higher the density of clusters in the implanted area; then the influence of the implantation temperature: the higher it is, the higher the threshold temperature for cluster nucleation and the lower the density. We have deduced that these differences were due to the influence of the residual damage, which is lower at high temperature. Dual gold and helium implantations confirmed that damage caused by Au ions had a significant effect on cluster nucleation, lowering the temperature threshold of their occurrence and increasing their density. Next, we have highlighted the role of grain boundaries which have proved to be very efficient traps for helium. We have demonstrated that helium does not diffuse into these grain boundaries at temperatures up to 1200°C. Finally, the broadening of the helium profiles after heat treatments, in the temperature range 600-800°C, allowed us to determine an apparent diffusion coefficient of helium in B4C, still unknown in the literature: D = D0.exp (-Ea/kT), with D0 = 6.03x10-3 x/ 2.5 cm2.s-1 and Ea = 2.03 ± 0.18 eV. This work allowed us to better understand the behaviour of helium in boron carbide, which will be used in power control devices and neutron protections for the ASTRID reactor, a French sodium fast-neutron reactor project. The results thus allow obtaining useful indications for the design of the neutron absorber elements of the reactor Le carbure de bore B4C est une céramique couramment utilisée comme absorbant neutronique pour la régulation de la puissance des réacteurs nucléaires. Les réactions d’absorption neutronique, de type (n,α) sur l’isotope bore-10, conduisent à la production de grandes quantités d’hélium (jusqu’à 1022.cm-3). Il en résulte du gonflement induit par la formation de bulles hautement pressurisées, puis de la microfissuration. L’analyse de la littérature montre que les mécanismes de diffusion de l’hélium et les premières étapes de la formation des bulles sont mal connus. L’objectif de notre étude est d’étudier le comportement de l’hélium dans le carbure de bore, en réalisant une analyse paramétrique. Pour cela, des échantillons de B4C fritté à partir de différentes poudres ont été implantés en hélium dans des accélérateurs d’ions à différentes concentrations et températures, ce afin de simuler l’hélium produit en réacteur. Les analyses se sont ensuite principalement appuyées sur deux techniques de caractérisation : L’analyse par réactions nucléaires ou NRA (Nuclear Reaction Analysis) qui est une technique d’analyse par faisceau d’ions. La réaction 3He(d,4He)1H utilisée permet d’obtenir des profils d’hélium dans le matériau. La Microscope Electronique en Transmission (MET) qui permet d’observer les amas potentiels d’hélium dans le matériau. Nous avons tout d’abord mis en évidence l’influence de la concentration d’hélium implanté : plus elle est élevée, plus la densité d’amas dans la zone implantée est élevée ; puis celle de de la température d’implantation : plus cette dernière est élevée, plus la température seuil de germination des amas est élevée et leur densité réduite. Nous en avons déduit que ces différences étaient dues à l’influence de l’endommagement résiduel, plus faible à haute température. Des doubles implantations d’or et d’hélium ont confirmé que l’endommagement créé par les ions Au avait un effet significatif sur la germination des amas, en abaissant le seuil de température de leur apparition et en augmentant leur densité. Ensuite, nous avons mis en évidence le rôle des joints de grains qui se sont révélés être de véritables pièges pour hélium. Nous avons démontré que l’hélium ne diffuse pas dans ni à travers ces joints de grains jusqu’à des températures de l’ordre de 1200°C. Enfin, l’élargissement des profils d’hélium après traitements thermiques, dans la gamme de température 600-800°C, a permis de déterminer un coefficient de diffusion apparent de l’hélium dans le B4C, paramètre inconnu dans la littérature, ainsi qu’une énergie d’activation : D = D0.exp(-Ea/kT), avec D0 = 6,03x10- 3 x/ 2,5 cm2.s-1 et Ea = 2,03 ±0,18 eV. L’ensemble de ce travail a permis de mieux appréhender le comportement de l’hélium dans le carbure de bore qui sera utilisé dans les dispositifs de contrôle de la puissance et les protections neutroniques du réacteur ASTRID, projet français de réacteur à spectre neutronique rapide refroidi au sodium. Les résultats obtenus permettent ainsi de tirer des indications utiles à la conception des éléments absorbants neutroniques du réacteur

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    Authors: Ismail, Y.;

    The rising price of fuel and the severity of the pollutionnorms push automotive engineers to find innovativesolutions to reduce fuel consumption and pollution. Theincreased efficiency of the combustion engine is nowadaysone of the most used methods. Among the variouspossibilities of increasing the efficiency is the exhaustenergy recovery which proposes to transform to mechanicalwork the thermal energy lost through a systemof energy conversion. The problem with this solution liesfirst in the potential of the exhaust fluid to be convertedinto mechanical work, and the performance of the conversionsystem and the interactions of the system withthe engine which modify its operation. In this contextthis theses focuses on the recovery of energy to theexhaust via a turbine for energy recovery. This solutionconverts the energy of the exhaust into work at theturbine wheel. It can be delivered to the crankshaft via amechanical gearing and assist in the development ofengine torque (mechanical turbocompound) or convertedinto electricity (electrical turbocompound).In the first part of the thesis a study based on the firstand second law of thermodynamics (Exergy approach)is performed. This study evaluates the theoretical potentialfor mechanization of energy in the exhaust.Subsequently, a methodology for assessing the potentialof energy recovery via a turbine is developed. Thismethodology takes into account the interactions betweenthe power turbine and the engine operation. Inthis methodology, we show the necessary modificationsto the engine to make it work correctly by adding therecovery turbine that generates a backpressure. Enginetests were carried out on engine test bench followed bya simulation study of the engine and the power turbine.The evaluation of this system is made on two types ofcombustion gasoline and diesel. A detailed explanationof the phenomena taking place in the engine after addingthe recovery system is proposed. Finally, conclusionsare drawn about the contribution of this system onthe overall performance on different operating points ofthe engine. L’augmentation du prix de pétrole ainsi que la sévérité des normes de pollution poussent les ingénieurs automobiles de trouver des solutions innovantes en vue de réduire la consommation et polluer moins. L’augmentation du rendement du moteur thermique est l’une des voies les plus exploitées dans nos jours. Parmi les différentes possibilités d’augmenter ce rendement vient la récupération de l’énergie à l’échappement qui propose de mécaniser l’énergie perdue sous forme thermique par le biais d’un système de conversion de l’énergie. Le problème de cette solution est d’abord dans le potentiel du fluide de l’échappement d’être converti en travail mécanique, ainsi que le rendement du système de conversionet les interactions du système avec le moteur thermique qui viennent modifier son fonctionnement. Dans ce contexte cette thèse se focalise sur la récupération de l’énergie à l’échappement via une turbine de récupération de l’énergie. Cette solution permet de convertir l’énergie de l’échappement en travail au niveau de la roue de la turbine. Ce dernier peut être remis au vilebrequin via une démultiplication mécanique et assister au développement du couple moteur (turbocompound mécanique), soit converti en électricité (turbocompound électrique). Dans une première partie de la thèse une étude basée sur le premier et le second principe de la thermodynamique (approche exergétique) est effectuée. Cette étude évalue le potentiel théorique de mécanisation de l’énergie à l’échappement.Par la suite de la thèse, une méthodologie d’évaluation du potentiel de récupération d’énergie par une turbine est développée. Cette méthodologie prend en compte les interactions entre la turbine de récupération et le fonctionnement du moteur. Dans celle-ci, nous montrons des adaptations nécessaires au moteur pour le faire fonctionner correctement en ajoutant la turbine de récupération qui génère une contre pression. Des essais banc moteur ont été réalisés suivi d’une étude par simulation du moteur et de la turbine de récupération. L’évaluation de ce système est faite sur deux types de combustion essence et Diesel. Une explication détaillée des phénomènes prenant lieu dans le moteur après l’ajout du système de récupération est proposée. Finalement, des conclusions sont tirées sur l’apport de ce système sur le rendement global sur les différents points de fonctionnement du moteur

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    Authors: Ben Jdidia, Anoire;

    In manufacturing, the electrical energy consumption is considered as one of the major problems which are systematically related to the gas emission containing carbon dioxide and leading to the greenhouse effect. Studies based on the estimation of the machine tools energy consumption become the interest of researchers in recent decades.As a result, different models for energy estimating are developed in order to minimize the quantity of consumed energy. These models are either empirical or theoretical and are limited to taking into account the dynamic behavior of the cutting system during machining operations. The fundamental contribution of this doctoral thesis is the characterization of the nonlinear behavior of cutting and rolling forces during estimating the consumed energy by a machine tool. The developed approach is based on the determination of the variable cutting forces and bearings forces which are function of time. These forces are deduced by solving the equation of motion based on finite element method using Newark's method coupled with Newton Raphson's algorithm. These forces are used to calculate the power then the consumed energy by the axis feed, the spindle and therefore the machine tool. In order to validate our approach, the power and energy obtained from the model developed are compared with the power and energy obtained with an experimental device. A parametric study is carried out to focus on the impact of the variation of the cutting parameters on the value of the consumed power and energy. An interest is given for different types of defect (innerring spalling, outer ring spalling, eccentricity and unbalance) in order to study their impact on the spindle consumed power during approach and cutting phases under different rotating conditions. Particular attention has also been devoted to develop a global model for optimizing machine too lmovements that minimizes the consumed energy, the production time, the cost and the surface roughness with respect of the technological constraints.; Dans l’industrie manufacturière, la consommation d’énergie électrique est considérée comme l'un des problèmes majeurs qui est malheureusement liée systématiquement à l'émission de gaz contenant du dioxyde de carbone et amenant à l’effet de serre. Des études sur l’estimation de l’énergie électrique consommée par les machines outils sont développées par des chercheurs au cours des dernières décennie pour proposer des modèles d’estimation de cette énergie. Ces modèles sont soit empiriques soit théoriques et se limitent à tenir compte du comportement dynamique du système de coupe lors des opérations d’usinage. La contribution fondamentale de cette thèse de doctorat est la caractérisation du comportement non linéaire des efforts de coupe et du système de guidage lors de l’estimation de l’énergie consommée par une machine outil. La modélisation repose sur la détermination de l’effort de coupe et de l’effort des roulements qui sont variables en fonction du temps et qui sont déduites de l’écriture de l’équation de mouvement du système (broche ou machine-outil)discrétisé en éléments finis en utilisant la méthode de Newark couplée avec l’algorithme de Newton Raphson. Ces efforts de coupe et de roulements sont utilisés pour calculer la puissance puis l’énergie consommée par la table d’avance, la broche et par conséquent la machine outil. Afin de valider notre approche, la puissance et l’énergie obtenues à partir du modèle développé sont comparées avec la puissance et l’énergie obtenues avec un dispositif expérimental. Une étude paramétrique est réalisée pour mettre l’accent sur l’impact de la variation des paramètres de coupe sur la valeur de la puissance et de l’énergie consommées. On introduit par la suite des défauts d’usure et de montage au niveau des roulements et nous présentons leurs impacts sur le comportement énergétique de la machine. Une attention particulière a également été consacrée à développer un modèle d’optimisation des mouvement d’une machine outil globale minimisant à la fois l’énergie consommée, le temps de production, le coût et la rugosité de surface en respectant les consignes technologiques.

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    Authors: Wantz, Eliot;

    Biogas upgrading is a valorization pathway that is essential to the energy transition, allowing the substitution of natural gas of fossil origin by a renewable energy for various applications. But the low economic profitability for small production scales, typical of a medium-sized agricultural installation, restricts its development, whereas these units are the most compatible on the societal and environmental level. The objective of this work is to develop an upgrading process called Epurogaz that uses High Pressure Water Scrubbing, to meet the requirements of the sector and to reach an economic profitability.New modeling approaches have been developed to identify possible improvements. These models consider the concomitant absorption of carbon dioxide and methane and the reduction in gas volume flow that occurs in the absorption column, as well as the water regeneration steps for closed loop operation. The accuracy of the predictions obtained by the simulations was evaluated by a sensitivity analysis and the results were then validated by comparison with the experimental results from the thesis of D.Benizri (2016).The simulations highlighted the significant improvement in methane purity when the water is regenerated under a primary vacuum rather than at atmospheric pressure due to an increased desorption of the gas contained in the water. This results in a lower dissolved gas concentration in the water, which then translates into higher absorption in the absorption column, and thus a higher methane content in the biomethane produced. Estimates of energy consumption have made it possible to define an optimal vacuum range, between 0.2 and 0.5 bar absolute, allowing to reach the optimal absorption performances for a reduced energy consumption.Moreover, the integration of a desorption of water under intermediate pressure, between the absorption column and the final regeneration of the water under vacuum, allows to recirculate a significant fraction of the methane dissolved in the absorption column and thus to increase its recovery rate, and thus the economic and environmental performances of the installation. At this stage, an optimal pressure can be defined, corresponding to a maximum methane recovery that does not disturb the operation of the absorption column. This pressure, which also depends on the other operating parameters, is generally between 3 and 4 bars. This desorption at intermediate pressure leads to the formation of a gas-liquid mixture requiring the separation of the gas and the liquid. A GLCC, cyclonic gas-liquid mixture separator, can be advantageously implemented in replacement of the classical separation tanks in order to reduce the system costs.These innovations have been integrated into the fabrication of a full-scale upgrading prototype developed during the project with industrial partners. The prototype, designed for the upgrading of a biogas flow of 20 to 40 Nm3/h, was installed on the anaerobic digestion site of the farm of Lamothe at Seysses, France, for an experimentation campaign that confirmed the results of the simulations and validated the operation of the process in real operating conditions. The innovations made it possible to obtain a biomethane that complies with the specifications for injection into the network (and therefore also the vehicle fuel quality) with a methane content of over 97% for an energy consumption equivalent to the values given in the literature.An economic study completed by a life cycle analysis showed the relevance of the developed process for small scale biogas upgrading.; L’épuration du biogaz est une voie de valorisation de la filière méthanisation indispensable à la transition énergétique, permettant la substitution du gaz naturel d’origine fossile par une énergie renouvelable pour diverses applications. Mais la faible rentabilité économique pour de petites échelles de production, typiques d’une installation agricole de taille moyenne, représente aujourd’hui un véritable frein à son développement, alors que ces unités sont les plus compatibles sur le plan sociétal et environnemental. Ce travail a pour objectif de développer un procédé d’épuration par lavage à l’eau sous pression en colonne d’absorption, le procédé Epurogaz, permettant de répondre aux exigences de la filière et d’atteindre une rentabilité économique.Des approches de modélisation inédites ont été développées pour identifier des pistes d’améliorations. Ces modélisations prennent notamment en considération l’absorption concomitante du dioxyde de carbone et du méthane et la réduction du débit volumique de gaz qui se produit dans la colonne d’absorption, ainsi que les étapes de régénération de l’eau pour un fonctionnement en circuit fermé. La précision des prédictions obtenues par les simulations a été évaluée par une étude de sensibilité puis les résultats ont été validés par comparaison avec les résultats expérimentaux de la thèse de D.Benizri (2016).Les simulations ont mis en évidence l’importante amélioration de la pureté en méthane lorsque l’eau est régénérée sous un vide primaire plutôt qu’à pression atmosphérique grâce à une désorption accrue du gaz contenu dans l’eau. L’eau présente alors une concentration en gaz dissous plus faible qui se traduit ensuite par une absorption plus importante dans la colonne d’absorption, et donc une teneur en méthane plus importante dans le biométhane produit. Des estimations de consommation énergétique ont permis de définir une plage de vide optimale, entre 0.2 et 0.5 bar absolu, permettant d’atteindre les performances d’absorption optimales pour une consommation énergétique réduite.Par ailleurs, l’intégration d’une désorption de l’eau sous pression intermédiaire, entre la colonne d’absorption et la régénération finale de l’eau sous vide, permet de recirculer une fraction importante du méthane dissous dans la colonne d’absorption et ainsi d’augmenter son taux de récupération, et donc les performances économiques et environnementales de l’installation. Sur cette étape, une pression optimale peut être définie, correspondant à un maximum de récupération de méthane ne perturbant pas le fonctionnement de la colonne d’absorption. Cette pression, qui dépend également des autres paramètres opératoires, se situe généralement entre 3 et 4 bars. Cette désorption à pression intermédiaire conduit à la formation d’un mélange gaz-liquide nécessitant la séparation du gaz et du liquide. Un GLCC, séparateur cyclonique de mélange gaz-liquide, peut avantageusement être mis en œuvre en remplacement des ballons de séparation classiques afin de réduire les coûts du système.Ces innovations ont été intégrées à la fabrication d’un prototype d’épuration à pleine échelle élaboré pendant la durée du projet avec des partenaires industriels. Le prototype, dimensionné pour l’épuration d’un débit de biogaz de 20 à 40 Nm3/h, a été mis en place sur le site de méthanisation de la ferme de Lamothe à Seysses, en France, pour une campagne d’expérimentation qui a permis de confirmer les résultats des simulations et valider le fonctionnement du procédé en conditions de fonctionnement réelles. Les innovations ont permis d’obtenir un biométhane respectant les spécifications pour l’injection dans le réseau (et donc aussi la qualité carburant véhicule) avec un taux de méthane supérieur à 97% pour une consommation énergétique équivalente aux valeurs données dans la littérature.Une étude économique complétée par une analyse de cycle de vie a montré la pertinence du procédé développé pour l’épuration du biogaz à petites échelles.

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    Authors: Lamaa, Lina;

    In order to address the growing demand for indoor air treatment, many commercial systems based in the potocatalytic degradation using TiO2 have reached the market. Recently, deactivation of these systems has been observed. Some of the potentially most important deactivation pollutants are volatile methyl siloxanes (VMS), which are becoming more and more abundant indoor and in ambient air. Moreover, the increasing interest in the utilization of biogas to generate renewable energy (production of heat or electricity), has created significant concerns about the presence of VMS in the biogas. During biogas combustion, VMS are oxidized to abrasive microcrystalline silica that causes serious damage to gas engines, thus reducing the economic benefits of using biogas. Hence, it is essential to be able to measure the concentration of such VMS in ambient air and in biogas by a reliable method, as well as to study their impact on the photocatalytic systems. To address these issues, this work has three main parts: The first part is dedicated to the development of a method for measuring volatile methyl siloxanes in biogas and in ambient air. We have chosen sampling gas through sorbent tube followed by thermal desorption or chemical desorption (solvent extraction) and analysed using GC-MS. Since no systematic study on the choice of materials is related in the literature, we compared several types of adsorbents based on the determination of the VMS breakthrough volume (BV), in order to choose an appropriate adsorbent and to obtain accurate quantification of VMS. The second part is devoted to the evaluation of VMS in biogas and in ambient air at different sites. A reliable analytical method has been developed, and results are in agreement with the previous results obtained in the laboratory regarding the choice of adsorbents. Finally, in the third part, for a better understanding of the impact of VMS on photocatalytic systems, D4 was chosen as a VMS model compound as it is one of the most important VMS Afin de satisfaire la demande croissante des systèmes de traitement de l'air, des procédés commerciaux basés sur la photocatalyse par TiO2 ont été commercialisés. Récemment le problème de la désactivation de ces systèmes a attiré l'attention des industriels ainsi que des chercheurs. Les Siloxanes Méthyliques Volatils (SMVs) présents dans l'air auraient été identifiés comme une source majeure contribuant à cette désactivation. Par ailleurs, dans les centres de stockage des déchets, la valorisation du biogaz nécessite de recueillir et de traiter le biogaz issu des déchets organiques en vue de produire de l'énergie renouvelable et inoffensive pour l'environnement. A nouveau, les SMVs ont été identifiés comme un frein principal au développement de cette filière, ces derniers conduisant après oxydation à des dépôts de silice abrasifs dans le moteur. Les difficultés de mesure des SMVs aussi bien dans le biogaz que dans l'air ambiant ainsi que l'évaluation de leur impact sur les systèmes photocatalytiques ou dans les procédés de valorisation du biogaz constituent par conséquent un vrai défi. Afin de répondre à ces problématiques, ce travail comporte trois volets principaux : Le premier volet est dédié à la mise au point d'une méthode de mesure des siloxanes méthyliques volatils dans le biogaz et dans l'air ambiant. Pour ce faire nous avons choisi de mettre en place un système d'échantillonnage des SMVs basé sur leur piégeage et préconcentration sur un support solide suivi d'une désorption thermique ou chimique (extraction par solvant) avant leur analyse par GC-MS. Puisqu'aucune étude systématique sur le choix des supports n'est relatée dans la littérature, nous avons comparé plusieurs types d'adsorbants en déterminant le volume de perçage pour chacun des SMVs afin de choisir le (les) meilleur(s). Le second volet est consacré à l'évaluation des teneurs en SMVs dans le biogaz ainsi que dans l'air ambiant en différents endroits. Une méthode d'analyse des SMVs fiable a été développée qui a permis de confirmer les résultats précédents obtenus au laboratoire en ce qui concerne le choix des adsorbants pouvant piéger quantitativement les SMVs. Enfin, dans le troisième volet, l'impact des SMVs sur les systèmes photocatalytiques en choisissant comme molécule modèle l'octaméthylcyclotétrasiloxane (D4) a été étudié

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    Authors: Ricaurte Ortega, Deyanira;

    Study of a treatment of siloxane by adsorption process into porous materials: treatment application to biogas Biogases have strong content of methane used in the production of heat or electricity. They contain more or less important quantities of siloxanes, which are forbidden for numerous uses of biogases. The possibility of siloxanes elimination by adsorption process is studied. The study in batch reactors allows us to evaluate the adsorption capacities of different materials as activated carbons cloths and grains, zeolites and silica gel. The influence on the treatment capacities of siloxanes under the presence of CH4, CO2, humidity, and other volatile organic compounds is studied. Good adsorption capacities for some adsorbents were found. For the most disadvantageous conditions of adsorption, a reduction of 20 % on the adsorption capacities has been found. The adsorption capacity remains modest. The influence of the operational conditions of the process is studied in order to improve the treatment capacities and to reduce the quantity of the adsorbent used. The results allowed us to define, validate and design a reduced scale system in the treatment of siloxanes. The process consists of an adsorption into activated carbon cloth, alternating with thermal regeneration by Joule effect. A pilot plant allowed us to accomplish and evaluate the aging of the process. All this work allows us to see the possibilities of industrial applications of the process, even if a trial stage on site in real conditions is still necessary.; Étude du traitement des siloxanes par adsorption sur matériaux poreux : application au traitement des biogaz Les biogaz sont des mélanges à forte teneur en méthane utilisés dans la production de chaleur ou d'électricité. Ils contiennent des quantités plus ou moins importantes de siloxanes qui sont interdits pour de nombreuses utilisations du biogaz. La possibilité d'élimination des siloxanes par adsorption est étudiée. Une étude en réacteurs statiques permet d'évaluer les capacités d'adsorption des charbons actifs, de zéolithes et du gel de silice. L'influence sur les capacités de traitement des siloxanes, de la présence de CH4, de CO2, de l'humidité, et d'autres composés organiques volatils dans la matrice gazeuse, est étudiée. Des bonnes capacités d'adsorption de certains adsorbants sont retrouvées. Dans les conditions d'adsorption les plus défavorables on obtient une diminution de 20 % sur les capacités d'adsorption. Les capacités de traitement restent modestes. L'influence des conditions opératoires du procédé est étudiée dans le but d'augmenter les capacités de traitement et réduire la quantité d'adsorbant. Les résultats nous ont permis de définir, valider et dimensionner un système de traitement à échelle réduite. Le procédé envisagé consiste en une adsorption sur tissu de carbone activé, alternant avec des phases de régénération thermique. Une unité pilote a permis de réaliser et d'évaluer le vieillissement du procédé. L'ensemble de ce travail laisse entrevoir des possibilités d'applications industrielles du procédé, même si une phase d'essai sur site en conditions réelles est encore nécessaire.

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    Authors: Bertrand, François;

    International audience Ce chapitre traite de l'adaptation au changement climatique (CC), en centrant son propos sur les questions des effets du CC sur les territoires (2) et de l'action locale en réponse à ces effets (3). Auparavant, sont rappelés les changements éthiques et cognitifs associés au CC (en introduction), et les liens entre ce phénomène et la problématique du développement durable (DD) (1). Ce chapitre n'aborde donc guère les questions liées à l'atténuation des causes du CC, un autre chapitre (n° 37) étant consacré aux démarches locales d'atténuation, notamment sous la forme des Plans climats territoriaux. Cependant, aucune cloison étanche ne sépare ces deux types de réponses des sociétés humaines face au défi posé par le CC : atténuer le phénomène et se préparer à ses effets relèvent de la même logique et doivent être appréhendés conjointement, de façon intégrée.

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