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Thin films of nickel hydroxide were prepared using the cathodic template method and were tested in different electrolytes. The electrolytes were 0.1 M KOH and 0.1 M KOH with the addition of 0.1, 0.3 and 1 mM K2WO4. The test revealed, that the presence of tungstate can have a significant effect on electrochemical and electrochromic characteristics of Ni(OH)2 films. The initial sample, cycled in 0.1 M KOH showed different characteristics from those cycled in tungstate-containing electrolytes: significant difference between current densities of cathodic and anodic peaks and presence of the current plateau on the cyclic voltamperometry curve. However, the initial sample demonstrated the highest coloration degree of 74 %. On the other hand, the sample showed degradation of the coloration degree past initial growth.The samples cycled in the tungstate-containing electrolyte showed better electrochemical characteristics – sharper cathodic and anodic peaks, with the lesser difference between peak values. The dynamics of the absolute coloration degree of the samples cycled in tungstate-containing electrolyte showed a constant increase. The sample tested in a solution with 1 mM tungstate had the lowest value of the absolute coloration degree – 60 %. For tungstate concentrations of 0.1 and 0.3 mM, the absolution coloration degree at the last cycle was 72 and 71 % respectively.The samples tested in a solution with tungstate additive had a significantly lower bleaching time – 40–50 s in comparison to 360 s of the sample cycled in 0.1 М KOH.A possible mechanism that explains such differences in behavior was proposed

This article describes the process of business activity organization on the regional level and possible influence that external factors cause on it. It is stated that in the years 2010-2016 the number of economic entities in Ukraine has slightly decreased. It is concluded that the share of all the types of enterprises is similar in Ukraine comparing with the EU averages, although there is a significant deviation in the indices of businesses by 10 thousand population which in Ukraine are less than the average for EU countries. In the process of researching the state of development of business activity and the problems of SME development are being indicated. The problems include the following: lack of business support programs at the national level; inconsistency of bank lending to the requirements of business (high interest rates); insufficient infrastructure to support business; unsatisfactory state of vocational training; lack of seed capital for business creation; lack of working capital for business development. It’s concluded that the business model of any business activity plays the role of a template in the process of creation and operation of business in the certain circumstances. It also is an important step in the strategic planning, which includes an overview of future business that in turn affects the evaluation of the main keys of success of the enterprise and determines its growth. The model of business creation is relatively based on resource approach, which is concentrated on the resources and capabilities of the enterprise and is the most important for determining strategic actions. In the perfect circumstances the resources for business activity are meant to become the part of the process of business creation and development. They may be helpful not only as route map of the project implementing but also as its main part. The issue of developing the set of measures that provide the specific tasks of development and activity of small and medium enterprises at the regional level that will ensure efficient use of any information and implementation of scientific approach in business was further developed. The measures mentioned include: implementing the support of entrepreneurship; microcredit funding of the SMEs; increasing the number of small and medium-sized businesses in the production and others. The article also states that business is entirely dependent on the state system concept. The set of measures that provide specific tasks of development and activity of small and medium enterprises (stimulation of entrepreneurship, attracting business in the IT sector, the promotion of export-oriented businesses) should not only solve the economic problems of the country and the region but social issues as well: providing more working places and supporting the small business in the regions. The research and conclusions gained in this article may be used as the theoretical and practical material for government in order to support the SMEs and for entrepreneurs who intend to start their own business.

Summary In this study, the accuracy of the three known approximate formulae for calculating dynamic heights in the normal gravity field of the Earth for a level ellipsoid of the system WGS-84 is investigated. A simple formula is proposed for the calculation of dynamic heights, the standard deviation of which for geodetic heights varying from 0 to 100 km does not exceed 0.1 m. This formula can be successfully applied not only in geodesy but also in meteorology.

Actual importance of research theme: Combating hunger and providing the Earth’s population with sufficient amount of products is considered one of the strategic priorities of human civilization sustainable development by the UN up to 2030. The rapid growth of this planet’s human population in the 21st century, estimated at 7.6. billion people, leads to the global demand for production and foodstuff. Simultaneously, traditional strategies of extensive development conventional in the 20th century and “target” intensification of agriculture do not take expected positive effect nowadays. World economy requires for new strategies of agricultural production, as well as promoting ‘green revolution’ based on the ground of IT technology advances and “Industry 4.0.”. The generalization of world experience concerning development and implementing agricultural production strategies in the 21st century is of greater theoretical and practical importance for all countries which export agricultural production in mass scales, including Ukraine which focuses on the leadership in the world agricultural business. Thus, the urgency of the issue confirms the actual importance of this article. The problem statement. Foodstuff output in world economy is growing slowly and does not meet the increasing demand for food and agricultural products in industry in global scales. Under these conditions the manufacturers of agricultural products like farmers, agro-businesses and agro-holdings, as well as transnational corporation alter and modify agricultural strategies that were conventional in the 20th century. Among the new strategies transition to precision farming and innovational agriculture based on implementing IT technologies takes the leading role. The core and socio-economic consequences of such strategy implementation require further study. Analysis of latest studies and publication. The important contribution to the study of the core and dimensions of agricultural production strategies linked to innovation and investment development as well as to improvement property relations is made by such Ukrainian scholars as P. Makarenko, V. Pilyavskiy [1] and O. Shul’ga [2]. Foreign scientists like Smaller, C., andW. Speller, withH. Mirza, N. Bernasconi-Osterwalder, andG. Dixie [3] paid the specific attention to the study of strategic priorities concerning risks minimization and profit maximization by agro-businesses and TNC within the realization of agricultural contracts at world markets. Overseas researchers KeatingB., HerreroM., CarberryP. [4] emphasized on actual importance of compliance with strategy of foodstuff security in global environment in their studies. However, the issue of developing the strategy of precise agricultural production based on widespread use of innovation and IT technologies, research into socio-economic consequences accompanying their implementation in the 21st century remains poorly studied. Research challenge of general issue. The issue of studies the core and elements of agricultural production development process in world economy is highlighted in world economic literature pretty well. Nevertheless, the study of TNCs and agricultural businesses strategies and strategies concerning transition of TNCs to the development of precise agriculture is really meaningful. Besides, at present time the trends of direct foreign investments as for agricultural lands purchase and priorities analysis of their use by TNCs in developed and developing world countries are uncertain. Socio economic consequences of mass precise agriculture introduction for national economy in countries with agrarian specialization also require detailed researching. Problem statement, objective of research. The objective of research is to highlight the core and define the regularity of formation, as well as emphasize the basic expected socio-economic consequences of precise agriculture development strategy implementing on the grounds of generalization the world experience of agricultural TNC sactivity. To achieve the objective set the article aimed at solution the following tasks: to note the main ‘players’ at the world agricultural market and study the priorities of their economic activity; to study the core and the elements of ‘green revolution’ strategy, as well as strategy of transition to precise agricultural production based on implementing innovations and IT technologies; to define strategic goals of TNCs as for the use of acquiring land ( at the cost of direct foreign investments) on the grounds of generalization developed and developing countries experience; to point out the expected socio-economic consequences of mass implementation of precise agricultural production strategies by TNCs and national agro-businesses for the economy of the countries specialized in agriculture. Method and methodology of the study. While studying the world experience of implementation the precise agricultural production development strategies theoretical and empirical methods of scientific research were employed. Historical and logical methods, abstract and specific methods, methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as causal (cause-and-effect) method were applied in the article to define strategic priorities of agricultural business and agricultural TNC specialization, to point out expected socio-economic consequences of mass transition to precise agricultural production in the countries with agrarian specialization. Synergetic approach, method of expert estimates and casual methods were applied to ground “green revolution” strategy, as well as strategy of TNCs as for transition to precise agriculture based on innovations and IT technologies. The results of study. Agricultural production is presented by farmers, households, state agricultural sector, national agro-businesses and agro-holdings, international TNCs. As a rule, farms are focused on domestic market; they specialize in production of minor parties of manual crop production and horticulture, grow vegetables, fruit and berries, as well as they are engaged in poultry farming, beekeeping, dairy production, stockbreeding in rather small scales. The farmers in developed world countries, particularly EU countries, concentrate on organic production which is of high demand among middle-class representatives. In EU countries farming is traditionally supported by the state, as it bears both economic and social valuable functions, i.e. assists in rural development and creates workplaces in countryside. The main stakeholders at the mass agricultural market in the world are considered large national and international agro-holdings an TNCs specialized in agricultural production and its industrial processing. TNCs shaped the closed loop – from selection to agricultural production, from its processing to its manufacturing. At the cost of large production scales, as well as capital concentration and centralization it is the agricultural TNCs which leads in production and export of foodstuffs at world markets. TNCs ‘ leadership at world agriculture markets is grounded on ‘green revolution’ strategy implementing, which consists of such elements as innovations, bio-selection to produce performance breed, intensive growth in crop productivity, including the one using GMO which makes cropping insensitive to water shortage, high temperatures and droughts. Agrarian TNCs in the 21st century actively implement the strategies of transition to precise agriculture based on the use of innovations and IT technologies. As the world experience confirms, strategies of transition to precise agriculture combine the following innovations: astronaut and aviation technologies, unmanned technologies, unmanned aerial vehicles; mass transition to the use of apparatus to analyze the ground online; spreading of “agro-scouting” innovation technologies as for field information gathering concerning the condition and development of agriculture; implementation intellectual system of managerial decision-making support; introduction of monitoring and control auto-system and implementation of IT-system as for account of agriculture process elements. The development of precise agriculture for national world economies which are agriculture-based offers a lot of benefits, such as: increase in labor productivity in agriculture; the decrease in employment that saves working capital of agro-businesses; industrialization and technical renovation of agrarian sector which promotes the market for IT products, precise machine building; increase in commerce and export potential of the country, mainly, in the sphere of monostructural crop production (grain, corn, soya, raps, oilseeds etc.). Such strategies also provide revitalization of direct foreign investment processes by TNCsconcerning purchasing farmland in the developing countries with their further listing as raw materials supplier for TNCs. The latter shape and control international links of production value added to all kinds of agricultural products. Among the risks which implementation of precise agriculture strategies bear for national developing country’s economy which are agriculture-based the following should be mentioned: risks concerning decrease in farms and decline in production of labor-intensive small-scale agriculture products (vegetables, fruit, honey etc.); risks of jobs recession and, respectively, the number of rural population and others. There are also other risks linked to these processes like risks of growing volumes of ready foodstuffs import, chronic scarcity of state budget and increase in internal debt, enhancing migration processes etc. In case of falling world prices for foodstuffs and worsening global conditions for agriculture products, including agrarian raw materials, in particular, due to another world economic crisis, the abandonment of occasional farmland purchased by TNCs in developing agrarian countries, their further freezing and ceasing the processing for better times should not be excluded. Under such circumstances the risks of famine for countries which could lose the managerial control over own land resources are also a threatening exercise as for implementing such TNC strategy. The field of results application. International economic relations and world economy, development of agriculture competitive strategies in world countries and agrarian TNCs in world economy. Conclusions. Farms, agro-businesses, agro-holdings and agrarian TNCs are the economic centres of mass agriculture production in all world countries. Farms are mainly specialized in labour-intensive small-scale agriculture production like horticulture, gardening, bee-keeping etc. Large agro-businesses and agrarian TNCs choose the strategy of specializing in mass monostructural agriculture production such as crop production (grain, corn, soya beans and industrial crops). In developed world countries TNCs apply the strategy of farmlands multi-purpose use, including the goals aimed at development and processing livestock and crop production; at development of renewable energy and bio-energy. In developed world countries TNCs focus on processing all kinds of agriculture products and foodstuffs production with high value added. Purchasing of farmlands by TNCs in developing countries, in particular, at the cost of direct foreign investment, provides for implementation the strategy of purchased lands engagement, mainly, to develop crop production as a raw basis for their further processing in the native countries for TNCs. The general world trend of agrarian TNCs development is use of innovation technologies, transition to precise agriculture based on IT technologies, aviation and astronautic technologies, unmanned aerial vehicles and other innovations which positively impact labor productivity and mass industrial production profitability, as well as choose transition to monostructural agrarian specialization as a priority, but bear a set of social risks for developing countries’ economies. Transition of Ukrainian agro-businesses and agro-holdings to the strategy of precise agriculture development based on innovations and IT technologies provides Ukraine’s competitiveness at the world agrarian markets. This process should go hand-in-hand with land reform taking into account Ukrainian farming interests. Establishing industrial processing of agriculture raw products and production of ready foodstuffs with high value added should be strategic for Ukraine.

В ході виконання КРБ проведений аналіз споживання електроенергії електроприймачами і системою освітлення. Розглянута структура об'ємів споживання електричної енергії різними споживачами. Проведений аналіз системи комерційного обліку електричної енергії. На підставі аналізу розроблені заходи після підвищення енергетичної ефективності системи електропостачання освітньої установи. Детально розглянуто питання заміни існуючої системи освітлення на енергоефективну систему освітлення на базі світлодіодних світильників. Приведені результати розрахунку системи освітлення в програмному середовищі DiaLUX. Опрацьовано питання впровадження системи автоматизованого комерційного обліку електричної енергії. При цьому, пропоновані заході ґрунтуються на сучасних технологіях у сфері енергозбереження. ; Розроблено заходи по підвищенню енергетичної ефективності системи електропостачання навчального закладу. Даний об'єкт виконує найважливіше соціальне завдання, що полягає підготовці фахівців у сфері вищої освіти. Формування комфортного середовища для тих, що навчаються сильно залежить від використовуваного електрообладнання для навчання і системи освітлення. При цьому зниження витрат на енергоресурси освітніх установ є пріоритетним завданням. При розробці заходів по підвищенню енергетичної ефективності системи електропостачання навчального закладу проведений аналіз витрат електричної енергії, розглянута існуюча систем електропостачання, розглянуті вимоги до заходів із підвищення енергетичної ефективності, розрахований економічний ефект ; Measures have been developed to increase the energy efficiency of the power supply system of the educational institution. This facility performs the most important social task, which is to train professionals in the field of higher education. Creating a comfortable environment for students depends heavily on the electrical equipment used for training and lighting system. At the same time, reducing the cost of energy resources of educational institutions is a priority. When developing measures to ...

Introduction. The problem of Ukraine's economic development in modern conditions is directly related to the implementation of the Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement, so the national economy is facing new opportunities and challenges, including the lack of effective mechanisms to restrict timber exports. The research aimed at assessing the effectiveness of the export bans to the EU. Aim and tasks. The aim of the paper is to study the mechanisms of regulation of the timber market and their export to the EU. Results. The impact of the imposed moratorium on the declared goals is analyzed in the paper. Analyzed statistics show no effect moratorium on the reduction of deforestation and halt exports of unprocessed timber. It is also impossible to make a clear conclusion about the positive impact of the moratorium on the supply of raw materials of domestic enterprises woodworking and furniture industries. However, within the structure of Ukrainian exports, the share of products of woodworking and furniture industries has increased. This was due to the reduction of Ukrainian export volumes against the background of increasing the share of exports of timber and wood products, as well as the resumption of sales of the furniture industry. Conclusions. A study of the ban on raw wood showed that in general, the effect of the moratorium imposed is not obvious, since the number of woodworking enterprises has increased and the level of employment in these sectors has increased. Ukraine requires the adoption of a comprehensive targeted program that would combine measures to develop both the woodworking and forest industries. The national interest of Ukraine is the preservation and restoration of forests, and the moratorium introduced is an example of how partial, fragmentary unsystematic decisions are made. The practical significance of the results allows to analyze existing and find new alternative export balance, ensuring equal opportunities and non-discrimination between domestic and European Union market.

Purpose. In modern conditions of energy consumption growth and a rapid increase in energy prices the actual problem is the development and implementation of energy efficiency programs and resource-saving conversion in to a source to provide the needs of industry and municipal power. The paper aims to solve the urgent problem of energy saving and efficient use of fuel-energy ones and heat supply system optimization on the basis of Uman National University of Horticulture (UNUH). Methodology. The work investigated the process of heating and hot water supply in the course of 2007-2015 years. Implementation of current problems of energy saving is grounded on the scientific-practical and efficient assurance of fuel and energy usage. At the same time energy-saving technologies are viewed as a priority direction of the energy sector development, reduction of man-induced impact on the environment and as a way of improving the competitiveness of the national economy. Findings. Statistical data acquisition and analyzing of gas flow and outside air temperature for nine years was carried out. On the basis of this analysis, the problem was identified and specific targets for its solutions were set. Originality. Scientific novelty lies in solving the problem of energy saving and efficient use of fuel resources in Ukraine through the use of a systematic approach, the methodology development of efficient use of different fuels and optimization of local heating operation, applying contemporary automation and control systems. Firstly it was in detail analyzed and conducted the comprehensive assessment of various factors influence on energy conservation. It takes into account the human factor, professionalism and responsibility of the operators of boilers and their superiors, as well as the relevant control services. Practical value. For UNUH campus hybrid use of solid fuel and gas boilers was carried out. Decentralization of the university heating system has been conducted through the restoration of 350 individual heating systems in residential buildings, remote departments and campus dormitories. The conclusions propose the list of activities upon the real economy of fuel and energy resources, and measures to overcome the economic and political crisis in the country.

В статье рассмотрены текущее состояние и целевые перспективы развития альтернативной энергетики в Украине, России и Германии. Приведены результаты собственного исследования энергокомпаний Украины и Германии, направленного на изучение использования контроллинга и его инструментария для повышения эффективности использования энергии, полученной из возобновляемых источников. В результате автор приходит к выводу о появлении нового направления развития контроллинга - контроллинга в области возобновляемых источников энергии. Приведены инструменты контроллинга способствующие повышению эффективности систем возобновляемой энергии. ; У статті розглянуто сучасний стан та цільові перспективи розвитку альтернативою-тивної енергетики в Україні, Росії та Німеччини. Наведено результати власного дослідження енергокомпаній України та Німеччини, спрямованого на вивчення використання контролінгу та його інструментарію для підвищення ефективності використня енергії, отриманої з відновлюваних джерел. В результаті автор приходить до висновку про появу нового напряму розвитку контролінгу - контролінгу в галузі поновлюваних джерел енергії. Наведено інструменти контролінгу сприяє участь підвищення ефективності систем відновлюваної енергії. ; Comparing current state and objectives of Ukraine, Russia and Germany in the field of imple-mentation of renewable energy sources the author sees the big perspectives for controlling in-side renewable energy systems. The own research aimed to investigate performance of control-ling for enhancement of efficiency of renewable energy systems in energy companies in Ukraine and Germany. As the result the description of controlling of renewable energy was given.

The dynamic process of movement of vehicles in cities is associated with interaction with objects of the road environment. Road conditions, traffic and pedestrians require certain actions from the driver to ensure road safe-ty. Under such circumstances, the reliability and safety of road traffic in human-machine systems mainly depends on the functional state of the driver (provided that the technical component, the subsystem is “car”) and his ability to respond to changes in the traffic situation when obstacles arise (conflict situations). The development of states of tension and fatigue of the driver is associated with an increase in energy costs, which leads to a natural in-crease in the heart rate, respiration and other parameters indicating changes in the energy balance of the driver's body. Eye Tracking technology has been applied to detect attention. Energy costs were determined using a method that takes into account the frequency of the driver's external respiration when driving on the road and in the background. As a result, a model of change in the attention of drivers with driving experience and a model of en-ergy consumption when driving in the evening twilight at a certain level of illumination were obtained. To determine the influence of conflict situations during movement in the evening twilight on the indicator of attention and energy consumption of the driver, a study was carried out in real conditions on city streets. A group of drivers with experience of 3-5 years and 10-16 years performed arrivals in the evening twilight on passenger cars "C" class. Experimental studies of the indicator of drivers' attention and functional state in conditions of evening twilight were carried out on different categories of city streets. The study involved drivers between the ages of 20 and 40. The obtained dependences of the change in the driver's functional state on illumination showed that at low illumination levels in the evening twilight, a rapid increase in the driver's functional state shifts. Thus, the energy consumption of the driver while driving depends on the types of conflict situations and the level of illumination. It was found that for drivers with less than 5 years of driving experience, shifts in functional state were more im-portant than other drivers. Also, such drivers had lower attention indicators compared to experienced drivers with more than 10 years of driving experience. It was found that when the illumination changes at dusk, the energy consumption increases on average to 3.3 kcal / min for drivers with less than 5 years of experience, and for drivers with more than 10 years of experience, it increases by 2.4 kcal / min on average. Keywords: driver, conflict situations, attention, energy costs.