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This data collection is part of a longitudinal survey designed to provide detailed information on the economic situation of households and persons in the United States. These data examine the distribution of income, wealth, and poverty in American society and gauge the effects of federal and state programs on the well-being of families and individuals. There are three basic elements contained in the survey. The first is a control card that records basic social and demographic characteristics for each person in a household, as well as changes in such characteristics over the course of the interviewing period. The second element is the core portion of the questionnaire, with questions repeated at each interview on labor force activity, types and amounts of income, participation in various cash and noncash benefit programs, attendance in post-secondary schools, private health insurance coverage, public or subsidized rental housing, low-income energy assistance, and school breakfast and lunch participation. The third element consists of topical modules, which are a series of supplemental questions asked during selected household visits. Topical modules include some core data to help link individuals to the core files. A topical module was not created for Wave I. The Wave II Topical Module (Part 17) covers recipiency, employment, work disability, education and training, marital status, migration, and fertility histories along with household relationships. The Wave III Topical Module (Part 19) includes data on work schedules, child care, child support agreements, support for nonhousehold members, functional limitations and disability, and utilization of health care services. Data from the Wave IV Topical Module (Part 21) include assets and liabilities, retirement expectations and pension plan coverage, and real estate property and vehicles. The Wave V Topical Module (Part 23) provides data on educational financing and enrollment. The Wave VI Topical Module (Part 25) covers time spent outside the work force, child care, child support agreements, support for nonhousehold members, functional limitations and disability, and utilization of health care services. Data in the Wave VII Topical Module (Part 27) cover selected financial assets, medical expenses and work disability, and real estate, shelter costs, dependent care, and vehicles. Wave VIII Topical Module (Part 29) includes data on annual income and retirement accounts, taxes, and school enrollment and financing. Part 33 of this study is the Wave V Topical Module Research File, an unedited version of Part 23. This research file has not been edited nor imputed but has been topcoded or bottomcoded and recoded if necessary by the Census Bureau to avoid disclosure of individual respondents' identities. Datasets: DS0: Study-Level Files DS1: Wave I Rectangular Data DS2: Data Dictionary for Wave I Rectangular File DS3: Wave II Rectangular Data DS4: Data Dictionary for Wave II Rectangular File DS5: Wave III Rectangular Data DS6: Data Dictionary for Wave III Rectangular File DS7: Wave IV Core Microdata File DS8: Data Dictionary for Wave IV Core Microdata File DS9: Wave V Core Microdata File DS10: Data Dictionary for Wave V Core Microdata File DS11: Wave VI Core Microdata File DS12: Data Dictionary for Wave VI Core Microdata File DS13: Wave VII Core Microdata File DS14: Data Dictionary for Wave VII Core Microdata File DS15: Wave VIII Core Microdata File DS16: Data Dictionary for Wave VIII Core Microdata File DS17: Wave II Topical Module Microdata File DS18: Data Dictionary for Wave II Topical Module Microdata File DS19: Wave III Topical Module Microdata File DS20: Data Dictionary for Wave III Topical Module Microdata File DS21: Wave IV Topical Module Microdata File DS22: Data Dictionary for Wave IV Topical Module Microdata File DS23: Wave V Topical Module Microdata File DS24: Data Dictionary for Wave V Topical Module Microdata File DS25: Wave VI Topical Module Microdata File DS26: Data Dictionary for Wave VI Topical Module Microdata File DS27: Wave VII Topical Module Microdata File DS28: Data Dictionary for Wave VII Topical Module Microdata File DS29: Wave VIII Topical Module Microdata File DS30: Data Dictionary for Wave VIII Topical Module Microdata File DS31: User Notes DS32: User Guide DS33: Wave V Topical Module Research File A multistage stratified sampling design was used. One-fourth of the sample households were interviewed each month, and households were reinterviewed at four-month intervals. All persons at least 15 years old who were present as household members at the time of the first interview were included for the entire study, except those who joined the military, were institutionalized for the entire study period, or moved from the United States. Original household members who moved during the study period were followed to their new residences and interviewed there. New persons moving into households of members of the original sample also were included in the survey, but were not followed if they left the household of an original sample person. Beginning with the 1990 Panel, the file structure of SIPP has changed. The unit of observation is one record for each person for each month, rather than one record per person. Also, topical modules are provided separately from core files.The codebooks are provided by ICPSR as a Portable Document Format (PDF) files and the data dictionaries are provided as ASCII text files. The PDF file format was developed by Adobe Systems Incorporated and can be accessed using PDF reader software, such as the Adobe Acrobat Reader. Information on how to obtain a copy of the Acrobat Reader is provided on the ICPSR Web site. Resident population of the United States, excluding persons living in institutions and military barracks.

This round of Eurobarometer surveys queried respondents on standard Eurobarometer measures such as public awareness of and attitudes toward the European Union (EU), and also focused on personal health issues, the Common European Currency, energy questions, development aid, and the rights of EU citizens. Respondents were asked if they thought exposure to the sun was good or bad for their health, how best to protect themselves from the sun, what type of skin, eye, and hair color they had, and what information they had received about the "Europe Against Cancer" campaign. In regard to the Common European Currency, they provided their attitudes toward having one currency for all member states, and commented on how well-informed they were about this issue, if they knew about the conditions that member countries must meet in order to join the European Economic and Monetary Union, if their own country would be able to meet the requirements and what the consequences would be if it did not, when euro coins and notes might be introduced, how the introduction of the single currency should proceed, and how it would affect economic policies and transactions. Questions about energy use and consumption covered problems that could affect the environment, if respondents had made attempts to conserve energy use in recent years and how they might do so in the future, how effective public bodies were in saving energy, and whether energy investment decisions should be left to market forces or to public bodies. Views regarding the availability and cost of energy resources over the next ten years, the importance of nuclear energy, the role of taxes in energy consumption, and whether public or private transportation should be favored in traffic planning decisions were also elicited. A battery of questions about developing countries focused on whether respondents thought there was a need to help poorer countries to develop, whether their own governments provided development aid, whether the European Commission provided such aid and if so, how much, and whether such aid should be increased or decreased. Other questions probed for opinions on whether developing countries used aid money to purchase goods from the EU, whether the Community's aid should be made better known, and how profitable it was to invest in developing countries. Respondents were also asked if they thought Europe, the United States, or Japan was best placed to help poor people, where Europe's exports were sent, if development aid helped to solve certain social and economic problems, and if they felt they received accurate accounts about developing countries from newspapers and television news programs. A few questions also focused on perceptions of the rights of citizens of the EU and where information could be located about such rights. Citizens from Germany, Spain, France, Italy, and the United Kingdom were asked about their attitudes toward other EU countries, which countries should join the Monetary Union, how important the introduction of the single currency by January 1, 1999, was, and how likely it was that the deadline would be met. Demographic items included age, gender, marital status, household size, monthly income, education, size of community, region, and occupation. (1) Data processing for this collection was performed at the Zentralarchiv fur Empirische Sozialforschung in Cologne, Germany. (2) The codebook and data collection instrument are provided as Portable Document Format (PDF) files. The PDF file format was developed by Adobe Systems Incorporated and can be accessed using PDF reader software, such as the Adobe Acrobat Reader. Information on how to obtain a copy of the Acrobat Reader is provided on the ICPSR Web site. Persons aged 15 and over residing in the 15 member nations of the European Union: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Datasets: DS1: Eurobarometer 46.0: Personal Health, Energy, Development Aid, and the Common European Currency, October-November 1996 Multistage national probability samples.

Most of the climate change models for South Africa predict a reduction in freshwater availability by 2050, which implies that water availability for sectoral production activities is expected to decline. This decline has an impact on sectoral output, value added and households’ welfare. Using a computable general equilibrium approach, this study investigates the possible impact of global change on households’ welfare. The simulation results show that water scarcity due to global change can potentially lead to a general deterioration in households’ welfare. The poor households, whose incomes are adversely impacted, are the most vulnerable to the consequences of the impact of global change on water resources in South Africa. This vulnerability can only be reduced if welfare policies that maintain food consumption levels for the least and low-income households are implemented

Society faces the double challenge of increasing biomass production to meet the future demands for food, materials and bioenergy, while addressing negative impacts of current (and future) land use. In the discourse, land use change (LUC) has often been considered as negative, referring to impacts of deforestation and expansion of biomass plantations. However, strategic establishment of suitable perennial production systems in agricultural landscapes can mitigate environmental impacts of current crop production, while providing biomass for the bioeconomy. Here, we explore the potential for such “beneficial LUC” in EU28. First, we map and quantify the degree of accumulated soil organic carbon losses, soil loss by wind and water erosion, nitrogen emissions to water, and recurring floods, in ∼81.000 individual landscapes in EU28. We then estimate the effectiveness in mitigating these impacts through establishment of perennial plants, in each landscape. The results indicate that there is a substantial potential for effective impact mitigation. Depending on criteria selection, 10–46% of the land used for annual crop production in EU28 is located in landscapes that could be considered priority areas for beneficial LUC. These areas are scattered all over Europe, but there are notable “hot-spots” where priority areas are concentrated, e.g., large parts of Denmark, western UK, The Po valley in Italy, and the Danube basin. While some policy developments support beneficial LUC, implementation could benefit from attempts to realize synergies between different Sustainable Development Goals, e.g., “Zero hunger”, “Clean water and sanitation”, “Affordable and Clean Energy”, “Climate Action”, and “Life on Land”. I studien har vi utforskat potentialen för fördelaktig markanvändningsförändring genom strategisk perennialisering i Europa. Miljöproblematiken i fler än 81,000 individuella landskap har kvantifierats och potentialen att lindra miljöproblematik med hjälp av strategisk etablering av perenna grödor har uppskattats i varje enskilt landskap. För mer information, se engelsk beskrivning.

This data collection is part of a longitudinal survey designed to provide detailed information on the economic situation of households and persons in the United States. These data examine the distribution of income, wealth, and poverty in American society and gauge the effects of federal and state programs on the well-being of families and individuals. There are three basic elements contained in the survey. The first is a control card that records basic social and demographic characteristics for each person in a household, as well as changes in such characteristics over the course of the interviewing period. The second element is the core portion of the questionnaire, with questions repeated at each interview on labor force activity, types and amounts of income, participation in various cash and noncash benefit programs, attendance in post-secondary schools, private health insurance coverage, public or subsidized rental housing, low-income energy assistance, and school breakfast and lunch participation. The third element consists of topical modules, which are a series of supplemental questions asked during selected household visits. Topical modules include some core data to help link individuals to the core files. A topical module was not created for the first wave of the 1991 Panel. The Wave 2 Topical Module (Part 5) covers employment, work disability, education and training, marital status, migration, fertility history, and receipt of benefits from government programs. The Wave 3 Topical Module (Part 9) includes data concerning work schedule, child care, child support agreements, support for nonhousehold members, functional limitations and disability, and utilization of health care services. Data in the Wave 4 Topical Module (Part 13) include selected financial assets, medical expenses and work disability, real estate, shelter costs, dependent care, and vehicles. The Wave 5 Topical Module (Part 17) covers annual income and retirement accounts, taxes, and school enrollment and financing. The Wave 6 Topical Module (Part 20) includes information on consumer durables, living conditions, and basic needs. The Wave 7 Topical Module (Part 22) focuses on assets and liabilities, retirement expectations and pension plan coverage, and real estate property and vehicles. The Wave 8 Topical Module (Part 24) covers school enrollment and financing. Part 26 of this study is the Wave 5 Topical Module Microdata Research File, an unedited version of Part 17. This research file has not been edited nor imputed but has been topcoded or bottomcoded and recoded if necessary by the Census Bureau to avoid disclosure of individual respondents' identities. Datasets: DS0: Study-Level Files DS1: Wave 1 Core Microdata File DS2: Data Dictionary for Wave 1 Core Microdata File DS3: Wave 2 Core Microdata File DS4: Data Dictionary for Wave 2 Core Microdata File DS5: Wave 2 Topical Module Microdata File DS6: Data Dictionary for Wave 2 Topical Module File DS7: Wave 3 Core Microdata File DS8: Data Dictionary for Wave 3 Core Microdata File DS9: Wave 3 Topical Module Microdata File DS10: Data Dictionary for Wave 3 Topical Module Microdata File DS11: Wave 4 Core Microdata File DS12: Data Dictionary for Wave 4 Core Microdata File DS13: Wave 4 Topical Module Microdata File DS14: Data Dictionary for Wave 4 Topical Module Microdata File DS15: Wave 5 Core Microdata File DS16: Data Dictionary for Wave 5 Core Microdata File DS17: Wave 5 Topical Module Microdata File DS18: Data Dictionary for Wave 5 Topical Module Microdata File DS19: Wave 6 Core Microdata File DS20: Wave 6 Topical Module Microdata File DS21: Wave 7 Core Microdata File DS22: Wave 7 Topical Module Microdata File DS23: Wave 8 Core Microdata File DS24: Wave 8 Topical Module Microdata File DS25: User Notes DS26: Wave 5 Topical Module Microdata Research File A multistage stratified sampling design was used. One-fourth of the sample households were interviewed each month, and households were reinterviewed at four-month intervals. All persons at least 15 years old who were present as household members at the time of the first interview were included for the entire study, except those who joined the military, were institutionalized for the entire study period, or moved from the United States. Original household members who moved during the study period were followed to their new residences and interviewed there. New persons moving into households of members of the original sample also were included in the survey, but were not followed if they left the household of an original sample person. Beginning with the 1990 Panel, the file structure of SIPP was changed. The unit of observation is one record for each person for each month, rather than one record per person. Also, topical modules are provided separately from the core files.The codebooks are provided as Portable Document Format (PDF) files. The PDF file format was developed by Adobe Systems Incorporated and can be accessed using PDF reader software, such as the Adobe Acrobat Reader. Information on how to obtain a copy of the Acrobat Reader is provided through the ICPSR Website on the Internet. Resident population of the United States, excluding persons living in institutions and military barracks.

This round of Eurobarometer surveys diverged from the Standard Eurobarometer measures and queried respondents on the following major areas of focus: (1) poverty and social exclusion, (2) social services, (3) climate change, and (4) the national economic situation and statistics. For the first major focus, poverty and social exclusion, respondents were queried about their own definition of poverty, the extent of poverty in their area, trends in the growth or decline of poverty in their area and in the world, social and personal causes of poverty and homelessness, and negative effects of poverty. Questions also included the risk of poverty for themselves and others, the importance of governmental wealth redistribution, social tension between groups, trust in individual people, trust in and reliability of institutions in fighting poverty, minimal acceptable living standards, and the level of homelessness in their area. In addition, respondents were queried on their ability to keep their job, the relationship between their job and their family, their own personal aid to help the poor, access to financial services, the respondents' satisfaction with life, and the respondents' own living conditions and income. For the second major focus, social services, respondents were asked about such services as long term care, childcare, public employment, social housing, and social assistance. Questions focused on how much they or others around them use social services, the quality and affordability of social services, preferences for elderly care and childcare, the prioritization of group assistance, and the financing of social services. For the third major focus, climate change, respondents were asked about the seriousness of climate change, governmental attempts to fight climate change, personal actions taken to fight climate change, and the relationship between environmental protection and economic growth. Finally, for the fourth major focus, the national economic situation and statistics, respondents were asked to estimate their country's official growth rate, inflation rate, and unemployment rate, and were asked to give their opinions on the importance and trustworthiness of economic statistics. Respondents were also queried on the employment and economic situations in their country. Demographic and other background information includes left-right political placement, occupation, age, gender, marital status, age at completion of full-time education, household composition, ownership of a fixed or a mobile telephone and other durable goods, internet usage, financial situation, level in society, minority group affiliation, region of residence, type and size of locality, and language of interview (in select countries). face-to-face interviewThe original data collection was carried out by TNS Opinion & Social on request of the European Commission.The codebook and setup files for this collection contain characters with diacritical marks used in many European languages.The documentation and/or setup files may contain references to Turkey, Croatia, Macedonia, and Cyprus TCC (the Turkish Cypriot Community), but these countries were not participants in this wave of Eurobarometer surveys. This collection contains no data for Turkey, Croatia, Macedonia, and Cyprus TCC.The fieldwork dates in the data file for the Czech Republic and the Netherlands are not consistent with the fieldwork dates in the "Technical Specifications" section of the ICPSR codebook.A split ballot was used for one or more questions in this survey. The variable SPLIT defines the separate groups.Variables for those questions under embargo are not included in this version of the collection. Users should consult the setup files to see which variables are under embargo. A new version of the collection will be released by ICPSR after embargoes are lifted. Citizens of the EU aged 15 and over residing in the 27 EU member countries: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Republic of Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Smallest Geographic Unit: country Datasets: DS1: Eurobarometer 72.1: Poverty and Social Exclusion, Social Services, Climate Change, and the National Economic Situation and Statistics, August-September 2009 Please review the "Weighting Information" section of the ICPSR codebook for this Eurobarometer study. Multistage national probability samples.

The aim of this study was to identify the attitudes of the public in the United States and in 12 European countries towards foreign policy issues and transatlantic issues. The survey concentrated on issues such as: United States and European Union (EU) leadership and relations, favorability towards certain countries, institutions and people, security, cooperation and the perception of threat including issues of concern with Afghanistan, Iran, and Russia, energy dependence, economic downturn, and global warming, Turkey and Turkish accession to the EU, promotion of democracy in other countries, and the importance of economic versus military power. Several questions asked of respondents pertained to voting and politics including whether they discussed political matters with friends and whether they attempted to persuade others close to them to share their views on politics which they held strong opinions about, vote intention, their assessment of the current United States President and upcoming presidential election, political party attachment, and left-right political self-placement. Demographic and other background information includes age, gender, race, ethnicity, religious affiliation and participation, age when stopped full-time education and stage at which full-time education completed, occupation, number of people aged 18 years and older living in the household, type of locality, region of residence, prior travel to the United States or Europe, and language of interview. computer-assisted personal interview (CAPI); computer-assisted telephone interview (CATI); paper and pencil interview (PAPI)The original data collection was carried out by TNS, Fait et Opinion -- Brussels on request of the German Marshall Fund of the United States.The codebook and setup files for this collection contain characters with diacritical marks used in many European languages.A split ballot was used for one or more questions in this survey. The variable SPLIT defines the separate groups.For data collection, the computer-assisted face-to-face interview was used in Poland, the paper and pencil interview was used in Bulgaria, Romania, Slovakia and Turkey, and the computer-assisted telephone interview was used in all other countries.Additional information on the Transatlantic Trends Survey is provided on the Transatlantic Trends Web site. (1) Multistage random sampling was implemented in the countries using face-to-face interviewing. Sampling points were selected according to region, and then random routes were conducted within these sampling points. Four callbacks were used for each address. The birthday rule was used to randomly select respondents within a household. (2) Random Digit Dialing was implemented in the countries using telephone interviewing. Eight callbacks were used for each telephone number. The birthday rule was used to randomly select respondents within a household. The adult population aged 18 years and over in 13 countries: Bulgaria, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Smallest Geographic Unit: country Response Rates: The total response rate for all countries surveyed is 23 percent. Please refer to the "Technical Note" in the ICPSR codebook for additional information about response rate. Please refer to the "Technical Note" in the ICPSR codebook for further information about weighting. Datasets: DS1: Transatlantic Trends Survey, 2008

This data collection provides information on characteristics of housing units in 11 selected Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) of the United States. Although the unit of analysis is the housing unit rather than its occupants, the survey also is a comprehensive source of information on the demographic characteristics of household residents. Data collected include general housing characteristics such as the year the structure was built, type and number of living quarters, occupancy status, presence of commercial establishments on the property, and property value. Data are also provided on kitchen and plumbing facilities, type of heating fuel used, source of water, sewage disposal, and heating and air-conditioning equipment. Questions about housing quality include condition of walls and floors, adequacy of heat in winter, availability of electrical outlets in rooms, basement and roof water leakage, and exterminator service for mice and rats. Data related to housing expenses include mortgage or rent payments, utility costs, fuel costs, property insurance costs, real estate taxes, and garbage collection fees. Variables are also supplied on neighborhood conditions such as quality of roads, presence of crime, trash, litter, street noise, abandoned structures, commercial activity, and odors or smoke, and the adequacy of services such as public transportation, schools, shopping facilities, police protection, recreation facilities, and hospitals or clinics. In addition to housing characteristics, data on age, sex, race, marital status, income, and relationship to householder are provided for each household member. Additional data are supplied for the householder, including years of school completed, Spanish origin, and length of residence. Datasets: DS0: Study-Level Files DS1: Anaheim-Santa Ana, California DS2: Cincinnati, Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana DS3: Denver, Colorado DS4: Kansas City, Missouri-Kansas DS5: Miami-Fort Lauderdale, Florida DS6: New Orleans, Louisiana DS7: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania DS8: Portland, Oregon-Washington DS9: Rochester, New York DS10: San Antonio, Texas DS11: San Bernardino-Riverside, California Separate samples were drawn in 11 selected MSAs. The samples were drawn from housing units enumerated in the 1980 Census and updated to include housing units constructed since 1980. The universe consists of all housing units in 11 selected Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs).

The country’s unique philosophy is expressed by Bhutan’s Gross National Happiness (GNH) as the guiding principle of development. Bhutan is at a crossroads: It can maintain the current pattern of development—with rising inequality—or develop a vibrant private sector to generate jobs and diversify the economy, building resilience to future external shocks. The overarching priority of this Country Partnership Framework (CPF) is job creation. This CPF presents an integrated framework of WBG support to help Bhutan achieve inclusive and sustainable development through private sector–led job creation.