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Misurazioni orarie SMPS per Malin Head per l'anno 2019 Clima Chimica e Climate Change Network (AC3) Stazione: Testa di Malin (MLH) Le coordinate: 55º 22′ N, 7º 20′ O ALTITUDINE: 22 m s.l.m. Altezza di misura: 5 m Tipo di sito: fondo rurale Strumentazione: PALAS U200 SMPS Gamma di dati: 8-1200 nm (l'intestazione determina l'intervallo inferiore) Unità:[1/cm³] Tempo di consegna: TERMINI E CONDIZIONI Informazioni di base: Malin Head è l'attuale stazione meteorologica sinottica Met Eireann. Numero di serie dello strumento: Informazioni di calibrazione: Calibrato ogni 2 anni Погодинний вимірювання SMPS для Малін Голова на 2019 рік Хімія атмосфери та мережа змін клімату (AC3) Станція метро: Малін Голова (MLH) Географічні координати міста: 55° 22′ N, 7° 20′ ВТ ВИСОТА ПІДЙОМУ: 22 м с. Висота вимірювання: 5 м Тип сайту: сільський фон Вимірювальні прилади: ПАЛАС U200 SMPS Діапазон даних: 8-1200 нм (заголовок визначає нижній діапазон) Одиниці:[1/см³] Час роботи: СТВОРЕННЯ UTC Довідкова інформація: Малін Хед - існуюча синоптична метеорологічна станція Met Eireann. Серійний номер приладу: Інформація про калібрування: Калібрується кожні 2 роки Stundas SMPS mērījumi Malin Head 2019. gadam Atmosfēras ķīmijas un klimata pārmaiņu tīkls (AC3) Atrašanās vieta: Malin Head (MLH) Koordinātas: 55° 22′ ZIEMEĻU PLATUMA, 7° 20′ RIETUMU GARUMA, AUGSTUMS VIRS JŪRAS LĪMEŅA: 22 m asl Mērīšanas augstums: 5 m Vietnes tips: lauku vide Instrumenti: PALAS U200 SMPS Datu diapazons: 8–1200 nm (virsma nosaka zemāko diapazonu) Vienības:[1/cm³] Laiks: UTC UTC Vispārīga informācija: Malin Head ir esošā Met Eireann sinoptiskās meteoroloģijas stacija. Instrumenta sērijas numurs: Kalibrēšanas informācija: Kalibrēts ik pēc 2 gadiem Kejl fis-siegħa tal-SMPS għal Malin Head għas-sena 2019 Netwerk dwar il-Kimika u t-Tibdil fil-Klima (AC3) Stazzjon: Ras ta’ Malin (MLH) Koordinati: 55° 22′ N, 7° 20′ W ALTITUDNI: 22 m asl L-għoli tal-kejl: 5 m Tip ta’ sit: sfond rurali Strumentazzjoni: PALAS U200 SMPS Firxa ta’ dejta: 8–1200 nm (l-intestatura tiddetermina l-firxa aktar baxxa) Unitajiet:[1/cm³] Ħin: UTC Informazzjoni ta’ sfond: Malin Head huwa l-istazzjon eżistenti tal-meteoroloġija sinottika Met Eireann. Numru tas-serje tal-istrument: Informazzjoni ta’ kalibrazzjoni: Kalibrat kull sentejn Valandiniai SMPS matavimai Malin Head 2019 metams Atmosferos chemijos ir klimato kaitos tinklas (AC3) Stotelės: Malin Head (MLH) Koordinatės: 55° 22′ ŠIAURĖS PLATUMOS, 7° 20′ VAKARŲ ILGUMOS AUKŠTIS: 22 m asl Matavimo aukštis: 5 m Svetainės tipas: kaimo fonas Instrumentai: PALAS U200 SMPS Duomenų diapazonas: 8–1200 nm (antraštė nustato žemesnį diapazoną) Vienetų skaičius:[1/cm³] Laikas: UTC Pagrindinė informacija: Malin Head yra esama Met Eireann sinoptinės meteorologijos stotis. Priemonės serijos numeris: Kalibravimo informacija: Kalibruojama kas 2 metus Mediciones por hora de SMPS para Malin Head para el año 2019 Red de Química y Cambio Climático de la Atmósfera (AC3) De la estación: Malin Head (MLH) Coordenadas: 55.º 22′ N, 7.º 20′ O ALTURA: 22 m asl Altura de medición: 5 m Tipo de sitio: fondo rural Instrumentación: PALAS U200 SMPS Rango de datos: 8-1200 nm (la cabecera determina el rango inferior) Unidades:[1/cm³] Hora: UTC Información de antecedentes: Malin Head es la estación de meteorología sinóptica Met Eireann existente. Número de serie del instrumento: Información de calibración: Calibrado cada 2 años Medições horárias SMPS para Malin Head para o ano 2019 Rede de Química da Atmosfera e Alterações Climáticas (AC3) Estação: Cabeça de Malin (MLH) Coordenadas: 55.º 22′ N, 7.º 20′ W ALTITUDE: 22 m/sl Altura da medição: 5 m Tipo do site: contexto rural Instrumentação: PALAS U200 SMPS Gama de dados: 8-1200 nm (o cabeçalho determina o intervalo mais baixo) Unidades:[1/cm³] Hora: UTC Informações gerais: Malin Head é a estação de meteorologia sinóptica Met Eireann existente. Número de série do instrumento: Informações de calibração: Calibrado a cada 2 anos SMPS-metingen per uur voor Malin Head voor het jaar 2019 Netwerk van atmosfeerchemie en klimaatverandering (AC3) Locatie: Malin Hoofd (MLH) Coördinaten: 55° 22′ NOORDERBREEDTE, 7° 20′ WL HOOGTE: 22 m asl De hoogte van de meting: 5 m Soort site: landelijke achtergrond Instrumentatie: PALAS U200 SMPS Gegevensbereik: 8-1200 nm (header bepaalt een lager bereik) Eenheden:[1/cm³] Tijd: UTC Achtergrondinformatie: Malin Head is het bestaande synoptische meteorologisch station Met Eireann. Instrument serienummer: Kalibratie info: Om de 2 jaar gekalibreerd Почасови SMPS измервания за Malin Head за 2019 г. Мрежа за химия на атмосферата и изменение на климата (AC3) Станция: Malin Head (MLH) Координати: 55° 22′ С.Ш., 7° 20′ З.Д. ВИСОЧИНА:22 m asl Височина на измерване:5 м Тип на сайта:произход на селските райони Инструментална апаратура:PALAS U200 SMPS Обхват на данните:8—1200 nm (главата определя долен обхват) Единици:[1/cm³] Време:UTC Основна информация: Malin Head е съществуващата метеорологична станция Met Eireann. Сериен номер на инструмента: Информация за калибриране: Калибрирани на всеки 2 години Mesures horaires SMPS pour Malin Head pour l’année 2019 Réseau de chimie de l’atmosphère et du changement climatique (AC3) Station: Tête de Malin (MLH) Coordonnées: 55° 22′ N, 7° 20′ O ALTITUDE:22 m asl Hauteur de mesure:5 m Type de site:milieu rural Instrumentation:PALAS U200 SMPS Plage de données:8-1200 nm (l’en-tête détermine la plage inférieure) Unités:[1/cm³] Temps:UTC Informations générales: Malin Head est la station météorologique synoptique de Met Eireann. Numéro de série de l’instrument: Informations d’étalonnage: Calibré tous les 2 ans

Species distribution models (SDMs) are becoming an important tool for marine conservation and management. Yet while there is an increasing diversity and volume of marine biodiversity data for training SDMs, little practical guidance is available on how to leverage distinct data types to build robust models. We explored the effect of different data types on the fit, performance and predictive ability of SDMs by comparing models trained with four data types for a heavily exploited pelagic fish, the blue shark (Prionace glauca), in the Northwest Atlantic: two fishery-dependent (conventional mark-recapture tags, fisheries observer records) and two fishery-independent (satellite-linked electronic tags, pop-up archival tags). We found that all four data types can result in robust models, but differences among spatial predictions highlighted the need to consider ecological realism in model selection and interpretation regardless of data type. Differences among models were primarily attributed to biases in how each data type, and the associated representation of absences, sampled the environment and summarized the resulting species distributions. Outputs from model ensembles and a model trained on all pooled data both proved effective for combining inferences across data types and provided more ecologically realistic predictions than individual models. Our results provide valuable guidance for practitioners developing SDMs. With increasing access to diverse data sources, future work should further develop truly integrative modeling approaches that can explicitly leverage strengths of individual data types while statistically accounting for limitations, such as sampling biases.  Please see the README document ("README.md") and the accompanying published article: Braun, C. D., M. C. Arostegui, N. Farchadi, M. Alexander, P. Afonso, A. Allyn, S. J. Bograd, S. Brodie, D. P. Crear, E. F. Culhane, T. H. Curtis, E. L. Hazen, A. Kerney, N. Lezama-Ochoa, K. E. Mills, D. Pugh, N. Queiroz, J. D. Scott, G. B. Skomal, D. W. Sims, S. R. Thorrold, H. Welch, R. Young-Morse, R. Lewison. In press. Building use-inspired species distribution models: using multiple data types to examine and improve model performance. Ecological Applications. Accepted. DOI: < article DOI will be added when it is assigned >

Kejl ta’ CO2 fis-siegħa għal Mace Head għas-sena 2019, SN41 Netwerk dwar il-Kimika u t-Tibdil fil-Klima (AC3) KODIĊI TAL-ISTAZZJON: MHD ISEM L-ISTAZZJON: Ras Mace KATEGORIJA TA’ OSSERVAZZJONI: Osservazzjoni tat-teħid ta’ kampjuni tal-arja fi pjattaforma Stazzjonarja PAJJIŻ/TERRITORJU: L-Irlanda L-għoli tal-kejl: 24.0 m AGL ALTITUDNI: 5 m asl LATITUDNI: 53.3261 N LONĠITUDNI: —9.9036 E TIP TA’ SIT: sfond rurali STRUMENTAZZJONI: PICARRO G1301 FIRXA TA’ DEJTA: CO2 SKALA TA’ KEJL: GĦAD IRID JIĠI KKONFERMAT PERJODU TA’ KOPERTURA: 2019–01–01 00:00 2019–09–03 00:00 INTERVALL TA’ ĦIN: kull siegħa UNITÀ TA’ KEJL: nmol.mol-√ METODU TA’ KEJL: Spettrometru ta’ ringdown tal-kavità (ICOS strument Id 41) TIP TA’ PRODOTT TA’ DEJTA: L1 TIP TA’ TEĦID TA’ KAMPJUNI: kontinwu POLITIKA DWAR ID-DEJTA: Id-DATA tal-ICOs hija liċenzjata taħt liċenzja internazzjonali ta’ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.The: Il-liċenzja tad-data ICOS hija deskritta fuq https://data.icos-cp.eu/licence) Почасови измервания на CO2 за Mace Head за 2019 г., SN41 Мрежа за химия на атмосферата и изменение на климата (AC3) КОД НА СТАНЦИЯТА: MHD ИМЕ НА СТАНЦИЯТА: Мейс Хед КАТЕГОРИЯ НА НАБЛЮДЕНИЕ: Наблюдение на вземането на проби от въздуха на стационарна платформа ДЪРЖАВА/ТЕРИТОРИЯ: Ирландия Височина на измерване: 24,0 м AGL ВИСОЧИНА: 5 m asl ГЕОГРАФСКА ШИРИНА: 53.3261 N ДЪЛЖИНА: —9.9036 Д ТИП НА САЙТА: произход на селските райони ИНСТРУМЕНТАЛНА АПАРАТУРА: PICARRO G1301 ОБХВАТ НА ДАННИТЕ: CO2 ИЗМЕРВАТЕЛНА СКАЛА: ОЧАКВА СЕ ПОТВЪРЖДЕНИЕ ОБХВАЩАЩ ПЕРИОД: 2019—01—01 00:00 2019—09—03 00:00 ВРЕМЕВИ ИНТЕРВАЛ: почасово МЕРНА ЕДИНИЦА: nmol.mol-Ω МЕТОД НА ИЗМЕРВАНЕ: Спектрометър за пръстен на кухината (ICOS инструмент Id 41) ТИП НА ПРОДУКТА: L1 ТИП НА ВЗЕМАНЕ НА ПРОБИ: непрекъснато ПОЛИТИКА ЗА ДАННИТЕ: ICOs DATA е лицензирана под международен лиценз Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.The лицензът за данни на ICOS е описан на https://data.icos-cp.eu/licence) Mediciones horarias de CO2 para Mace Head para el año 2019, SN41 Red de Química y Cambio Climático de la Atmósfera (AC3) CÓDIGO DE ESTACIÓN: MHD NOMBRE DE LA ESTACIÓN: Cabeza de Mace CATEGORÍA DE OBSERVACIÓN: Observación de muestreo de aire en una plataforma estacionaria PAÍS/TERRITORIO: Irlanda Altura de medición: 24,0 m AGL ALTURA: 5 m asl LA LATITUD: 53.3261 N LONGITUD: —9.9036 E TIPO DE SITIO: fondo rural INSTRUMENTACIÓN: PICARRO G1301 RANGO DE DATOS: CO2 ESCALA DE MEDICIÓN: PENDIENTE DE CONFIRMACIÓN PERÍODO DE COBERTURA: 2019-01-01 00:00 2019-09-03 00:00 INTERVALO DE TIEMPO: por hora UNIDAD DE MEDIDA: nmol.mol... MÉTODO DE MEDICIÓN: Espectrómetro de anillo de cavidad (instrumentoICOS Id 41) TIPO DE PRODUCTO DE DATOS: L1 TIPO DE MUESTREO: continuo POLÍTICA DE DATOS: ICOs DATA está licenciado bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.The la licencia de datos ICOS se describe en https://data.icos-cp.eu/licence) Mesures horaires de CO2 pour Mace Head pour l’année 2019, SN41 Réseau de chimie de l’atmosphère et du changement climatique (AC3) CODE DE LA STATION: MHD NOM DE LA STATION: Tête de Mace CATÉGORIE D’OBSERVATION: Observation d’échantillonnage d’air sur une plate-forme stationnaire PAYS/TERRITOIRE: Irlande Hauteur de mesure: 24,0 m AGL ALTITUDE: 5 m asl LATITUDE: 53.3261 N LONGITUDE: —9.9036 E TYPE DE SITE: milieu rural INSTRUMENTATION: PICARRO G1301 PLAGE DE DONNÉES: CO2 ÉCHELLE DE MESURE: À CONFIRMER PÉRIODE DE COUVERTURE: 2019-01-01 00:00 2019-09-03 00:00 INTERVALLE DE TEMPS: heure par heure UNITÉ DE MESURE: nmol.mol-’ MÉTHODE DE MESURE: Spectromètre d’anneau de cavité (instrument ICOS Id 41) TYPE DE PRODUIT DE DONNÉES: L1 TYPE D’ÉCHANTILLONNAGE: continu POLITIQUE DES DONNÉES: ICOs DATA est sous licence Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.The la licence de données ICOS est décrite sur https://data.icos-cp.eu/licence) Medições horárias de CO2 para Mace Head para o ano 2019, SN41 Rede de Química da Atmosfera e Alterações Climáticas (AC3) CÓDIGO DA ESTAÇÃO: MHD NOME DA ESTAÇÃO: Cabeça de mace CATEGORIA DE OBSERVAÇÃO: Observação da amostragem do ar numa plataforma estacionária PAÍS/TERRITÓRIO: Irlanda Altura da medição: 24,0 milhões de AGL ALTITUDE: 5 m de argila LATITUDE: 53.3261 N LONGITUDE: —9.9036 E TIPO DE SÍTIO: contexto rural INSTRUMENTAÇÃO: PICARRO G1301 GAMA DE DADOS: CO2 ESCALA DE MEDIÇÃO: A CONFIRMAR PERÍODO DE COBERTURA: 2019-01-01 00:00 2019-09-03 00:00 INTERVALO DE TEMPO: horário UNIDADE DE MEDIDA: nmol.mol— MÉTODO DE MEDIÇÃO: Cavidade ringdown Spectrometer (ICOS instrumento Id 41) TIPO DE PRODUTO DE DADOS: L1 TIPO DE AMOSTRAGEM: contínuo POLÍTICA DE DADOS: ICOs DATA é licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Atribuição 4.0 internacional (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.The licença de dados ICOS é descrita em https://data.icos-cp.eu/licence) Погодинний вимірювання CO2 для Mace Head за 2019 рік, SN41 Хімія атмосфери та мережа змін клімату (AC3) КОД СТАНЦІЇ: МХД МХД НАЗВА СТАНЦІЇ: Голова Мейса КАТЕГОРІЯ СПОСТЕРЕЖЕННЯ: Спостереження за відбором повітря на стаціонарній платформі КРАЇНА/ТЕРИТОРІЯ: Україна - Україна Висота вимірювання: 24,0 м AGL ВИСОТА ПІДЙОМУ: 5 м ас ШИРОТА ШИРОТИ: 53.3261 N ДОВГОТА: 9.9036 E ТИП САЙТУ: сільський фон ВИМІРЮВАЛЬНІ ПРИЛАДИ: ПІКАРРО G1301 ДІАПАЗОН ДАНИХ: СО2 СО2 ШКАЛА ВИМІРЮВАННЯ: TBC / TBC ПЕРІОД ПОКРИТТЯ: 2019-01-01 00:00 2019-09-03 00:00 ІНТЕРВАЛ ЧАСУ: час від часу ОДИНИЦЯ ВИМІРЮВАННЯ: nmol.mol-. СПОСІБ ВИМІРЮВАННЯ: Порожнинний кільцевий спектрометр (ІКОС прилад Id 41) ТИП ПРОДУКТУ ДАНИХ: L1 (АНГЛ.) ТИП ВІДБОРУ ПРОБ: безперервний безперервний ПОЛІТИКА ЩОДО ДАНИХ: ICOs DATA ліцензовано за міжнародною ліцензією Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.The ліцензія на дані ICOS описана в https://data.icos-cp.eu/licence) Misurazioni orarie di CO2 per Mace Head per l'anno 2019, SN41 Clima Chimica e Climate Change Network (AC3) CODICE STAZIONE: MHD NOME DELLA STAZIONE: Testa di Mace CATEGORIA DI OSSERVAZIONE: Osservazione del campionamento dell'aria su una piattaforma stazionaria PAESE/TERRITORIO: Irlanda Altezza di misura: 24,0 m AGL ALTITUDINE: 5 m slm LATITUDINE: 53.3261 N LONGITUDINE: —9.9036 E TIPO DI SITO: fondo rurale STRUMENTAZIONE: PICARRO G1301 GAMMA DI DATI: CO2 SCALA DI MISURA: TBC PERIODO DI COPERTURA: 2019-01-01 00:00 2019-09-03 00:00 INTERVALLO DI TEMPO: ogni ora UNITÀ DI MISURA: nmol.mol— METODO DI MISURAZIONE: Spettrometro dell'anello della cavità (ICOS strumento Id 41) TIPO DI PRODOTTO: L1 TIPO DI CAMPIONAMENTO: continuo POLITICA DEI DATI: ICOs DATA è concesso sotto licenza Creative Commons Attribuzione 4.0 internazionale (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.The ICOS licenza dati è descritto all'indirizzo https://data.icos-cp.eu/licence) Mjerenja CO2 po satu za Mace Head za 2019. godinu, SN41 Mreža za kemiju atmosfere i klimatske promjene (AC3) BROJ STANICE: MHD NAZIV STANICE: Mace glava KATEGORIJA PROMATRANJA: Promatranje uzorkovanja zraka na stacionarnoj platformi ZEMLJA/PODRUČJE: Irska Visina mjerenja: 24,0 m AGL VISINA: 5 m asl ZEMLJOPISNA ŠIRINA: 53.3261 N DUŽINA: —9.9036 E VRSTA STRANICE: ruralna pozadina INSTRUMENTACIJA: PICARRO G1301 RASPON PODATAKA: CO2 MJERNA LJESTVICA: JOŠ NIJE POTVRĐENO RAZDOBLJE POKRIVANJA: 2019 – 01 – 01 00:00 2019 – 09 – 03 00:00 VREMENSKI INTERVAL: satno MJERNA JEDINICA: nmol.mol-т METODA MJERENJA: Spektrometri prstenastih šupljina (ICOS instrument Id 41) VRSTA PODATKOVNOG PROIZVODA: L1 VRSTA UZORKOVANJA: kontinuirano PODATKOVNA POLITIKA: ICOs DATA je licencirana na temelju međunarodne licence Creative Commons Imenovanje 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.The ICOS dozvola za podatke opisana je na https://data.icos-cp.eu/licence) CO2-metingen per uur voor Mace Head voor het jaar 2019, SN41 Netwerk van atmosfeerchemie en klimaatverandering (AC3) DE CODE VAN HET STATION: MHD NAAM VAN HET STATION: Mace Hoofd OBSERVATIE CATEGORIE: Observatie van luchtbemonstering op een stationair platform LAND/GRONDGEBIED: Ierland De hoogte van de meting: 24,0 m AGL HOOGTE: 5 m asl BREEDTEGRAAD: 53.3261 N LENGTEGRAAD: —9.9036 E SOORT SITE: landelijke achtergrond INSTRUMENTATIE: PICARRO G1301 GEGEVENSBEREIK: CO2 MEETSCHAAL: TBC DEKKINGSPERIODE: 2019-01-01 00:00 2019-09-03 00:00 TIJDSINTERVAL: per uur MEETEENHEID: nmol.mol— MEETMETHODE: De Spectrometer van de holtering (ICOS-instrument Id 41) HET PRODUCTTYPE VAN DE GEGEVENS: L1 STEEKPROEFTYPE: continu GEGEVENSBELEID: ICO’s DATA is gelicentieerd onder een Creative Commons Naamsvermelding 4.0 internationale licentie (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.The ICOS-gegevenslicentie wordt beschreven op https://data.icos-cp.eu/licence) Măsurarea CO2 pe oră pentru Mace Head pentru anul 2019, SN41 Rețeaua de Chimie și Schimbări Climatice (AC3) CODUL STAȚIEI: ROMÂNĂ NUMELE STAȚIEI: Capul lui Mace CATEGORIE DE OBSERVARE: Observarea eșantionării aerului pe o platformă staționară ȚARĂ/TERITORIU: Irlanda Înălțime de măsurare: 24,0 m AGL ALTITUDINE: 5 m asl LATITUDINE: 53.3261 N LONGITUDINE: —9.9036 E TIPUL SITE-ULUI: mediul rural INSTRUMENTAȚIE: PICARRO G1301 INTERVALUL DE DATE: CO2 SCALA DE MĂSURARE: DE CONFIRMAT PERIOADA DE ACOPERIRE: 2019-01-01 00:00 2019-09-03 00:00 INTERVAL DE TIMP: pe oră UNITATE DE MĂSURĂ: nmol.mol METODA DE MĂSURARE: Cavitatea inelului Spectrometru (ICOS instrument Id 41) TIPUL DE PRODUS DE DATE: L1 TIPUL DE EȘANTIONARE: continuă POLITICA DATELOR: ICOs DATA este licențiată sub licență internațională Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.The Licența de date ICOS este descrisă la https://data.icos-cp.eu/licence)

Bio-degradation assays were performed for bio-based polymers under environmental conditions with controlled temperature and pH using pH Stat titration. Suspensions of PLA and PBS microparticles, produced by e.g. cryo-milling, were incubated with proteolytic and lipolytic enzymes. Rates of hydrolysis, as determined by counter-titration with a diluted base (NaOH), was recorded for two hours. The thermal profile of PLA hydrolysis by protease was investigated. All measurements were conducted under controlled laboratory conditions. The columns headings are abbreviated and mean the following. Min: Duration of the titration in minutes; ml: Volume of added NaOH. Unless otherwise specified, c (NaOH) = 10 mM; pH: pH value of the suspension, set to 8.2; °C: Temperature of the suspension.

Mediciones por hora de FIDAS para Malin Head para el año 2019 Red de Química y Cambio Climático de la Atmósfera (AC3) De la estación: Jefe de Malin (CRP) Coordenadas:52.º 22′ N, 7.º 20′ O ALTURA:22 m asl Altura de medición: 5 m Tipo de sitio:fondo rural Instrumentación:Fidas (dispositivo de medición de polvo fino) Rango de datos: PM1,PM2.5, PM 4 y PM10 Unidades: microgramos/m³ Hora: UTC Promedio de una hora Número de serie del instrumento:PENDIENTE DE CONFIRMACIÓN Información de calibración: Calibrado anualmente Nivel de datos. Los datos tienen QA'd y todos los valores espurios/cero/negativos se han eliminado.Mediciones por hora de FIDAS para Malin Head para el año 2019 Red de Química y Cambio Climático de la Atmósfera (AC3) De la estación: Jefe de Malin (CRP) Coordenadas: 52.º 22′ N, 7.º 20′ O ALTURA: 22 m asl Altura de medición: 5 m Tipo de sitio: fondo rural Instrumentación: Fidas (dispositivo de medición de polvo fino) Rango de datos: PM1,PM2.5, PM 4 y PM10 Unidades: microgramos/m³ Hora: UTC Promedio de una hora Número de serie del instrumento: PENDIENTE DE CONFIRMACIÓN Información de calibración: Calibrado anualmente Nivel de datos. Los datos tienen QA'd y todos los valores espurios/cero/negativos se han eliminado. Valandiniai FIDAS matavimai Malin Head 2019 metams Atmosferos chemijos ir klimato kaitos tinklas (AC3) Stotelės: Malin Head (CRP) Koordinatės:52° 22′ ŠIAURĖS PLATUMOS, 7° 20′ VAKARŲ ILGUMOS AUKŠTIS: 22 m asl Matavimo aukštis: 5 m Svetainės tipas:kaimo fonas Instrumentai: Fidas (Fine dulkių matavimo prietaisas) Duomenų diapazonas: PM1, PM2.5, PM 4 ir PM10 Vienetų skaičius: mikrogramai/m³ Laikas: UTC Vienos valandos vidurkis Priemonės serijos numeris: DAR NEPATVIRTINTA Kalibravimo informacija:Kalibruojama kasmet Duomenų lygis.Duomenys turi QA’d ir visos netikros/neigiamos/neigiamos vertės buvo pašalintos. Atmosferos chemijos ir klimato kaitos tinklas (AC3) Stotelės:Malin Head (CRP) Koordinatės: 52° 22′ ŠIAURĖS PLATUMOS, 7° 20′ VAKARŲ ILGUMOS AUKŠTIS: 22 m asl Matavimo aukštis: 5 m Svetainės tipas: kaimo fonas Instrumentai: Fidas (Fine dulkių matavimo prietaisas) Duomenų diapazonas: PM1, PM2.5, PM 4 ir PM10 Vienetų skaičius: mikrogramai/m³ Laikas: UTC Vienos valandos vidurkis Priemonės serijos numeris: DAR NEPATVIRTINTA Kalibravimo informacija: Kalibruojama kasmet Duomenų lygis. Duomenys turi QA’d ir visos netikros/neigiamos/neigiamos vertės buvo pašalintos. Misurazioni FIDAS orarie per Malin Head per l'anno 2019 Clima Chimica e Climate Change Network (AC3) Stazione:Testa di Malin (CRP) Le coordinate: 52º 22′ N, 7º 20′ O ALTITUDINE:22 m s.l.m. Altezza di misura:5 m Tipo di sito:fondo rurale Strumentazione: Fidas (Dispositivo di misura della polvere fine) Gamma di dati: PM1,PM2.5, PM 4 e PM10 Unità di misura: microgrammi/m³ Tempo di consegna:TERMINI E CONDIZIONI Media di un'ora Numero di serie dello strumento: TBC Informazioni di calibrazione: Calibrato annualmente Livello di dati.I dati hanno QA'd e tutti i valori spuri/zero/negativi sono stati rimossi. Clima Chimica e Climate Change Network (AC3) Stazione: Testa di Malin (CRP) Le coordinate: 52º 22′ N, 7º 20′ O ALTITUDINE: 22 m s.l.m. Altezza di misura: 5 m Tipo di sito: fondo rurale Strumentazione: Fidas (Dispositivo di misura della polvere fine) Gamma di dati: PM1,PM2.5, PM 4 e PM10 Unità di misura: microgrammi/m³ Tempo di consegna: TERMINI E CONDIZIONI Media di un'ora Numero di serie dello strumento: TBC Informazioni di calibrazione: Calibrato annualmente Livello di dati. I dati hanno QA'd e tutti i valori spuri/zero/negativi sono stati rimossi. Satna mjerenja FIDAS-a za Malin Head za 2019. godinu Mreža za kemiju atmosfere i klimatske promjene (AC3) Stanica:Malin Head (CRP) Koordinate:52° 22′ S, 7° 20′ Z VISINA: 22 m asl Visina mjerenja:5 m Vrsta stranice: ruralna pozadina Instrumentacija: Fidas (uređaj za mjerenje fine prašine) Raspon podataka:PM1,PM2,5, PM 4 i PM10 Jedinice:mikrogrami/m³ Vrijeme:UTC Jednosatni prosjek Serijski broj instrumenta: JOŠ NIJE POTVRĐENO Informacije o kalibraciji:Kalibrirana na godišnjoj razini Razina podataka. Podaci imaju QA'd i sve lažne/nula/negativne vrijednosti su uklonjene.Satna mjerenja FIDAS-a za Malin Head za 2019. godinu Mreža za kemiju atmosfere i klimatske promjene (AC3) Stanica: Malin Head (CRP) Koordinate: 52° 22′ S, 7° 20′ Z VISINA: 22 m asl Visina mjerenja: 5 m Vrsta stranice: ruralna pozadina Instrumentacija: Fidas (uređaj za mjerenje fine prašine) Raspon podataka: PM1,PM2,5, PM 4 i PM10 Jedinice: mikrogrami/m³ Vrijeme: UTC Jednosatni prosjek Serijski broj instrumenta: JOŠ NIJE POTVRĐENO Informacije o kalibraciji: Kalibrirana na godišnjoj razini Razina podataka. Podaci imaju QA'd i sve lažne/nula/negativne vrijednosti su uklonjene. Погодинний вимірювання FIDAS для Малін Голова на 2019 рік Хімія атмосфери та мережа змін клімату (AC3) Станція метро:Малін Голова (CRP) Географічні координати міста: 52 ° 22′ N, 7° 20′ ВТ ВИСОТА ПІДЙОМУ:22 м с. Висота вимірювання:5 м Тип сайту:сільський фон Вимірювальні прилади: Fidas (пристрій для точного вимірювання пилу) Діапазон даних: PM1,PM2.5, PM 4 і PM10 Кількість одиниць: мікрограми/м³ Час роботи:СТВОРЕННЯ UTC Середня година Серійний номер приладу: TBC / TBC Інформація про калібрування: Відкалібрований щорічно Рівень даних.Дані QA'd і всі помилкові/нуль/негативні значення були видалені. Хімія атмосфери та мережа змін клімату (AC3) Станція метро: Малін Голова (CRP) Географічні координати міста: 52 ° 22′ N, 7° 20′ ВТ ВИСОТА ПІДЙОМУ: 22 м с. Висота вимірювання: 5 м Тип сайту: сільський фон Вимірювальні прилади: Fidas (пристрій для точного вимірювання пилу) Діапазон даних: PM1,PM2.5, PM 4 і PM10 Кількість одиниць: мікрограми/м³ Час роботи: СТВОРЕННЯ UTC Середня година Серійний номер приладу: TBC / TBC Інформація про калібрування: Відкалібрований щорічно Рівень даних. Дані QA'd і всі помилкові/нуль/негативні значення були видалені. Măsurători FIDAS orare pentru Malin Head pentru anul 2019 Rețeaua de Chimie și Schimbări Climatice (AC3) Stație: Malin Head (CRP) Coordonate:52° 22′ N, 7° 20′ V ALTITUDINE:22 m asl Înălțime de măsurare: 5 m Tipul site-ului:mediul rural Instrumentație:Fidas (dispozitiv de măsurare a prafului fin) Intervalul de date: PM1, PM2.5,PM 4 și PM10 Unități: micrograme/m³ Timp: ROMÂNĂ Medie de o oră Numărul de serie al instrumentului:DE CONFIRMAT Informații de calibrare: Calibrare anuală Nivelul datelor. Datele au QA’d și toate valorile false/zero/negative au fost eliminate.Măsurători FIDAS orare pentru Malin Head pentru anul 2019 Rețeaua de Chimie și Schimbări Climatice (AC3) Stație:Malin Head (CRP) Coordonate: 52° 22′ N, 7° 20′ V ALTITUDINE:22 m asl Înălțime de măsurare: 5 m Tipul site-ului: mediul rural Instrumentație: Fidas (dispozitiv de măsurare a prafului fin) Intervalul de date: PM1, PM2.5,PM 4 și PM10 Unități: micrograme/m³ Timp: ROMÂNĂ Medie de o oră Numărul de serie al instrumentului: DE CONFIRMAT Informații de calibrare: Calibrare anuală Nivelul datelor. Datele au QA’d și toate valorile false/zero/negative au fost eliminate. Cogodzinne pomiary FIDAS dla Malin Head za rok 2019 Sieć Chemii i Zmian Klimatu (AC3) Miejsca na pobyt w pobliżu:Głowa Malin (CRP) Współrzędne:52° 22′ N, 7° 20′ W WYSOKOŚĆ: 22 m n.p.m. Wysokość pomiaru: 5 m Typ strony:tło wiejskie Oprzyrządowanie: Fidas (urządzenie do pomiaru pyłu) Zakres danych: PM1, PM2.5, PM 4 i PM10 Jednostki jednostkowe:mikrogramy/m³ Czas:INFORMACJE O UTC Średnia godzina Numer seryjny przyrządu:DO POTWIERDZENIA Informacje o kalibracji: Kalibrowane co roku Poziom danych.Dane mają QA’d i wszystkie błędne/zero/ujemne wartości zostały usunięte. Sieć Chemii i Zmian Klimatu (AC3) Miejsca na pobyt w pobliżu:Głowa Malin (CRP) Współrzędne: 52° 22′ N, 7° 20′ W WYSOKOŚĆ: 22 m n.p.m. Wysokość pomiaru: 5 m Typ strony: tło wiejskie Oprzyrządowanie: Fidas (urządzenie do pomiaru pyłu) Zakres danych: PM1, PM2.5, PM 4 i PM10 Jednostki jednostkowe: mikrogramy/m³ Czas: INFORMACJE O UTC Średnia godzina Numer seryjny przyrządu: DO POTWIERDZENIA Informacje o kalibracji: Kalibrowane co roku Poziom danych. Dane mają QA’d i wszystkie błędne/zero/ujemne wartości zostały usunięte. Timliga FIDAS-mätningar för Malin Head för år 2019 Nätverk för atmosfärkemi och klimatförändringar (AC3) Station: Malin Head (CRP) Koordinater:52° 22′ N, 7° 20′ W HÖJD: 22 m asl Mäthöjd: 5 m Webbplatstyp:landsbygdsbakgrund Instrumentering: Fidas (sju dammmätningsanordning) Dataområde: PM1,PM2.5, PM 4 och PM10 Antal enheter: mikrogram/m³ Tid:UTC En timme i genomsnitt Instrumentets serienummer:TBC Kalibreringsinformation: Kalibrerad årligen Datanivå. Data har QA’d och alla falska/noll/negativa värden har tagits bort.Timliga FIDAS-mätningar för Malin Head för år 2019 Nätverk för atmosfärkemi och klimatförändringar (AC3) Station: Malin Head (CRP) Koordinater: 52° 22′ N, 7° 20′ W HÖJD: 22 m asl Mäthöjd: 5 m Webbplatstyp: landsbygdsbakgrund Instrumentering: Fidas (sju dammmätningsanordning) Dataområde: PM1,PM2.5, PM 4 och PM10 Antal enheter: mikrogram/m³ Tid: UTC En timme i genomsnitt Instrumentets serienummer: TBC Kalibreringsinformation: Kalibrerad årligen Datanivå. Data har QA’d och alla falska/noll/negativa värden har tagits bort. Óránkénti FIDAS mérések Malin Head esetében 2019 évben Légköri kémia és éghajlat-változási hálózat (AC3) Állomás:Malin Head (CRP) Koordináta: É. SZ. 52° 22′, NY. H. 7° 20′ MAGASSÁG:22 m asl Mérési magasság:5 m Az oldal típusa:vidéki háttér Műszerek: Fidas (finom pormérő készülék) Adattartomány: PM1, PM2.5, PM 4 és PM10 Egységek: mikrogramm/m³ Az idő:UTC (UTOLSÓ Egy óra átlag Műszer sorozatszáma: TBC. Kalibrálási információk: Évente kalibrálva Az adatok szintje.Az adatok minősítettek, és minden hamis/negatív/negatív értéket eltávolítottak. Légköri kémia és éghajlat-változási hálózat (AC3) Állomás: Malin Head (CRP) Koordináta: É. SZ. 52° 22′, NY. H. 7° 20′ MAGASSÁG: 22 m asl Mérési magasság: 5 m Az oldal típusa: vidéki háttér Műszerek: Fidas (finom pormérő készülék) Adattartomány: PM1, PM2.5, PM 4 és PM10 Egységek: mikrogramm/m³ Az idő: UTC (UTOLSÓ Egy óra átlag Műszer sorozatszáma: TBC. Kalibrálási információk: Évente kalibrálva Az adatok szintje. Az adatok minősítettek, és minden hamis/negatív/negatív értéket eltávolítottak. Почасови измервания на FIDAS за Malin Head за 2019 г. Мрежа за химия на атмосферата и изменение на климата (AC3) Станция: Malin Head (CRP) Координати: 52° 22′ С.Ш., 7° 20′ З.Д. ВИСОЧИНА: 22 m asl Височина на измерване: 5 м Тип на сайта: произход на селските райони Инструментална апаратура: Fidas (устройство за измерване на фин прах) Обхват на данните: PM1,PM2.5,PM4 и PM10 Единици: микрограми/m³ Време: UTC Средно за един час Сериен номер на инструмента: ОЧАКВА СЕ ПОТВЪРЖДЕНИЕ Информация за калибриране: Калибрирани ежегодно Ниво на данните. Данните имат QA’d и всички фалшиви/нулеви/отрицателни стойности са премахнати.

[Experimental design: thermal performance experiments] All experiments were run in climate-controlled incubation facilities of the Institut Mediterrani d’Estudis Avançats (Mallorca, Spain). Following 48 hrs under ambient (collection site) conditions, samples were transferred to individual experimental aquaria, which consisted of a double layered transparent plastic bag filled with 2 L of filtered seawater (60 μm) (following Savva et al. 2018). 16 experimental bags were suspended within 80L temperature-controlled baths. In total, ten baths were used, one for each experimental temperature treatment. Bath temperatures were initially set to the acclimatization temperature (i.e. in situ temperatures) and were subsequently increased or decreased by 1 °C every 24 hours until the desired experimental temperature was achieved. Experimental temperatures were: 15, 18, 21, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34 and 36°C (Table S2). For each species, four replicate aquarium bags were used for each temperature treatment with three individually marked seagrass shoots or three algal fragments placed into each bag. For P. oceanica, each marked plant was a single shoot including leaves, vertical rhizome and roots. For C. nodosa, each marked individual consisted of a 10 cm fragment of horizontal rhizome containing three vertical shoots. Individually marked seaweeds contained the holdfast, and 4-5 fronds of P. pavonica (0.98 ± 0.06 g FW; mean ± SE) or a standardised 5-8 cm fragment with meristematic tip for C. compressa (3.67 ± 0.1 g FW; mean ± SE). Experimental plants were cleaned of conspicuous epiphytes. Once the targeted temperatures were reached in all of the baths, experiments ran for 14 days for the algal species and 21 days for seagrasses to allow for measurable growth in all species at the end of the experiment. Experiments were conducted inside a temperature-controlled chamber at constant humidity and air temperature (15 °C). Bags were arranged in a 4x4 grid within each bath, enabling four species/population treatments to be run simultaneously. Bags were mixed within each bath so that one replicate bag was in each row and column of the grid, to minimise any potential within bath effects of bag position. Replicate bags were suspended with their surface kept open to allow gas exchange and were illuminated with a 14h light:10h dark photoperiod through fluorescent aquarium growth lamps. The water within the bags were mixed with aquaria pumps. The light intensity within each bag was measured via a photometric bulb sensor (LI-COR) and ranged between 180-258 μmol m-2 s-1. Light intensity was constant between experiments and did not significantly differ between experimental treatments (p > 0.05). The temperature in the baths was controlled and recorded with an IKS-AQUASTAR system, which was connected to heaters and thermometers. The seawater within the bags was renewed every 72 hrs and salinity was monitored daily with an YSI multi-parameter meter. Distilled water was added when necessary to ensure salinity levels remained within the range of 36-39 PSU, typical of the study region. Carbon and Nitrogen concentrations in the leaf tissue were measured at the end of the experiment for triplicates of the 24ºC treatment for each species and location (Fig. S2) at Unidade de Técnicas Instrumentais de Análise (University of Coruña, Spain) with an elemental analyser FlashEA112 (ThermoFinnigan). [Species description and distribution] The species used in this study are all common species throughout the Mediterranean Sea, although differ in their biological traits, evolutionary histories and thermo-geographic affinities (Fig. S1). P. oceanica is endemic to the Mediterranean Sea with the all other Posidonia species found in temperate Australia (Aires et al. 2011). The distribution of P. oceanica is restricted to the Mediterranean, spanning from Gibraltar in the west to Cyprus in the east and north into the Aegean and Adriatic seas (Telesca et al. 2015) (Fig. S1A). C. nodosa distribution extends across the Mediterranean Sea and eastern Atlantic Ocean, where it is found from south west Portugal, down the African coast to Mauritania and west to Macaronesia (Alberto et al. 2008) (Fig. S1B). Congeneric species of C. nodosa are found in tropical waters of the Red Sea and Indo-Pacific, suggesting origins in the region at least prior to the closure of the Suez Isthmus, approximately 10Mya. Like C. nodosa, Cystoseira compressa has a distribution that extends across the Mediterranean and into the eastern Atlantic, where it is found west to Macaronesia and south to northwest Africa (Fig. S1C). The genus Cystoseira has recently been reclassified to include just four species with all congeneric Cystoseira spp. having warm-temperate distributions from the Mediterranean to the eastern Atlantic (Orellana et al. 2019). The distribution of Padina pavonica is conservatively considered to resemble C. nodosa and C. compressa, spanning throughout the Mediterranean and into the eastern Atlantic. We considered the poleward distribution limit of P. pavonica to be the British Isles 50ºN (Herbert et al. 2016). P. pavonica was previously thought to have a global distribution, but molecular analysis of the genus has found no evidence to support this (Silberfeld et al. 2013). Instead it has been suggested that P. pavonica was potentially misclassified outside of the Mediterranean, due to morphological similarity with congeneric species (Silberfeld et al. 2013). Padina is a monophyletic genus with a worldwide distribution from tropical to cold temperate waters (Silberfeld et al. 2013). Most species have a regional distribution, with few confirmed examples of species spanning beyond a single marine realm (sensu Spalding et al. 2007). [Metabolic rates] Net production (NP), gross primary production (GPP) and respiration (R) were measured for all species from the four sites for five different experimental temperatures containing the in-situ temperature during sampling up to a 6ºC warming (see SM Table S3 for details). Individuals of the different species were moved to methacrylate cylinders containing seawater treated with UV radiation to remove bacteria and phytoplankton, in incubation tanks at the 5 selected temperatures. Cylinders were closed using gas-tight lids that prevent gas exchange with the atmosphere, containing an optical dissolved oxygen sensor (ODOS® IKS), with a measuring range from 0-200 % saturation and accuracy at 25ºC of 1% saturation, and magnetic stirrers inserted to ensure mixing along the height of the core. Triplicates were measured for each species and location, along with controls consisting in cylinders filled with the UV-treated seawater, in order to account for any residual production or respiration derived from microorganisms (changes in oxygen in controls was subtracted from treatments). Oxygen was measured continuously and recorded every 15 minutes for 24 hours. Changes in the dissolved oxygen (DO) were assumed to result from the biological metabolic processes and represent NP. During the night, changes in DO are assumed to be driven by R, as in the absence of light, no photosynthetic production can occur. R was calculated from the rate of change in oxygen at night, from half an hour after lights went off to half an hour before light went on (NP in darkness equalled R). NP was calculated from the rate of change in DO, at 15 min intervals, accumulated over each 24 h period. Assuming that daytime R equals that during the night, GPP was estimated as the sum of NP and R. To derive daily metabolic rates, we accumulated individual estimates of GPP, NP, and R resolved at 15 min intervals over each 24 h period during experiments and reported them in mmol O2 m−3 day−1. A detailed description of calculation of metabolic rates can be found at Vaquer-Sunyer et al. (Vaquer-Sunyer et al. 2015). [Thermal distribution and thermal safety margins] We estimated the realised thermal distribution for the four experimental species by downloading occurrence records from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF.org (11/03/2020) GBIF Occurrence Download). Occurrence records from GBIF were screened for outliers and distributions were verified from the primary literature (Alberto et al. 2008, Draisma et al. 2010, Ni-Ni-Win et al. 2010, Silberfeld et al. 2013, Telesca et al. 2015, Orellana et al. 2019) and Enrique Ballesteros (pers. comms) (Fig. S1). Mean, 1st and 99th percentiles of daily SST’s were downloaded for each occurrence site for the period between 1981-2019 using the SST products described above (Table S4). Thermal range position of species at each experimental site were standardised by their global distribution using a Range Index (RI; Sagarin & Gaines 2002). Median SST at the experimental collection sites were standardized relative to the thermal range observed across a species realized distribution, using the equation: RI = 2(SM- DM)/DB where SM = the median temperature at the experimental collection site, Dm = the thermal midpoint of the species global thermal distribution and DB = range of median temperatures (ºC) that a species experiences across its distribution. The RI scales from -1 to 1, whereby ‘-1’ represents the cool, leading edge of a species distribution, ‘0’ represents the thermal midpoint of a species distribution and ‘1’ represents the warm, trailing edge of a species distribution (Sagarin & Gaines 2002). Thermal safety margins for each population were calculated as the difference between empirically derived upper thermal limits for each population and the maximum long term habitat temperatures recorded at collection sites. Each population’s thermal safety margin was plotted against its range position to examine patterns in thermal sensitivity across a species distribution. [Growth measurements and statistical analyses] Net growth rate of seagrass shoots was measured using leaf piercing-technique (Short & Duarte 2001). At the beginning of the experiment seagrass shoots were pierced just below the ligule with a syringe needle and shoot growth rate was estimated as the elongation of leaf tissue in between the ligule and the mark position of all leaves in a shoot at the end of the experiment, divided by the experimental duration. Net growth rate of macroalgae individuals was measured as the difference in wet weight at the end of the experiment from the beginning of the experiment divided by the duration of the experiment. Moisture on macroalgae specimens was carefully removed before weighing them. Patterns of growth in response to temperature were examined for each experimental population using a gaussian function: g = ke[-0.5(TMA-μ)2/σ2], where k = amplitude, μ = mean and σ = standard deviation of the curve. Best fit values for each parameter were determined using a non-linear least squares regression using the ‘nlstools’ package (Baty et al. 2015) in R (Team 2020). 95% CI for each of the parameters were calculated using non-parametric bootstrapping of the mean centred residuals. The relationship between growth metrics and the best-fit model was determined by comparing the sum of squared deviations (SS) of the observed data from the model, to the SS of 104 randomly resampled datasets. Growth metrics were considered to display a significant relationship to the best-fit model if the observed SS was smaller than the 5th percentile of randomised SS. Upper thermal limits were defined as the optimal temperature + 2 standard deviations (95th percentile of curve) or where net growth = 0. Samples that had lost all pigment or structural integrity by the end of the experiment were considered dead and any positive growth was treated as zero. Comparative patterns in thermal performance between populations have fundamental implications for a species thermal sensitivity to warming and extreme events. Despite this, within-species variation in thermal performance is seldom measured. Here we compare thermal performance between-species variation within communities, for two species of seagrass (Posidonia oceanica and Cymodocea nodosa) and two species of seaweed (Padina pavonica and Cystoseira compressa). Experimental populations from four locations spanning approximately 75% of each species global distribution and a 6ºC gradient in summer temperatures were exposed to 10 temperature treatments (15ºC to 36ºC), reflecting median, maximum and future temperatures. Experimental thermal performance displayed the greatest variability between species, with optimal temperatures differing by over 10ºC within the same location. Within-species differences in thermal performance were also important for P. oceanica which displayed large thermal safety margins within cool and warm-edge populations and small safety margins within central populations. Our findings suggest patterns of thermal performance in Mediterranean seagrasses and seaweeds retain deep ‘pre-Mediterranean’ evolutionary legacies, suggesting marked differences in sensitivity to warming within and between benthic marine communities. [Sample collection] Sample collections were conducted at two sites, separated by approximately 1 km, within each location. Collections were conducted at the same depth (1-3 m) at each location and were spaced across the reef or meadow to try and minimise relatedness between shoots or fragments. Upon collection, fragments were placed into a mesh bag and transported back to holding tanks in cool, damp, dark conditions (following Bennett et al. 2021). Fragments were kept in aerated holding tanks in the collection sites at ambient seawater temperature and maintained under a 14:10 light-dark cycle until transport back to Mallorca, where experiments were performed. Prior to transport, P. oceanica shoots were clipped to 25 cm length (from meristem to tip), to standardise initial conditions and remove old tissue for transport. For transport back to Mallorca, fragments were packed in layers within cool-boxes. Cool-packs were wrapped in damp tea towels (rinsed in seawater) and placed between layers of samples. Samples from Catalonia, Crete and Cyprus experienced approximately 12hrs of transit time. On arrival at the destination, samples were returned to holding tanks with aerated seawater and a 14:10 light-dark cycle. [Sea temperature measurements and reconstruction] Sea surface temperature data for each collection site were based on daily SST maps with a spatial resolution of 1/4°, obtained from the National Center for Environmental Information (NCEI, https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oisst (Reynolds et al. 2007). These maps have been generated through the optimal interpolation of Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data for the period 1981-2019. Underwater temperature loggers (ONSET Hobo pro v2 Data logger) were deployed at each site and recorded hourly temperatures throughout one year. In order to obtain an extended time series of temperature at each collection site, a calibration procedure was performed comparing logger data with sea surface temperature from the nearest point on SST maps. In particular, SST data were linearly fitted to logger data for the common period. Then, the calibration coefficients were applied to the whole SST time series to obtain corrected-SST data and reconstruct daily habitat temperatures from 1981-2019. [Field collections] Thermal tolerance experiments were conducted on two seagrass species (P. oceanica and Cymodocea nodosa) and two brown seaweed species (Cystoseira compressa and P. pavonica) from four locations spanning 8 degrees in latitude and 30 degrees in longitude across the Mediterranean (Fig. 1, Table S1). These four species were chosen as they are dominant foundation species and cosmopolitan across the Mediterranean Sea. Thermal performance experiments from Catalonia and Mallorca were conducted simultaneously in June 2016 for seaweeds (P. pavonica and C. compressa) and in August 2016 for seagrasses (P. oceanica and C. nodosa). Experiments for all four species were conducted in July 2017 for Crete and in September 2017 for Cyprus. Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, Award: 659246; Juan de la Cierva Formacion, Award: FJCI-2016-30728; Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness, Award: MedShift, CGL2015-71809-P; Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, Award: SUMAECO, RTI2018-095441-B-C21

Associated data and R code for the paper Epstein & Roberts 2022 - Identifying priority areas to manage mobile bottom fishing on seabed carbon in the UK. This repository contains the primary output data from a desk-based investigation of seabed sediment organic carbon (OC) and mobile demeresal fishing in the UKEEZ. Best available published datasets were combined to produce unified maps of predicted seabed OC stocks, mean annual mobile bottom fishing disturbance, mean value of fish landed by mobile bottom fishing, and mean annual cummulative disturbance to seabed carbon from mobile bottom fishing. This data was combined with modeling of estimated fishing displacement to idenitfy priority areas for managmement and/or future research. For further methodological information please refer to the full paper published at PLOS Climate.

Le site d’essai d’énergie marine de l’Atlantique à l’échelle complète (AMETS) fournit des données d’observation de 30 minutes à partir de deux bouées d’ondes directionnelles connues sous le nom de Belmullet A et Belmullet B observant et mesurant la hauteur des vagues, la direction des vagues et la période des vagues. Les bouées AMETS sont situées dans les eaux de l’océan Atlantique Nord au large des côtes de la péninsule d’Erris à Co. Mayo à 50 m et 100 m de profondeur bathymétrique. Amets collecte des données depuis 2012. Un Waverider directionnel est une plate-forme stabilisée par capteur de mouvement d’onde qui peut mesurer les propriétés des ondes, y compris la hauteur, la direction et la période. Le programme AMETS a été géré conjointement par le Marine Institute et la Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland. Couverture des données à 100 % pour le moment où les bouées ont été opérationnelles. Toute lacune de données au cours de la période de temps indique que la ou les bouées n’ont pas été opérationnelles et ont été en cours d’entretien. Η περιοχή δοκιμής θαλάσσιας ενέργειας πλήρους κλίμακας (AMETS) παρέχει 30 λεπτά παρατηρητικά στοιχεία από δύο κατευθυντικούς σημαντήρες που είναι γνωστοί ως Belmullet Α και Belmullet Β παρατηρώντας και μετρώντας το ύψος κύματος, την κατεύθυνση κύματος και την περίοδο κύματος. Οι σημαντήρες AMETS βρίσκονται στα ύδατα του Βόρειου Ατλαντικού Ωκεανού στα ανοικτά των ακτών της χερσονήσου Erris στο Co. Mayo σε βάθος βαθυμετρίας 50 m και 100 m. Η Amets συλλέγει δεδομένα από το 2012. Μια κατευθυντική Waverider είναι μια σταθεροποιημένη πλατφόρμα αισθητήρα κίνησης κύματος που μπορεί να μετρήσει τις ιδιότητες των κυμάτων συμπεριλαμβανομένου του ύψους, της κατεύθυνσης και της περιόδου. Το πρόγραμμα AMETS διοικείται από κοινού από το Ναυτικό Ινστιτούτο και την Αρχή Βιώσιμης Ενέργειας της Ιρλανδίας. Κάλυψη δεδομένων 100 % για όταν οι σημαντήρες έχουν τεθεί σε λειτουργία. Τυχόν κενά δεδομένων σε χρονική περίοδο δείχνουν ότι ο σημαντήρας ή οι σημαντήρες ήταν μη λειτουργικοί και τελούσαν υπό συντήρηση. El sitio de prueba de energía marina marina a escala completa (AMETS) proporciona datos observacionales de 30 minutos de dos boyas de onda direccionales conocidas como Belmullet A y Belmullet B observando y midiendo la altura de las olas, la dirección y el período de onda. Las boyas AMETS están ubicadas en las aguas del Océano Atlántico Norte frente a la costa de la Península de Erris en Co. Mayo a 50 m y 100 m de profundidades de batimetría. Amets ha estado recopilando datos desde 2012. Un Waverider direccional es una plataforma estabilizada del sensor de movimiento de onda que puede medir las propiedades de las ondas, incluyendo altura, dirección y período. El programa AMETS ha sido gestionado conjuntamente por el Instituto Marino y la Autoridad de Energía Sostenible de Irlanda. Cobertura de datos 100 % para cuando las boyas han estado operativas. Cualquier laguna de datos en el período de tiempo indica que la(s) Buoy(s) no han sido operativas y han estado en mantenimiento. Is-Sit tat-Test tal-Enerġija Marina tal-Atlantiku fuq Skala Sħiħa (AMETS) jipprovdi data ta’ osservazzjoni ta’ 30 minuta minn żewġ bagi ta’ waverider direzzjonali magħrufa bħala Belmullet A u Belmullet B li josservaw u jkejlu l-għoli tal-mewġ, id-direzzjoni tal-mewġ u l-perjodu tal-mewġ. Il-bagi AMETS jinsabu fl-ilmijiet tal-Oċean Atlantiku tat-Tramuntana ‘l barra mill-kosta tal-Peniżola Erris f’Co. Mayo f’fond ta’ 50 m u 100 m ta’ batimetrija. Amets ilha tiġbor id-data mill-2012. Waverider direzzjonali huwa pjattaforma stabbilizzata tas-sensur tal-moviment tal-mewġ li tista ‘tkejjel il-proprjetajiet tal-mewġ inklużi l-għoli, id-direzzjoni u l-perjodu. Il-programm AMETS ġie ġestit b’mod konġunt mill-Istitut Marittimu u l-Awtorità għall-Enerġija Sostenibbli tal-Irlanda. Kopertura tad-data 100 % għal meta l-bagi kienu operattivi. Kwalunkwe nuqqas ta’ data fil-perjodu ta’ żmien jindika li l-Buoy(s) ma kienx(u) operattiv(i) u kien(u) taħt manutenzjoni. Il Full Scale Atlantic Marine Energy Test Site (AMETS) fornisce dati osservazionali di 30 minuti da due boe direzionali di waverider conosciute come Belmullet A e Belmullet B che osservano e misurano l'altezza delle onde, la direzione dell'onda e il periodo d'onda. Le boe AMETS si trovano nelle acque dell'Oceano Atlantico settentrionale al largo della costa della penisola di Erris in Co. Mayo a 50 m e 100 m di profondità di batimetria. Amets raccoglie dati dal 2012. Un Waverider direzionale è una piattaforma stabilizzata del sensore di movimento d'onda che può misurare le proprietà delle onde tra cui altezza, direzione e periodo. Il programma AMETS è stato gestito congiuntamente dal Marine Institute e dalla Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland. Copertura dei dati al 100 % per quando le boe sono state operative. Eventuali lacune di dati nel periodo di tempo indicano che i Buoy non sono stati operativi e sono stati sottoposti a manutenzione. O sítio de ensaio de energia marinha atlântica da escala completa (AMETS) fornece dados observacionais de 30 minutos a partir de duas boias de onda direcionais conhecidas como Belmullet A e Belmullet B que observam e medem a altura das ondas, a direção das ondas e o período de onda. As boias AMETS estão localizadas nas águas do Oceano Atlântico Norte ao largo da costa da Península de Erris, em Co. Mayo, a 50 m e 100 m de profundidade de batimetria. A Amets recolhe dados desde 2012. Um Waverider direcional é um sensor de movimento de onda estabilizado que pode medir as propriedades das ondas, incluindo altura, direção e período. O programa AMETS foi gerido conjuntamente pelo Instituto Marítimo e pela Autoridade para a Energia Sustentável da Irlanda. Cobertura de dados 100 % para quando as boias estão operacionais. Quaisquer lacunas de dados no período de tempo indicam que a(s) Buoy(s) não foram operacionais e estiveram em manutenção. Site-ul de testare a energiei marine la scară completă (AMETS) oferă date observaționale de 30 de minute de la două geamanduri de undă direcționale cunoscute sub numele de Belmullet A și Belmullet B care observă și măsoară înălțimea undelor, direcția undei și perioada de undă. Balizele AMETS sunt situate în apele Atlanticului de Nord, în largul coastei Peninsulei Erris, în Co. Mayo, la 50 m și 100 m adâncime de baie. Amets colectează date din 2012. Un Waverider direcțional este o platformă stabilizată a senzorului de mișcare de undă care poate măsura proprietățile undelor, inclusiv înălțimea, direcția și perioada. Programul AMETS a fost gestionat în comun de Institutul Marine și Autoritatea pentru Energie Durabilă din Irlanda. Acoperirea datelor 100 % pentru perioada în care geamandurile au fost operaționale. Orice lacune de date în perioada de timp indică faptul că geamurile au fost neoperaționale și au fost în curs de întreținere. De Full Scale Atlantic Marine Energy Test Site (AMETS) biedt 30 minuten observatiegegevens van twee gerichte golfridersboeien die bekend staan als Belmullet A en Belmullet B die golfhoogte, golfrichting en golfperiode observeren en meten. De AMETS boeien bevinden zich in de wateren van de Noord-Atlantische Oceaan voor de kust van het schiereiland Erris in Co. Mayo op 50 m en 100 m bathymetrie diepten. Amets verzamelt sinds 2012 gegevens. Een directionele Waverider is een golfbewegingssensor gestabiliseerd platform dat de eigenschappen van golven met inbegrip van hoogte, richting en periode kan meten. Het AMETS-programma wordt gezamenlijk beheerd door het Marine Institute en de Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland. Gegevensdekking 100 % voor wanneer de boeien operationeel zijn geweest. Eventuele gegevenslacunes in de tijdsperiode wijzen erop dat de boeien niet-operationeel zijn geweest en in onderhoud zijn geweest. Пълният атлантически обект за изпитване на морската енергия (AMETS) осигурява 30 минути наблюдателни данни от две насочени вълнови шамандури, известни като Belmullet A и Belmullet B, които наблюдават и измерват височината на вълната, посоката на вълната и периода на вълната. Шамандурите AMETS се намират във водите на Северния Атлантически океан край бреговете на полуостров Erris в Co. Mayo на 50 m и 100 m батиметрична дълбочина. Amets събира данни от 2012 г. насам. Насочена Waverider е вълнов сензор за движение стабилизирана платформа, която може да измерва свойствата на вълните, включително височина, посока и период. Програмата AMETS се управлява съвместно от Морския институт и Органа за устойчива енергия на Ирландия. Обхват на данните 100 % за времето, когато шамандурите са били в експлоатация. Всички пропуски в данните във времето показват, че буйът(ите) не е(са) експлоатационен(и) и е(са) в процес на поддръжка. Die Full Scale Atlantic Marine Energy Test Site (AMETS) liefert 30 Minuten Beobachtungsdaten von zwei gerichteten Wellenreiterbojen, die als Belmullet A und Belmullet B bekannt sind, die Wellenhöhe, Wellenrichtung und Wellenperiode beobachten und messen. Die AMETS Bojen befinden sich in den Gewässern des Nordatlantiks vor der Küste der Halbinsel Erris in Co. Mayo in 50 m und 100 m Badetiefe. Amets sammelt seit 2012 Daten. Ein gerichteter Waverider ist eine Wellenbewegungssensor stabilisierte Plattform, die die Eigenschaften von Wellen einschließlich Höhe, Richtung und Periode messen kann. Das AMETS-Programm wurde gemeinsam vom Marine Institute und der Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland verwaltet. Datenabdeckung 100 % für den Zeitpunkt, an dem die Bojen in Betrieb waren. Etwaige Datenlücken im Zeitraum deuten darauf hin, dass die Buoy(s) nicht betriebsbereit waren und sich in Wartung befanden.

Project: GCOS Earth Heat Inventory - A study under the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) concerted international effort to update the Earth heat inventory (EHI), and presents an updated international assessment of ocean warming estimates, and new and updated estimates of heat gain in the atmosphere, cryosphere and land over the period from 1960 to present. Summary: The file “GCOS_EHI_1960-2020_Earth_Heat_Inventory_Ocean_Heat_Content_data.nc” contains a consistent long-term Earth system heat inventory over the period 1960-2020. Human-induced atmospheric composition changes cause a radiative imbalance at the top-of-atmosphere which is driving global warming. Understanding the heat gain of the Earth system from this accumulated heat – and particularly how much and where the heat is distributed in the Earth system - is fundamental to understanding how this affects warming oceans, atmosphere and land, rising temperatures and sea level, and loss of grounded and floating ice, which are fundamental concerns for society. This dataset is based on a study under the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) concerted international effort to update the Earth heat inventory published in von Schuckmann et al. (2020), and presents an updated international assessment of ocean warming estimates, and new and updated estimates of heat gain in the atmosphere, cryosphere and land over the period 1960-2020. The dataset also contains estimates for global ocean heat content over 1960-2020 for different depth layers, i.e., 0-300m, 0-700m, 700-2000m, 0-2000m, 2000-bottom, which are described in von Schuckmann et al. (2022). This version includes an update of heat storage of global ocean heat content, where one additional product (Li et al., 2022) had been included to the initial estimate. The Earth heat inventory had been updated accordingly, considering also the update for continental heat content (Cuesta-Valero et al., 2023).