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  • Dutch; Flemish
  • Netherlands

  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Elshout, S.;

    In July 2010, the LISS Immigrant panel was presented a questionnaire to measure the ecological footprint of the respondent. The questionnaire calculates the ecological footprint by taking account of the space, resources and energy people use in relation to the biocapacity of the earth.More information on this Ecological Footprint measure by Prof. W. Rees and Dr. M. Wackernagel can be found on the website: www.footprintnetwork.org.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao EASYarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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    Dataset . 2013
    Data sources: EASY
    B2FIND
    Dataset . 2013
    Data sources: B2FIND
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao EASYarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      EASY
      Dataset . 2013
      Data sources: EASY
      B2FIND
      Dataset . 2013
      Data sources: B2FIND
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Das, J.W.M.;

    The experimental study is conducted to investigate the public opinion on how immigration leads to overpopulation and in turn might damage the sustainable development and environmental protection.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao EASYarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    EASY
    Dataset . 2018
    Data sources: EASY
    B2FIND
    Dataset . 2018
    Data sources: B2FIND
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao EASYarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      EASY
      Dataset . 2018
      Data sources: EASY
      B2FIND
      Dataset . 2018
      Data sources: B2FIND
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: MacKay, D.J.C. (author);

    Een samenvatting van het boek 'Sustainable Energy - without the hot air' van David J.C. MacKay. Professor MacKay is hoogleraar aan de Universiteit van Cambridge en Chief Scientific Advisor to the Department of Energy and Climate Change van de Britse regering. In het boek vergelijkt hij het gebruik van energie met de hoeveelheid energie die opgewekt kan worden met duurzame energie.

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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ DANS (Data Archiving...arrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Hellinga, C. (author);

    Ter gelegenheid van het jaarcongres van KIVI NIRIA 'Duurzaam omgaan met Energie' op 6 oktober 2010 hebben het Delft Energy Initiative en de KIVI NIRIA Stuurgroep Energie - naar voorbeeld van de Britse wetenschapper David MacKay - een bundeling gemaakt van feiten en cijfers met betrekking tot de energievoorziening in Nederland nu en in de toekomst. Hoeveel energie wordt er in Nederland gebruikt, waarvoor en hoe wordt het opgewekt? Welke bronnen kunnen we in welke ordegrootte inzetten om ook in de toekomst over voldoende, betaalbare en betrouwbare energie te beschikken?

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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ DANS (Data Archiving...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Sanders, F.C. (author);

    More and more residents’ groups in the Netherlands are undertaking collective initiatives for sustainable energy optimalisation. This is the result of growing environmental awareness, decreasing government intervention and increasing civil initiative. However, the contribution to the national move towards sus-tainability is, according to the transition theory as well, still too small. It is therefore necessary to make the conditions more favourable for residents’ initiatives of this type. In the context of this urgent need, research was carried out into cohesion in residents’ groups, the required conditions and the attitudes of professionals. A qualitative approach to the research was chosen in order to clarify the underlying reasons and motivation of the parties involved. Three obstructing dilemmas and three perspectives for development were found. The limited motivation on the part of residents to take part in sustainability initiatives, either individually or as part of a group, and the fact that professionals have their own agenda, are an obstacle to sustainable development. On the other hand, ‘pull’ factors and ‘leaders’ – including impassioned professionals – and social cohesion among residents facilitate the transition to sustainability in a positive way. The ‘There & Later’ approach of professionals and the ‘Here & Now’ approach of residents can, however, be aligned at city-district level. This is possible if themes that do not relate to sustainability (e.g. the secure feeling of ‘knowing each other’) and the liveability of a residential area are incorporated in sustainability activities. In this way the use of renewable energy in residential areas in the Netherlands can be taken to a higher level.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ DANS (Data Archiving...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ DANS (Data Archiving...arrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Van Vliet, M. (author); Zwolsman, G. (author); Joziasse, J. (author);

    De waterkwaliteit van rivieren is het meest kritisch tijdens hydrologische extremen en onder hoge watertemperaturen. Uit verkennende studies naar effecten van klimaatverandering op de waterkwaliteit in de Rijn (Zwolsman & Van Bokhoven, 2007) en Maas (Van Vliet & Zwolsman, 2007) is gebleken dat er in het algemeen een verslechtering van de chemische waterkwaliteit wordt waargenomen tijdens perioden van extreem lage en hoge rivierafvoeren en tijdens hittegolven (Zwolsman & Van Vliet, 2007). Met het oog op de toekomst kan uit de resultaten van bovengenoemde studies geconcludeerd worden dat een mogelijke toename in frequentie en intensiteit van droogten, hoogwaters en hittegolven ten gevolge van klimaatverandering kan leiden tot het frequenter optreden van een waterkwaliteitsverslechtering in de Rijn en de Maas. Hierdoor kunnen risico’s ontstaan voor de realisatie van de ecologische doelstellingen en gebruiksfuncties van het water (bijv. drinkwaterproductie en recreatie). Een samenvatting van de resultaten van voorgaande studies naar de effecten van hittegolven, droogten en hoogwaters op de waterkwaliteit in de Rijn en de Maas van Zwolsman, Van Vliet en Van Bokhoven is weergegeven in figuur 1. Het doel van deze studie is het vaststellen van grenswaarden in afvoer en watertemperatuur waarbij kritieke waterkwaliteitscondities (normoverschrijding) optreden. Hoewel tijdens hoogwatersituaties ook verslechtering in waterkwaliteit is waargenomen voor stoffen die zich sterk aan zwevend stof hechten (Van Bokhoven, 2007; Van Vliet & Zwolsman, 2007), ligt de nadruk in deze studie op het bepalen van grenswaarden voor waterkwaliteit van opgeloste stoffen tijdens droogtecondities (lage afvoeren).

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ DANS (Data Archiving...arrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Kelfkens G; Pruppers MJM;

    Currently available data do not support the claim that overhead power lines affect the adverse health effects of particulate matter. Power lines may occasionally add an electric charge to particulate matter; however, this charge is too small to result in increased particulate matter deposition in the lungs and airways and on the skin. Researchers at RIVM draw this conclusion based on a literature survey commissioned by the Dutch Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment (VROM). The underlying motivation for the survey was the health concerns expressed by people living close to both a heavy traffic route and a power line. These concerns originate in published scientific studies in which the authors claim that electric discharges originating from power lines can charge particulate matter and that this extra charging could result in increased amounts of particulate matter being deposited in the lungs and airways or on the skin. This interaction of charge and particulate matter would enhance the already known adverse health effects (heart, lung and airways complaints) of particulate matter. The mechanism that would lead to increased deposition consists of four steps. The first three - i.e. the generation of electric discharges by power lines, charging of particulate matter and wind-driven dispersion of charged particulate matter - have been proven by measurements. The fourth crucial step - the increased deposition of particulate matter in lungs, airways or on the skin - remains unlikely. While it is known that a large extra charge added to particulate matter leads to extra deposition in the airways, the charge required to accomplish this is at least a tenfold higher than that produced by a power line. Only one study using a metal mould of the airways indicates extra deposition, but these results cannot be translated to effects on humans without further study. In addition, extra deposition on the skin under these circumstances has not been made plausible. Voor zover nu bekend beinvloeden bovengrondse hoogspanningslijnen de schadelijke effecten van fijn stof niet. Hoogspanningslijnen kunnen fijn stof soms wel elektrisch opladen, maar dat is te weinig om het meer dan normaal aan longen, luchtwegen en de huid te laten 'plakken'. Dit concludeert het RIVM uit een literatuuronderzoek in opdracht van het ministerie van VROM. Aanleiding voor het onderzoek was de bezorgdheid over hun gezondheid van mensen die bij een drukke verkeersweg en bij een hoogspanningslijn wonen. Die bezorgdheid is het gevolg van wetenschappelijke publicaties waarin wordt beweerd dat elektrische ontladingen bij de hoogspanningsdraden fijn stof kunnen opladen. Hierdoor zou er meer fijn stof in longen, luchtwegen of op de huid blijven 'plakken'. Dit zou er toe kunnen leiden dat de effecten van fijn stof (hart- en luchtwegaandoeningen) versterkt worden. Het mechanisme kent vier stappen. De eerste drie stappen - het ontstaan van elektrische ontladingen bij hoogspanningslijnen, opladen van fijn stof en verspreiden van het extra geladen fijn stof door de wind - zijn met metingen aangetoond. De vierde, beslissende stap - extra neerslag van fijn stof in longen luchtwegen of op de huid - is niet aannemelijk gemaakt. Veel extra lading op fijnstofdeeltjes leidt wel tot extra neerslag in de luchtwegen, maar daar is zeker een tien keer hogere lading voor nodig dan bij een hoogspanningslijn kan ontstaan. Een onderzoek met een metalen mal van luchtwegen lijkt wel op extra neerslag te wijzen, maar die resultaten kunnen zonder nader onderzoek niet naar effecten op de mens worden vertaald. Ook extra neerslag op de huid is tot nu toe niet aannemelijk gemaakt.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Vringer K; Aalbers TG; Drissen E; Hoevenagel R; +4 Authors

    Major issues in the Dutch fourth National Environmental Policy Plan are sustainability and quality of life. The energy requirement for consumption tripled between 1948 and 1996. In this period no significant trends towards a lower energy intensity were found and there is no indication of dematerialisation of consumption patterns. Between 1995 and 2030 private expenditures will increase by 120% to 180% per person. In 1995 the energy requirement per person was 103 GJ. Between 1995 and 2030 the energy requirement per person due to private consumption will increase by 30% to 60%. If the growth of the population is also included, this increase will be 54% to 75% in 35 years time. In 1995 the total energy requirement of all Dutch inhabitants, including collective consumtion was 1927 GJ. In 2030 this will be 3000-3400 GJ. the energy intensity from private consumption in 1995 was 5.5 MJ per Dutch guilder. In 2030 the energy intensity will be 40% lower, a decrease of 1.5% per year. This indicates a decoupling of growth in consumption from the energy requirement for consumption (dematerialisation) brought about by autonomous efficiency improvements in household appliances and the supply sectors, and autonomous changes in the consumption pattern. In de agenda van het vierde Nationale Milieu Beleidsplan (NMP4) (VROM, 1999) staat duurzaamheid en kwaliteit van leven centraal. Kwaliteit van leven wordt beinvloed door consumptie, maar ook door de daaruit volgende milieudruk. De milieudruk die wordt veroorzaakt door de consumptie van personen die in Nederland wonen, loopt voor een groot deel via hun ruimte- en energiebeslag. Deze studie beschrijft het consumptiepatroon voor 2030 met het daarbij behorende energiebeslag op basis van beschikbare sociaal-demografische en economische (CPB) scenario's, gesignaleerde consumententrends en andere aanvullende gegevens, waarbij rekening is gehouden met technologische ontwikkelingen (efficientieverbeteringen). Tussen 1995 en 2030 stijgen de particuliere bestedingen per persoon tussen de 120% (European Coordination scenario, EC) en 180% (Global Competition scenario, GC). Het energiebeslag voor particuliere consumptie bedroeg in 1995 130 GJ per persoon. In 2030 is dit gestegen tot 134 GJ (+30%) per persoon indien uitgegaan wordt van het EC-scenario en 163 GJ per persoon indien uitgegaan wordt van het GC-scenario (+58%). Indien ook de groei van de bevolking wordt meegenomen , zal het totale Nederlandse energiebeslag in 2030 met 54% (EC) en 74% zijn gestegen ten opzichte van 1995. Voor 1995 komt het totale energiebeslag voor alle Nederlandse inwoners op 1927 PJ. Dit energiebeslag stijgt in 2030 naar ruim 3000 PJ (EC) en een kleine 3400 PJ (GC). In 1995 bedroeg de energie-intentsiteit van de particuliere consumptie 5,5 MJ/Dfl. In 2030 zal de energie-intensiteit met ruim 40% (-1,5% per jaar) zijn gedaald en ongeveer 3,2 MJ/Dfl bedragen. Het energiebeslag van de particuliere consumptie per persoon neemt minder sterk toe dan de consumptieve bestedingen per persoon. Er is dus sprake van ontkoppeling tussen het energiebeslag en consumptie in de periode van 1995 tot 2030. Deze ontkoppeling wordt bewerkstelligd door veranderingen in het consumptiepatroon (-15%), efficientieverbeteringen van (consumenten)apparaten (-12%) en efficientieverbeteringen in de toeleverende sectoren als industrie, handel en transport (-21%).

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    Authors: Elzenga HE; Engelen RFJM; Wijk JJ van; Ros JPM;

    Om meer kennis te ontwikkelen op het gebied van industriele energiebesparing en op de effectiviteit van beleidsinstrumenten in dat kader is een onderzoek gestart naar de mogelijke voordelen om de beschikking te hebben over een eigen rekenmodel. Dit onderzoek richtte zich op bestaande modellen, determinanten van energiebesparing en empirische data. De vergelijking tussen NEMO, SAVE en MEI leidde tot eisen en wensen over de structuur van het nieuw te ontwikkelen model. De determinanten van energiegebruik zijn in 4 categorieen verdeeld: 1) technische energiebesparingsmaatregelen (bv. kosten en complexiteit); 2) industriele sector (bv. innovativiteit en opstelling ten aanzien van milieu- en energieproblemen); 3) maatschappelijke omgeving (bv. maatschappelijke druk en activiteiten van belangenorganisaties) en 4) beleidsinstrumenten en beleidsomgeving (bv. heffingen, subsidies en Meerjaren Afspraken). Het zoeken naar empirisch materiaal (met name de feitelijke maatregelimplementatie) en pogingen om het relatieve belang van de determinanten aantoonbaar en inzichtelijk te maken heeft weinig opgeleverd. Komende maanden wordt gewerkt aan operationalisatie van een prototype dat moet uitmonden in een onderzoeksmodel. Het is de bedoeling dat zowel het prototype als het onderzoeksmodel met de modelsoftware STELLA gebouwd zal worden. Het onderzoeksmodel moet in staat zijn om energiebesparing en -vraag voor industriele sectoren te berekenen, gegeven een bepaalde mix van beleidsinstrumenten, met 'bottom-up' gegevens (op basis van technische energiebesparingsmaatregelen) en daarbij zoveel mogelijk recht doen aan besluitvormingsprocessen ten aanzien van investeringen bij bedrijven. An exploratory study was carried out to construct an energy-saving model for industrial firms. The desire to gain more insight into industrial energy savings and the influence of policy instruments formed the background to this study into existing energy-saving computer models, determinants of energy use and the search for empirical data. The comparison of the three computer models, NEMO, SAVE and MEI, led to ideas on the desired structure of the model. The determinants of energy use have been divided into four categories: 1) technical energy-saving measures (e.g. complexity, investment costs); 2) industrial sector (e.g. innovation efforts, willingness to invest); 3) social surroundings (e.g. social pressure, activity of environmental interest groups) and 4) policy instruments and policy surroundings (e.g. levies, subsidies, voluntary agreements, enforcement). The search for empirical data was intended, on the one hand, to create awareness of the significance of the determinant intercomparison and, on the other, to discover what data on implementation of measures are really known. Unfortunately, the search for known data yielded very little. However, this study did provide an incentive for structuring a new model that would focus on the 'actors' and their role, energy-saving measures, social surroundings and policy instruments. The intention is to construct a computer model in STELLA software which will be capable of analysing policy instruments according to use (e.g. analysis of non-monetary instruments on their non-monetary merit), and which will incorporate policy implementation and maintenance. The model will also carry out 'bottom up' calculations (i.e. on the basis of measures) and do justice to the decision-making processes in firms. In the coming months, a research model - starting with a prototype- is to be built to meet the functional demands. RIVM

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Annema JA; Bakker E; Haaijer R; Perdok J; +1 Authors

    Om de aankoop van zuinige auto's te stimuleren kondigde het kabinet in de Uitvoeringsnota Klimaatbeleid aan de belasting op personenauto's en motorrijwielen (BPM) te gaan differentieren naar de CO2-uitstoot van personenauto's. In reactie op deze nota drongen de organisaties RAI en BOVAG in een brief aan de minister van VROM aan op aanvullend onderzoek naar de effectiviteit van deze maatregel en naar de effectiviteit van alternatieve maatregelen. Bij de behandeling van de Uitvoeringsnota Klimaatbeleid in de Tweede Kamer heeft de minister van VROM op verzoek van de kamer ingestemd met zo'n aanvullend onderzoek. Deze studie beschrijft de resultaten van dit aanvullend onderzoek. Er zijn in deze studie drie alternatieve prijsmaatregelen bestudeerd: 1) Differentiatie van de BPM. De maatregel bestaat uit een generieke verlaging van de BPM met een voor alle auto's gelijk bedrag, en een gelijktijdige invoering van een CO2-toeslag op nieuw verkochte auto's. Er zijn drie heffingsvarianten doorgerekend: van een relatief lage heffing (BPM1) tot een relatief hoge (BPM3). 2) Omzetting van de grondslag van de motorrijtuigenbelasting (MRB) van gewicht naar brandstofverbruik. 3) Energiepremies. De maatregel bestaat uit het verstrekken van een energiepremie aan kopers van een relatief 'groene' auto. Er zijn twee premievarianten doorgerekend: een relatief lage (Premie1) en een relatief hoge (Premie2). De hoofdconclusie is dat de voorgestelde energiepremies en de BPM-varianten leiden tot CO2-emissiereducties bij personenauto's in de orde van 0,1 tot 1,5% ten opzichte van de emissie-niveaus van personenauto's in 2010 en 2020 zonder deze maatregelen. De voorgestelde MRB-maatregel leidt nauwelijks tot CO2-emissiereductie-effecten. The effectiveness of three pricing policy options in the Netherlands for reducing CO2 emissions from passenger cars was determined in an investigation carried out jointly by the RIVM and the environmental consultant agency, Muconsult. The first option, differentiation in the purchase tax on new cars, will allow owners of new, relatively fuel-efficient cars (in relation to size) a rebate in the purchase tax. However, owners of new cars which are in relation to their seize not fuel-efficient will be confronted with a surcharge on the purchase tax. Three different levels of differentiation are taken into consideration. The second option is to have the yearly vehicle tax based on fuel use instead of weight of the vehicle. The third option will provide a premium for owners of new cars which will have a green energy label. Two premium levels are taken into account. The main conclusion of this study is: the purchase tax and the premium options will result in CO2 emission reductions of 0.1 to 1.5% compared to the passenger car emissions in 2010 and 2020 without the measures proposed. The yearly tax option based on fuel use will have no effect. DGM-KVI

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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Elshout, S.;

    In July 2010, the LISS Immigrant panel was presented a questionnaire to measure the ecological footprint of the respondent. The questionnaire calculates the ecological footprint by taking account of the space, resources and energy people use in relation to the biocapacity of the earth.More information on this Ecological Footprint measure by Prof. W. Rees and Dr. M. Wackernagel can be found on the website: www.footprintnetwork.org.

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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    EASY
    Dataset . 2013
    Data sources: EASY
    B2FIND
    Dataset . 2013
    Data sources: B2FIND
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao EASYarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      EASY
      Dataset . 2013
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      B2FIND
      Dataset . 2013
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Das, J.W.M.;

    The experimental study is conducted to investigate the public opinion on how immigration leads to overpopulation and in turn might damage the sustainable development and environmental protection.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao EASYarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    EASY
    Dataset . 2018
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    B2FIND
    Dataset . 2018
    Data sources: B2FIND
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao EASYarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      EASY
      Dataset . 2018
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      B2FIND
      Dataset . 2018
      Data sources: B2FIND
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: MacKay, D.J.C. (author);

    Een samenvatting van het boek 'Sustainable Energy - without the hot air' van David J.C. MacKay. Professor MacKay is hoogleraar aan de Universiteit van Cambridge en Chief Scientific Advisor to the Department of Energy and Climate Change van de Britse regering. In het boek vergelijkt hij het gebruik van energie met de hoeveelheid energie die opgewekt kan worden met duurzame energie.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Hellinga, C. (author);

    Ter gelegenheid van het jaarcongres van KIVI NIRIA 'Duurzaam omgaan met Energie' op 6 oktober 2010 hebben het Delft Energy Initiative en de KIVI NIRIA Stuurgroep Energie - naar voorbeeld van de Britse wetenschapper David MacKay - een bundeling gemaakt van feiten en cijfers met betrekking tot de energievoorziening in Nederland nu en in de toekomst. Hoeveel energie wordt er in Nederland gebruikt, waarvoor en hoe wordt het opgewekt? Welke bronnen kunnen we in welke ordegrootte inzetten om ook in de toekomst over voldoende, betaalbare en betrouwbare energie te beschikken?

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    Authors: Sanders, F.C. (author);

    More and more residents’ groups in the Netherlands are undertaking collective initiatives for sustainable energy optimalisation. This is the result of growing environmental awareness, decreasing government intervention and increasing civil initiative. However, the contribution to the national move towards sus-tainability is, according to the transition theory as well, still too small. It is therefore necessary to make the conditions more favourable for residents’ initiatives of this type. In the context of this urgent need, research was carried out into cohesion in residents’ groups, the required conditions and the attitudes of professionals. A qualitative approach to the research was chosen in order to clarify the underlying reasons and motivation of the parties involved. Three obstructing dilemmas and three perspectives for development were found. The limited motivation on the part of residents to take part in sustainability initiatives, either individually or as part of a group, and the fact that professionals have their own agenda, are an obstacle to sustainable development. On the other hand, ‘pull’ factors and ‘leaders’ – including impassioned professionals – and social cohesion among residents facilitate the transition to sustainability in a positive way. The ‘There & Later’ approach of professionals and the ‘Here & Now’ approach of residents can, however, be aligned at city-district level. This is possible if themes that do not relate to sustainability (e.g. the secure feeling of ‘knowing each other’) and the liveability of a residential area are incorporated in sustainability activities. In this way the use of renewable energy in residential areas in the Netherlands can be taken to a higher level.

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    Authors: Van Vliet, M. (author); Zwolsman, G. (author); Joziasse, J. (author);

    De waterkwaliteit van rivieren is het meest kritisch tijdens hydrologische extremen en onder hoge watertemperaturen. Uit verkennende studies naar effecten van klimaatverandering op de waterkwaliteit in de Rijn (Zwolsman & Van Bokhoven, 2007) en Maas (Van Vliet & Zwolsman, 2007) is gebleken dat er in het algemeen een verslechtering van de chemische waterkwaliteit wordt waargenomen tijdens perioden van extreem lage en hoge rivierafvoeren en tijdens hittegolven (Zwolsman & Van Vliet, 2007). Met het oog op de toekomst kan uit de resultaten van bovengenoemde studies geconcludeerd worden dat een mogelijke toename in frequentie en intensiteit van droogten, hoogwaters en hittegolven ten gevolge van klimaatverandering kan leiden tot het frequenter optreden van een waterkwaliteitsverslechtering in de Rijn en de Maas. Hierdoor kunnen risico’s ontstaan voor de realisatie van de ecologische doelstellingen en gebruiksfuncties van het water (bijv. drinkwaterproductie en recreatie). Een samenvatting van de resultaten van voorgaande studies naar de effecten van hittegolven, droogten en hoogwaters op de waterkwaliteit in de Rijn en de Maas van Zwolsman, Van Vliet en Van Bokhoven is weergegeven in figuur 1. Het doel van deze studie is het vaststellen van grenswaarden in afvoer en watertemperatuur waarbij kritieke waterkwaliteitscondities (normoverschrijding) optreden. Hoewel tijdens hoogwatersituaties ook verslechtering in waterkwaliteit is waargenomen voor stoffen die zich sterk aan zwevend stof hechten (Van Bokhoven, 2007; Van Vliet & Zwolsman, 2007), ligt de nadruk in deze studie op het bepalen van grenswaarden voor waterkwaliteit van opgeloste stoffen tijdens droogtecondities (lage afvoeren).

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    Authors: Kelfkens G; Pruppers MJM;

    Currently available data do not support the claim that overhead power lines affect the adverse health effects of particulate matter. Power lines may occasionally add an electric charge to particulate matter; however, this charge is too small to result in increased particulate matter deposition in the lungs and airways and on the skin. Researchers at RIVM draw this conclusion based on a literature survey commissioned by the Dutch Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment (VROM). The underlying motivation for the survey was the health concerns expressed by people living close to both a heavy traffic route and a power line. These concerns originate in published scientific studies in which the authors claim that electric discharges originating from power lines can charge particulate matter and that this extra charging could result in increased amounts of particulate matter being deposited in the lungs and airways or on the skin. This interaction of charge and particulate matter would enhance the already known adverse health effects (heart, lung and airways complaints) of particulate matter. The mechanism that would lead to increased deposition consists of four steps. The first three - i.e. the generation of electric discharges by power lines, charging of particulate matter and wind-driven dispersion of charged particulate matter - have been proven by measurements. The fourth crucial step - the increased deposition of particulate matter in lungs, airways or on the skin - remains unlikely. While it is known that a large extra charge added to particulate matter leads to extra deposition in the airways, the charge required to accomplish this is at least a tenfold higher than that produced by a power line. Only one study using a metal mould of the airways indicates extra deposition, but these results cannot be translated to effects on humans without further study. In addition, extra deposition on the skin under these circumstances has not been made plausible. Voor zover nu bekend beinvloeden bovengrondse hoogspanningslijnen de schadelijke effecten van fijn stof niet. Hoogspanningslijnen kunnen fijn stof soms wel elektrisch opladen, maar dat is te weinig om het meer dan normaal aan longen, luchtwegen en de huid te laten 'plakken'. Dit concludeert het RIVM uit een literatuuronderzoek in opdracht van het ministerie van VROM. Aanleiding voor het onderzoek was de bezorgdheid over hun gezondheid van mensen die bij een drukke verkeersweg en bij een hoogspanningslijn wonen. Die bezorgdheid is het gevolg van wetenschappelijke publicaties waarin wordt beweerd dat elektrische ontladingen bij de hoogspanningsdraden fijn stof kunnen opladen. Hierdoor zou er meer fijn stof in longen, luchtwegen of op de huid blijven 'plakken'. Dit zou er toe kunnen leiden dat de effecten van fijn stof (hart- en luchtwegaandoeningen) versterkt worden. Het mechanisme kent vier stappen. De eerste drie stappen - het ontstaan van elektrische ontladingen bij hoogspanningslijnen, opladen van fijn stof en verspreiden van het extra geladen fijn stof door de wind - zijn met metingen aangetoond. De vierde, beslissende stap - extra neerslag van fijn stof in longen luchtwegen of op de huid - is niet aannemelijk gemaakt. Veel extra lading op fijnstofdeeltjes leidt wel tot extra neerslag in de luchtwegen, maar daar is zeker een tien keer hogere lading voor nodig dan bij een hoogspanningslijn kan ontstaan. Een onderzoek met een metalen mal van luchtwegen lijkt wel op extra neerslag te wijzen, maar die resultaten kunnen zonder nader onderzoek niet naar effecten op de mens worden vertaald. Ook extra neerslag op de huid is tot nu toe niet aannemelijk gemaakt.

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    Authors: Vringer K; Aalbers TG; Drissen E; Hoevenagel R; +4 Authors

    Major issues in the Dutch fourth National Environmental Policy Plan are sustainability and quality of life. The energy requirement for consumption tripled between 1948 and 1996. In this period no significant trends towards a lower energy intensity were found and there is no indication of dematerialisation of consumption patterns. Between 1995 and 2030 private expenditures will increase by 120% to 180% per person. In 1995 the energy requirement per person was 103 GJ. Between 1995 and 2030 the energy requirement per person due to private consumption will increase by 30% to 60%. If the growth of the population is also included, this increase will be 54% to 75% in 35 years time. In 1995 the total energy requirement of all Dutch inhabitants, including collective consumtion was 1927 GJ. In 2030 this will be 3000-3400 GJ. the energy intensity from private consumption in 1995 was 5.5 MJ per Dutch guilder. In 2030 the energy intensity will be 40% lower, a decrease of 1.5% per year. This indicates a decoupling of growth in consumption from the energy requirement for consumption (dematerialisation) brought about by autonomous efficiency improvements in household appliances and the supply sectors, and autonomous changes in the consumption pattern. In de agenda van het vierde Nationale Milieu Beleidsplan (NMP4) (VROM, 1999) staat duurzaamheid en kwaliteit van leven centraal. Kwaliteit van leven wordt beinvloed door consumptie, maar ook door de daaruit volgende milieudruk. De milieudruk die wordt veroorzaakt door de consumptie van personen die in Nederland wonen, loopt voor een groot deel via hun ruimte- en energiebeslag. Deze studie beschrijft het consumptiepatroon voor 2030 met het daarbij behorende energiebeslag op basis van beschikbare sociaal-demografische en economische (CPB) scenario's, gesignaleerde consumententrends en andere aanvullende gegevens, waarbij rekening is gehouden met technologische ontwikkelingen (efficientieverbeteringen). Tussen 1995 en 2030 stijgen de particuliere bestedingen per persoon tussen de 120% (European Coordination scenario, EC) en 180% (Global Competition scenario, GC). Het energiebeslag voor particuliere consumptie bedroeg in 1995 130 GJ per persoon. In 2030 is dit gestegen tot 134 GJ (+30%) per persoon indien uitgegaan wordt van het EC-scenario en 163 GJ per persoon indien uitgegaan wordt van het GC-scenario (+58%). Indien ook de groei van de bevolking wordt meegenomen , zal het totale Nederlandse energiebeslag in 2030 met 54% (EC) en 74% zijn gestegen ten opzichte van 1995. Voor 1995 komt het totale energiebeslag voor alle Nederlandse inwoners op 1927 PJ. Dit energiebeslag stijgt in 2030 naar ruim 3000 PJ (EC) en een kleine 3400 PJ (GC). In 1995 bedroeg de energie-intentsiteit van de particuliere consumptie 5,5 MJ/Dfl. In 2030 zal de energie-intensiteit met ruim 40% (-1,5% per jaar) zijn gedaald en ongeveer 3,2 MJ/Dfl bedragen. Het energiebeslag van de particuliere consumptie per persoon neemt minder sterk toe dan de consumptieve bestedingen per persoon. Er is dus sprake van ontkoppeling tussen het energiebeslag en consumptie in de periode van 1995 tot 2030. Deze ontkoppeling wordt bewerkstelligd door veranderingen in het consumptiepatroon (-15%), efficientieverbeteringen van (consumenten)apparaten (-12%) en efficientieverbeteringen in de toeleverende sectoren als industrie, handel en transport (-21%).

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    Authors: Elzenga HE; Engelen RFJM; Wijk JJ van; Ros JPM;

    Om meer kennis te ontwikkelen op het gebied van industriele energiebesparing en op de effectiviteit van beleidsinstrumenten in dat kader is een onderzoek gestart naar de mogelijke voordelen om de beschikking te hebben over een eigen rekenmodel. Dit onderzoek richtte zich op bestaande modellen, determinanten van energiebesparing en empirische data. De vergelijking tussen NEMO, SAVE en MEI leidde tot eisen en wensen over de structuur van het nieuw te ontwikkelen model. De determinanten van energiegebruik zijn in 4 categorieen verdeeld: 1) technische energiebesparingsmaatregelen (bv. kosten en complexiteit); 2) industriele sector (bv. innovativiteit en opstelling ten aanzien van milieu- en energieproblemen); 3) maatschappelijke omgeving (bv. maatschappelijke druk en activiteiten van belangenorganisaties) en 4) beleidsinstrumenten en beleidsomgeving (bv. heffingen, subsidies en Meerjaren Afspraken). Het zoeken naar empirisch materiaal (met name de feitelijke maatregelimplementatie) en pogingen om het relatieve belang van de determinanten aantoonbaar en inzichtelijk te maken heeft weinig opgeleverd. Komende maanden wordt gewerkt aan operationalisatie van een prototype dat moet uitmonden in een onderzoeksmodel. Het is de bedoeling dat zowel het prototype als het onderzoeksmodel met de modelsoftware STELLA gebouwd zal worden. Het onderzoeksmodel moet in staat zijn om energiebesparing en -vraag voor industriele sectoren te berekenen, gegeven een bepaalde mix van beleidsinstrumenten, met 'bottom-up' gegevens (op basis van technische energiebesparingsmaatregelen) en daarbij zoveel mogelijk recht doen aan besluitvormingsprocessen ten aanzien van investeringen bij bedrijven. An exploratory study was carried out to construct an energy-saving model for industrial firms. The desire to gain more insight into industrial energy savings and the influence of policy instruments formed the background to this study into existing energy-saving computer models, determinants of energy use and the search for empirical data. The comparison of the three computer models, NEMO, SAVE and MEI, led to ideas on the desired structure of the model. The determinants of energy use have been divided into four categories: 1) technical energy-saving measures (e.g. complexity, investment costs); 2) industrial sector (e.g. innovation efforts, willingness to invest); 3) social surroundings (e.g. social pressure, activity of environmental interest groups) and 4) policy instruments and policy surroundings (e.g. levies, subsidies, voluntary agreements, enforcement). The search for empirical data was intended, on the one hand, to create awareness of the significance of the determinant intercomparison and, on the other, to discover what data on implementation of measures are really known. Unfortunately, the search for known data yielded very little. However, this study did provide an incentive for structuring a new model that would focus on the 'actors' and their role, energy-saving measures, social surroundings and policy instruments. The intention is to construct a computer model in STELLA software which will be capable of analysing policy instruments according to use (e.g. analysis of non-monetary instruments on their non-monetary merit), and which will incorporate policy implementation and maintenance. The model will also carry out 'bottom up' calculations (i.e. on the basis of measures) and do justice to the decision-making processes in firms. In the coming months, a research model - starting with a prototype- is to be built to meet the functional demands. RIVM

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    Authors: Annema JA; Bakker E; Haaijer R; Perdok J; +1 Authors

    Om de aankoop van zuinige auto's te stimuleren kondigde het kabinet in de Uitvoeringsnota Klimaatbeleid aan de belasting op personenauto's en motorrijwielen (BPM) te gaan differentieren naar de CO2-uitstoot van personenauto's. In reactie op deze nota drongen de organisaties RAI en BOVAG in een brief aan de minister van VROM aan op aanvullend onderzoek naar de effectiviteit van deze maatregel en naar de effectiviteit van alternatieve maatregelen. Bij de behandeling van de Uitvoeringsnota Klimaatbeleid in de Tweede Kamer heeft de minister van VROM op verzoek van de kamer ingestemd met zo'n aanvullend onderzoek. Deze studie beschrijft de resultaten van dit aanvullend onderzoek. Er zijn in deze studie drie alternatieve prijsmaatregelen bestudeerd: 1) Differentiatie van de BPM. De maatregel bestaat uit een generieke verlaging van de BPM met een voor alle auto's gelijk bedrag, en een gelijktijdige invoering van een CO2-toeslag op nieuw verkochte auto's. Er zijn drie heffingsvarianten doorgerekend: van een relatief lage heffing (BPM1) tot een relatief hoge (BPM3). 2) Omzetting van de grondslag van de motorrijtuigenbelasting (MRB) van gewicht naar brandstofverbruik. 3) Energiepremies. De maatregel bestaat uit het verstrekken van een energiepremie aan kopers van een relatief 'groene' auto. Er zijn twee premievarianten doorgerekend: een relatief lage (Premie1) en een relatief hoge (Premie2). De hoofdconclusie is dat de voorgestelde energiepremies en de BPM-varianten leiden tot CO2-emissiereducties bij personenauto's in de orde van 0,1 tot 1,5% ten opzichte van de emissie-niveaus van personenauto's in 2010 en 2020 zonder deze maatregelen. De voorgestelde MRB-maatregel leidt nauwelijks tot CO2-emissiereductie-effecten. The effectiveness of three pricing policy options in the Netherlands for reducing CO2 emissions from passenger cars was determined in an investigation carried out jointly by the RIVM and the environmental consultant agency, Muconsult. The first option, differentiation in the purchase tax on new cars, will allow owners of new, relatively fuel-efficient cars (in relation to size) a rebate in the purchase tax. However, owners of new cars which are in relation to their seize not fuel-efficient will be confronted with a surcharge on the purchase tax. Three different levels of differentiation are taken into consideration. The second option is to have the yearly vehicle tax based on fuel use instead of weight of the vehicle. The third option will provide a premium for owners of new cars which will have a green energy label. Two premium levels are taken into account. The main conclusion of this study is: the purchase tax and the premium options will result in CO2 emission reductions of 0.1 to 1.5% compared to the passenger car emissions in 2010 and 2020 without the measures proposed. The yearly tax option based on fuel use will have no effect. DGM-KVI

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