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We report on two independent failures to conceptually replicate findings by Ballard & Lewandowsky (Ballard and Lewandowsky 2015 Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 373 , 20140464 (doi:10.1098/rsta.2014.0464)), who showed that certainty in, and concern about, projected public health issues (e.g. impacts of climate change) depend on how uncertain information is presented. Specifically, compared to a projected range of outcomes (e.g. a global rise in temperature between 1.6°C and 2.4°C) by a certain point in time (the year 2065), Ballard & Lewandowsky (Ballard and Lewandowsky 2015 Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 373 , 20140464 (doi:10.1098/rsta.2014.0464)) showed that focusing people on a certain outcome (a global rise in temperature of at least 2°C) by an uncertain time-frame (the years 2054–2083) increases certainty in the outcome, and concern about its implications. Based on two new studies that showed a null effect between the two presentation formats, however, we recommend treating the projection statements featured in these studies as equivalent, and we encourage investigators to find alternative ways to improve on existing formats to communicate uncertain information about future events.

Abstract In this paper, based on the perspective of carbon emissions, the regional environment and regional innovation strategies were analyzed by using cybernetics. The main idea was to calibrate the diesel engine simulation model with predictive function based on the data collected from the bench test, and then according to the simulation model, the genetic algorithm was applied to optimize the EGR parameters and fuel injection parameters with the target of emission generation and output torque. First of all, the combustion process and emission performance of diesel engine with internal exhaust re-circulation were studied by genetic algorithm, and the genetic algorithm model was constructed. Then, the genetic algorithm program was written based on Matlab. In addition, taking the NOx emission as the target, and the Soot emission and the output torque of the original machine as constraints, through the joint simulation of Matlab and GT-Power, the EGR parameters and fuel injection parameters of the 10% to 50% load conditions were optimized at the speed of 1500 r/min and 2000 r/min. Finally, the validity of this method was verified and analyzed.

AbstractThe globally invasive mosquito subspecies Aedes aegypti aegypti is a highly effective vector of human arboviruses because it specializes in biting humans and breeding in human habitats. Recent work suggests that specialization first arose as an adaptation to long, hot dry seasons in the West African Sahel, where Ae. aegypti is forced to rely on human-stored water for breeding. However, rainfall patterns in this region have changed dramatically over the past 10-20 thousand years, and we do not yet know exactly when specialization occurred. Here we use whole-genome cross-coalescent analysis to date the emergence of human specialist populations in the Sahel and thus further probe the climate hypothesis. Importantly, we take advantage of the known migration of human-specialist populations out of Africa during the Atlantic Slave Trade to calibrate the coalescent clock and thus obtain a more precise estimate of the older evolutionary event than would otherwise be possible. We find that human-specialist mosquitoes diverged rapidly from ecological generalists approximately 5,000 years ago, which corresponds to the end of the African Humid Period—a time when the Sahara dried and water stored by humans became a uniquely stable, aquatic niche in the Sahel. We also use population genomic analyses to date a previously observed influx of human-specialist alleles into major West African cities, where mosquitoes tend to be more attracted to humans than in nearby rural populations regardless of climate. In this case, the characteristic length of tracts of human-specialist ancestry present on a generalist genetic background in Kumasi, Ghana and Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso suggests the change in behavior occurred during rapid urbanization over the last 20-40 years. Taken together, we show that the timing and ecological context of two previously observed shifts towards human biting in Ae. aegypti differ; climate was likely the original driver, but urbanization has become increasingly important in recent decades. Understanding the changing relationship between mosquitoes and humans over time is critical for predicting and managing burdens of mosquito-borne disease.

Solutions to complex and unprecedented global challenges are urgently needed. Overcoming these challenges requires input and innovative solutions from all experts, including Early Career Ocean Professionals (ECOPs). To achieve diverse inclusion from ECOPs, fundamental changes must occur at all levels—from individuals to organizations. Drawing on insights from across the globe, we propose 5 actionable pillars that support the engagement of ECOPs in co-design processes that address ocean sustainability: sharing knowledge through networks and mentorship, providing cross-boundary training and opportunities, incentivizing and celebrating knowledge co-design, creating inclusive and participatory governance structures, and catalyzing culture change for inclusivity. Foundational to all actions are the cross-cutting principles of justice, equity, diversity, and inclusivity. In addition, the pillars are cross-boundary in nature, including collaboration and innovation across sectors, disciplines, regions, generations, and backgrounds. Together, these recommendations provide an actionable and iterative path toward inclusive engagement and intergenerational exchange that can develop ocean solutions for a sustainable future.

El cambio climático afecta a la productividad agrícola en todo el mundo. El aumento de los precios de los productos alimenticios básicos es la indicación inicial de una drástica pérdida de rendimiento comestible, que se espera que aumente aún más debido al calentamiento global. Esta situación ha obligado a los científicos de plantas a desarrollar cultivos resistentes al cambio climático, que pueden soportar tensiones de amplio espectro como la sequía, el calor, el frío, la salinidad, las inundaciones, la inmersión y las plagas, lo que ayuda a aumentar la productividad. La genómica parece ser una herramienta prometedora para descifrar la capacidad de respuesta al estrés de las especies de cultivos con rasgos de adaptación o en parientes silvestres para identificar genes subyacentes, alelos o loci de rasgos cuantitativos. Los enfoques de fitomejoramiento molecular han demostrado ser útiles para mejorar la adaptación al estrés de las plantas de cultivo, y los avances recientes en la secuenciación de alto rendimiento y las plataformas de fenotipado han transformado el fitomejoramiento molecular en fitomejoramiento asistido por genómica (Gab). En vista de esto, la presente revisión detalla el progreso y las perspectivas de los AGP para mejorar la resiliencia al cambio climático en los cultivos, que probablemente desempeñará un papel cada vez mayor en el esfuerzo por garantizar la seguridad alimentaria mundial. Le changement climatique affecte la productivité agricole dans le monde entier. L'augmentation des prix des produits alimentaires est l'indication initiale d'une perte drastique de rendement comestible, qui devrait encore augmenter en raison du réchauffement climatique. Cette situation a contraint les phytologues à développer des cultures résilientes au changement climatique, capables de résister à des stress à large spectre tels que la sécheresse, la chaleur, le froid, la salinité, les inondations, la submersion et les parasites, contribuant ainsi à augmenter la productivité. La génomique semble être un outil prometteur pour déchiffrer la réactivité au stress des espèces cultivées avec des traits d'adaptation ou chez les parents sauvages vers l'identification des gènes sous-jacents, des allèles ou des locus de caractères quantitatifs. Les approches de sélection moléculaire se sont révélées utiles pour améliorer l'adaptation au stress des plantes cultivées, et les progrès récents des plates-formes de séquençage et de phénotypage à haut débit ont transformé la sélection moléculaire en sélection assistée par génomique (GAB). Compte tenu de cela, le présent examen élabore les progrès et les perspectives de GAB pour améliorer la résilience au changement climatique dans les cultures, qui est susceptible de jouer un rôle de plus en plus important dans l'effort visant à assurer la sécurité alimentaire mondiale. Climate change affects agricultural productivity worldwide. Increased prices of food commodities are the initial indication of drastic edible yield loss, which is expected to increase further due to global warming. This situation has compelled plant scientists to develop climate change-resilient crops, which can withstand broad-spectrum stresses such as drought, heat, cold, salinity, flood, submergence and pests, thus helping to deliver increased productivity. Genomics appears to be a promising tool for deciphering the stress responsiveness of crop species with adaptation traits or in wild relatives toward identifying underlying genes, alleles or quantitative trait loci. Molecular breeding approaches have proven helpful in enhancing the stress adaptation of crop plants, and recent advances in high-throughput sequencing and phenotyping platforms have transformed molecular breeding to genomics-assisted breeding (GAB). In view of this, the present review elaborates the progress and prospects of GAB for improving climate change resilience in crops, which is likely to play an ever increasing role in the effort to ensure global food security. يؤثر تغير المناخ على الإنتاجية الزراعية في جميع أنحاء العالم. ارتفاع أسعار السلع الغذائية هو المؤشر الأولي على فقدان محصول الطعام بشكل كبير، والذي من المتوقع أن يزداد أكثر بسبب الاحترار العالمي. وقد أجبر هذا الوضع علماء النبات على تطوير محاصيل قادرة على التكيف مع تغير المناخ، والتي يمكن أن تتحمل ضغوطًا واسعة النطاق مثل الجفاف والحرارة والبرودة والملوحة والفيضانات والغمر والآفات، مما يساعد على زيادة الإنتاجية. يبدو أن علم الجينوم أداة واعدة لفك رموز استجابة الإجهاد لأنواع المحاصيل ذات سمات التكيف أو في الأقارب البرية نحو تحديد الجينات الأساسية أو الأليلات أو مواقع السمات الكمية. أثبتت مناهج التكاثر الجزيئي أنها مفيدة في تعزيز تكيف نباتات المحاصيل مع الإجهاد، وقد أدت التطورات الحديثة في منصات التسلسل والتنميط الظاهري عالية الإنتاجية إلى تحويل التكاثر الجزيئي إلى تربية بمساعدة الجينوم (GAB). وفي ضوء ذلك، يوضح هذا الاستعراض التقدم الذي أحرزه المكتب وآفاقه لتحسين القدرة على التكيف مع تغير المناخ في المحاصيل، والتي من المرجح أن تلعب دوراً متزايداً في الجهود المبذولة لضمان الأمن الغذائي العالمي.

The ability to form cooperative societies may explain why humans and social insects have come to dominate the earth. Here we examine the ecological consequences of cooperation by quantifying the fitness of cooperative (large groups) and non-cooperative (small groups) phenotypes in burying beetles (Nicrophorus nepalensis) along an elevational and temperature gradient. We experimentally created large and small groups along the gradient and manipulated interspecific competition with flies by heating carcasses. We show that cooperative groups performed as thermal generalists with similarly high breeding success at all temperatures and elevations, whereas non-cooperative groups performed as thermal specialists with higher breeding success only at intermediate temperatures and elevations. Studying the ecological consequences of cooperation may not only help us to understand why so many species of social insects have conquered the earth, but also to determine how climate change will affect the success of these and other social species, including our own.

AbstractAcidification‐induced changes in neurological function have been documented in several tropical marine fishes. Here, we investigate whether similar patterns of neurological impacts are observed in a temperate Pacific fish that naturally experiences regular and often large shifts in environmental pH/pCO2. In two laboratory experiments, we tested the effect of acidification, as well as pH/pCO2 variability, on gene expression in the brain tissue of a common temperate kelp forest/estuarine fish, Embiotoca jacksoni. Experiment 1 employed static pH treatments (target pH = 7.85/7.30), while Experiment 2 incorporated two variable treatments that oscillated around corresponding static treatments with the same mean (target pH = 7.85/7.70) in an eight‐day cycle (amplitude ± 0.15). We found that patterns of global gene expression differed across pH level treatments. Additionally, we identified differential expression of specific genes and enrichment of specific gene sets (GSEA) in comparisons of static pH treatments and in comparisons of static and variable pH treatments of the same mean pH. Importantly, we found that pH/pCO2 variability decreased the number of differentially expressed genes detected between high and low pH treatments, and that interindividual variability in gene expression was greater in variable treatments than static treatments. These results provide important confirmation of neurological impacts of acidification in a temperate fish species and, critically, that natural environmental variability may mediate the impacts of ocean acidification.

AbstractThe relationship between knowledge, belief, and ethics is an inaugural theme in philosophy; more recently, under the title “ethics of belief” philosophers have worked to develop the appropriate methodology for studying the nexus of epistemology, ethics, and psychology. The title “ethics of belief” comes from a 19th‐century paper written by British philosopher and mathematician W.K. Clifford. Clifford argues that we are morally responsible for our beliefs because (a) each belief that we form creates the cognitive circumstances for related beliefs to follow, and (b) we inevitably influence each other through those beliefs. This study argues that recent cognitive research supports Cliffordian insights regarding patterns of belief formation and social influence. From the confirmation offered by such research, it follows that informational accuracy holds serious ethical significance in public discourse. Although scientific and epistemological matters are not always thought to be linked to normative morality, this study builds on Clifford's initial insights to show their linkage is fundamental to inquiry itself. In turn, Clifford's ethical and epistemic outline can inform a framework grounded in “public reason” under which seemingly opposed science communication strategies (e.g., “information deficit” and “cultural cognition” models) are philosophically united. With public discourse on climate change as the key example, empirically informed and grounded strategies for science communication in the public sphere are considered.