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MASSIMO is a distance-independent individual-tree simulator that represents demographic processes (regeneration, growth and mortality) with empirical models that have been parameterized with data from the Swiss NFI. Tree regeneration, growth and mortality are simulated on the regular grid of sample plots of the Swiss NFI, which allows for statistically representative simulations of forest development. 

Humanity’s role in changing the face of the earth is a long-standing concern, as is the human domination of ecosystems. Geologists are debating the introduction of a new geological epoch, the ‘anthropocene’, as humans are ‘overwhelming the great forces of nature’. In this context, the accumulation of artefacts, i.e., human-made physical objects, is a pervasive phenomenon. Variously dubbed ‘manufactured capital’, ‘technomass’, ‘human-made mass’, ‘in-use stocks’ or ‘socioeconomic material stocks’, they have become a major focus of sustainability sciences in the last decade. Globally, the mass of socioeconomic material stocks now exceeds 10e14 kg, which is roughly equal to the dry-matter equivalent of all biomass on earth. It is doubling roughly every 20 years, almost perfectly in line with ‘real’ (i.e. inflation-adjusted) GDP. In terms of mass, buildings and infrastructures (here collectively called ‘built structures’) represent the overwhelming majority of all socioeconomic material stocks. This dataset features a detailed map of material stocks in the CONUS on a 10m grid based on high resolution Earth Observation data (Sentinel-1 + Sentinel-2), crowd-sourced geodata (OSM) and material intensity factors. Spatial extent This subdataset covers the West Coast CONUS, i.e. CA OR WA For the remaining CONUS, see the related identifiers. Temporal extent The map is representative for ca. 2018. Data format The data are organized by states. Within each state, data are split into 100km x 100km tiles (EQUI7 grid), and mosaics are provided. Within each tile, images for area, volume, and mass at 10m spatial resolution are provided. Units are m², m³, and t, respectively. Each metric is split into buildings, other, rail and street (note: In the paper, other, rail, and street stocks are subsumed to mobility infrastructure). Each category is further split into subcategories (e.g. building types). Additionally, a grand total of all stocks is provided at multiple spatial resolutions and units, i.e. t at 10m x 10m kt at 100m x 100m Mt at 1km x 1km Gt at 10km x 10km For each state, mosaics of all above-described data are provided in GDAL VRT format, which can readily be opened in most Geographic Information Systems. File paths are relative, i.e. DO NOT change the file structure or file naming. Additionally, the grand total mass per state is tabulated for each county in mass_grand_total_t_10m2.tif.csv. County FIPS code and the ID in this table can be related via FIPS-dictionary_ENLOCALE.csv. Material layers Note that material-specific layers are not included in this repository because of upload limits. Only the totals are provided (i.e. the sum over all materials). However, these can easily be derived by re-applying the material intensity factors from (see related identifiers): A. Baumgart, D. Virág, D. Frantz, F. Schug, D. Wiedenhofer, Material intensity factors for buildings, roads and rail-based infrastructure in the United States. Zenodo (2022), doi:10.5281/zenodo.5045337. Further information For further information, please see the publication. A web-visualization of this dataset is available here. Visit our website to learn more about our project MAT_STOCKS - Understanding the Role of Material Stock Patterns for the Transformation to a Sustainable Society. Publication D. Frantz, F. Schug, D. Wiedenhofer, A. Baumgart, D. Virág, S. Cooper, C. Gomez-Medina, F. Lehmann, T. Udelhoven, S. van der Linden, P. Hostert, H. Haberl. Weighing the US Economy: Map of Built Structures Unveils Patterns in Human-Dominated Landscapes. In prep Funding This research was primarly funded by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (MAT_STOCKS, grant agreement No 741950). Workflow development was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation)—Project-ID 414984028-SFB 1404. Acknowledgments We thank the European Space Agency and the European Commission for freely and openly sharing Sentinel imagery; USGS for the National Land Cover Database; Microsoft for Building Footprints; Geofabrik and all contributors for OpenStreetMap.This dataset was partly produced on EODC - we thank Clement Atzberger for supporting the generation of this dataset by sharing disc space on EODC.

This excel sheet was made by the CityLoops course participants for Mikkeli, Finland and contains the data needed for the Sankey diagram and indicators for the Sector-wide Circularity Assessment for the Biomass and Construction sectors. "CityLoops - Closing the loop for urban material flows" is a EU Horizon2020 project with 28 partners. (Official project website: https://cityloops.eu/). CityLoops brings together six ambitious European cities to demonstrate a series of innovative tools and urban planning approaches, aimed at closing the loops of urban material flows and increasing their regenerative capacity. (For detailed information please visit: https://cityloops.metabolismofcities.org/library/997499/)

This dataset includes the causal loop diagrams (CLDs) developed by the H2020 COASTAL project’s MAL #4 for the Charente River basin and its coastal zone. These CLDs represent the functioning of the territory in a systemic way, highlighting its main components and interactions among them. The CLDs are the result of multiple sectoral and multi-actor workshops during which stakeholders from different sectors discussed and collaborated to establish a common vision of the land-sea system. The CLDs concern the whole territory and some specific sectors.

Is móriarracht chomhoibritheach idirnáisiúnta é Tionscadal Idirchomparáide agus Feabhsaithe na Samhla Talmhaíochta (AGMIP) chun feabhas a chur ar staid an ionsamhlúcháin talmhaíochta agus chun tuiscint a fháil ar thionchair aeráide ar an earnáil talmhaíochta ar scála domhanda agus réigiúnach. Le projet d’intercomparaison et d’amélioration des modèles agricoles (AgMIP) est un important effort de collaboration internationale visant à améliorer l’état de la simulation agricole et à comprendre les impacts climatiques sur le secteur agricole à l’échelle mondiale et régionale. Проектът за взаимно сравнение и подобряване на селскостопанския модел (AgMIP) е голямо международно съвместно усилие за подобряване на състоянието на селскостопанската симулация и за разбиране на въздействието на климата върху селскостопанския сектор в световен и регионален мащаб. Το Αγροτικό Μοντέλο Intercomparison and Improvement Project (AgMIP) είναι μια σημαντική διεθνής συνεργατική προσπάθεια για τη βελτίωση της κατάστασης της γεωργικής προσομοίωσης και την κατανόηση των κλιματικών επιπτώσεων στον γεωργικό τομέα σε παγκόσμια και περιφερειακή κλίμακα. Проект міжпорівняння та вдосконалення сільськогосподарської моделі (AgMIP) є основними міжнародними спільними зусиллями для поліпшення стану сільськогосподарського моделювання та розуміння впливу клімату на сільськогосподарський сектор у глобальному та регіональному масштабах. Het Agricultural Model Intercomparison and Improvement Project (AgMIP) is een belangrijke internationale samenwerkingsinspanning om de staat van de landbouwsimulatie te verbeteren en de klimaateffecten op de landbouwsector op wereldwijde en regionale schaal te begrijpen. Proiectul de Intercomparare și Îmbunătățire a Modelelor Agricole (AgMIP) este un efort internațional major de colaborare pentru a îmbunătăți starea simulării agricole și pentru a înțelege impactul asupra climei asupra sectorului agricol la scară globală și regională. L'Agricultural Model Intercomparison and Improvement Project (AgMIP) è un importante sforzo di collaborazione internazionale per migliorare lo stato della simulazione agricola e per comprendere gli impatti climatici sul settore agricolo su scala globale e regionale. Das Agrarmodell Intercomparison and Improvement Project (AgMIP) ist eine wichtige internationale Zusammenarbeit, um den Stand der landwirtschaftlichen Simulation zu verbessern und Klimaauswirkungen auf den Agrarsektor auf globaler und regionaler Ebene zu verstehen. Lauksaimniecības modeļu savstarpējās salīdzināšanas un uzlabošanas projekts (AgMIP) ir nozīmīgs starptautisks sadarbības pasākums, lai uzlabotu lauksaimniecības simulācijas stāvokli un izprastu klimata ietekmi uz lauksaimniecības nozari globālā un reģionālā mērogā.

Σύνολο δεδομένων Αυτό το σύνολο δεδομένων βασίζεται σε επίγεια δεδομένα σάρωσης λέιζερ (TLS) που αποκτήθηκαν κατά τη διάρκεια του χειμώνα 2020/2021 σε συνθήκες εκτός φύλλου, με ένα όργανο Leica BLK 360 μετά από ένα δενδροκεντρικό μοτίβο σάρωσης. Τα δεδομένα αποκτήθηκαν σε δύο τοποθεσίες (47.42°Β 8.49°Α και 47.504°Β, 7,78° Α), οι οποίες και οι δύο αποτέλεσαν αντικείμενο διαχείρισης μεικτών εύκρατων δασικών εκτάσεων. Μεμονωμένα δέντρα ήταν ημιαυτόματα κατανεμημένα από τα συν-καταγεγραμμένα σύννεφα σημείου TLS. Ιστορικό Οι ακριβείς εκτιμήσεις του όγκου μεμονωμένων δένδρων ή της βιομάζας στο πλαίσιο των δασικών απογραφών είναι απαραίτητες για τη βαθμονόμηση και την επικύρωση των προϊόντων χαρτογράφησης βιομάζας με βάση τα δεδομένα γεωσκόπησης. Η επίγεια σάρωση λέιζερ (TLS) επιτρέπει λεπτομερή και μη καταστρεπτική εκτίμηση του όγκου των μεμονωμένων δέντρων, με υπάρχουσες προσεγγίσεις που κυμαίνονται από απλά γεωμετρικά χαρακτηριστικά έως εικονική τρισδιάστατη ανακατασκευή ολόκληρων δέντρων. Η επικύρωση αυτών των προσεγγίσεων με μετρήσεις βάρους αποτελεί βασικό βήμα πριν από την ενσωμάτωση του TLS ή άλλων τεχνολογιών στενής εμβέλειας σε επιχειρησιακές εφαρμογές, όπως απογραφές δασών. Σε αυτή τη μελέτη, αξιολογούμε αρχικά επιμέρους προσεγγίσεις εκτίμησης του όγκου των δένδρων που βασίζονται στην τρισδιάστατη ανακατασκευή μέσω ποσοτικών μοντέλων δομής (QSM) έναντι καταστρεπτικών δεδομένων αναφοράς 60 δένδρων και συγκρίνουμε τα λειτουργικά αλλομετρικά μοντέλα κλιμάκωσης (ASM). Δεύτερον, καθορίζουμε την επεξηγηματική ισχύ των γεωμετρικών παραμέτρων που προέρχονται από το TLS σχετικά με το συνολικό δέντρο, το στέλεχος, το χονδροειδές ξύλο και τον λεπτό όγκο κλαδιών. Αυτό το σύνολο δεδομένων βασίζεται σε επίγεια δεδομένα σάρωσης λέιζερ (TLS) που αποκτήθηκαν κατά τη διάρκεια του χειμώνα 2020/2021 σε συνθήκες εκτός φύλλου, με ένα όργανο Leica BLK 360 μετά από ένα δενδροκεντρικό μοτίβο σάρωσης. Τα δεδομένα αποκτήθηκαν σε δύο τοποθεσίες (47.42°Β 8.49°Α και 47.504°Β, 7,78° Α), οι οποίες και οι δύο αποτέλεσαν αντικείμενο διαχείρισης μεικτών εύκρατων δασικών εκτάσεων. Μεμονωμένα δέντρα ήταν ημιαυτόματα κατανεμημένα από τα συν-καταγεγραμμένα σύννεφα σημείου TLS. Ιστορικό Οι ακριβείς εκτιμήσεις του όγκου μεμονωμένων δένδρων ή της βιομάζας στο πλαίσιο των δασικών απογραφών είναι απαραίτητες για τη βαθμονόμηση και την επικύρωση των προϊόντων χαρτογράφησης βιομάζας με βάση τα δεδομένα γεωσκόπησης. Η επίγεια σάρωση λέιζερ (TLS) επιτρέπει λεπτομερή και μη καταστρεπτική εκτίμηση του όγκου των μεμονωμένων δέντρων, με υπάρχουσες προσεγγίσεις που κυμαίνονται από απλά γεωμετρικά χαρακτηριστικά έως εικονική τρισδιάστατη ανακατασκευή ολόκληρων δέντρων. Η επικύρωση αυτών των προσεγγίσεων με μετρήσεις βάρους αποτελεί βασικό βήμα πριν από την ενσωμάτωση του TLS ή άλλων τεχνολογιών στενής εμβέλειας σε επιχειρησιακές εφαρμογές, όπως απογραφές δασών. Σε αυτή τη μελέτη, αξιολογούμε αρχικά επιμέρους προσεγγίσεις εκτίμησης του όγκου των δένδρων που βασίζονται στην τρισδιάστατη ανακατασκευή μέσω ποσοτικών μοντέλων δομής (QSM) έναντι καταστρεπτικών δεδομένων αναφοράς 60 δένδρων και συγκρίνουμε τα λειτουργικά αλλομετρικά μοντέλα κλιμάκωσης (ASM). Δεύτερον, καθορίζουμε την επεξηγηματική ισχύ των γεωμετρικών παραμέτρων που προέρχονται από το TLS σχετικά με το συνολικό δέντρο, το στέλεχος, το χονδροειδές ξύλο και τον λεπτό όγκο κλαδιών. Datasæt Dette datasæt er baseret på data fra jordbaseret laserscanning (TLS), der er indsamlet i løbet af vinteren 2020/2021 under bladafgangsforhold, med et Leica BLK 360-instrument efter et træcentreret scanningsmønster. Dataene blev indhentet på to lokaliteter (47,42°N 8,49° E og 47.504°N, 7,78° E), som begge blev forvaltet blandede tempererede skovbevoksninger. Enkelte træer blev halvautomatisk segmenteret fra de co-registrerede TLS-punktskyer. Baggrund Nøjagtige estimater af individuelle træmængder eller biomasse i skovopgørelser er afgørende for kalibrering og validering af biomassekortlægningsprodukter baseret på jordobservationsdata. Terrestrisk laserscanning (TLS) muliggør detaljeret og ikke-destruktiv volumenestimering af individuelle træer med eksisterende tilgange, der spænder fra enkle geometriske funktioner til virtuel 3D-rekonstruktion af hele træer. Validering af sådanne tilgange med vægtmålinger er et vigtigt skridt, før TLS eller andre tætdistanceteknologier integreres i operationelle applikationer som f.eks. skovopgørelser. I denne undersøgelse evaluerer vi først individuelle trævolumenestimeringsmetoder baseret på 3D-rekonstruktion gennem kvantitative strukturmodeller (QSM) mod destruktive referencedata for 60 træer og sammenligner dem med operationelle allometriske skaleringsmodeller (ASM). For det andet bestemmer vi den forklarende effekt af TLS-afledte geometriske parametre vedrørende samlet træ, stamme, groft træ og fin grenvolumen. Dette datasæt er baseret på data fra jordbaseret laserscanning (TLS), der er indsamlet i løbet af vinteren 2020/2021 under bladafgangsforhold, med et Leica BLK 360-instrument efter et træcentreret scanningsmønster. Dataene blev indhentet på to lokaliteter (47,42°N 8,49° E og 47.504°N, 7,78° E), som begge blev forvaltet blandede tempererede skovbevoksninger. Enkelte træer blev halvautomatisk segmenteret fra de co-registrerede TLS-punktskyer. Baggrund Nøjagtige estimater af individuelle træmængder eller biomasse i skovopgørelser er afgørende for kalibrering og validering af biomassekortlægningsprodukter baseret på jordobservationsdata. Terrestrisk laserscanning (TLS) muliggør detaljeret og ikke-destruktiv volumenestimering af individuelle træer med eksisterende tilgange, der spænder fra enkle geometriske funktioner til virtuel 3D-rekonstruktion af hele træer. Validering af sådanne tilgange med vægtmålinger er et vigtigt skridt, før TLS eller andre tætdistanceteknologier integreres i operationelle applikationer som f.eks. skovopgørelser. I denne undersøgelse evaluerer vi først individuelle trævolumenestimeringsmetoder baseret på 3D-rekonstruktion gennem kvantitative strukturmodeller (QSM) mod destruktive referencedata for 60 træer og sammenligner dem med operationelle allometriske skaleringsmodeller (ASM). For det andet bestemmer vi den forklarende effekt af TLS-afledte geometriske parametre vedrørende samlet træ, stamme, groft træ og fin grenvolumen. Datu kopa Šī datu kopa ir balstīta uz virszemes lāzerskenēšanas (TLS) datiem, kas iegūti 2020./2021. gada ziemā lapu izslēgšanas apstākļos, ar Leica BLK 360 instrumentu pēc uz koku centrētas skenēšanas modeļa. Dati tika iegūti divās vietās (47.42°N 8.49°E un 47.504° N, 7,78°E), no kurām abas tika apsaimniekotas jauktās mērenās mežaudzēs. Atsevišķi koki tika pusautomātiski sadalīti no kopīgi reģistrētajiem TLS punktu mākoņiem. Fons Precīzas aplēses par atsevišķu koku apjomu vai biomasu meža inventarizācijā ir būtiskas biomasas kartēšanas produktu kalibrēšanai un validēšanai, pamatojoties uz Zemes novērošanas datiem. Zemes lāzerskenēšana (TLS) ļauj detalizēti un nesagraujoši novērtēt atsevišķu koku apjomu, izmantojot esošās pieejas, sākot no vienkāršām ģeometriskām iezīmēm līdz visu koku virtuālai 3D rekonstrukcijai. Šādu pieeju apstiprināšana ar svara mērījumiem ir svarīgs solis pirms TLS vai citu tuva darbības attāluma tehnoloģiju integrēšanas darbības lietojumos, piemēram, meža inventarizācijā. Šajā pētījumā mēs vispirms izvērtējam atsevišķu koku apjoma novērtēšanas pieejas, pamatojoties uz 3D rekonstrukciju, izmantojot kvantitatīvus struktūras modeļus (QSM), salīdzinot ar 60 koku destruktīviem atsauces datiem un salīdzinot tās ar operatīvajiem alometriskās mērogošanas modeļiem (ASM). Otrkārt, mēs noteicam no TLS iegūto ģeometrisko parametru skaidrojošo spēku attiecībā uz kopējo koku, stumbru, rupjo koksni un smalku zaru apjomu. Šī datu kopa ir balstīta uz virszemes lāzerskenēšanas (TLS) datiem, kas iegūti 2020./2021. gada ziemā lapu izslēgšanas apstākļos, ar Leica BLK 360 instrumentu pēc uz koku centrētas skenēšanas modeļa. Dati tika iegūti divās vietās (47.42°N 8.49°E un 47.504° N, 7,78°E), no kurām abas tika apsaimniekotas jauktās mērenās mežaudzēs. Atsevišķi koki tika pusautomātiski sadalīti no kopīgi reģistrētajiem TLS punktu mākoņiem. Fons Precīzas aplēses par atsevišķu koku apjomu vai biomasu meža inventarizācijā ir būtiskas biomasas kartēšanas produktu kalibrēšanai un validēšanai, pamatojoties uz Zemes novērošanas datiem. Zemes lāzerskenēšana (TLS) ļauj detalizēti un nesagraujoši novērtēt atsevišķu koku apjomu, izmantojot esošās pieejas, sākot no vienkāršām ģeometriskām iezīmēm līdz visu koku virtuālai 3D rekonstrukcijai. Šādu pieeju apstiprināšana ar svara mērījumiem ir svarīgs solis pirms TLS vai citu tuva darbības attāluma tehnoloģiju integrēšanas darbības lietojumos, piemēram, meža inventarizācijā. Šajā pētījumā mēs vispirms izvērtējam atsevišķu koku apjoma novērtēšanas pieejas, pamatojoties uz 3D rekonstrukciju, izmantojot kvantitatīvus struktūras modeļus (QSM), salīdzinot ar 60 koku destruktīviem atsauces datiem un salīdzinot tās ar operatīvajiem alometriskās mērogošanas modeļiem (ASM). Otrkārt, mēs noteicam no TLS iegūto ģeometrisko parametru skaidrojošo spēku attiecībā uz kopējo koku, stumbru, rupjo koksni un smalku zaru apjomu. Andmekogum See andmekogum põhineb Maa laserskaneerimise (TLS) andmetel, mis saadi 2020.–2021. aasta talvel lehtedega tingimustes, kasutades puukeskset skannimismustrit Leica BLK 360. Andmed saadi kahel alal (47,42°N 8,49°E ja 47.504°N, 7,78° E), millest mõlemat majandati parasvöötmetega segapuistutel. Üksikud puud olid poolautomaatselt segmenteeritud TLS-punkti pilvedest. Tausta Täpsed hinnangud üksikute puude mahu või metsainventuurides sisalduva biomassi kohta on olulised Maa seireandmetel põhinevate biomassi kaardistamise toodete kalibreerimiseks ja valideerimiseks. Maapealne laserskaneerimine (TLS) võimaldab üksikute puude üksikasjalikku ja mittepurustavat mahtu, kasutades olemasolevaid lähenemisviise alates lihtsatest geomeetrilistest omadustest kuni tervete puude virtuaalse 3D rekonstrueerimiseni. Selliste meetodite valideerimine kaalumõõtmisega on oluline samm enne TLSi või muude lähitoimetehnoloogiate integreerimist operatiivrakendustesse, näiteks metsainventuuridesse. Selles uuringus hindame kõigepealt individuaalsete puude mahu hindamise meetodeid, mis põhinevad 3D rekonstrueerimisel kvantitatiivsete struktuurimudelite (QSM) abil, võrreldes 60 puu hävitavate võrdlusandmetega, ning võrdleme neid operatiivsete allomeetriliste skaleerimismudelitega (ASM). Teiseks määrame kindlaks TLS-i poolt saadud geomeetriliste parameetrite selgitava jõu kogu puu, varre, jämeda puidu ja peenete harude mahu kohta. See andmekogum põhineb Maa laserskaneerimise (TLS) andmetel, mis saadi 2020.–2021. aasta talvel lehtedega tingimustes, kasutades puukeskset skannimismustrit Leica BLK 360. Andmed saadi kahel alal (47,42°N 8,49°E ja 47.504°N, 7,78° E), millest mõlemat majandati parasvöötmetega segapuistutel. Üksikud puud olid poolautomaatselt segmenteeritud TLS-punkti pilvedest. Tausta Täpsed hinnangud üksikute puude mahu või metsainventuurides sisalduva biomassi kohta on olulised Maa seireandmetel põhinevate biomassi kaardistamise toodete kalibreerimiseks ja valideerimiseks. Maapealne laserskaneerimine (TLS) võimaldab üksikute puude üksikasjalikku ja mittepurustavat mahtu, kasutades olemasolevaid lähenemisviise alates lihtsatest geomeetrilistest omadustest kuni tervete puude virtuaalse 3D rekonstrueerimiseni. Selliste meetodite valideerimine kaalumõõtmisega on oluline samm enne TLSi või muude lähitoimetehnoloogiate integreerimist operatiivrakendustesse, näiteks metsainventuuridesse. Selles uuringus hindame kõigepealt individuaalsete puude mahu hindamise meetodeid, mis põhinevad 3D rekonstrueerimisel kvantitatiivsete struktuurimudelite (QSM) abil, võrreldes 60 puu hävitavate võrdlusandmetega, ning võrdleme neid operatiivsete allomeetriliste skaleerimismudelitega (ASM). Teiseks määrame kindlaks TLS-i poolt saadud geomeetriliste parameetrite selgitava jõu kogu puu, varre, jämeda puidu ja peenete harude mahu kohta. Ensemble de données Cet ensemble de données est basé sur les données de balayage laser terrestre (TLS) acquises au cours de l’hiver 2020/2021 dans des conditions foliaires, avec un instrument Leica BLK 360 suivant un modèle de balayage centré sur l’arbre. Les données ont été acquises sur deux sites (47,42°N 8,49°E et 47.504°N, 7,78°E), tous deux gérés par des peuplements forestiers tempérés mixtes. Les arbres individuels ont été segmentés semi-automatiquement à partir des nuages de points TLS co-enregistrés. Contexte Des estimations précises du volume d’arbres individuels ou de la biomasse dans les inventaires forestiers sont essentielles pour l’étalonnage et la validation des produits de cartographie de la biomasse sur la base des données d’observation de la Terre. Le balayage laser terrestre (TLS) permet une estimation détaillée et non destructive du volume d’arbres individuels, avec des approches existantes allant des caractéristiques géométriques simples à la reconstruction 3D virtuelle d’arbres entiers. La validation de ces approches avec des mesures de poids est une étape clé avant l’intégration de TLS ou d’autres technologies à portée rapprochée dans des applications opérationnelles telles que les inventaires forestiers. Dans cette étude, nous évaluons d’abord les approches d’estimation du volume d’arbres individuelles basées sur la reconstruction 3D à travers des modèles de structure quantitative (QSM) par rapport aux données de référence destructrices de 60 arbres et nous les comparons aux modèles d’échelle allométrique opérationnels (ASM). Deuxièmement, nous déterminons la puissance explicative des paramètres géométriques dérivés du TLS en ce qui concerne l’arbre total, la tige, le bois grossier et le volume des branches fines. Conjunto de datos Este conjunto de datos se basa en datos de escaneo láser terrestre (TLS) adquiridos durante el invierno 2020/2021 en condiciones de foliación, con un instrumento Leica BLK 360 siguiendo un patrón de escaneo centrado en árboles. Los datos fueron adquiridos en dos emplazamientos (47.42.ºN 8.49.ºE y 47.504.ºN, 7.78.ºE), ambos gestionados por bosques templados mixtos. Los árboles individuales se segmentaron semiautomáticamente a partir de las nubes de puntos TLS coregistradas. Trasfondo Las estimaciones precisas del volumen individual de árboles o biomasa dentro de los inventarios forestales son esenciales para la calibración y validación de productos cartográficos de biomasa basados en datos de observación de la Tierra. El escaneo láser terrestre (TLS) permite una estimación de volumen detallada y no destructiva de árboles individuales, con enfoques existentes que van desde características geométricas simples hasta reconstrucción virtual en 3D de árboles enteros. Validar tales enfoques con mediciones de peso es un paso clave antes de la integración de TLS u otras tecnologías de corto alcance en aplicaciones operativas como los inventarios forestales. En este estudio, evaluamos en primer lugar enfoques individuales de estimación de volumen de árboles basados en la reconstrucción 3D a través de modelos de estructura cuantitativa (QSM) contra datos de referencia destructivos de 60 árboles y los comparamos con modelos de escala alométricos operativos (ASM). En segundo lugar, determinamos el poder explicativo de los parámetros geométricos derivados de TLS en relación con el árbol total, el tallo, la madera gruesa y el volumen de ramas finas. Set di dati Questo set di dati si basa su dati di scansione laser terrestre (TLS) acquisiti durante l'inverno 2020/2021 in condizioni di uscita foglia, con uno strumento Leica BLK 360 che segue un modello di scansione ad albero. I dati sono stati acquisiti su due siti (47.42° N 8.49° E e 47.504° N, 7.78° E), entrambi gestiti da stand forestali temperati misti. I singoli alberi erano semi-automaticamente segmentati dalle nuvole di punti TLS co-registrate. Antecedenti Stime accurate del volume di singoli alberi o della biomassa all'interno degli inventari forestali sono essenziali per la calibrazione e la convalida dei prodotti di mappatura della biomassa sulla base dei dati di osservazione della Terra. La scansione laser terrestre (TLS) consente una stima dettagliata e non distruttiva del volume dei singoli alberi, con approcci esistenti che vanno dalle semplici caratteristiche geometriche alla ricostruzione virtuale 3D di interi alberi. La convalida di tali approcci con misurazioni del peso è un passo fondamentale prima dell'integrazione di TLS o altre tecnologie a distanza ravvicinata in applicazioni operative come gli inventari forestali. In questo studio, valutiamo in primo luogo gli approcci di stima del volume degli alberi basati sulla ricostruzione 3D attraverso modelli di struttura quantitativa (QSM) rispetto ai dati di riferimento distruttivi di 60 alberi e li confrontiamo con i modelli operativi di scala allometrica (ASM). In secondo luogo, determiniamo la potenza esplicativa dei parametri geometrici derivati da TLS per quanto riguarda l'albero totale, lo stelo, il legno grossolano e il volume del ramo fine. Conjunto de dados Este conjunto de dados baseia-se em dados de digitalização a laser terrestre (TLS) adquiridos durante o inverno de 2020/2021 em condições foliares, com um instrumento Leica BLK 360 seguindo um padrão de digitalização centrado nas árvores. Os dados foram obtidos em dois locais (47,42.ºN 8.49.ºE e 47.504.ºN, 7.78.ºE), ambos geridos por povoamentos mistos de florestas temperadas. As árvores individuais foram segmentadas semiautomaticamente a partir das nuvens de pontos TLS corregistadas. Fundo As estimativas exatas do volume ou da biomassa de cada árvore nos inventários florestais são essenciais para a calibração e validação dos produtos de mapeamento da biomassa com base em dados de observação da Terra. A digitalização a laser terrestre (TLS) permite uma estimativa detalhada e não destrutiva do volume de árvores individuais, com abordagens existentes que vão desde características geométricas simples à reconstrução virtual 3D de árvores inteiras. Validar tais abordagens com medições de peso é um passo fundamental antes da integração de TLS ou outras tecnologias de curto alcance em aplicações operacionais, como inventários florestais. Neste estudo, primeiramente avaliamos abordagens de estimativa de volume de árvores individuais com base na reconstrução 3D através de modelos de estrutura quantitativa (QSM) contra dados de referência destrutivos de 60 árvores e comparamo-las com modelos operacionais de escala alométrica (ASM). Em segundo lugar, determina-se o poder explicativo dos parâmetros geométricos derivados do TLS em relação à árvore total, ao caule, à madeira grossa e ao volume do ramo fino. Sett ta’ data Dan is-sett ta’ data huwa bbażat fuq data terrestri tal-iskannjar bil-lejżer (TLS) miksuba matul ix-xitwa 2020/2021 f’kundizzjonijiet ta’ weraq, bi strument Leica BLK 360 wara mudell ta’ skannjar iċċentrat fuq is-siġar. Id-data nkisbet fuq żewġ siti (47.42°N 8.49°E u 47.504°N, 7.78°E), li t-tnejn li huma kienu mmaniġġati stands ta’ foresta moderata mħallta. Is-siġar individwali ġew segmentati b’mod semiawtomatiku mis-sħab koreġistrati tal-punt TLS. Sfond Stimi preċiżi tal-volum individwali tas-siġar jew tal-bijomassa fl-inventarji tal-foresti huma essenzjali għall-kalibrazzjoni u l-validazzjoni tal-prodotti tal-immappjar tal-bijomassa abbażi tad-data tal-osservazzjoni tad-Dinja. l-iskannjar bil-lejżer terrestri (TLS) jippermetti stima dettaljata u mhux distruttiva tal-volum ta’ siġar individwali, b’approċċi eżistenti li jvarjaw minn karatteristiċi ġeometriċi sempliċi għal rikostruzzjoni 3D virtwali ta’ siġar sħaħ. Il-validazzjoni ta’ approċċi bħal dawn bil-kejl tal-piż hija pass ewlieni qabel l-integrazzjoni tat-TLS jew ta’ teknoloġiji oħra ta’ firxa mill-qrib f’applikazzjonijiet operattivi bħal inventarji tal-foresti. F’dan l-istudju, l-ewwel nett nevalwaw approċċi individwali ta’ stima tal-volum tas-siġar ibbażati fuq rikostruzzjoni 3D permezz ta’ mudelli ta’ struttura kwantitattiva (QSM) kontra data ta’ referenza distruttiva ta’ 60 siġra u nqabbluhom ma’ mudelli ta’ skalar allometriku operazzjonali (ASM). It-tieni nett, aħna niddeterminaw il-qawwa ta ‘spjegazzjoni tal-parametri ġeometriċi derivati mit-TLS rigward is-siġra totali, iz-zokk, l-injam oħxon u l-volum tal-fergħa multa. Tacar sonraí Tá an tacar sonraí seo bunaithe ar shonraí scanta léasair trastíre (TLS) a fuarthas le linn gheimhreadh 2020/2021 i ndálaí duilleacha, le hionstraim Leica BLK 360 ag leanúint patrún scanta atá dírithe ar na crainn. Fuarthas na sonraí ar dhá shuíomh (47.42°N 8.49°E agus 47.504°T, 7.78°E), agus rinneadh an dá cheann acu a bhainistiú ar sheastáin mheasartha foraoise measctha. Rinneadh crainn aonair a dheighilt go leath-uathoibríoch ó scamaill phointe TLS comhchláraithe. Cúlra Tá meastacháin chruinne ar thoirt na gcrann aonair nó ar bhithmhais laistigh d’fhardail foraoise fíor-riachtanach chun táirgí mapála bithmhaise a chalabrú agus a bhailíochtú bunaithe ar shonraí ó bhreathnóireacht na Cruinne. Le scanadh léasair trastíre (TLS) cumasaítear meastachán mionsonraithe agus neamhscriosach ar thoirt na gcrann aonair, le cuir chuige atá ann cheana ó ghnéithe simplí geoiméadracha go hatógáil fhíorúil 3D de chrainn iomlána. Céim thábhachtach roimh chomhtháthú TLS nó teicneolaíochtaí gar-raoin eile i bhfeidhmeanna oibríochtúla amhail fardail foraoise is ea cineálacha cur chuige den sórt sin a bhailíochtú le tomhais meáchain. Sa staidéar seo, déanaimid meastóireacht ar dtús ar chur chuige aonair chun méid na gcrann a mheas bunaithe ar atógáil 3T trí shamhlacha struchtúir chainníochtúla (QSM) i gcoinne sonraí tagartha millteacha 60 crann agus iad a chur i gcomparáid le samhlacha scálaithe allaiméadracha oibríochtúla (ASM). Ar an dara dul síos, cinnimid cumhacht mhíniúcháin na bparaiméadar geoiméadrach a dhíorthaítear ó TLS maidir le crann iomlán, gas, adhmad garbh agus toirt brainse fíneáil.

L’étude sur les valeurs de l’énergie rurale et des forêts domestiques sous divers régimes de gestion a été menée en Éthiopie. L’objectif général de cette enquête est d’étudier le comportement des ménages en ce qui concerne l’utilisation durable des terres. Les ménages ont été sélectionnés dans les quatre principales régions d’Éthiopie (Amhara, Oromia, snNP et Tigré) en 2009. Les données ont été générées par des chercheurs de l’Institut éthiopien de recherche pour le développement et de l’Université de Göteborg. L’objectif général de cette enquête est d’étudier le comportement des ménages en ce qui concerne les ressources forestières gérées par la communauté. Les ensembles de données se composent de différents fichiers de données au format Stata. Chaque fichier correspond à une section du questionnaire. El estudio sobre la energía rural y los valores forestales de los hogares bajo regímenes de gestión variable se llevó a cabo en Etiopía. El objetivo general de esta encuesta es estudiar el comportamiento de los hogares con respecto al uso sostenible de la tierra. Los hogares fueron seleccionados de las cuatro principales regiones de Etiopía (Amhara, Oromia, snNP y Tigray) en 2009. Los datos fueron generados por investigadores del Instituto Etíope de Investigación para el Desarrollo y la Universidad de Gotemburgo. El objetivo general de esta encuesta es estudiar el comportamiento de los hogares con respecto a los recursos forestales administrados comunalmente. Los conjuntos de datos consisten en diferentes archivos de datos en formato Stata. Cada archivo corresponde a una sección del cuestionario. Lo studio sull'energia rurale e i valori delle foreste domestiche nell'ambito dei regimi di gestione di Varying è stato condotto in Etiopia. L'obiettivo generale di questa indagine è quello di studiare il comportamento delle famiglie per quanto riguarda l'uso sostenibile del suolo. Le famiglie sono state selezionate dalle principali quattro regioni dell'Etiopia (Amhara, Oromia, snNP e Tigray) nel 2009. I dati sono stati generati dai ricercatori dell'Etiopian Development Research Institute e dell'Università di Göteborg. L'obiettivo generale di questa indagine è quello di studiare il comportamento delle famiglie per quanto riguarda le risorse forestali gestite in comune. I set di dati sono costituiti da diversi file di dati in formato Stata. Ogni file corrisponde a una sezione del questionario. Studiul privind energia rurală și valorile pădurilor gospodărești în cadrul regimurilor de gestionare a riscurilor a fost realizat în Etiopia. Obiectivul general al acestui studiu este de a studia comportamentul gospodăriei în ceea ce privește utilizarea durabilă a terenurilor. Gospodăriile au fost selectate din principalele patru regiuni din Etiopia (Amhara, Oromia, snNP și Tigray) în 2009. Datele au fost generate de cercetătorii de la Institutul Etiopian de Cercetare pentru Dezvoltare și Universitatea din Gothenburg. Obiectivul general al acestui sondaj este de a studia comportamentul gospodăriei în ceea ce privește resursele forestiere gestionate în comun. Seturile de date sunt formate din diferite fișiere de date în format Stata. Fiecare fișier corespunde unei secțiuni din chestionar. l-istudju dwar l-Enerġija Rurali u l-Valuri tal-Foresti Domestiċi taħt Reġimi ta’ Ġestjoni tal-Varjazzjonijiet twettaq fl-Etjopja. l-għan ġenerali ta’ dan l-istħarriġ huwa li tiġi studjata l-imġiba tal-unitajiet domestiċi fir-rigward tal-użu sostenibbli tal-art. l-unitajiet domestiċi ntgħażlu mill-erba’ reġjuni ewlenin tal-Etjopja (Amhara, Oromia, snNP, u Tigray) fl-2009. Id-data ġiet iġġenerata minn riċerkaturi fl-Istitut tar-Riċerka dwar l-Iżvilupp Etjopjan u l-Università ta’ Gothenburg. l-objettiv ġenerali ta’ dan l-istħarriġ huwa li tiġi studjata l-imġiba tal-unitajiet domestiċi fir-rigward tar-riżorsi tal-foresti ġestiti b’mod komuni. Is-settijiet tad-data jikkonsistu f’fajls tad-data differenti f’format Stata. Kull fajl jikkorrispondi għal taqsima fil-kwestjonarju. Η μελέτη για την αγροτική ενέργεια και τις αξίες των οικιακών δασών στο πλαίσιο των καθεστώτων διαχείρισης διαφορών διεξήχθη στην Αιθιοπία. Ο γενικός στόχος αυτής της έρευνας είναι η μελέτη της συμπεριφοράς των νοικοκυριών όσον αφορά τη βιώσιμη χρήση της γης. Τα νοικοκυριά επιλέχθηκαν από τις τέσσερις κύριες περιοχές της Αιθιοπίας (Amhara, Oromia, snNP και Tigray) το 2009. Τα δεδομένα προέκυψαν από ερευνητές του Ινστιτούτου Έρευνας για την Ανάπτυξη της Αιθιοπίας και του Πανεπιστημίου του Γκέτεμποργκ. Ο γενικός στόχος αυτής της έρευνας είναι η μελέτη της συμπεριφοράς των νοικοκυριών όσον αφορά τους κοινόχρηστους δασικούς πόρους. Τα σύνολα δεδομένων αποτελούνται από διαφορετικά αρχεία δεδομένων σε μορφή Stata. Κάθε φάκελος αντιστοιχεί σε ένα τμήμα του ερωτηματολογίου. De studie over Plattelandsenergie en Huishoudelijke Boswaarden onder Varying Management Regimes werd uitgevoerd in Ethiopië. Het algemene doel van dit onderzoek is om het gedrag van huishoudens met betrekking tot duurzaam landgebruik te bestuderen. Huishoudens werden geselecteerd uit de vier belangrijkste regio’s van Ethiopië (Amhara, Oromia, snNP en Tigray) in 2009. De gegevens werden gegenereerd door onderzoekers van het Ethiopisch Ontwikkelingsonderzoeksinstituut en de Universiteit van Göteborg. Het algemene doel van dit onderzoek is om het gedrag van huishoudens met betrekking tot gemeenschappelijk beheerde bosbronnen te bestuderen. De datasets bestaan uit verschillende databestanden in Stata-formaat. Elk bestand komt overeen met een sectie in de vragenlijst. Die Studie zu ländlichen Energie- und Haushaltswaldwerten im Rahmen unterschiedlicher Bewirtschaftungsregime wurde in Äthiopien durchgeführt. Das allgemeine Ziel dieser Umfrage ist es, das Haushaltsverhalten im Hinblick auf eine nachhaltige Landnutzung zu untersuchen. 2009 wurden Haushalte aus den vier wichtigsten Regionen Äthiopiens (Amhara, Oromia, snNP und Tigray) ausgewählt. Die Daten wurden von Forschern des äthiopischen Entwicklungsforschungsinstituts und der Universität Göteborg generiert. Das allgemeine Ziel dieser Umfrage ist es, das Haushaltsverhalten in Bezug auf gemeinschaftlich bewirtschaftete Waldressourcen zu untersuchen. Die Datensätze bestehen aus verschiedenen Datendateien im Stata-Format. Jede Datei entspricht einem Abschnitt im Fragebogen. O estudo sobre Energia Rural e Valores Florestais Domésticos no âmbito dos Regimes de Gestão Varying foi realizado na Etiópia. O objetivo geral deste inquérito é estudar o comportamento domiciliar em relação ao uso sustentável da terra. Os domicílios foram selecionados das quatro principais regiões da Etiópia (Amhara, Oromia, snNP e Tigré) em 2009. Os dados foram gerados por investigadores do Instituto de Investigação de Desenvolvimento da Etiópia e da Universidade de Gotemburgo. O objetivo geral deste inquérito é estudar o comportamento domiciliar em relação aos recursos florestais geridos em comunidade. Os conjuntos de dados consistem em diferentes ficheiros de dados no formato Stata. Cada ficheiro corresponde a uma secção do questionário. В Етиопия беше проведено проучване на ценностите на селското стопанство и горите в селските райони при променливи режими на управление. Общата цел на това проучване е да се проучи поведението на домакинствата по отношение на устойчивото използване на земята. Домакинствата бяха избрани от четирите основни региона на Етиопия (Amhara, Oromia, snNP и Tigray) през 2009 г. Данните са събрани от изследователи от Етиопския изследователски институт за развитие и Гьотеборгския университет. Общата цел на това проучване е да се проучи поведението на домакинствата по отношение на комунално управлявани горски ресурси. Наборите от данни се състоят от различни файлове с данни във формат Stata. Всяко досие съответства на раздел от въпросника.

Acoustic estimates of herring and blue whiting abundance were obtained during the surveys using the Simrad ER60 scientific echosounder. The allocation of NASC-values to herring, blue whiting and other acoustic targets were based on the composition of the trawl catches and the appearance of echo recordings. To estimate the abundance, the allocated NASC -values were averaged for ICES-squares (0.5° latitude by 1° longitude). For each statistical square, the unit area density of fish (rA) in number per square nautical mile (N*nm-2) was calculated using standard equations (Foote et al., 1987; Toresen et al., 1998). To estimate the total abundance of fish, the unit area abundance for each statistical square was multiplied by the number of square nautical miles in each statistical square and then summed for all the statistical squares within defined subareas and over the total area. Biomass estimation was calculated by multiplying abundance in numbers by the average weight of the fish in each statistical square then summing all squares within defined subareas and over the total area. The Norwegian BEAM soft-ware (Totland and Godø 2001) was used to make estimates of total biomass. The research leading to these results received (partial/full) funding from the European Commission FP7 EURO-BASIN (European Basin-Scale Anal ysis, Synthesis, and Integration; Grant Agreement 264 933).

Humanity's role in changing the face of the earth is a long-standing concern, as is the human domination of ecosystems. Geologists are debating the introduction of a new geological epoch, the 'anthropocene', as humans are 'overwhelming the great forces of nature'. In this context, the accumulation of artefacts, i.e., human-made physical objects, is a pervasive phenomenon. Variously dubbed 'manufactured capital', 'technomass', 'human-made mass', 'in-use stocks' or 'socioeconomic material stocks', they have become a major focus of sustainability sciences in the last decade. Globally, the mass of socioeconomic material stocks now exceeds 10e14 kg, which is roughly equal to the dry-matter equivalent of all biomass on earth. It is doubling roughly every 20 years, almost perfectly in line with 'real' (i.e. inflation-adjusted) GDP. In terms of mass, buildings and infrastructures (here collectively called 'built structures') represent the overwhelming majority of all socioeconomic material stocks. This dataset features a detailed map of material stocks in the CONUS on a 10m grid based on high resolution Earth Observation data (Sentinel-1 + Sentinel-2), crowd-sourced geodata (OSM) and material intensity factors. Spatial extentThis subdataset covers the South CONUS, i.e. AL AR FL GA KY LA MS NC SC TN VA WV For the remaining CONUS, see the related identifiers. Temporal extentThe map is representative for ca. 2018. Data formatThe data are organized by states. Within each state, data are split into 100km x 100km tiles (EQUI7 grid), and mosaics are provided. Within each tile, images for area, volume, and mass at 10m spatial resolution are provided. Units are m², m³, and t, respectively. Each metric is split into buildings, other, rail and street (note: In the paper, other, rail, and street stocks are subsumed to mobility infrastructure). Each category is further split into subcategories (e.g. building types). Additionally, a grand total of all stocks is provided at multiple spatial resolutions and units, i.e. t at 10m x 10m kt at 100m x 100m Mt at 1km x 1km Gt at 10km x 10km For each state, mosaics of all above-described data are provided in GDAL VRT format, which can readily be opened in most Geographic Information Systems. File paths are relative, i.e. DO NOT change the file structure or file naming. Additionally, the grand total mass per state is tabulated for each county in mass_grand_total_t_10m2.tif.csv. County FIPS code and the ID in this table can be related via FIPS-dictionary_ENLOCALE.csv. Material layersNote that material-specific layers are not included in this repository because of upload limits. Only the totals are provided (i.e. the sum over all materials). However, these can easily be derived by re-applying the material intensity factors from (see related identifiers): A. Baumgart, D. Virág, D. Frantz, F. Schug, D. Wiedenhofer, Material intensity factors for buildings, roads and rail-based infrastructure in the United States. Zenodo (2022), doi:10.5281/zenodo.5045337. Further informationFor further information, please see the publication.A web-visualization of this dataset is available here.Visit our website to learn more about our project MAT_STOCKS - Understanding the Role of Material Stock Patterns for the Transformation to a Sustainable Society. PublicationD. Frantz, F. Schug, D. Wiedenhofer, A. Baumgart, D. Virág, S. Cooper, C. Gómez-Medina, F. Lehmann, T. Udelhoven, S. van der Linden, P. Hostert, and H. Haberl (2023): Unveiling patterns in human dominated landscapes through mapping the mass of US built structures. Nature Communications 14, 8014. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-43755-5 FundingThis research was primarly funded by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (MAT_STOCKS, grant agreement No 741950). Workflow development was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation)—Project-ID 414984028-SFB 1404. AcknowledgmentsWe thank the European Space Agency and the European Commission for freely and openly sharing Sentinel imagery; USGS for the National Land Cover Database; Microsoft for Building Footprints; Geofabrik and all contributors for OpenStreetMap.This dataset was partly produced on EODC - we thank Clement Atzberger for supporting the generation of this dataset by sharing disc space on EODC.