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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: María Pilar Olivar; Rolf Koppelmann; José Luis Acuña; Santiago Hernández-León; +10 Authors

    We reviewed 274 profiles of zooplankton biomass smaller than 5 mm when this information was available but always excluding macrozooplankton and micronekton. Due to the different mesh sizes (200, 300 or 500 µm) used by the different authors in our review, the obtained values are in some cases an underestimation of mesozooplankton biomass for the smaller size classes. Data not available in Tables were obtained from data points of figures using GraphClick software v3.0. This data is marked with an asterisk in the Supplementary Table 5 of Hernández-León et al. (submitted). Biomass in different units were converted to carbon using different published conversion factors (Cushing et al., 1958). Values from different depth layers were centred at the mean depth, averaged in each profile, and expressed as standing stock below one square meter.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ PANGAEA - Data Publi...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    B2FIND
    Dataset . 2020
    Data sources: B2FIND
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    PANGAEA
    Dataset . 2020
    Data sources: PANGAEA
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    PANGAEA
    Dataset . 2020
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: PANGAEA
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ PANGAEA - Data Publi...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      B2FIND
      Dataset . 2020
      Data sources: B2FIND
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      PANGAEA
      Dataset . 2020
      Data sources: PANGAEA
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      PANGAEA
      Dataset . 2020
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: PANGAEA
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  • Authors: Anthony Tobore; Abdulla ‐ Al Kafy; Adedeji H. Oludare; Saleh Alsulamy; +2 Authors

    Face à l'escalade des défis environnementaux, les changements dans l'utilisation et la couverture des terres (LULC) apparaissent comme une menace persistante et importante, ayant un impact profond sur la stabilité de l'éco-biodiversité. Cette étude analyse les changements LULC en utilisant des techniques de télédétection pour détecter la dégradation de l'environnement à Abeokuta South, au Nigéria, contribuant au discours sur la durabilité environnementale. Des cartes LULC pour les années 2002, 2012 et 2022 ont été générées, intégrant des indicateurs environnementaux spectraux tels que la température de surface du sol (LST), l'indice différentiel normalisé de végétation (NDVI) et l'indice normalisé de différence accumulée (NDBI) à partir des images satellites Landsat 7 et 8. La machine à vecteur de support (SVM) et le logiciel FRAGSTATS, fonctionnant dans l'environnement IDRISI et Arc-MAP, ont été utilisés pour évaluer les changements LULC et les paramètres d'utilisation des terres de la zone. Les résultats ont révélé que les zones bâties de 2000 à 2022 ont subi les changements les plus importants, augmentant de 39,52 km2 (55,85 %), tandis qu'une diminution notable de la tendance de la couverture végétale de 27,95 km2 (36,45 %) a été observée. Les mesures spatiales de l'utilisation des terres, en collaboration avec LST, NDVI et NDBI, ont illustré les changements environnementaux quantitatifs et qualitatifs dans la région. Indéniablement, la fusion des données de télédétection par satellite et des mesures spatiales d'utilisation des terres offre des outils précieux pour fournir des informations écologiques pour la durabilité urbaine. À la lumière de ces résultats, l'étude souligne la nécessité d'une attention urgente de la part de la société, du gouvernement et des parties prenantes pour gérer la croissance démographique et équilibrer les besoins humains pour un environnement durable, contribuant ainsi à l'objectif plus large de durabilité environnementale. Ante la escalada de los desafíos ambientales, los cambios en el uso de la tierra y la cubierta terrestre (LULC) surgen como una amenaza persistente y significativa, que afecta profundamente la estabilidad de la biodiversidad ecológica. Este estudio analiza los cambios de LULC utilizando técnicas de teledetección para detectar la degradación ambiental en Abeokuta South, Nigeria, contribuyendo al discurso sobre la sostenibilidad ambiental. Se generaron mapas LULC para los años 2002, 2012 y 2022, incorporando indicadores ambientales espectrales como la temperatura de la superficie terrestre (LST), el índice diferencial normalizado de vegetación (NDVI) y el índice de diferencia normalizada acumulada (NDBI) de las imágenes satelitales Landsat 7 y 8. La máquina de vectores de soporte (SVM) y el software FRAGSTATS, que operan dentro del entorno IDRISI y Arc-MAP, se emplearon para evaluar los cambios de LULC y las métricas de uso de la tierra del área. Los hallazgos revelaron que las áreas urbanizadas de 2000 a 2022 experimentaron los cambios más significativos, aumentando en 39,52 km2 (55,85 %), mientras que se observó una notable disminución en la tendencia de la cobertura vegetal en 27,95 km2 (36,45 %). Las métricas espaciales de uso de la tierra, junto con LST, NDVI y NDBI, ilustraron los cambios ambientales cuantitativos y cualitativos en el área. Sin lugar a dudas, la fusión de datos satelitales de teledetección y métricas espaciales del uso de la tierra ofrece herramientas valiosas para proporcionar información ecológica para la sostenibilidad urbana. A la luz de estos hallazgos, el estudio subraya la necesidad de que la sociedad, el gobierno y las partes interesadas presten atención urgente para gestionar el crecimiento de la población y equilibrar las necesidades humanas de un medio ambiente sostenible, contribuyendo así al objetivo más amplio de la sostenibilidad ambiental. In the face of escalating environmental challenges, the changes in land-use and land-cover (LULC) emerges as a persistent and significant threat, profoundly impacting the stability of eco-biodiversity. This study analyzes LULC changes using remote sensing techniques to detect environmental degradation in Abeokuta South, Nigeria, contributing to the discourse on environmental sustainability. LULC maps for the years 2002, 2012, and 2022 were generated, incorporating spectral environmental indicators such as land surface temperature (LST), normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI), and normalized difference built-up index (NDBI) from Landsat 7 and 8 satellite images. The support vector machine (SVM), and FRAGSTATS software, operating within the IDRISI and Arc-MAP environment, were employed to evaluate the area's LULC changes and land-use metrics. The findings revealed that built-up areas from 2000 to 2022 underwent the most significant changes, increasing by 39.52 km2 (55.85 %), while a noticeable decrease in vegetation cover trend by 27.95 km2 (36.45 %) was observed. Spatial land-use metrics, in conjunction with LST, NDVI, and NDBI, illustrated the quantitative and qualitative environmental changes in the area. Undeniably, the amalgamation of satellite remote-sensed data and spatial land-use metrics offers valuable tools to provide ecological information for urban sustainability. In light of these findings, the study underscores the need for urgent attention from society, government, and stakeholders to manage population growth and balance human needs for a sustainable environment, thereby contributing to the broader goal of environmental sustainability. في مواجهة التحديات البيئية المتصاعدة، تبرز التغيرات في استخدام الأراضي والغطاء الأرضي كتهديد مستمر وكبير، مما يؤثر تأثيرًا عميقًا على استقرار التنوع البيولوجي البيئي. تحلل هذه الدراسة تغيرات استخدام الأراضي واستخدام الأراضي باستخدام تقنيات الاستشعار عن بعد للكشف عن التدهور البيئي في جنوب أبيوكوتا، نيجيريا، مما يساهم في الخطاب حول الاستدامة البيئية. تم إنشاء خرائط LULC للأعوام 2002 و 2012 و 2022، وتتضمن مؤشرات بيئية طيفية مثل درجة حرارة سطح الأرض (LST)، ومؤشر الغطاء النباتي التفاضلي المعياري (NDVI)، ومؤشر الفرق المعياري المتراكم (NDBI) من صور الأقمار الصناعية Landsat 7 و 8. تم استخدام آلة ناقلات الدعم (SVM)، وبرنامج FRAGSTATS، الذي يعمل ضمن بيئة IDRISI و ARC - MAP، لتقييم تغييرات LULC في المنطقة ومقاييس استخدام الأراضي. كشفت النتائج أن المناطق المبنية من عام 2000 إلى عام 2022 خضعت لأهم التغييرات، حيث زادت بمقدار 39.52 كم 2 (55.85 ٪)، بينما لوحظ انخفاض ملحوظ في اتجاه الغطاء النباتي بمقدار 27.95 كم 2 (36.45 ٪). توضح مقاييس استخدام الأراضي المكانية، جنبًا إلى جنب مع LST و NDVI و NDBI، التغيرات البيئية الكمية والنوعية في المنطقة. لا يمكن إنكار أن دمج البيانات المستشعرة عن بعد عبر الأقمار الصناعية والمقاييس المكانية لاستخدام الأراضي يوفر أدوات قيمة لتوفير المعلومات البيئية للاستدامة الحضرية. في ضوء هذه النتائج، تؤكد الدراسة على الحاجة إلى اهتمام عاجل من المجتمع والحكومة وأصحاب المصلحة لإدارة النمو السكاني وتحقيق التوازن بين الاحتياجات البشرية لبيئة مستدامة، وبالتالي المساهمة في الهدف الأوسع للاستدامة البيئية.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Asiry, Khalid A.; Hassan, Sami Saeed M.; AlRashidi, Monif M.; Asiry, Khalid A.; +2 Authors

    Availability of data on agricultural activities and production are essential for an appropriate socio-economic planning and sustainability. This study was conducted using a questionnaire that was randomly distributed to farmers to identify some features of the agricultural activities in Hail region and to serve as baseline data on agricultural practices. The questionnaire was divided into main topics including socio-economic status of farms, farm area, main crops, production systems, agricultural practices, financial support, and use of wind breaks, water conservation, animal husbandry and marketing. Some of the results showed that date palms and alfalfa fodder were found to be the main grown crops in addition to citrus, grapes, vegetables, wheat and Rye. In most cases, all these crops were cultivated in open fields, compared to only 18% grown in green houses. About half of the farmers adopted the monoculture system and only 44.9% of them applied the crop rotation. More than 70% of farmers raise animals and the most commonly reared animal are sheep (53.6%) followed by goats (23%), camels (18%) and poultry (4.5%). The study revealed that Hail region is an important agricultural area in KSA and some agricultural practices need to be revised and directed towards sustainability through extension programmes.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
    Other literature type . 2013
    Data sources: Datacite
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
      Other literature type . 2013
      Data sources: Datacite
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Xiao, Xi; Agustí, Susana; Lin, Fang; Xu, Caicai; +5 Authors

    We searched the published literature for data on the density-dependence of seaweed growth under different nutrient levels. The search was based on the Web of Science®, accessed in May 2019, using a combination of keywords including "seaweed & remediation", "seaweed & bioremediation", "seaweed & nitrogen removal" and "seaweed & phosphorous removal". These searches yielded a total of 164 papers reporting growth rates and biomass density for seaweed. We retrieved the growth rates, biomass density, concentration of the dominant forms of inorganic nutrients - ammonia, nitrate and phosphate - and incident irradiance, and recorded the taxa (chlorophyta, phaeophyta or rhodophyta). This generated a raw dataset containing a total of 1729 experimental assessments. For all the assessments, we further converted all growth rates to units of % day-1 and biomass density (i.e. the seaweed biomass per unit habitat volume) to g FW L-1. Supplement to: Xiao, Xi; Agustí, Susana; Lin, Fang; Xu, Caicai; Yu, Yan; Pan, Yaoru; Li, Ke; Wu, Jiaping; Duarte, Carlos Manuel (2019): Resource (Light and Nitrogen) and Density-Dependence of Seaweed Growth. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6

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  • Authors: Muhammad Shahbaz Farooq; Maqsood Ahmed Khaskheli; Muhammad Uzair; Yinlong Xu; +11 Authors

    Les impacts généralisés des changements climatiques mondiaux et régionaux projetés sur le rendement du riz ont été étudiés par différentes approches indirectes utilisant divers modèles de simulation. Cependant, des approches directes pour évaluer les impacts des variabilités climatiques sur la croissance et le développement du riz peuvent fournir des preuves plus fiables pour évaluer les effets du changement climatique sur la productivité du riz. Le changement climatique a eu un impact considérable sur la production de riz dans les latitudes moyennes-élevées de la Chine, en particulier dans le nord-est de la Chine (NEC). Les variations climatiques qui se produisent dans la NEC depuis les années 1970 ont entraîné une tendance évidente au réchauffement, ce qui a fait de cette région l'une des trois principales régions rizicoles de Chine. Cependant, les projections du changement climatique futur ont indiqué la probabilité de changements climatiques plus brusques et irréguliers, menaçant la durabilité du riz dans cette région. Par conséquent, la compréhension de l'auto-adaptation et l'identification de mesures d'ajustement à la variabilité climatique dans les hautes latitudes ont une importance pratique pour l'établissement d'un système rizicole durable afin de maintenir la sécurité alimentaire future en Chine. Une étude de terrain bien gérée dans le cadre de la conception randomisée par blocs complets (RCBD) a été menée en 2017 et 2018 sur deux sites d'étude à Harbin et Qiqihar, situés dans la province du Heilongjiang au NEC. Quatre cultivars différents ont été évalués : Longdao-18, Longdao-21 (durée de croissance plus longue), Longjing-21 et Suijing-18 (durée de croissance plus courte) pour évaluer les interrelations entre les paramètres de remplissage des grains, le rendement en grains et les composants de rendement, et les attributs de qualité des grains. Pour mieux comparer les mécanismes d'adaptabilité entre les composants de remplissage des grains et de rendement, la phase de remplissage a été divisée en trois sous-phases (début, milieu et fin). La présente étude a évalué la formation et l'accumulation des assimilats dans les grains supérieurs et inférieurs lors du remplissage des grains, principalement dans la sous-phase moyenne, qui représentait 59,60% du rendement. Les rendements céréaliers de Suijing-18, Longjing-21, Longdao-21 et Longdao-18 étaient de 8,02%, 12,78%, 17,19% et 20,53% plus élevés à Harbin que ceux de Qiqihar, respectivement en 2017, avec une tendance similaire observée en 2018. À Harbin, un nombre plus élevé de cultivateurs productifs a été remarqué à Suijing-18, avec des moyennes de 17 et 15 en 2017 et 2018, respectivement. Les paramètres de remplissage des grains de l'analyse du rendement ont montré que la durée de remplissage à Harbin était propice à une augmentation du rendement, mais le faible poids sec des grains inférieurs était un facteur principal limitant le rendement à Qiqihar. Les valeurs moyennes de la teneur en protéines à Harbin étaient significativement plus élevées (8,54 % et 9,13 %) que celles de Qiqihar (8,34 % et 9,14 %) en 2017 et 2018, respectivement. La teneur en amylose était significativement plus élevée à Harbin (20,03% et 22,27%) que celles de Qiqihar (14,44% et 14,67%) en 2017 et 2018, respectivement. Le pourcentage de calcaire était plus élevé à Qiqihar, ce qui indique que Harbin produisait du riz de bonne qualité. Cette étude fournit des preuves plus directes des changements relatifs dans le rendement en grains de riz en raison des changements dans le remplissage des grains associés aux changements relatifs dans les composantes environnementales. Ces mécanismes d'auto-adaptation à la variabilité climatique et les interrelations entre le remplissage des céréales et le rendement en céréales soulignent l'urgence d'étudier et d'explorer des mesures pour améliorer la durabilité du riz Japonica, avec une meilleure adaptation aux variabilités climatiques croissantes. Ces résultats peuvent également servir de référence pour d'autres régions rizicoles mondiales aux hautes latitudes dans la lutte contre les impacts du changement climatique sur la durabilité future du riz. Los impactos generalizados del cambio climático global y regional proyectado en el rendimiento del arroz se han investigado mediante diferentes enfoques indirectos que utilizan varios modelos de simulación. Sin embargo, los enfoques directos para evaluar los impactos de las variabilidades climáticas en el crecimiento y desarrollo del arroz pueden proporcionar evidencia más confiable para evaluar los efectos del cambio climático en la productividad del arroz. El cambio climático ha afectado sustancialmente la producción de arroz en las latitudes medias-altas de China, especialmente en el noreste de China (NEC). Las variabilidades climáticas que ocurren en NEC desde la década de 1970 han resultado en una tendencia obvia al calentamiento, lo que convirtió a esta región en una de las tres principales regiones productoras de arroz en China. Sin embargo, las proyecciones del cambio climático futuro han indicado la probabilidad de cambios climáticos más abruptos e irregulares, lo que representa una amenaza para la sostenibilidad del arroz en esta región. Por lo tanto, comprender la autoadaptabilidad e identificar medidas de ajuste a la variabilidad climática en latitudes altas tiene importancia práctica para establecer un sistema de arroz sostenible para mantener la seguridad alimentaria futura en China. En 2017 y 2018 se realizó un estudio de campo bien administrado bajo diseño de bloque completo aleatorizado (RCBD) en dos sitios de estudio en Harbin y Qiqihar, ubicados en la provincia de Heilongjiang en NEC. Se evaluaron cuatro cultivares diferentes: Longdao-18, Longdao-21 (mayor duración de crecimiento), Longjing-21 y Suijing-18 (menor duración de crecimiento) para evaluar las interrelaciones entre los parámetros de llenado de grano, el rendimiento del grano y los componentes del rendimiento, y los atributos de calidad del grano. Para comparar mejor los mecanismos de adaptabilidad entre los componentes de relleno de grano y rendimiento, la fase de relleno se dividió en tres subfases (inicio, medio y tardío). El presente estudio evaluó la formación y acumulación de los asimilados en granos superiores e inferiores durante el relleno de granos, principalmente en la subfase media, que representó el 59,60% del rendimiento. Los rendimientos de grano para Suijing-18, Longjing-21, Longdao-21 y Longdao-18 fueron 8.02%, 12.78%, 17.19% y 20.53% más altos en Harbin que en Qiqihar, respectivamente, en 2017, con una tendencia similar observada en 2018. En Harbin, se observó un mayor número de cultivadores productivos en Suijing-18, con promedios de 17 y 15 en 2017 y 2018, respectivamente. Los parámetros de llenado de granos del análisis de rendimiento mostraron que la duración del llenado en Harbin fue propicia para aumentar el rendimiento, pero el bajo peso seco de los granos inferiores fue un factor principal que limitó el rendimiento en Qiqihar. Los valores medios de contenido proteico en Harbin fueron significativamente más altos (8,54% y 9,13%) que los de Qiqihar (8,34% y 9,14%) en 2017 y 2018, respectivamente. El contenido de amilosa fue significativamente mayor en Harbin (20,03% y 22,27%) que en Qiqihar (14,44% y 14,67%) en 2017 y 2018, respectivamente. El porcentaje de tiza fue mayor en Qiqihar, lo que indica que Harbin produjo arroz de buena calidad. Este estudio proporciona evidencia más directa de los cambios relativos en el rendimiento del grano de arroz debido a los cambios en el relleno del grano asociados con los cambios relativos en los componentes ambientales. Estos mecanismos de autoadaptación a la variabilidad climática y las interrelaciones entre el relleno de granos y el rendimiento de los granos subrayan la urgencia de investigar y explorar medidas para mejorar la sostenibilidad del arroz Japonica, con una mejor adaptación al aumento de las variabilidades climáticas. Estos hallazgos también pueden ser una referencia para otras regiones arroceras mundiales en latitudes altas para abordar los impactos del cambio climático en la sostenibilidad futura del arroz. The widespread impacts of projected global and regional climate change on rice yield have been investigated by different indirect approaches utilizing various simulation models. However, direct approaches to assess the impacts of climatic variabilities on rice growth and development may provide more reliable evidence to evaluate the effects of climate change on rice productivity. Climate change has substantially impacted rice production in the mid-high latitudes of China, especially in Northeast China (NEC). Climatic variabilities occurring in NEC since the 1970s have resulted in an obvious warming trend, which made this region one of the three major rice-growing regions in China. However, the projections of future climate change have indicated the likelihood of more abrupt and irregular climatic changes, posing threats to rice sustainability in this region. Hence, understanding the self-adaptability and identifying adjustive measures to climate variability in high latitudes has practical significance for establishing a sustainable rice system to sustain future food security in China. A well-managed field study under randomized complete block design (RCBD) was conducted in 2017 and 2018 at two study sites in Harbin and Qiqihar, located in Heilongjiang province in NEC. Four different cultivars were evaluated: Longdao-18, Longdao-21 (longer growth duration), Longjing-21, and Suijing-18 (shorter growth duration) to assess the inter-relationships among grain-filling parameters, grain yield and yield components, and grain quality attributes. To better compare the adaptability mechanisms between grain-filling and yield components, the filling phase was divided into three sub-phases (start, middle, and late). The current study evaluated the formation and accumulation of the assimilates in superior and inferior grains during grain-filling, mainly in the middle sub-phase, which accounted for 59.60% of the yield. The grain yields for Suijing-18, Longjing-21, Longdao-21, and Longdao-18 were 8.02%, 12.78%, 17.19%, and 20.53% higher in Harbin than those in Qiqihar, respectively in 2017, with a similar trend observed in 2018. At Harbin, a higher number of productive tillers was noticed in Suijing-18, with averages of 17 and 15 in 2017 and 2018, respectively. The grain-filling parameters of yield analysis showed that the filling duration in Harbin was conducive to increased yield but the low dry weight of inferior grains was a main factor limiting the yield in Qiqihar. The average protein content values in Harbin were significantly higher (8.54% and 9.13%) than those in Qiqihar (8.34% and 9.14%) in 2017 and 2018, respectively. The amylose content was significantly higher in Harbin (20.03% and 22.27%) than those in Qiqihar (14.44% and 14.67%) in 2017 and 2018, respectively. The chalkiness percentage was higher in Qiqihar, indicating that Harbin produced good quality rice. This study provides more direct evidence of the relative changes in rice grain yield due to changes in grain-filling associated with relative changes in environmental components. These self-adaptability mechanisms to climatic variability and the inter-relationships between grain-filling and grain yield underscore the urgent to investigate and explore measures to improve Japonica rice sustainability, with better adaptation to increasing climatic variabilities. These findings may also be a reference for other global rice regions at high latitudes in addressing the impacts of climate change on future rice sustainability. تم التحقيق في الآثار الواسعة النطاق لتغير المناخ العالمي والإقليمي المتوقع على غلة الأرز من خلال مناهج غير مباشرة مختلفة تستخدم نماذج محاكاة مختلفة. ومع ذلك، فإن النهج المباشرة لتقييم آثار التغيرات المناخية على نمو الأرز وتنميته قد توفر أدلة أكثر موثوقية لتقييم آثار تغير المناخ على إنتاجية الأرز. أثر تغير المناخ بشكل كبير على إنتاج الأرز في خطوط العرض المتوسطة العالية في الصين، خاصة في شمال شرق الصين (NEC). أدت التقلبات المناخية التي حدثت في NEC منذ السبعينيات إلى اتجاه احترار واضح، مما جعل هذه المنطقة واحدة من ثلاث مناطق رئيسية لزراعة الأرز في الصين. ومع ذلك، أشارت توقعات تغير المناخ في المستقبل إلى احتمال حدوث تغيرات مناخية مفاجئة وغير منتظمة، مما يشكل تهديدات لاستدامة الأرز في هذه المنطقة. وبالتالي، فإن فهم القدرة على التكيف الذاتي وتحديد تدابير التكيف مع تقلب المناخ في خطوط العرض العالية له أهمية عملية لإنشاء نظام أرز مستدام للحفاظ على الأمن الغذائي في المستقبل في الصين. أجريت دراسة ميدانية جيدة الإدارة في إطار تصميم الكتلة الكاملة العشوائية (RCBD) في عامي 2017 و 2018 في موقعين للدراسة في هاربين وتشيكيهار، وتقع في مقاطعة هيلونغجيانغ في NEC. تم تقييم أربعة أصناف مختلفة: Longdao -18 و Longdao -21 (مدة نمو أطول) و Longjing -21 و Suijing -18 (مدة نمو أقصر) لتقييم العلاقات المتبادلة بين معلمات ملء الحبوب وعائد الحبوب ومكونات العائد وسمات جودة الحبوب. لمقارنة آليات القدرة على التكيف بين مكونات تعبئة الحبوب والعائد بشكل أفضل، تم تقسيم مرحلة التعبئة إلى ثلاث مراحل فرعية (البداية والوسطى والمتأخرة). قيمت الدراسة الحالية تكوين وتراكم الاستيعاب في الحبوب العليا والدنيا أثناء تعبئة الحبوب، بشكل رئيسي في المرحلة الفرعية الوسطى، والتي تمثل 59.60 ٪ من المحصول. كانت غلة الحبوب في Suijing -18 و Longjing -21 و Longdao -21 و Longdao -18 أعلى بنسبة 8.02 ٪ و 12.78 ٪ و 17.19 ٪ و 20.53 ٪ في هاربين من تلك الموجودة في Qiqihar، على التوالي في عام 2017، مع اتجاه مماثل لوحظ في عام 2018. في هاربين، لوحظ عدد أكبر من الفلاحين المنتجين في Suijing -18، بمتوسط 17 و 15 في عامي 2017 و 2018، على التوالي. أظهرت معلمات تعبئة الحبوب لتحليل الغلة أن مدة التعبئة في هاربين كانت مواتية لزيادة الغلة ولكن الوزن الجاف المنخفض للحبوب الرديئة كان عاملاً رئيسياً يحد من الغلة في تشيكيهار. كان متوسط قيم محتوى البروتين في هاربين أعلى بكثير (8.54 ٪ و 9.13 ٪) من تلك الموجودة في تشيكيهار (8.34 ٪ و 9.14 ٪) في عامي 2017 و 2018، على التوالي. كان محتوى الأميلوز أعلى بكثير في هاربين (20.03 ٪ و 22.27 ٪) من تلك الموجودة في تشيكيهار (14.44 ٪ و 14.67 ٪) في عامي 2017 و 2018، على التوالي. كانت نسبة الطباشير أعلى في تشيكيهار، مما يشير إلى أن حربين أنتجت أرزًا عالي الجودة. تقدم هذه الدراسة المزيد من الأدلة المباشرة على التغيرات النسبية في محصول حبوب الأرز بسبب التغيرات في تعبئة الحبوب المرتبطة بالتغيرات النسبية في المكونات البيئية. تؤكد آليات التكيف الذاتي هذه مع التقلبات المناخية والعلاقات المتبادلة بين تعبئة الحبوب وإنتاج الحبوب على الحاجة الملحة للتحقيق واستكشاف التدابير لتحسين استدامة أرز جابونيكا، مع التكيف بشكل أفضل مع التقلبات المناخية المتزايدة. قد تكون هذه النتائج أيضًا مرجعًا لمناطق الأرز العالمية الأخرى عند خطوط العرض العالية في معالجة آثار تغير المناخ على استدامة الأرز في المستقبل.

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  • Authors: Upendra Rajak; Prem Kumar Chaurasiya; Tikendra Nath Verma; Abhishek Dasore; +5 Authors

    Résumé Cet article présente les résultats d'une étude de recherche axée sur l'optimisation de la performance des mélanges de biocarburants à base de soja dérivés de graines de soja spécifiquement pour les véhicules utilitaires urbains de taille moyenne. L'étude a pris en compte des éléments tels que la capacité de production, l'économie et les caractéristiques supposées du moteur. Dans le but de prédire les caractéristiques de performance, de combustion et d'émission, une approche d'intelligence artificielle qui a été formée à l'aide de données expérimentales est utilisée. À pleine charge, l'efficacité thermique des freins (BTE) a chuté à mesure que la vitesse du moteur augmentait pour les mélanges de biocarburant et de carburant diesel, mais la consommation de carburant spécifique aux freins (BSFC) a augmenté. Le BSFC a augmenté de 11,9 % par rapport à l'utilisation de biocarburant avec des mélanges diesel. Les mélanges réduisent à la fois la pression maximale du cylindre et les émissions $${{\text {NO}}}_{{\text{x}}}$$ NO x . Le biocarburant-diesel s'est avéré plus efficace, avec une réduction maximale de 9,8 % et 22,2 à tr/min, respectivement. Le mélange de biocarburant et de diesel a considérablement amélioré les émissions de dioxyde de carbone ( $${{\text{CO}}}_{2}$$ CO 2 ) et de fumée. Les mélanges de biocarburants offrent des avantages significatifs en décrétant les polluants d'échappement et en améliorant les performances du moteur. Résumé graphique Resumen Este artículo presenta los resultados de un estudio de investigación centrado en la optimización del rendimiento de las mezclas de biocombustibles de soja derivados de semillas de soja específicamente para vehículos comerciales urbanos de servicio medio. El estudio tuvo en cuenta elementos como la capacidad de producción, la economía y las características asumidas del motor. Con el fin de predecir las características de rendimiento, combustión y emisión, se utiliza un enfoque de inteligencia artificial que ha sido entrenado utilizando datos experimentales. A plena carga, la eficiencia térmica de los frenos (BTE) disminuyó a medida que aumentaba la velocidad del motor para las mezclas de biocombustible y combustible diésel, pero aumentó el consumo de combustible específico de los frenos (BSFC). El BSFC aumentó un 11,9% en comparación con el uso de biocombustibles con mezclas de diésel. Las mezclas reducen tanto la presión máxima del cilindro como las emisiones de $${{\text{NO}}}_{{\text{x}}}$$ NO x . El biocombustible-diesel demostró ser más exitoso, con una reducción máxima del 9,8% y 22,2 a rpm, respectivamente. La mezcla de biocombustible y diésel mejoró significativamente el dióxido de carbono ( $${{\text{CO}}}_{2}$$ CO 2 ) y las emisiones de humo. Las mezclas de biocombustibles ofrecen ventajas significativas al decrementar los contaminantes de escape y mejorar el rendimiento del motor. Abstract This article presents the outcomes of a research study focused on optimizing the performance of soybean biofuel blends derived from soybean seeds specifically for urban medium-duty commercial vehicles. The study took into consideration elements such as production capacity, economics and assumed engine characteristics. For the purpose of predicting performance, combustion and emission characteristics, an artificial intelligence approach that has been trained using experimental data is used. At full load, the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) dropped as engine speed increased for biofuel and diesel fuel mixes, but brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) increased. The BSFC increased by 11.9% when diesel compared to using biofuel with diesel blends. The mixes cut both maximum cylinder pressure and $${{\text{NO}}}_{{\text{x}}}$$ NO x emissions. The biofuel-diesel fuel proved more successful, with maximum reduction of 9.8% and 22.2 at rpm, respectively. The biofuel and diesel blend significantly improved carbon dioxide ( $${{\text{CO}}}_{2}$$ CO 2 ) and smoke emissions. The biofuel blends offer significant advantages by decreeing exhaust pollutants and enhancing engine performance. Graphical Abstract ملخص تقدم هذه المقالة نتائج دراسة بحثية تركز على تحسين أداء خلائط الوقود الحيوي لفول الصويا المستمدة من بذور فول الصويا خصيصًا للمركبات التجارية متوسطة الخدمة في المناطق الحضرية. أخذت الدراسة في الاعتبار عناصر مثل القدرة الإنتاجية والاقتصاد وخصائص المحرك المفترضة. لغرض التنبؤ بخصائص الأداء والاحتراق والانبعاثات، يتم استخدام نهج الذكاء الاصطناعي الذي تم تدريبه باستخدام البيانات التجريبية. عند التحميل الكامل، انخفضت الكفاءة الحرارية للفرامل (BTE) مع زيادة سرعة المحرك لخلطات الوقود الحيوي ووقود الديزل، ولكن زاد استهلاك الوقود الخاص بالفرامل (BSFC). زادت BSFC بنسبة 11.9 ٪ عند استخدام الديزل مقارنة باستخدام الوقود الحيوي مع خلائط الديزل. يقلل المزيج من الحد الأقصى لضغط الأسطوانة و $${{\ text{NO }}}_{{\ text{x}}}$$ NO x الانبعاثات. أثبت وقود الديزل الحيوي نجاحًا أكبر، مع انخفاض أقصى بنسبة 9.8 ٪ و 22.2 عند دورة في الدقيقة، على التوالي. أدى مزيج الوقود الحيوي والديزل إلى تحسين كبير في ثاني أكسيد الكربون (${\ text{CO }}_{ 2 }$$ CO 2 ) وانبعاثات الدخان. توفر خلطات الوقود الحيوي مزايا كبيرة من خلال تحديد ملوثات العادم وتعزيز أداء المحرك. الملخص البياني

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    Authors: Kumar, Amit; Anbumozhi, Venkatachalam; Babu, Suresh; Bollino, Carlos Andrea; +9 Authors

    Digital transformation provides opportunities for agri-food systems to monitor and manage global soil, climatic and genetic resources; address pervasive information asymmetries among the stakeholders along the agri-food value chains. It serves as a foundation for a more efficient, equitable, and environmentally sustainable economic development including urban, peri-urban agriculture, and rural growth. However, challenges to maximizing the intended benefits and lowering the costs of organizing the transformations for equitable access by all stakeholders require innovative policy and strategic approaches. This brief investigates the extent to which policy pathways can accelerate the inclusive digital transformation that can also address the potential risks of the digital divide, highlighting the need for improved inter and intra-ministerial coordination and global governance architecture. PRODIGEES, Horizon 2020 MSCA-RISE, Grant Agreement #873119

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7 Research products
  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: María Pilar Olivar; Rolf Koppelmann; José Luis Acuña; Santiago Hernández-León; +10 Authors

    We reviewed 274 profiles of zooplankton biomass smaller than 5 mm when this information was available but always excluding macrozooplankton and micronekton. Due to the different mesh sizes (200, 300 or 500 µm) used by the different authors in our review, the obtained values are in some cases an underestimation of mesozooplankton biomass for the smaller size classes. Data not available in Tables were obtained from data points of figures using GraphClick software v3.0. This data is marked with an asterisk in the Supplementary Table 5 of Hernández-León et al. (submitted). Biomass in different units were converted to carbon using different published conversion factors (Cushing et al., 1958). Values from different depth layers were centred at the mean depth, averaged in each profile, and expressed as standing stock below one square meter.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ PANGAEA - Data Publi...arrow_drop_down
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    B2FIND
    Dataset . 2020
    Data sources: B2FIND
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    PANGAEA
    Dataset . 2020
    Data sources: PANGAEA
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    PANGAEA
    Dataset . 2020
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: PANGAEA
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      B2FIND
      Dataset . 2020
      Data sources: B2FIND
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      PANGAEA
      Dataset . 2020
      Data sources: PANGAEA
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      PANGAEA
      Dataset . 2020
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  • Authors: Anthony Tobore; Abdulla ‐ Al Kafy; Adedeji H. Oludare; Saleh Alsulamy; +2 Authors

    Face à l'escalade des défis environnementaux, les changements dans l'utilisation et la couverture des terres (LULC) apparaissent comme une menace persistante et importante, ayant un impact profond sur la stabilité de l'éco-biodiversité. Cette étude analyse les changements LULC en utilisant des techniques de télédétection pour détecter la dégradation de l'environnement à Abeokuta South, au Nigéria, contribuant au discours sur la durabilité environnementale. Des cartes LULC pour les années 2002, 2012 et 2022 ont été générées, intégrant des indicateurs environnementaux spectraux tels que la température de surface du sol (LST), l'indice différentiel normalisé de végétation (NDVI) et l'indice normalisé de différence accumulée (NDBI) à partir des images satellites Landsat 7 et 8. La machine à vecteur de support (SVM) et le logiciel FRAGSTATS, fonctionnant dans l'environnement IDRISI et Arc-MAP, ont été utilisés pour évaluer les changements LULC et les paramètres d'utilisation des terres de la zone. Les résultats ont révélé que les zones bâties de 2000 à 2022 ont subi les changements les plus importants, augmentant de 39,52 km2 (55,85 %), tandis qu'une diminution notable de la tendance de la couverture végétale de 27,95 km2 (36,45 %) a été observée. Les mesures spatiales de l'utilisation des terres, en collaboration avec LST, NDVI et NDBI, ont illustré les changements environnementaux quantitatifs et qualitatifs dans la région. Indéniablement, la fusion des données de télédétection par satellite et des mesures spatiales d'utilisation des terres offre des outils précieux pour fournir des informations écologiques pour la durabilité urbaine. À la lumière de ces résultats, l'étude souligne la nécessité d'une attention urgente de la part de la société, du gouvernement et des parties prenantes pour gérer la croissance démographique et équilibrer les besoins humains pour un environnement durable, contribuant ainsi à l'objectif plus large de durabilité environnementale. Ante la escalada de los desafíos ambientales, los cambios en el uso de la tierra y la cubierta terrestre (LULC) surgen como una amenaza persistente y significativa, que afecta profundamente la estabilidad de la biodiversidad ecológica. Este estudio analiza los cambios de LULC utilizando técnicas de teledetección para detectar la degradación ambiental en Abeokuta South, Nigeria, contribuyendo al discurso sobre la sostenibilidad ambiental. Se generaron mapas LULC para los años 2002, 2012 y 2022, incorporando indicadores ambientales espectrales como la temperatura de la superficie terrestre (LST), el índice diferencial normalizado de vegetación (NDVI) y el índice de diferencia normalizada acumulada (NDBI) de las imágenes satelitales Landsat 7 y 8. La máquina de vectores de soporte (SVM) y el software FRAGSTATS, que operan dentro del entorno IDRISI y Arc-MAP, se emplearon para evaluar los cambios de LULC y las métricas de uso de la tierra del área. Los hallazgos revelaron que las áreas urbanizadas de 2000 a 2022 experimentaron los cambios más significativos, aumentando en 39,52 km2 (55,85 %), mientras que se observó una notable disminución en la tendencia de la cobertura vegetal en 27,95 km2 (36,45 %). Las métricas espaciales de uso de la tierra, junto con LST, NDVI y NDBI, ilustraron los cambios ambientales cuantitativos y cualitativos en el área. Sin lugar a dudas, la fusión de datos satelitales de teledetección y métricas espaciales del uso de la tierra ofrece herramientas valiosas para proporcionar información ecológica para la sostenibilidad urbana. A la luz de estos hallazgos, el estudio subraya la necesidad de que la sociedad, el gobierno y las partes interesadas presten atención urgente para gestionar el crecimiento de la población y equilibrar las necesidades humanas de un medio ambiente sostenible, contribuyendo así al objetivo más amplio de la sostenibilidad ambiental. In the face of escalating environmental challenges, the changes in land-use and land-cover (LULC) emerges as a persistent and significant threat, profoundly impacting the stability of eco-biodiversity. This study analyzes LULC changes using remote sensing techniques to detect environmental degradation in Abeokuta South, Nigeria, contributing to the discourse on environmental sustainability. LULC maps for the years 2002, 2012, and 2022 were generated, incorporating spectral environmental indicators such as land surface temperature (LST), normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI), and normalized difference built-up index (NDBI) from Landsat 7 and 8 satellite images. The support vector machine (SVM), and FRAGSTATS software, operating within the IDRISI and Arc-MAP environment, were employed to evaluate the area's LULC changes and land-use metrics. The findings revealed that built-up areas from 2000 to 2022 underwent the most significant changes, increasing by 39.52 km2 (55.85 %), while a noticeable decrease in vegetation cover trend by 27.95 km2 (36.45 %) was observed. Spatial land-use metrics, in conjunction with LST, NDVI, and NDBI, illustrated the quantitative and qualitative environmental changes in the area. Undeniably, the amalgamation of satellite remote-sensed data and spatial land-use metrics offers valuable tools to provide ecological information for urban sustainability. In light of these findings, the study underscores the need for urgent attention from society, government, and stakeholders to manage population growth and balance human needs for a sustainable environment, thereby contributing to the broader goal of environmental sustainability. في مواجهة التحديات البيئية المتصاعدة، تبرز التغيرات في استخدام الأراضي والغطاء الأرضي كتهديد مستمر وكبير، مما يؤثر تأثيرًا عميقًا على استقرار التنوع البيولوجي البيئي. تحلل هذه الدراسة تغيرات استخدام الأراضي واستخدام الأراضي باستخدام تقنيات الاستشعار عن بعد للكشف عن التدهور البيئي في جنوب أبيوكوتا، نيجيريا، مما يساهم في الخطاب حول الاستدامة البيئية. تم إنشاء خرائط LULC للأعوام 2002 و 2012 و 2022، وتتضمن مؤشرات بيئية طيفية مثل درجة حرارة سطح الأرض (LST)، ومؤشر الغطاء النباتي التفاضلي المعياري (NDVI)، ومؤشر الفرق المعياري المتراكم (NDBI) من صور الأقمار الصناعية Landsat 7 و 8. تم استخدام آلة ناقلات الدعم (SVM)، وبرنامج FRAGSTATS، الذي يعمل ضمن بيئة IDRISI و ARC - MAP، لتقييم تغييرات LULC في المنطقة ومقاييس استخدام الأراضي. كشفت النتائج أن المناطق المبنية من عام 2000 إلى عام 2022 خضعت لأهم التغييرات، حيث زادت بمقدار 39.52 كم 2 (55.85 ٪)، بينما لوحظ انخفاض ملحوظ في اتجاه الغطاء النباتي بمقدار 27.95 كم 2 (36.45 ٪). توضح مقاييس استخدام الأراضي المكانية، جنبًا إلى جنب مع LST و NDVI و NDBI، التغيرات البيئية الكمية والنوعية في المنطقة. لا يمكن إنكار أن دمج البيانات المستشعرة عن بعد عبر الأقمار الصناعية والمقاييس المكانية لاستخدام الأراضي يوفر أدوات قيمة لتوفير المعلومات البيئية للاستدامة الحضرية. في ضوء هذه النتائج، تؤكد الدراسة على الحاجة إلى اهتمام عاجل من المجتمع والحكومة وأصحاب المصلحة لإدارة النمو السكاني وتحقيق التوازن بين الاحتياجات البشرية لبيئة مستدامة، وبالتالي المساهمة في الهدف الأوسع للاستدامة البيئية.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Asiry, Khalid A.; Hassan, Sami Saeed M.; AlRashidi, Monif M.; Asiry, Khalid A.; +2 Authors

    Availability of data on agricultural activities and production are essential for an appropriate socio-economic planning and sustainability. This study was conducted using a questionnaire that was randomly distributed to farmers to identify some features of the agricultural activities in Hail region and to serve as baseline data on agricultural practices. The questionnaire was divided into main topics including socio-economic status of farms, farm area, main crops, production systems, agricultural practices, financial support, and use of wind breaks, water conservation, animal husbandry and marketing. Some of the results showed that date palms and alfalfa fodder were found to be the main grown crops in addition to citrus, grapes, vegetables, wheat and Rye. In most cases, all these crops were cultivated in open fields, compared to only 18% grown in green houses. About half of the farmers adopted the monoculture system and only 44.9% of them applied the crop rotation. More than 70% of farmers raise animals and the most commonly reared animal are sheep (53.6%) followed by goats (23%), camels (18%) and poultry (4.5%). The study revealed that Hail region is an important agricultural area in KSA and some agricultural practices need to be revised and directed towards sustainability through extension programmes.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
    Other literature type . 2013
    Data sources: Datacite
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
      Other literature type . 2013
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Xiao, Xi; Agustí, Susana; Lin, Fang; Xu, Caicai; +5 Authors

    We searched the published literature for data on the density-dependence of seaweed growth under different nutrient levels. The search was based on the Web of Science®, accessed in May 2019, using a combination of keywords including "seaweed & remediation", "seaweed & bioremediation", "seaweed & nitrogen removal" and "seaweed & phosphorous removal". These searches yielded a total of 164 papers reporting growth rates and biomass density for seaweed. We retrieved the growth rates, biomass density, concentration of the dominant forms of inorganic nutrients - ammonia, nitrate and phosphate - and incident irradiance, and recorded the taxa (chlorophyta, phaeophyta or rhodophyta). This generated a raw dataset containing a total of 1729 experimental assessments. For all the assessments, we further converted all growth rates to units of % day-1 and biomass density (i.e. the seaweed biomass per unit habitat volume) to g FW L-1. Supplement to: Xiao, Xi; Agustí, Susana; Lin, Fang; Xu, Caicai; Yu, Yan; Pan, Yaoru; Li, Ke; Wu, Jiaping; Duarte, Carlos Manuel (2019): Resource (Light and Nitrogen) and Density-Dependence of Seaweed Growth. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6

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  • Authors: Muhammad Shahbaz Farooq; Maqsood Ahmed Khaskheli; Muhammad Uzair; Yinlong Xu; +11 Authors

    Les impacts généralisés des changements climatiques mondiaux et régionaux projetés sur le rendement du riz ont été étudiés par différentes approches indirectes utilisant divers modèles de simulation. Cependant, des approches directes pour évaluer les impacts des variabilités climatiques sur la croissance et le développement du riz peuvent fournir des preuves plus fiables pour évaluer les effets du changement climatique sur la productivité du riz. Le changement climatique a eu un impact considérable sur la production de riz dans les latitudes moyennes-élevées de la Chine, en particulier dans le nord-est de la Chine (NEC). Les variations climatiques qui se produisent dans la NEC depuis les années 1970 ont entraîné une tendance évidente au réchauffement, ce qui a fait de cette région l'une des trois principales régions rizicoles de Chine. Cependant, les projections du changement climatique futur ont indiqué la probabilité de changements climatiques plus brusques et irréguliers, menaçant la durabilité du riz dans cette région. Par conséquent, la compréhension de l'auto-adaptation et l'identification de mesures d'ajustement à la variabilité climatique dans les hautes latitudes ont une importance pratique pour l'établissement d'un système rizicole durable afin de maintenir la sécurité alimentaire future en Chine. Une étude de terrain bien gérée dans le cadre de la conception randomisée par blocs complets (RCBD) a été menée en 2017 et 2018 sur deux sites d'étude à Harbin et Qiqihar, situés dans la province du Heilongjiang au NEC. Quatre cultivars différents ont été évalués : Longdao-18, Longdao-21 (durée de croissance plus longue), Longjing-21 et Suijing-18 (durée de croissance plus courte) pour évaluer les interrelations entre les paramètres de remplissage des grains, le rendement en grains et les composants de rendement, et les attributs de qualité des grains. Pour mieux comparer les mécanismes d'adaptabilité entre les composants de remplissage des grains et de rendement, la phase de remplissage a été divisée en trois sous-phases (début, milieu et fin). La présente étude a évalué la formation et l'accumulation des assimilats dans les grains supérieurs et inférieurs lors du remplissage des grains, principalement dans la sous-phase moyenne, qui représentait 59,60% du rendement. Les rendements céréaliers de Suijing-18, Longjing-21, Longdao-21 et Longdao-18 étaient de 8,02%, 12,78%, 17,19% et 20,53% plus élevés à Harbin que ceux de Qiqihar, respectivement en 2017, avec une tendance similaire observée en 2018. À Harbin, un nombre plus élevé de cultivateurs productifs a été remarqué à Suijing-18, avec des moyennes de 17 et 15 en 2017 et 2018, respectivement. Les paramètres de remplissage des grains de l'analyse du rendement ont montré que la durée de remplissage à Harbin était propice à une augmentation du rendement, mais le faible poids sec des grains inférieurs était un facteur principal limitant le rendement à Qiqihar. Les valeurs moyennes de la teneur en protéines à Harbin étaient significativement plus élevées (8,54 % et 9,13 %) que celles de Qiqihar (8,34 % et 9,14 %) en 2017 et 2018, respectivement. La teneur en amylose était significativement plus élevée à Harbin (20,03% et 22,27%) que celles de Qiqihar (14,44% et 14,67%) en 2017 et 2018, respectivement. Le pourcentage de calcaire était plus élevé à Qiqihar, ce qui indique que Harbin produisait du riz de bonne qualité. Cette étude fournit des preuves plus directes des changements relatifs dans le rendement en grains de riz en raison des changements dans le remplissage des grains associés aux changements relatifs dans les composantes environnementales. Ces mécanismes d'auto-adaptation à la variabilité climatique et les interrelations entre le remplissage des céréales et le rendement en céréales soulignent l'urgence d'étudier et d'explorer des mesures pour améliorer la durabilité du riz Japonica, avec une meilleure adaptation aux variabilités climatiques croissantes. Ces résultats peuvent également servir de référence pour d'autres régions rizicoles mondiales aux hautes latitudes dans la lutte contre les impacts du changement climatique sur la durabilité future du riz. Los impactos generalizados del cambio climático global y regional proyectado en el rendimiento del arroz se han investigado mediante diferentes enfoques indirectos que utilizan varios modelos de simulación. Sin embargo, los enfoques directos para evaluar los impactos de las variabilidades climáticas en el crecimiento y desarrollo del arroz pueden proporcionar evidencia más confiable para evaluar los efectos del cambio climático en la productividad del arroz. El cambio climático ha afectado sustancialmente la producción de arroz en las latitudes medias-altas de China, especialmente en el noreste de China (NEC). Las variabilidades climáticas que ocurren en NEC desde la década de 1970 han resultado en una tendencia obvia al calentamiento, lo que convirtió a esta región en una de las tres principales regiones productoras de arroz en China. Sin embargo, las proyecciones del cambio climático futuro han indicado la probabilidad de cambios climáticos más abruptos e irregulares, lo que representa una amenaza para la sostenibilidad del arroz en esta región. Por lo tanto, comprender la autoadaptabilidad e identificar medidas de ajuste a la variabilidad climática en latitudes altas tiene importancia práctica para establecer un sistema de arroz sostenible para mantener la seguridad alimentaria futura en China. En 2017 y 2018 se realizó un estudio de campo bien administrado bajo diseño de bloque completo aleatorizado (RCBD) en dos sitios de estudio en Harbin y Qiqihar, ubicados en la provincia de Heilongjiang en NEC. Se evaluaron cuatro cultivares diferentes: Longdao-18, Longdao-21 (mayor duración de crecimiento), Longjing-21 y Suijing-18 (menor duración de crecimiento) para evaluar las interrelaciones entre los parámetros de llenado de grano, el rendimiento del grano y los componentes del rendimiento, y los atributos de calidad del grano. Para comparar mejor los mecanismos de adaptabilidad entre los componentes de relleno de grano y rendimiento, la fase de relleno se dividió en tres subfases (inicio, medio y tardío). El presente estudio evaluó la formación y acumulación de los asimilados en granos superiores e inferiores durante el relleno de granos, principalmente en la subfase media, que representó el 59,60% del rendimiento. Los rendimientos de grano para Suijing-18, Longjing-21, Longdao-21 y Longdao-18 fueron 8.02%, 12.78%, 17.19% y 20.53% más altos en Harbin que en Qiqihar, respectivamente, en 2017, con una tendencia similar observada en 2018. En Harbin, se observó un mayor número de cultivadores productivos en Suijing-18, con promedios de 17 y 15 en 2017 y 2018, respectivamente. Los parámetros de llenado de granos del análisis de rendimiento mostraron que la duración del llenado en Harbin fue propicia para aumentar el rendimiento, pero el bajo peso seco de los granos inferiores fue un factor principal que limitó el rendimiento en Qiqihar. Los valores medios de contenido proteico en Harbin fueron significativamente más altos (8,54% y 9,13%) que los de Qiqihar (8,34% y 9,14%) en 2017 y 2018, respectivamente. El contenido de amilosa fue significativamente mayor en Harbin (20,03% y 22,27%) que en Qiqihar (14,44% y 14,67%) en 2017 y 2018, respectivamente. El porcentaje de tiza fue mayor en Qiqihar, lo que indica que Harbin produjo arroz de buena calidad. Este estudio proporciona evidencia más directa de los cambios relativos en el rendimiento del grano de arroz debido a los cambios en el relleno del grano asociados con los cambios relativos en los componentes ambientales. Estos mecanismos de autoadaptación a la variabilidad climática y las interrelaciones entre el relleno de granos y el rendimiento de los granos subrayan la urgencia de investigar y explorar medidas para mejorar la sostenibilidad del arroz Japonica, con una mejor adaptación al aumento de las variabilidades climáticas. Estos hallazgos también pueden ser una referencia para otras regiones arroceras mundiales en latitudes altas para abordar los impactos del cambio climático en la sostenibilidad futura del arroz. The widespread impacts of projected global and regional climate change on rice yield have been investigated by different indirect approaches utilizing various simulation models. However, direct approaches to assess the impacts of climatic variabilities on rice growth and development may provide more reliable evidence to evaluate the effects of climate change on rice productivity. Climate change has substantially impacted rice production in the mid-high latitudes of China, especially in Northeast China (NEC). Climatic variabilities occurring in NEC since the 1970s have resulted in an obvious warming trend, which made this region one of the three major rice-growing regions in China. However, the projections of future climate change have indicated the likelihood of more abrupt and irregular climatic changes, posing threats to rice sustainability in this region. Hence, understanding the self-adaptability and identifying adjustive measures to climate variability in high latitudes has practical significance for establishing a sustainable rice system to sustain future food security in China. A well-managed field study under randomized complete block design (RCBD) was conducted in 2017 and 2018 at two study sites in Harbin and Qiqihar, located in Heilongjiang province in NEC. Four different cultivars were evaluated: Longdao-18, Longdao-21 (longer growth duration), Longjing-21, and Suijing-18 (shorter growth duration) to assess the inter-relationships among grain-filling parameters, grain yield and yield components, and grain quality attributes. To better compare the adaptability mechanisms between grain-filling and yield components, the filling phase was divided into three sub-phases (start, middle, and late). The current study evaluated the formation and accumulation of the assimilates in superior and inferior grains during grain-filling, mainly in the middle sub-phase, which accounted for 59.60% of the yield. The grain yields for Suijing-18, Longjing-21, Longdao-21, and Longdao-18 were 8.02%, 12.78%, 17.19%, and 20.53% higher in Harbin than those in Qiqihar, respectively in 2017, with a similar trend observed in 2018. At Harbin, a higher number of productive tillers was noticed in Suijing-18, with averages of 17 and 15 in 2017 and 2018, respectively. The grain-filling parameters of yield analysis showed that the filling duration in Harbin was conducive to increased yield but the low dry weight of inferior grains was a main factor limiting the yield in Qiqihar. The average protein content values in Harbin were significantly higher (8.54% and 9.13%) than those in Qiqihar (8.34% and 9.14%) in 2017 and 2018, respectively. The amylose content was significantly higher in Harbin (20.03% and 22.27%) than those in Qiqihar (14.44% and 14.67%) in 2017 and 2018, respectively. The chalkiness percentage was higher in Qiqihar, indicating that Harbin produced good quality rice. This study provides more direct evidence of the relative changes in rice grain yield due to changes in grain-filling associated with relative changes in environmental components. These self-adaptability mechanisms to climatic variability and the inter-relationships between grain-filling and grain yield underscore the urgent to investigate and explore measures to improve Japonica rice sustainability, with better adaptation to increasing climatic variabilities. These findings may also be a reference for other global rice regions at high latitudes in addressing the impacts of climate change on future rice sustainability. تم التحقيق في الآثار الواسعة النطاق لتغير المناخ العالمي والإقليمي المتوقع على غلة الأرز من خلال مناهج غير مباشرة مختلفة تستخدم نماذج محاكاة مختلفة. ومع ذلك، فإن النهج المباشرة لتقييم آثار التغيرات المناخية على نمو الأرز وتنميته قد توفر أدلة أكثر موثوقية لتقييم آثار تغير المناخ على إنتاجية الأرز. أثر تغير المناخ بشكل كبير على إنتاج الأرز في خطوط العرض المتوسطة العالية في الصين، خاصة في شمال شرق الصين (NEC). أدت التقلبات المناخية التي حدثت في NEC منذ السبعينيات إلى اتجاه احترار واضح، مما جعل هذه المنطقة واحدة من ثلاث مناطق رئيسية لزراعة الأرز في الصين. ومع ذلك، أشارت توقعات تغير المناخ في المستقبل إلى احتمال حدوث تغيرات مناخية مفاجئة وغير منتظمة، مما يشكل تهديدات لاستدامة الأرز في هذه المنطقة. وبالتالي، فإن فهم القدرة على التكيف الذاتي وتحديد تدابير التكيف مع تقلب المناخ في خطوط العرض العالية له أهمية عملية لإنشاء نظام أرز مستدام للحفاظ على الأمن الغذائي في المستقبل في الصين. أجريت دراسة ميدانية جيدة الإدارة في إطار تصميم الكتلة الكاملة العشوائية (RCBD) في عامي 2017 و 2018 في موقعين للدراسة في هاربين وتشيكيهار، وتقع في مقاطعة هيلونغجيانغ في NEC. تم تقييم أربعة أصناف مختلفة: Longdao -18 و Longdao -21 (مدة نمو أطول) و Longjing -21 و Suijing -18 (مدة نمو أقصر) لتقييم العلاقات المتبادلة بين معلمات ملء الحبوب وعائد الحبوب ومكونات العائد وسمات جودة الحبوب. لمقارنة آليات القدرة على التكيف بين مكونات تعبئة الحبوب والعائد بشكل أفضل، تم تقسيم مرحلة التعبئة إلى ثلاث مراحل فرعية (البداية والوسطى والمتأخرة). قيمت الدراسة الحالية تكوين وتراكم الاستيعاب في الحبوب العليا والدنيا أثناء تعبئة الحبوب، بشكل رئيسي في المرحلة الفرعية الوسطى، والتي تمثل 59.60 ٪ من المحصول. كانت غلة الحبوب في Suijing -18 و Longjing -21 و Longdao -21 و Longdao -18 أعلى بنسبة 8.02 ٪ و 12.78 ٪ و 17.19 ٪ و 20.53 ٪ في هاربين من تلك الموجودة في Qiqihar، على التوالي في عام 2017، مع اتجاه مماثل لوحظ في عام 2018. في هاربين، لوحظ عدد أكبر من الفلاحين المنتجين في Suijing -18، بمتوسط 17 و 15 في عامي 2017 و 2018، على التوالي. أظهرت معلمات تعبئة الحبوب لتحليل الغلة أن مدة التعبئة في هاربين كانت مواتية لزيادة الغلة ولكن الوزن الجاف المنخفض للحبوب الرديئة كان عاملاً رئيسياً يحد من الغلة في تشيكيهار. كان متوسط قيم محتوى البروتين في هاربين أعلى بكثير (8.54 ٪ و 9.13 ٪) من تلك الموجودة في تشيكيهار (8.34 ٪ و 9.14 ٪) في عامي 2017 و 2018، على التوالي. كان محتوى الأميلوز أعلى بكثير في هاربين (20.03 ٪ و 22.27 ٪) من تلك الموجودة في تشيكيهار (14.44 ٪ و 14.67 ٪) في عامي 2017 و 2018، على التوالي. كانت نسبة الطباشير أعلى في تشيكيهار، مما يشير إلى أن حربين أنتجت أرزًا عالي الجودة. تقدم هذه الدراسة المزيد من الأدلة المباشرة على التغيرات النسبية في محصول حبوب الأرز بسبب التغيرات في تعبئة الحبوب المرتبطة بالتغيرات النسبية في المكونات البيئية. تؤكد آليات التكيف الذاتي هذه مع التقلبات المناخية والعلاقات المتبادلة بين تعبئة الحبوب وإنتاج الحبوب على الحاجة الملحة للتحقيق واستكشاف التدابير لتحسين استدامة أرز جابونيكا، مع التكيف بشكل أفضل مع التقلبات المناخية المتزايدة. قد تكون هذه النتائج أيضًا مرجعًا لمناطق الأرز العالمية الأخرى عند خطوط العرض العالية في معالجة آثار تغير المناخ على استدامة الأرز في المستقبل.

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  • Authors: Upendra Rajak; Prem Kumar Chaurasiya; Tikendra Nath Verma; Abhishek Dasore; +5 Authors

    Résumé Cet article présente les résultats d'une étude de recherche axée sur l'optimisation de la performance des mélanges de biocarburants à base de soja dérivés de graines de soja spécifiquement pour les véhicules utilitaires urbains de taille moyenne. L'étude a pris en compte des éléments tels que la capacité de production, l'économie et les caractéristiques supposées du moteur. Dans le but de prédire les caractéristiques de performance, de combustion et d'émission, une approche d'intelligence artificielle qui a été formée à l'aide de données expérimentales est utilisée. À pleine charge, l'efficacité thermique des freins (BTE) a chuté à mesure que la vitesse du moteur augmentait pour les mélanges de biocarburant et de carburant diesel, mais la consommation de carburant spécifique aux freins (BSFC) a augmenté. Le BSFC a augmenté de 11,9 % par rapport à l'utilisation de biocarburant avec des mélanges diesel. Les mélanges réduisent à la fois la pression maximale du cylindre et les émissions $${{\text {NO}}}_{{\text{x}}}$$ NO x . Le biocarburant-diesel s'est avéré plus efficace, avec une réduction maximale de 9,8 % et 22,2 à tr/min, respectivement. Le mélange de biocarburant et de diesel a considérablement amélioré les émissions de dioxyde de carbone ( $${{\text{CO}}}_{2}$$ CO 2 ) et de fumée. Les mélanges de biocarburants offrent des avantages significatifs en décrétant les polluants d'échappement et en améliorant les performances du moteur. Résumé graphique Resumen Este artículo presenta los resultados de un estudio de investigación centrado en la optimización del rendimiento de las mezclas de biocombustibles de soja derivados de semillas de soja específicamente para vehículos comerciales urbanos de servicio medio. El estudio tuvo en cuenta elementos como la capacidad de producción, la economía y las características asumidas del motor. Con el fin de predecir las características de rendimiento, combustión y emisión, se utiliza un enfoque de inteligencia artificial que ha sido entrenado utilizando datos experimentales. A plena carga, la eficiencia térmica de los frenos (BTE) disminuyó a medida que aumentaba la velocidad del motor para las mezclas de biocombustible y combustible diésel, pero aumentó el consumo de combustible específico de los frenos (BSFC). El BSFC aumentó un 11,9% en comparación con el uso de biocombustibles con mezclas de diésel. Las mezclas reducen tanto la presión máxima del cilindro como las emisiones de $${{\text{NO}}}_{{\text{x}}}$$ NO x . El biocombustible-diesel demostró ser más exitoso, con una reducción máxima del 9,8% y 22,2 a rpm, respectivamente. La mezcla de biocombustible y diésel mejoró significativamente el dióxido de carbono ( $${{\text{CO}}}_{2}$$ CO 2 ) y las emisiones de humo. Las mezclas de biocombustibles ofrecen ventajas significativas al decrementar los contaminantes de escape y mejorar el rendimiento del motor. Abstract This article presents the outcomes of a research study focused on optimizing the performance of soybean biofuel blends derived from soybean seeds specifically for urban medium-duty commercial vehicles. The study took into consideration elements such as production capacity, economics and assumed engine characteristics. For the purpose of predicting performance, combustion and emission characteristics, an artificial intelligence approach that has been trained using experimental data is used. At full load, the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) dropped as engine speed increased for biofuel and diesel fuel mixes, but brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) increased. The BSFC increased by 11.9% when diesel compared to using biofuel with diesel blends. The mixes cut both maximum cylinder pressure and $${{\text{NO}}}_{{\text{x}}}$$ NO x emissions. The biofuel-diesel fuel proved more successful, with maximum reduction of 9.8% and 22.2 at rpm, respectively. The biofuel and diesel blend significantly improved carbon dioxide ( $${{\text{CO}}}_{2}$$ CO 2 ) and smoke emissions. The biofuel blends offer significant advantages by decreeing exhaust pollutants and enhancing engine performance. Graphical Abstract ملخص تقدم هذه المقالة نتائج دراسة بحثية تركز على تحسين أداء خلائط الوقود الحيوي لفول الصويا المستمدة من بذور فول الصويا خصيصًا للمركبات التجارية متوسطة الخدمة في المناطق الحضرية. أخذت الدراسة في الاعتبار عناصر مثل القدرة الإنتاجية والاقتصاد وخصائص المحرك المفترضة. لغرض التنبؤ بخصائص الأداء والاحتراق والانبعاثات، يتم استخدام نهج الذكاء الاصطناعي الذي تم تدريبه باستخدام البيانات التجريبية. عند التحميل الكامل، انخفضت الكفاءة الحرارية للفرامل (BTE) مع زيادة سرعة المحرك لخلطات الوقود الحيوي ووقود الديزل، ولكن زاد استهلاك الوقود الخاص بالفرامل (BSFC). زادت BSFC بنسبة 11.9 ٪ عند استخدام الديزل مقارنة باستخدام الوقود الحيوي مع خلائط الديزل. يقلل المزيج من الحد الأقصى لضغط الأسطوانة و $${{\ text{NO }}}_{{\ text{x}}}$$ NO x الانبعاثات. أثبت وقود الديزل الحيوي نجاحًا أكبر، مع انخفاض أقصى بنسبة 9.8 ٪ و 22.2 عند دورة في الدقيقة، على التوالي. أدى مزيج الوقود الحيوي والديزل إلى تحسين كبير في ثاني أكسيد الكربون (${\ text{CO }}_{ 2 }$$ CO 2 ) وانبعاثات الدخان. توفر خلطات الوقود الحيوي مزايا كبيرة من خلال تحديد ملوثات العادم وتعزيز أداء المحرك. الملخص البياني

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    Authors: Kumar, Amit; Anbumozhi, Venkatachalam; Babu, Suresh; Bollino, Carlos Andrea; +9 Authors

    Digital transformation provides opportunities for agri-food systems to monitor and manage global soil, climatic and genetic resources; address pervasive information asymmetries among the stakeholders along the agri-food value chains. It serves as a foundation for a more efficient, equitable, and environmentally sustainable economic development including urban, peri-urban agriculture, and rural growth. However, challenges to maximizing the intended benefits and lowering the costs of organizing the transformations for equitable access by all stakeholders require innovative policy and strategic approaches. This brief investigates the extent to which policy pathways can accelerate the inclusive digital transformation that can also address the potential risks of the digital divide, highlighting the need for improved inter and intra-ministerial coordination and global governance architecture. PRODIGEES, Horizon 2020 MSCA-RISE, Grant Agreement #873119

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