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description Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article 2023Publisher:MDPI AG Authors:Raazia Saher;
Raazia Saher
Raazia Saher in OpenAIREMatasem Saleh;
Matasem Saleh
Matasem Saleh in OpenAIREMadiha Anjum;
Madiha Anjum
Madiha Anjum in OpenAIREdoi: 10.3390/app132011263
Effective waste management is of paramount importance as it contributes significantly to environmental preservation, mitigates health hazards, and aids in the preservation of precious resources. Conversely, mishandling waste not only presents severe environmental risks but can also disrupt the balance of ecosystems and pose threats to biodiversity. The emission of carbon dioxide, methane, and greenhouse gases (GHGs) can constitute a significant factor in the progression of global warming and climate change, consequently giving rise to atmospheric pollution. This pollution, in turn, has the potential to exacerbate respiratory ailments, elevate the likelihood of cardiovascular disorders, and negatively impact overall public health. Hence, efficient management of trash is extremely crucial in any society. It requires integrating technology and innovative solutions, which can help eradicate this global issue. The internet of things (IoT) is a revolutionary communication paradigm with significant contributions to remote monitoring and control. IoT-based trash management aids remote garbage level monitoring but entails drawbacks like high installation and maintenance costs, increased electronic waste production (53 million metric tons in 2013), and substantial energy consumption for always-vigilant IoT devices. Our research endeavors to formulate a comprehensive model for an efficient and cost-effective waste collection system. It emphasizes the need for global commitment by policymakers, stakeholders, and civil society, working together to achieve a common goal. In order to mitigate the depletion of manpower, fuel resources, and time, our proposed method leverages quick response (QR) codes to enable the remote monitoring of waste bin capacity across diverse city locations. We propose to minimize the deployment of IoT devices, utilizing them only when absolutely necessary and thereby allocating their use exclusively to central garbage collection facilities. Our solution places the onus of monitoring garbage levels at the community level firmly on the shoulders of civilians, demonstrating that a critical aspect of any technology is its ability to interact and collaborate with humans. Within our framework, citizens will employ our proposed mobile application to scan QR codes affixed to waste bins, select the relevant garbage level, and transmit this data to the waste collection teams’ database. Subsequently, these teams will plan for optimized garbage collection procedures, considering parameters such as garbage volume and the most efficient collection routes aimed at minimizing both time and fuel consumption.
add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.3390/app132011263&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess Routesgold 3 citations 3 popularity Average influence Average impulse Average Powered by BIP!
more_vert add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.3390/app132011263&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article 2023Publisher:MDPI AG Authors:Raazia Saher;
Raazia Saher
Raazia Saher in OpenAIREMatasem Saleh;
Matasem Saleh
Matasem Saleh in OpenAIREMadiha Anjum;
Madiha Anjum
Madiha Anjum in OpenAIREdoi: 10.3390/app132011263
Effective waste management is of paramount importance as it contributes significantly to environmental preservation, mitigates health hazards, and aids in the preservation of precious resources. Conversely, mishandling waste not only presents severe environmental risks but can also disrupt the balance of ecosystems and pose threats to biodiversity. The emission of carbon dioxide, methane, and greenhouse gases (GHGs) can constitute a significant factor in the progression of global warming and climate change, consequently giving rise to atmospheric pollution. This pollution, in turn, has the potential to exacerbate respiratory ailments, elevate the likelihood of cardiovascular disorders, and negatively impact overall public health. Hence, efficient management of trash is extremely crucial in any society. It requires integrating technology and innovative solutions, which can help eradicate this global issue. The internet of things (IoT) is a revolutionary communication paradigm with significant contributions to remote monitoring and control. IoT-based trash management aids remote garbage level monitoring but entails drawbacks like high installation and maintenance costs, increased electronic waste production (53 million metric tons in 2013), and substantial energy consumption for always-vigilant IoT devices. Our research endeavors to formulate a comprehensive model for an efficient and cost-effective waste collection system. It emphasizes the need for global commitment by policymakers, stakeholders, and civil society, working together to achieve a common goal. In order to mitigate the depletion of manpower, fuel resources, and time, our proposed method leverages quick response (QR) codes to enable the remote monitoring of waste bin capacity across diverse city locations. We propose to minimize the deployment of IoT devices, utilizing them only when absolutely necessary and thereby allocating their use exclusively to central garbage collection facilities. Our solution places the onus of monitoring garbage levels at the community level firmly on the shoulders of civilians, demonstrating that a critical aspect of any technology is its ability to interact and collaborate with humans. Within our framework, citizens will employ our proposed mobile application to scan QR codes affixed to waste bins, select the relevant garbage level, and transmit this data to the waste collection teams’ database. Subsequently, these teams will plan for optimized garbage collection procedures, considering parameters such as garbage volume and the most efficient collection routes aimed at minimizing both time and fuel consumption.
add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.3390/app132011263&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess Routesgold 3 citations 3 popularity Average influence Average impulse Average Powered by BIP!
more_vert add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.3390/app132011263&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Other literature type , Journal 2015 France, South Africa, FrancePublisher:Public Library of Science (PLoS) Funded by:NSF | Sources of Heterogeneity ..., NSF | CNH: Dynamic Interactions..., EC | AfricanBioServicesNSF| Sources of Heterogeneity in Grasslands: Responses of Wildlife to People on Savanna Landscape ,NSF| CNH: Dynamic Interactions Among People, Livestock, and Savanna Ecosystems Under Climate Change ,EC| AfricanBioServicesAuthors:Joseph O. Ogutu;
Joseph O. Ogutu
Joseph O. Ogutu in OpenAIRENorman Owen‐Smith;
Norman Owen‐Smith
Norman Owen‐Smith in OpenAIREHans‐Peter Piepho;
Holly T. Dublin;Hans‐Peter Piepho
Hans‐Peter Piepho in OpenAIREDans les latitudes tempérées élevées, les ongulés donnent généralement naissance dans une fenêtre temporelle étroite lorsque les conditions sont optimales pour la survie de la progéniture au printemps ou au début de l'été, et utilisent une photopériode changeante pour les conceptions temporelles afin d'anticiper ces conditions. Cependant, dans les basses latitudes tropicales, la variation de la durée du jour est minime et la variation des précipitations rend le cycle saisonnier moins prévisible. Néanmoins, plusieurs espèces d'ongulés conservent des pics de naissance étroits dans de telles conditions, tandis que d'autres montrent que les naissances se propagent assez largement tout au long de l'année. Nous avons étudié comment la variation des précipitations d'une année à l'autre et d'une année à l'autre a influencé le moment de la reproduction de quatre espèces d'ongulés montrant ces modèles contrastés dans la région de Masai Mara au Kenya. Les quatre espèces présentaient des pics de naissance au cours de la période optimale putative au début de la saison humide. Pour le hartebeest et l'impala, le pic de naissance est diffus et la progéniture naît tout au long de l'année. En revanche, le topi et le phacochère ont montré une concentration saisonnière étroite de naissances, avec des conceptions supprimées une fois que les précipitations mensuelles sont tombées en dessous d'un seuil. Les fortes précipitations de la saison précédente et les fortes pluies précoces de l'année en cours ont amélioré la survie au stade juvénile de toutes les espèces, à l'exception de l'impala. Nos résultats révèlent comment la variation des précipitations affectant la croissance des graminées et donc la nutrition des herbivores peut régir la phénologie reproductive des ongulés dans les latitudes tropicales où la variation de la longueur du jour est minime. Le mécanisme sous-jacent semble être la suppression des conceptions une fois que les gains nutritionnels deviennent insuffisants. En réagissant de manière proximale à la variation des précipitations au cours de l'année, les ongulés de la savane tropicale sont moins susceptibles d'être affectés négativement par les conséquences du réchauffement climatique sur la phénologie de la végétation que les ongulés du Nord montrant un contrôle photopériodique plus rigide sur le moment de la reproduction. En latitudes templadas altas, los ungulados generalmente dan a luz dentro de una ventana de tiempo estrecha cuando las condiciones son óptimas para la supervivencia de la descendencia en primavera o principios del verano, y utilizan conceptos cambiantes de fotoperíodo a tiempo para anticipar estas condiciones. Sin embargo, en latitudes tropicales bajas, la variación de la duración del día es mínima, y la variación de las precipitaciones hace que el ciclo estacional sea menos predecible. Sin embargo, varias especies de ungulados conservan picos de nacimiento estrechos en tales condiciones, mientras que otras muestran nacimientos muy extendidos a lo largo del año. Investigamos cómo la variación interanual de las precipitaciones influyó en el tiempo reproductivo de cuatro especies de ungulados que muestran estos patrones contrastantes en la región de Masai Mara en Kenia. Las cuatro especies exhibieron picos de nacimiento durante el periodo óptimo putativo en la estación húmeda temprana. Para hartebeest e impala, el pico de nacimiento era difuso y las crías nacían durante todo el año. Por el contrario, topi y jabalí mostraron una estrecha concentración estacional de nacimientos, con concepciones suprimidas una vez que las precipitaciones mensuales cayeron por debajo de un nivel umbral. Las altas precipitaciones en la temporada anterior y las altas lluvias tempranas en el año en curso mejoraron la supervivencia en la etapa juvenil para todas las especies, excepto los impalas. Nuestros hallazgos revelan cómo la variación de la precipitación que afecta el crecimiento de la hierba y, por lo tanto, la nutrición de los herbívoros, puede gobernar la fenología reproductiva de los ungulados en latitudes tropicales donde la variación de la duración del día es mínima. El mecanismo subyacente parece ser la supresión de las concepciones una vez que las ganancias nutricionales se vuelven insuficientes. Al responder proximalmente a la variación de las precipitaciones dentro del año, es menos probable que los ungulados de la sabana tropical se vean afectados negativamente por las consecuencias del calentamiento global para la fenología de la vegetación que los ungulados del norte que muestran un control fotoperiódico más rígido sobre el tiempo reproductivo. In high temperate latitudes, ungulates generally give birth within a narrow time window when conditions are optimal for offspring survival in spring or early summer, and use changing photoperiod to time conceptions so as to anticipate these conditions. However, in low tropical latitudes day length variation is minimal, and rainfall variation makes the seasonal cycle less predictable. Nevertheless, several ungulate species retain narrow birth peaks under such conditions, while others show births spread quite widely through the year. We investigated how within-year and between-year variation in rainfall influenced the reproductive timing of four ungulate species showing these contrasting patterns in the Masai Mara region of Kenya. All four species exhibited birth peaks during the putative optimal period in the early wet season. For hartebeest and impala, the birth peak was diffuse and offspring were born throughout the year. In contrast, topi and warthog showed a narrow seasonal concentration of births, with conceptions suppressed once monthly rainfall fell below a threshold level. High rainfall in the previous season and high early rains in the current year enhanced survival into the juvenile stage for all the species except impala. Our findings reveal how rainfall variation affecting grass growth and hence herbivore nutrition can govern the reproductive phenology of ungulates in tropical latitudes where day length variation is minimal. The underlying mechanism seems to be the suppression of conceptions once nutritional gains become insufficient. Through responding proximally to within-year variation in rainfall, tropical savanna ungulates are less likely to be affected adversely by the consequences of global warming for vegetation phenology than northern ungulates showing more rigid photoperiodic control over reproductive timing. في خطوط العرض المعتدلة العالية، تلد ذوات الحوافر عمومًا في غضون فترة زمنية ضيقة عندما تكون الظروف مثالية لبقاء النسل في الربيع أو أوائل الصيف، وتستخدم تغيير الفترة الضوئية إلى مفاهيم زمنية لتوقع هذه الظروف. ومع ذلك، في خطوط العرض الاستوائية المنخفضة، يكون تباين طول اليوم ضئيلًا، ويجعل تباين هطول الأمطار الدورة الموسمية أقل قابلية للتنبؤ. ومع ذلك، فإن العديد من الأنواع ذوات الحوافر تحتفظ بقمم ولادة ضيقة في ظل هذه الظروف، في حين أن البعض الآخر يظهر أن الولادات تنتشر على نطاق واسع خلال العام. لقد حققنا في كيفية تأثير التباين في هطول الأمطار خلال العام وبين الأعوام على التوقيت التكاثري لأربعة أنواع من ذوات الحوافر تظهر هذه الأنماط المتناقضة في منطقة ماساي مارا في كينيا. أظهرت جميع الأنواع الأربعة قمم ولادة خلال الفترة المثلى المفترضة في موسم الأمطار المبكر. بالنسبة لحيوان النحل والامبالا، كانت ذروة الولادة منتشرة وولدت ذرية على مدار العام. على النقيض من ذلك، أظهر التوبي والخنزير الحربي تركيزًا موسميًا ضيقًا للولادات، مع قمع المفاهيم بمجرد انخفاض هطول الأمطار الشهري إلى ما دون مستوى العتبة. عزز ارتفاع هطول الأمطار في الموسم السابق وارتفاع الأمطار المبكرة في العام الحالي البقاء على قيد الحياة في مرحلة الشباب لجميع الأنواع باستثناء الإمبالا. تكشف النتائج التي توصلنا إليها كيف أن تباين هطول الأمطار الذي يؤثر على نمو العشب وبالتالي تغذية الحيوانات العاشبة يمكن أن يحكم الفينولوجيا الإنجابية لذوات الحوافر في خطوط العرض الاستوائية حيث يكون تباين طول اليوم ضئيلًا. يبدو أن الآلية الأساسية هي قمع المفاهيم بمجرد أن تصبح المكاسب الغذائية غير كافية. من خلال الاستجابة القريبة من التباين في هطول الأمطار خلال العام، فإن ذوات الحوافر في السافانا الاستوائية أقل عرضة للتأثر سلبًا بعواقب الاحترار العالمي على فينولوجيا الغطاء النباتي من ذوات الحوافر الشمالية التي تظهر تحكمًا دوريًا ضوئيًا أكثر صرامة في توقيت التكاثر.
PLoS ONE arrow_drop_down CGIAR CGSpace (Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research)Article . 2016License: CC BYFull-Text: https://hdl.handle.net/10568/72679Data sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1371/journal.pone.0133744&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess RoutesGreen gold 24 citations 24 popularity Top 10% influence Average impulse Top 10% Powered by BIP!
more_vert PLoS ONE arrow_drop_down CGIAR CGSpace (Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research)Article . 2016License: CC BYFull-Text: https://hdl.handle.net/10568/72679Data sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1371/journal.pone.0133744&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Other literature type , Journal 2015 France, South Africa, FrancePublisher:Public Library of Science (PLoS) Funded by:NSF | Sources of Heterogeneity ..., NSF | CNH: Dynamic Interactions..., EC | AfricanBioServicesNSF| Sources of Heterogeneity in Grasslands: Responses of Wildlife to People on Savanna Landscape ,NSF| CNH: Dynamic Interactions Among People, Livestock, and Savanna Ecosystems Under Climate Change ,EC| AfricanBioServicesAuthors:Joseph O. Ogutu;
Joseph O. Ogutu
Joseph O. Ogutu in OpenAIRENorman Owen‐Smith;
Norman Owen‐Smith
Norman Owen‐Smith in OpenAIREHans‐Peter Piepho;
Holly T. Dublin;Hans‐Peter Piepho
Hans‐Peter Piepho in OpenAIREDans les latitudes tempérées élevées, les ongulés donnent généralement naissance dans une fenêtre temporelle étroite lorsque les conditions sont optimales pour la survie de la progéniture au printemps ou au début de l'été, et utilisent une photopériode changeante pour les conceptions temporelles afin d'anticiper ces conditions. Cependant, dans les basses latitudes tropicales, la variation de la durée du jour est minime et la variation des précipitations rend le cycle saisonnier moins prévisible. Néanmoins, plusieurs espèces d'ongulés conservent des pics de naissance étroits dans de telles conditions, tandis que d'autres montrent que les naissances se propagent assez largement tout au long de l'année. Nous avons étudié comment la variation des précipitations d'une année à l'autre et d'une année à l'autre a influencé le moment de la reproduction de quatre espèces d'ongulés montrant ces modèles contrastés dans la région de Masai Mara au Kenya. Les quatre espèces présentaient des pics de naissance au cours de la période optimale putative au début de la saison humide. Pour le hartebeest et l'impala, le pic de naissance est diffus et la progéniture naît tout au long de l'année. En revanche, le topi et le phacochère ont montré une concentration saisonnière étroite de naissances, avec des conceptions supprimées une fois que les précipitations mensuelles sont tombées en dessous d'un seuil. Les fortes précipitations de la saison précédente et les fortes pluies précoces de l'année en cours ont amélioré la survie au stade juvénile de toutes les espèces, à l'exception de l'impala. Nos résultats révèlent comment la variation des précipitations affectant la croissance des graminées et donc la nutrition des herbivores peut régir la phénologie reproductive des ongulés dans les latitudes tropicales où la variation de la longueur du jour est minime. Le mécanisme sous-jacent semble être la suppression des conceptions une fois que les gains nutritionnels deviennent insuffisants. En réagissant de manière proximale à la variation des précipitations au cours de l'année, les ongulés de la savane tropicale sont moins susceptibles d'être affectés négativement par les conséquences du réchauffement climatique sur la phénologie de la végétation que les ongulés du Nord montrant un contrôle photopériodique plus rigide sur le moment de la reproduction. En latitudes templadas altas, los ungulados generalmente dan a luz dentro de una ventana de tiempo estrecha cuando las condiciones son óptimas para la supervivencia de la descendencia en primavera o principios del verano, y utilizan conceptos cambiantes de fotoperíodo a tiempo para anticipar estas condiciones. Sin embargo, en latitudes tropicales bajas, la variación de la duración del día es mínima, y la variación de las precipitaciones hace que el ciclo estacional sea menos predecible. Sin embargo, varias especies de ungulados conservan picos de nacimiento estrechos en tales condiciones, mientras que otras muestran nacimientos muy extendidos a lo largo del año. Investigamos cómo la variación interanual de las precipitaciones influyó en el tiempo reproductivo de cuatro especies de ungulados que muestran estos patrones contrastantes en la región de Masai Mara en Kenia. Las cuatro especies exhibieron picos de nacimiento durante el periodo óptimo putativo en la estación húmeda temprana. Para hartebeest e impala, el pico de nacimiento era difuso y las crías nacían durante todo el año. Por el contrario, topi y jabalí mostraron una estrecha concentración estacional de nacimientos, con concepciones suprimidas una vez que las precipitaciones mensuales cayeron por debajo de un nivel umbral. Las altas precipitaciones en la temporada anterior y las altas lluvias tempranas en el año en curso mejoraron la supervivencia en la etapa juvenil para todas las especies, excepto los impalas. Nuestros hallazgos revelan cómo la variación de la precipitación que afecta el crecimiento de la hierba y, por lo tanto, la nutrición de los herbívoros, puede gobernar la fenología reproductiva de los ungulados en latitudes tropicales donde la variación de la duración del día es mínima. El mecanismo subyacente parece ser la supresión de las concepciones una vez que las ganancias nutricionales se vuelven insuficientes. Al responder proximalmente a la variación de las precipitaciones dentro del año, es menos probable que los ungulados de la sabana tropical se vean afectados negativamente por las consecuencias del calentamiento global para la fenología de la vegetación que los ungulados del norte que muestran un control fotoperiódico más rígido sobre el tiempo reproductivo. In high temperate latitudes, ungulates generally give birth within a narrow time window when conditions are optimal for offspring survival in spring or early summer, and use changing photoperiod to time conceptions so as to anticipate these conditions. However, in low tropical latitudes day length variation is minimal, and rainfall variation makes the seasonal cycle less predictable. Nevertheless, several ungulate species retain narrow birth peaks under such conditions, while others show births spread quite widely through the year. We investigated how within-year and between-year variation in rainfall influenced the reproductive timing of four ungulate species showing these contrasting patterns in the Masai Mara region of Kenya. All four species exhibited birth peaks during the putative optimal period in the early wet season. For hartebeest and impala, the birth peak was diffuse and offspring were born throughout the year. In contrast, topi and warthog showed a narrow seasonal concentration of births, with conceptions suppressed once monthly rainfall fell below a threshold level. High rainfall in the previous season and high early rains in the current year enhanced survival into the juvenile stage for all the species except impala. Our findings reveal how rainfall variation affecting grass growth and hence herbivore nutrition can govern the reproductive phenology of ungulates in tropical latitudes where day length variation is minimal. The underlying mechanism seems to be the suppression of conceptions once nutritional gains become insufficient. Through responding proximally to within-year variation in rainfall, tropical savanna ungulates are less likely to be affected adversely by the consequences of global warming for vegetation phenology than northern ungulates showing more rigid photoperiodic control over reproductive timing. في خطوط العرض المعتدلة العالية، تلد ذوات الحوافر عمومًا في غضون فترة زمنية ضيقة عندما تكون الظروف مثالية لبقاء النسل في الربيع أو أوائل الصيف، وتستخدم تغيير الفترة الضوئية إلى مفاهيم زمنية لتوقع هذه الظروف. ومع ذلك، في خطوط العرض الاستوائية المنخفضة، يكون تباين طول اليوم ضئيلًا، ويجعل تباين هطول الأمطار الدورة الموسمية أقل قابلية للتنبؤ. ومع ذلك، فإن العديد من الأنواع ذوات الحوافر تحتفظ بقمم ولادة ضيقة في ظل هذه الظروف، في حين أن البعض الآخر يظهر أن الولادات تنتشر على نطاق واسع خلال العام. لقد حققنا في كيفية تأثير التباين في هطول الأمطار خلال العام وبين الأعوام على التوقيت التكاثري لأربعة أنواع من ذوات الحوافر تظهر هذه الأنماط المتناقضة في منطقة ماساي مارا في كينيا. أظهرت جميع الأنواع الأربعة قمم ولادة خلال الفترة المثلى المفترضة في موسم الأمطار المبكر. بالنسبة لحيوان النحل والامبالا، كانت ذروة الولادة منتشرة وولدت ذرية على مدار العام. على النقيض من ذلك، أظهر التوبي والخنزير الحربي تركيزًا موسميًا ضيقًا للولادات، مع قمع المفاهيم بمجرد انخفاض هطول الأمطار الشهري إلى ما دون مستوى العتبة. عزز ارتفاع هطول الأمطار في الموسم السابق وارتفاع الأمطار المبكرة في العام الحالي البقاء على قيد الحياة في مرحلة الشباب لجميع الأنواع باستثناء الإمبالا. تكشف النتائج التي توصلنا إليها كيف أن تباين هطول الأمطار الذي يؤثر على نمو العشب وبالتالي تغذية الحيوانات العاشبة يمكن أن يحكم الفينولوجيا الإنجابية لذوات الحوافر في خطوط العرض الاستوائية حيث يكون تباين طول اليوم ضئيلًا. يبدو أن الآلية الأساسية هي قمع المفاهيم بمجرد أن تصبح المكاسب الغذائية غير كافية. من خلال الاستجابة القريبة من التباين في هطول الأمطار خلال العام، فإن ذوات الحوافر في السافانا الاستوائية أقل عرضة للتأثر سلبًا بعواقب الاحترار العالمي على فينولوجيا الغطاء النباتي من ذوات الحوافر الشمالية التي تظهر تحكمًا دوريًا ضوئيًا أكثر صرامة في توقيت التكاثر.
PLoS ONE arrow_drop_down CGIAR CGSpace (Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research)Article . 2016License: CC BYFull-Text: https://hdl.handle.net/10568/72679Data sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess RoutesGreen gold 24 citations 24 popularity Top 10% influence Average impulse Top 10% Powered by BIP!
more_vert PLoS ONE arrow_drop_down CGIAR CGSpace (Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research)Article . 2016License: CC BYFull-Text: https://hdl.handle.net/10568/72679Data sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Other literature type , Journal 2013 United StatesPublisher:Wiley Funded by:NSF | NCEAS: National Center fo...NSF| NCEAS: National Center for Ecological Analysis and SynthesisAuthors: Czimczik, Claudia I.;Carbone, Mariah S.;
Carbone, Mariah S.
Carbone, Mariah S. in OpenAIREKeenan, Trevor F.;
Murakami, Paula F.; +4 AuthorsKeenan, Trevor F.
Keenan, Trevor F. in OpenAIRECzimczik, Claudia I.;Carbone, Mariah S.;
Carbone, Mariah S.
Carbone, Mariah S. in OpenAIREKeenan, Trevor F.;
Murakami, Paula F.; Pederson, Neil; Schaberg, Paul G.; Xu, Xiaomei;Keenan, Trevor F.
Keenan, Trevor F. in OpenAIRERichardson, Andrew D.;
Richardson, Andrew D.
Richardson, Andrew D. in OpenAIREpmid: 24032647
Summary The allocation of nonstructural carbon (NSC) to growth, metabolism and storage remains poorly understood, but is critical for the prediction of stress tolerance and mortality. We used the radiocarbon (14C) ‘bomb spike’ as a tracer of substrate and age of carbon in stemwood NSC, CO2 emitted by stems, tree ring cellulose and stump sprouts regenerated following harvesting in mature red maple trees. We addressed the following questions: which factors influence the age of stemwood NSC?; to what extent is stored vs new NSC used for metabolism and growth?; and, is older, stored NSC available for use? The mean age of extracted stemwood NSC was 10 yr. More vigorous trees had both larger and younger stemwood NSC pools. NSC used to support metabolism (stem CO2) was 1–2 yr old in spring before leaves emerged, but reflected current‐year photosynthetic products in late summer. The tree ring cellulose 14C age was 0.9 yr older than direct ring counts. Stump sprouts were formed from NSC up to 17 yr old. Thus, younger NSC is preferentially used for growth and day‐to‐day metabolic demands. More recently stored NSC contributes to annual ring growth and metabolism in the dormant season, yet decade‐old and older NSC is accessible for regrowth.
University of Califo... arrow_drop_down University of California: eScholarshipArticle . 2013License: CC BYFull-Text: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9dm1p7rzData sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)Columbia University Academic CommonsArticle . 2013Full-Text: https://doi.org/10.7916/D8571P5WData sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)eScholarship - University of CaliforniaArticle . 2013Data sources: eScholarship - University of CaliforniaNew PhytologistArticle . 2013 . Peer-reviewedLicense: Wiley Online Library User AgreementData sources: Crossrefadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess RoutesGreen bronze 197 citations 197 popularity Top 1% influence Top 10% impulse Top 1% Powered by BIP!
more_vert University of Califo... arrow_drop_down University of California: eScholarshipArticle . 2013License: CC BYFull-Text: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9dm1p7rzData sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)Columbia University Academic CommonsArticle . 2013Full-Text: https://doi.org/10.7916/D8571P5WData sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)eScholarship - University of CaliforniaArticle . 2013Data sources: eScholarship - University of CaliforniaNew PhytologistArticle . 2013 . Peer-reviewedLicense: Wiley Online Library User AgreementData sources: Crossrefadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1111/nph.12448&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Other literature type , Journal 2013 United StatesPublisher:Wiley Funded by:NSF | NCEAS: National Center fo...NSF| NCEAS: National Center for Ecological Analysis and SynthesisAuthors: Czimczik, Claudia I.;Carbone, Mariah S.;
Carbone, Mariah S.
Carbone, Mariah S. in OpenAIREKeenan, Trevor F.;
Murakami, Paula F.; +4 AuthorsKeenan, Trevor F.
Keenan, Trevor F. in OpenAIRECzimczik, Claudia I.;Carbone, Mariah S.;
Carbone, Mariah S.
Carbone, Mariah S. in OpenAIREKeenan, Trevor F.;
Murakami, Paula F.; Pederson, Neil; Schaberg, Paul G.; Xu, Xiaomei;Keenan, Trevor F.
Keenan, Trevor F. in OpenAIRERichardson, Andrew D.;
Richardson, Andrew D.
Richardson, Andrew D. in OpenAIREpmid: 24032647
Summary The allocation of nonstructural carbon (NSC) to growth, metabolism and storage remains poorly understood, but is critical for the prediction of stress tolerance and mortality. We used the radiocarbon (14C) ‘bomb spike’ as a tracer of substrate and age of carbon in stemwood NSC, CO2 emitted by stems, tree ring cellulose and stump sprouts regenerated following harvesting in mature red maple trees. We addressed the following questions: which factors influence the age of stemwood NSC?; to what extent is stored vs new NSC used for metabolism and growth?; and, is older, stored NSC available for use? The mean age of extracted stemwood NSC was 10 yr. More vigorous trees had both larger and younger stemwood NSC pools. NSC used to support metabolism (stem CO2) was 1–2 yr old in spring before leaves emerged, but reflected current‐year photosynthetic products in late summer. The tree ring cellulose 14C age was 0.9 yr older than direct ring counts. Stump sprouts were formed from NSC up to 17 yr old. Thus, younger NSC is preferentially used for growth and day‐to‐day metabolic demands. More recently stored NSC contributes to annual ring growth and metabolism in the dormant season, yet decade‐old and older NSC is accessible for regrowth.
University of Califo... arrow_drop_down University of California: eScholarshipArticle . 2013License: CC BYFull-Text: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9dm1p7rzData sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)Columbia University Academic CommonsArticle . 2013Full-Text: https://doi.org/10.7916/D8571P5WData sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)eScholarship - University of CaliforniaArticle . 2013Data sources: eScholarship - University of CaliforniaNew PhytologistArticle . 2013 . Peer-reviewedLicense: Wiley Online Library User AgreementData sources: Crossrefadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess RoutesGreen bronze 197 citations 197 popularity Top 1% influence Top 10% impulse Top 1% Powered by BIP!
more_vert University of Califo... arrow_drop_down University of California: eScholarshipArticle . 2013License: CC BYFull-Text: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9dm1p7rzData sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)Columbia University Academic CommonsArticle . 2013Full-Text: https://doi.org/10.7916/D8571P5WData sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)eScholarship - University of CaliforniaArticle . 2013Data sources: eScholarship - University of CaliforniaNew PhytologistArticle . 2013 . Peer-reviewedLicense: Wiley Online Library User AgreementData sources: Crossrefadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1111/nph.12448&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Conference object , Journal 2017 United KingdomPublisher:Elsevier BV Funded by:EC | ICOMFLUID, UKRI | Development of fast pyrol...EC| ICOMFLUID ,UKRI| Development of fast pyrolysis based advanced biofuel technologies for biofuelsAuthors:Beatriz Fidalgo;
Sai Gu; Mobolaji Shemfe; Mobolaji Shemfe;Beatriz Fidalgo
Beatriz Fidalgo in OpenAIREBiofuels have been identified as a mid-term GHG emission abatement solution for decarbonising the transport sector. This study examines the techno-economic analysis of biofuel production via biomass fast pyrolysis and subsequent bio-oil upgrading via zeolite cracking. The aim of this study is to compare the techno-economic feasibility of two conceptual catalyst regeneration configurations for the zeolite cracking process: (i) a two-stage regenerator operating sequentially in partial and complete combustion modes (P-2RG) and (ii) a single stage regenerator operating in complete combustion mode coupled with a catalyst cooler (P-1RGC). The designs were implemented in Aspen Plus® based on a hypothetical 72 t/day pine wood fast pyrolysis and zeolite cracking plant and compared in terms of energy efficiency and profitability. The energy efficiencies of P-2RG and P-1RGC were estimated at 54% and 52%, respectively with corresponding minimum fuel selling prices (MFSPs) of £7.48/GGE and £7.20/GGE. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the MFSPs of both designs are mainly sensitive to variations in fuel yield, operating cost and income tax. Furthermore, uncertainty analysis indicated that the likely range of the MFSPs of P-1RGC (£5.81/GGE £11.63/GGE) at 95% probability was more economically favourable compared with P-2RG, along with a penalty of 2% reduction in energy efficiency. The results provide evidence to support the economic viability of biofuel production via zeolite cracking of pyrolysis-derived bio-oil.
Cranfield University... arrow_drop_down Cranfield University: Collection of E-Research - CERESArticle . 2017License: CC BY NC NDData sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)University of Surrey Open Research repositoryArticle . 2017License: CC BYFull-Text: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/813454/Data sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1016/j.biombioe.2017.01.020&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess RoutesGreen hybrid 57 citations 57 popularity Top 10% influence Top 10% impulse Top 10% Powered by BIP!
more_vert Cranfield University... arrow_drop_down Cranfield University: Collection of E-Research - CERESArticle . 2017License: CC BY NC NDData sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)University of Surrey Open Research repositoryArticle . 2017License: CC BYFull-Text: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/813454/Data sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1016/j.biombioe.2017.01.020&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Conference object , Journal 2017 United KingdomPublisher:Elsevier BV Funded by:EC | ICOMFLUID, UKRI | Development of fast pyrol...EC| ICOMFLUID ,UKRI| Development of fast pyrolysis based advanced biofuel technologies for biofuelsAuthors:Beatriz Fidalgo;
Sai Gu; Mobolaji Shemfe; Mobolaji Shemfe;Beatriz Fidalgo
Beatriz Fidalgo in OpenAIREBiofuels have been identified as a mid-term GHG emission abatement solution for decarbonising the transport sector. This study examines the techno-economic analysis of biofuel production via biomass fast pyrolysis and subsequent bio-oil upgrading via zeolite cracking. The aim of this study is to compare the techno-economic feasibility of two conceptual catalyst regeneration configurations for the zeolite cracking process: (i) a two-stage regenerator operating sequentially in partial and complete combustion modes (P-2RG) and (ii) a single stage regenerator operating in complete combustion mode coupled with a catalyst cooler (P-1RGC). The designs were implemented in Aspen Plus® based on a hypothetical 72 t/day pine wood fast pyrolysis and zeolite cracking plant and compared in terms of energy efficiency and profitability. The energy efficiencies of P-2RG and P-1RGC were estimated at 54% and 52%, respectively with corresponding minimum fuel selling prices (MFSPs) of £7.48/GGE and £7.20/GGE. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the MFSPs of both designs are mainly sensitive to variations in fuel yield, operating cost and income tax. Furthermore, uncertainty analysis indicated that the likely range of the MFSPs of P-1RGC (£5.81/GGE £11.63/GGE) at 95% probability was more economically favourable compared with P-2RG, along with a penalty of 2% reduction in energy efficiency. The results provide evidence to support the economic viability of biofuel production via zeolite cracking of pyrolysis-derived bio-oil.
Cranfield University... arrow_drop_down Cranfield University: Collection of E-Research - CERESArticle . 2017License: CC BY NC NDData sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)University of Surrey Open Research repositoryArticle . 2017License: CC BYFull-Text: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/813454/Data sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1016/j.biombioe.2017.01.020&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess RoutesGreen hybrid 57 citations 57 popularity Top 10% influence Top 10% impulse Top 10% Powered by BIP!
more_vert Cranfield University... arrow_drop_down Cranfield University: Collection of E-Research - CERESArticle . 2017License: CC BY NC NDData sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)University of Surrey Open Research repositoryArticle . 2017License: CC BYFull-Text: http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/813454/Data sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1016/j.biombioe.2017.01.020&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Other literature type , Journal 2014 United StatesPublisher:Elsevier BV Authors: Martha Campbell;John B. Casterline;
John B. Casterline
John B. Casterline in OpenAIREFederico Castillo;
Alisha Graves; +8 AuthorsFederico Castillo
Federico Castillo in OpenAIREMartha Campbell;John B. Casterline;
John B. Casterline
John B. Casterline in OpenAIREFederico Castillo;
Alisha Graves; Thomas L. Hall;Federico Castillo
Federico Castillo in OpenAIREJohn F. May;
John F. May
John F. May in OpenAIREDaniel Perlman;
Malcolm Potts; J. Joseph Speidel; Julia Walsh;Daniel Perlman
Daniel Perlman in OpenAIREMichael Wehner;
Michael Wehner
Michael Wehner in OpenAIREEliya M. Zulu;
Eliya M. Zulu
Eliya M. Zulu in OpenAIREPour de nombreux pays en développement, les investissements dans la santé ont été un grand succès. The Lancet Commission « Global health 2035 : a world converging within a generation »1Jamison DT Summers LH Alleyne G et al.Global health 2035 : a world converging within a generation.Lancet. 2013 ; 382: 1898-1955Sommaire Texte intégral PDF PubMed Scopus (804) Google Scholar et la lettre annuelle 2014 de Gates2 Lettre annuelle 2014 de Gates de Bill et Melinda Gates. 3 mythes qui bloquent le progrès pour les pauvres.http ://annualletter.gatesfoundation.org/#section = homeGoogle Scholar envisage la possibilité d'une « grande convergence » par laquelle plus de pays auront un taux de mortalité infantile aussi bas que 15 pour 1 000 naissances vivantes dans 20 ans. Nous souhaitons attirer l'attention sur le cas particulier des pays les moins avancés, qui, selon les données actuelles, sont susceptibles d'être exclus d'une telle convergence. Pour commencer une discussion, nous nous concentrerons sur le Sahel (la zone semi-aride d'un million de milles carrés de l'Afrique s'étendant de l'Atlantique à la mer Rouge) où le choc de la croissance démographique particulièrement rapide et certains des effets les plus sévères du changement climatique sont susceptibles d'avoir les effets globaux les plus importants sur la santé. Les projections démographiques présentées dans la figure sont la variante moyenne de la Division de la population des Nations Unies. Ces projections pourraient être dépassées à moins qu'une plus grande importance ne soit accordée à la planification familiale. Même en supposant une diminution rapide de la taille des familles par rapport à la moyenne actuelle de 7,6, la population du Niger passera à elle seule de 16 millions aujourd'hui à 58 millions d'ici 2050. Cette augmentation est révélatrice de la formidable dynamique démographique au Sahel. Plus de 40 % de la population a moins de 15 ans. En l'absence de réductions substantielles des émissions de gaz à effet de serre par les pays développés, le Sahel (parce qu'il est déjà si sec) est susceptible de subir certains des pires effets du changement climatique, avec des augmentations de température allant jusqu'à 5-8 ° C d'ici 2100 (figure) .3IPCCSummary for policymakers.in : Stocker TF D Qin G-K Plattner M Climate change 2013 : the physical science basis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Royaume-Uni2013Google Scholar Les événements météorologiques extrêmes deviendront plus fréquents et l'effet du réchauffement climatique se fera probablement sentir dans de nombreux secteurs, de la santé à l'agriculture. Les maladies à transmission vectorielle sont susceptibles d'augmenter. Le changement climatique pourrait réduire les rendements des cultures en Afrique subsaharienne de 22 % pour le maïs et de 8 % pour le manioc.4Schlenker W Lobell DB Impacts négatifs robustes du changement climatique sur l'agriculture africaine.Environ Res Lett. 2010 ; 5: 014010Crossref Scopus (814) Google Scholar En 2012, l'Université de Californie, Berkeley, CA, États-Unis, et l'Institut africain pour la politique de développement, Nairobi, Kenya, ont organisé une réunion internationale multidisciplinaire sur le Sahel.5Potts M Zulu E Castillo F Henderson C Crisis in the Sahel : possible solutions and the consequences of inaction. University of California, Bixby Center for Population Health and Sustainability, Berkeley2013Google Scholar Bien que reconnaissant la grave menace que représentent la croissance démographique rapide et la désertification dans cette région, la réunion a également identifié des solutions fondées sur des preuves, y compris trois interventions clés. Tout d'abord, les agriculteurs de subsistance et les éleveurs ont besoin d'aide pour s'adapter au changement climatique. L'adaptation nécessitera le développement de cultures résistantes à la sécheresse, des méthodes pour faire face à l'évolution des infestations de ravageurs, un meilleur stockage des cultures et une capture et un stockage plus efficaces de l'eau. Une approche multidisciplinaire et une vision à long terme sont indispensables - actuellement, de nombreuses interventions ne sont pas adoptées tant que des pénuries d'eau visibles ne se produisent pas. Deuxièmement, une plus grande priorité doit être accordée à la planification familiale. Il faut mobiliser la volonté politique pour inciter les donateurs internationaux à investir dans la planification familiale, et les gouvernements sahéliens doivent être plus proactifs. Il existe un besoin non satisfait bien documenté de planification familiale allant de 16 % à 35 % des femmes mariées, calculé avec le STATcompiler des enquêtes démographiques et de santé, mais dans ces sociétés à fécondité élevée, une création accrue de la demande est également cruciale. Là où la planification familiale a été apportée aux femmes dans leurs propres communautés, comme au Bangladesh, l'utilisation de contraceptifs a augmenté rapidement, même chez les femmes pauvres.6Campbell M Prata N Potts M L'impact de la liberté sur le déclin de la fécondité.J Fam Plan Reprod Health Care. 2013 ; 39: 44-50Crossref PubMed Scopus (25) Google Scholar, 7Cleland J Phillips J Amin S Kamal GM The determinants of reproductive change in Bangladesh : success in a challenging environment. The World Bank, Washington, DC1994Google Scholar Task shifting, for example training community volunteers to distribute injectable contraceptives,8Prata N Gessessew A Cartwright A Fraser A Provision of injectable contraceptives in Ethiopia through community-based reproductive health agents.Bull World Health Organ. 2011 ; 89: 556-564Crossref PubMed Scopus (46) Google Scholar et l'accent accru sur la stérilisation chirurgicale, les dispositifs intra-utérins et les implants, ainsi que l'accès à des soins complets en matière d'avortement, sont essentiels. Troisièmement, les donateurs et les gouvernements doivent investir massivement dans l'autonomisation des femmes. Le statut des femmes au Sahel est faible. Le mariage des enfants reste courant, ce qui augmente la probabilité d'une grossesse précoce pour une femme et diminue ses chances de mener une vie autonome. La grossesse chez les adolescentes immatures est une cause majeure de mortalité et de morbidité maternelles, telles que la fistule obstétricale.9Nour NM Conséquences sanitaires du mariage des enfants en Afrique.Emerg Infect Dis. 2006 ; 11: 1644-1649Crossref Scopus (245) Google Scholar La promotion de l'éducation est une stratégie clé pour réduire le mariage des enfants et reporter la première naissance. Les programmes de renforcement des capacités par l'éducation et la microfinance parmi les communautés pastorales ont transformé les femmes illettrées pauvres en leaders qui ont aidé à adapter leurs communautés à la sécheresse.10Coppock DI Desta S Texera S Gerbru G Le renforcement des capacités aide les femmes pastorales à transformer les communautés appauvries en Éthiopie.Science. 2011 ; 334: 1394-1397Crossref PubMed Scopus (40) Google Scholar Dans une société Haoussa polygame du nord-ouest du Nigeria, avec un âge médian de mariage de 14·6 ans et où les parents considéraient généralement les démarches ménagères comme un signe de préparation au mariage, de nombreux parents sont maintenant prêts à retarder le mariage de leurs filles si on leur propose de l'aide pour les frais de scolarité et les livres. Ces trois interventions clés sont considérées comme se renforçant mutuellement. Bien qu'elles impliquent des considérations à long terme, certaines, telles que l'amélioration des pratiques agricoles, ont des retombées immédiates. Les programmes doivent être intégrés de manière à exploiter les effets multiplicateurs intrinsèques. Par exemple, l'éducation des filles facilite l'adoption de la planification familiale et améliore la génération de revenus dans la famille. Une recherche et une évaluation rigoureuses seront essentielles pour constituer la base de données probantes pour ces investissements urgents. Des lacunes importantes dans les données démographiques, agricoles et sanitaires doivent être comblées. Les politiques doivent être conçues de manière à apporter des avantages mesurables et significatifs aux populations les plus vulnérables. Les interventions doivent être développées dans un cadre de droits de l'homme, en veillant à ce que les avantages ne dérivent pas uniquement vers ceux qui ont le plus de capital social et politique. Les pays les moins avancés, tels que ceux du Sahel, reçoivent 0,9 % du revenu national brut des pays industrialisés au titre de l'aide publique au développement, soit beaucoup moins que ce que les donateurs se sont engagés à faire.11 Fonds des Nations Unies pour la populationInstitut démographique interdisciplinaire des Pays-BasBase de données sur les flux de ressources. Population assistance per capital, Afrique subsaharienne, 2009.http ://www.resourceflows.org/Google Scholar, 12UN Development Programme Bureau for Development PolicyTowards human resilience : sustaining MDG progress in an age of economic uncertainty. Programme des Nations Unies pour le développement, New York, NY, USA2011Google Scholar Pour faire face aux formidables défis auxquels la région est confrontée, l'action doit être immédiate et à grande échelle. Sur la base du modèle de la Commission Lancet, nous suggérons qu'un groupe d'experts du Sahel et d'institutions de recherche ailleurs dans le monde soit convoqué pour explorer et documenter les initiatives intersectorielles et évolutives nécessaires pour éviter que le Sahel (et d'autres régions les moins développées) ne soit totalement exclu de la promesse d'amélioration de la santé et du bien-être prévue dans la Commission Lancet.1Jamison DT Summers LH Alleyne G et al.Global health 2035 : a world converging within a generation.Lancet. 2013 ; 382: 1898-1955Résumé Texte intégral Texte intégral PDF PubMed Scopus (804) Google Scholar Nous déclarons que nous n'avons pas d'intérêts concurrents. Para muchos países en desarrollo, las inversiones en salud han demostrado ser un gran éxito. La Comisión Lancet "Salud global 2035: un mundo convergente dentro de una generación" 1Jamison DT Summers LH Alleyne G et al. Salud global 2035: un mundo convergente dentro de una generación. Lancet. 2013; 382: 1898-1955Resumen Texto completo PDF PubMed Scopus (804) Google Scholar y la carta anual de Gates de 20142Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation2014 Carta anual de Gates. 3 mitos que bloquean el progreso de los pobres.http://annualletter.gatesfoundation.org/#section = homeGoogle Scholar prevé la posibilidad de una "gran convergencia" por la cual más países tendrán una tasa de mortalidad infantil tan baja como 15 por cada 1000 nacidos vivos en 20 años. Deseamos llamar la atención sobre el caso especial de los países menos adelantados, que según las pruebas actuales es probable que queden excluidos de tal convergencia. Para comenzar una discusión, nos centraremos en el Sahel (la zona semiárida de 1 millón de millas cuadradas de África que se extiende desde el Atlántico hasta el Mar Rojo), donde es probable que el choque del crecimiento demográfico excepcionalmente rápido y algunos de los efectos más duros del cambio climático tengan los mayores efectos generales sobre la salud. Las proyecciones de población que se muestran en la figura son la variante media de la División de Población de la ONU. Estas proyecciones podrían superarse a menos que se dé mucho más énfasis a la planificación familiar. Incluso suponiendo una rápida disminución en el tamaño de la familia desde el promedio actual de 7·6, la población de Níger crecerá de los 16 millones actuales a 58 millones para 2050. Este aumento es indicativo del formidable impulso demográfico en el Sahel. Más del 40% de la población es menor de 15 años. En ausencia de recortes sustanciales en las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero por parte de las naciones desarrolladas, es probable que el Sahel (porque ya está muy seco) sufra algunos de los peores efectos del cambio climático, con aumentos de temperatura de hasta 5-8 ° C para 2100 (figura) .3IPCCResumen para los responsables de la formulación de políticas.in: Stocker TF D Qin G-K Plattner M Cambio climático 2013: la base de la ciencia física. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Reino Unido2013Google Scholar Los fenómenos meteorológicos extremos serán cada vez más comunes, y es probable que el efecto del calentamiento global se sienta en muchos sectores, desde la salud hasta la agricultura. Es probable que aumenten las enfermedades transmitidas por vectores. El cambio climático podría reducir los rendimientos de los cultivos en África subsahariana en un 22% para el maíz y en un 8% para la yuca.4Schlenker W Lobell DB Fuertes impactos negativos del cambio climático en la agricultura africana.Environ Res Lett. 2010; 5: 014010Crossref Scopus (814) Google Scholar En 2012, la Universidad de California, Berkeley, CA, EE. UU., y el Instituto Africano de Política de Desarrollo, Nairobi, Kenia, organizaron una reunión internacional multidisciplinaria sobre el Sahel.5Potts M Zulu E Castillo F Henderson C Crisis en el Sahel: posibles soluciones y las consecuencias de la inacción. Universidad de California, Bixby Center for Population Health and Sustainability, Berkeley2013Google Scholar Aunque reconocieron la grave amenaza que el rápido crecimiento de la población y la desertificación presentan en esta región, la reunión también identificó soluciones basadas en la evidencia, incluidas tres intervenciones clave. En primer lugar, los agricultores y pastores de subsistencia necesitan ayuda para adaptarse al cambio climático. La adaptación requerirá el desarrollo de cultivos resistentes a la sequía, métodos para abordar los patrones cambiantes de infestaciones de plagas, un mejor almacenamiento de los cultivos y una captura y almacenamiento de agua más eficientes. Un enfoque multidisciplinario y una visión a largo plazo son muy necesarios: actualmente, muchas intervenciones no se adoptan hasta que se produce una escasez visible de agua. En segundo lugar, se debe dar mayor prioridad a la planificación familiar. Se debe reunir la voluntad política para abogar por que los donantes internacionales inviertan en planificación familiar, y los gobiernos del Sahel deben ser más proactivos. Existe una necesidad insatisfecha bien documentada de planificación familiar que oscila entre el 16% y el 35% de las mujeres casadas, calculada con el compilador STAT de encuestas demográficas y de salud, pero en estas sociedades de alta fertilidad también es crucial una mayor creación de demanda. Donde la planificación familiar se ha llevado a las mujeres en sus propias comunidades, como en Bangladesh, el uso de anticonceptivos ha aumentado rápidamente, incluso entre las mujeres empobrecidas.6Campbell M Prata N Potts M El impacto de la libertad en la disminución de la fertilidad.J Fam Plan Reprod Health Care. 2013; 39: 44-50Crossref PubMed Scopus (25) Google Scholar, 7Cleland J Phillips J Amin S Kamal GM Los determinantes del cambio reproductivo en Bangladesh: éxito en un entorno desafiante. El Banco Mundial, Washington, DC1994Google Scholar Task shifting, por ejemplo, capacitar a voluntarios de la comunidad para distribuir anticonceptivos inyectables ,8PrataN Gessessew A Cartwright A Fraser A Provisión de anticonceptivos inyectables en Etiopía a través de agentes de salud reproductiva basados en la comunidad.Bull World Health Organ. 2011; 89: 556-564Crossref PubMed Scopus (46) Google Scholar y un mayor énfasis en la esterilización quirúrgica, los dispositivos intrauterinos y los implantes, junto con el acceso a la atención integral del aborto, son esenciales. En tercer lugar, los donantes y los gobiernos deben invertir fuertemente en el empoderamiento de las mujeres. La situación de las mujeres en el Sahel es baja. El matrimonio infantil sigue siendo común, lo que aumenta la probabilidad de que una mujer tenga un embarazo temprano y disminuye sus posibilidades de llevar una vida autónoma. El embarazo en adolescentes inmaduras es una causa importante de mortalidad y morbilidad materna, como la fístula obstétrica.9Nuestro NM Consecuencias para la salud del matrimonio infantil en África.Emerg Infect Dis. 2006; 11: 1644-1649Crossref Scopus (245) Google Scholar La promoción de la educación es una estrategia clave para reducir el matrimonio infantil y posponer el primer nacimiento. Los programas para desarrollar la capacidad mediante la educación y las microfinanzas entre las comunidades de pastores han convertido a las mujeres analfabetas pobres en líderes que ayudaron a adaptar sus comunidades a la sequía.10Coppock DI desta S texera S Gerbru G El desarrollo de capacidades ayuda a las mujeres de pastores a transformar las comunidades empobrecidas en Etiopía. Ciencia. 2011; 334: 1394-1397Crossref PubMed Scopus (40) Google Scholar En una sociedad hausa polígama en el noroeste de Nigeria, con una edad media de matrimonio de 14·6 años y donde los padres comúnmente veían la menarquia como un signo de preparación para el matrimonio, muchos padres ahora están dispuestos a retrasar los matrimonios de sus hijas si se les ofrece ayuda con las tarifas escolares y los libros. Estas tres intervenciones clave se consideran de apoyo mutuo. Aunque implican consideraciones a largo plazo, algunas, como la mejora de las prácticas agrícolas, tienen beneficios inmediatos. Los programas deben integrarse para aprovechar los efectos multiplicadores intrínsecos. Por ejemplo, educar a las niñas facilita la adopción de la planificación familiar y mejora la generación de ingresos en la familia. La investigación y la evaluación rigurosas serán esenciales para construir la base de evidencia para inversiones tan urgentemente necesarias. Es necesario llenar las lagunas sustanciales en los datos demográficos, agrícolas y de salud. Las políticas deben diseñarse para generar beneficios medibles y significativos para las poblaciones más vulnerables. Las intervenciones deben desarrollarse en un marco de derechos humanos, asegurando que los beneficios no se desvíen solo hacia aquellos con mayor capital social y político. Los países menos desarrollados, como los del Sahel, reciben el 0,9% del ingreso nacional bruto de los países industrializados en asistencia oficial para el desarrollo, mucho menos de lo que los donantes han comprometido.11Fondo de Población de las Naciones UnidasInstituto Demográfico Interdisciplinario de los Países BajosBase de datos de flujos de recursos. Population assistance per capital, África subsahariana, 2009.http://www.resourceflows.org/Google Scholar, 12UN Development Programme Bureau for Development PolicyTowards human resilience: sustaining MDG progress in a age of economic uncertainty. Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo, Nueva York, NY, EE. UU. 2011Google Scholar Para enfrentar los formidables desafíos que enfrenta la región, la acción debe ser inmediata y a gran escala. Sobre la base del modelo de la Comisión Lancet, sugerimos que se convoque a un grupo de expertos del Sahel e instituciones de investigación de otras partes del mundo para explorar y documentar las iniciativas intersectoriales y escalables necesarias para evitar que el Sahel (y otras regiones menos desarrolladas) queden totalmente excluidas de la promesa de mejorar la salud y el bienestar prevista en la Comisión Lancet.1Jamison DT Summers LH Alleyne G et al.Global health 2035: a world converging within a generation.Lancet. 2013; 382: 1898-1955 Resumen Texto completo Texto completo PDF PubMed Scopus (804) Google Scholar Declaramos que no tenemos intereses en competencia. For many developing countries, investments in health have proved a great success. The Lancet Commission "Global health 2035: a world converging within a generation"1Jamison DT Summers LH Alleyne G et al.Global health 2035: a world converging within a generation.Lancet. 2013; 382: 1898-1955Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (804) Google Scholar and the 2014 Gates annual letter2Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation2014 Gates annual letter. 3 myths that block progress for the poor.http://annualletter.gatesfoundation.org/#section=homeGoogle Scholar envision the possibility of a "grand convergence" by which more countries will have a child mortality rate as low as 15 per 1000 livebirths in 20 years time. We wish to draw attention to the special case of the least developed countries, which on present evidence are likely to be excluded from such a convergence. To start a discussion we will focus on the Sahel (the 1 million square-mile semi-arid zone of Africa stretching from the Atlantic to the Red Sea) where the clash of uniquely rapid population growth and some of the harshest effects of climate change are likely to have the greatest overall effects on health. The population projections shown in the figure are the UN Population Division's medium variant. These projections could be exceeded unless much greater emphasis is given to family planning. Even assuming rapid decreases in family size from the current average of 7·6, the population of Niger alone will grow from 16 million today to 58 million by 2050. This increase is indicative of the formidable population momentum in the Sahel. More than 40% of the population is younger than 15 years. In the absence of substantial cuts in greenhouse gas emissions by developed nations, the Sahel (because it is so dry already) is likely to suffer some of the worst effects of climate change, with temperature increases as high as 5–8°C by 2100 (figure).3IPCCSummary for policymakers.in: Stocker TF D Qin G-K Plattner M Climate change 2013: the physical science basis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK2013Google Scholar Extreme weather events will become more common, and the effect of global warming is likely to be felt over many sectors from health to agriculture. Vector-borne diseases are likely to increase. Climate change could reduce crop yields in sub-Saharan Africa by 22% for maize, and 8% for cassava.4Schlenker W Lobell DB Robust negative impacts of climate change on African agriculture.Environ Res Lett. 2010; 5: 014010Crossref Scopus (814) Google Scholar In 2012, the University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, and the African Institute for Development Policy, Nairobi, Kenya, hosted a multidisciplinary international meeting on the Sahel.5Potts M Zulu E Castillo F Henderson C Crisis in the Sahel: possible solutions and the consequences of inaction. University of California, Bixby Center for Population Health and Sustainability, Berkeley2013Google Scholar Although recognising the serious threat that rapid population growth and desertification present in this region, the meeting also identified evidence-based solutions, including three key interventions. First, subsistence farmers and pastoralists need help to adapt to climate change. Adaptation will require the development of drought-resistant crops, methods to address changing patterns of pest infestations, improved crop storage, and more efficient water capture and storage. A multidisciplinary approach and a long-term vision are much needed—currently many interventions are not adopted until visible water shortages occur. Second, greater priority must be given to family planning. Political will must be garnered to advocate for international donors to invest in family planning, and Sahelian governments need to be more proactive. There is a well documented unmet need for family planning ranging from 16% to 35% of married women, calculated with the Demographic and Health Surveys STATcompiler, but in such high-fertility societies increased demand creation is also crucial. Where family planning has been brought to women in their own communities, as in Bangladesh, contraceptive use has increased rapidly, even among impoverished women.6Campbell M Prata N Potts M The impact of freedom on fertility decline.J Fam Plan Reprod Health Care. 2013; 39: 44-50Crossref PubMed Scopus (25) Google Scholar, 7Cleland J Phillips J Amin S Kamal GM The determinants of reproductive change in Bangladesh: success in a challenging environment. The World Bank, Washington, DC1994Google Scholar Task shifting, for example training community volunteers to distribute injectable contraceptives,8Prata N Gessessew A Cartwright A Fraser A Provision of injectable contraceptives in Ethiopia through community-based reproductive health agents.Bull World Health Organ. 2011; 89: 556-564Crossref PubMed Scopus (46) Google Scholar and increased emphasis on surgical sterilisation, intrauterine devices, and implants, together with access to comprehensive abortion care, are essential. Third, donors and governments need to invest heavily in women's empowerment. The status of women in the Sahel is low. Child marriage remains common, increasing a woman's likelihood of early pregnancy, and decreasing her chances of leading an autonomous life. Pregnancy in immature teenage girls is a major cause of maternal mortality and morbidity, such as obstetric fistula.9Nour NM Health consequences of child marriage in Africa.Emerg Infect Dis. 2006; 11: 1644-1649Crossref Scopus (245) Google Scholar Promotion of education is a key strategy to reduce child marriage and postpone the first birth. Programmes to build capacity by education and microfinance among pastoral communities have turned poor illiterate women into leaders who helped adapt their communities to drought.10Coppock DI Desta S Texera S Gerbru G Capacity building helps pastoral women transform impoverished communities in Ethiopia.Science. 2011; 334: 1394-1397Crossref PubMed Scopus (40) Google Scholar In a polygamous Hausa society in northwest Nigeria, with a median age of marriage of 14·6 years and where parents commonly viewed menarche as a sign of readiness for marriage, many parents are now willing to delay their daughters' marriages if offered help with school fees and books. These three key interventions are regarded as mutually supportive. Although they involve long-term considerations, some, such as improved agricultural practices, have immediate payoffs. Programmes need to be integrated so as to exploit intrinsic multiplier effects. For example, educating girls facilitates the adoption of family planning and enhances income generation in the family. Rigorous research and assessment will be essential to build the evidence base for such urgently needed investments. Substantial gaps in demographic, agricultural, and health data need to be filled. Policies need to be designed to result in measurable, meaningful benefit to the most vulnerable populations. Interventions must be developed in a human rights framework, ensuring that the benefits do not drift only toward those with the most social and political capital. Least developed countries, such as those in the Sahel, receive 0·09% of gross national income of industrialised countries in official development assistance—far less than what donors have committed.11UN Population FundNetherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic InstituteResource Flows database. Population assistance per capital, sub-Saharan Africa, 2009.http://www.resourceflows.org/Google Scholar, 12UN Development Programme Bureau for Development PolicyTowards human resilience: sustaining MDG progress in an age of economic uncertainty. UN Development Programme, New York, NY, USA2011Google Scholar To confront the formidable challenges facing the region, action must be immediate and large scale. On the basis of the model of the Lancet Commission, we suggest that a group of experts from the Sahel and research institutions elsewhere in the world should be convened to explore and document the cross-sectoral, scalable initiatives needed to avoid the Sahel (and other least developed regions) being totally excluded from the promise of improved health and welfare foreseen in the Lancet Commission.1Jamison DT Summers LH Alleyne G et al.Global health 2035: a world converging within a generation.Lancet. 2013; 382: 1898-1955Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (804) Google Scholar We declare that we have no competing interests. بالنسبة للعديد من البلدان النامية، أثبتت الاستثمارات في الصحة نجاحًا كبيرًا. لجنة لانسيت "الصحة العالمية 2035: عالم يتقارب في غضون جيل" 1Jamison DT Summers LH Alleyne G et al. الصحة العالمية 2035: عالم يتقارب في غضون جيل. 2013 ؛ 382: 1898-1955 ملخص النص الكامل PDF PubMed Scopus (804) الباحث العلمي من Google والرسالة السنوية 2014 Gates2Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation2014 Gates annual letter. 3 myths that block progress for the poor.http:// annualletter.gatesfoundation.org/#section=homeGoogle Scholar تصور إمكانية "التقارب الكبير" الذي من خلاله سيكون لدى المزيد من البلدان معدل وفيات الأطفال منخفضًا يصل إلى 15 لكل 1000 مولود حي في غضون 20 عامًا. نود أن نسترعي الانتباه إلى الحالة الخاصة لأقل البلدان نمواً، والتي من المرجح أن يتم استبعادها من هذا التقارب بناءً على الأدلة الحالية. لبدء مناقشة، سنركز على منطقة الساحل (المنطقة شبه القاحلة التي تبلغ مساحتها مليون ميل مربع في إفريقيا وتمتد من المحيط الأطلسي إلى البحر الأحمر) حيث من المرجح أن يكون لصدام النمو السكاني السريع بشكل فريد وبعض من أقسى آثار تغير المناخ أكبر الآثار الشاملة على الصحة. التوقعات السكانية الموضحة في الشكل هي المتغير المتوسط لشعبة السكان بالأمم المتحدة. يمكن تجاوز هذه التوقعات ما لم يتم التركيز بشكل أكبر على تنظيم الأسرة. حتى بافتراض الانخفاض السريع في حجم الأسرة من المتوسط الحالي البالغ 7.6، فإن عدد سكان النيجر وحده سينمو من 16 مليونًا اليوم إلى 58 مليونًا بحلول عام 2050. وتشير هذه الزيادة إلى الزخم السكاني الهائل في منطقة الساحل. أكثر من 40 ٪ من السكان تقل أعمارهم عن 15 عامًا. في غياب تخفيضات كبيرة في انبعاثات غازات الدفيئة من قبل الدول المتقدمة، من المرجح أن تعاني منطقة الساحل (لأنها جافة بالفعل) من بعض أسوأ آثار تغير المناخ، مع ارتفاع درجات الحرارة إلى 5-8 درجات مئوية بحلول عام 2100 (الشكل) .3 IPCCSummary for policymakers.in: Stocker TF D Qin G - K Plattner M Climate Change 2013: the physical science basis. مطبعة جامعة كامبريدج، كامبريدج، المملكة المتحدة 2013 ستصبح أحداث الطقس المتطرفة لباحث جوجل أكثر شيوعًا، ومن المرجح أن يكون تأثير الاحترار العالمي ملموسًا في العديد من القطاعات من الصحة إلى الزراعة. من المرجح أن تزداد الأمراض المنقولة بالنواقل. يمكن لتغير المناخ أن يقلل من غلة المحاصيل في أفريقيا جنوب الصحراء الكبرى بنسبة 22 ٪ للذرة، و 8 ٪ للكسافا .4 Schlenker W Lobell DB تأثيرات سلبية قوية لتغير المناخ على الزراعة الأفريقية. Environ Res Lett. 2010; 5: 014010Crossref Scopus (814) Google Scholar في عام 2012، استضافت جامعة كاليفورنيا، بيركلي، كاليفورنيا، الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، والمعهد الأفريقي لسياسة التنمية، نيروبي، كينيا، اجتماعًا دوليًا متعدد التخصصات حول أزمة الساحل 5 بوتس إم زولو إي كاستيلو إف هندرسون سي في الساحل: الحلول الممكنة وعواقب التقاعس عن العمل. جامعة كاليفورنيا، مركز بيكسبي لصحة السكان والاستدامة، بيركلي 2013 الباحث العلمي من Google على الرغم من إدراك التهديد الخطير الذي يمثله النمو السكاني السريع والتصحر في هذه المنطقة، فقد حدد الاجتماع أيضًا حلولًا قائمة على الأدلة، بما في ذلك ثلاثة تدخلات رئيسية. أولاً، يحتاج مزارعو الكفاف والرعاة إلى المساعدة للتكيف مع تغير المناخ. سيتطلب التكيف تطوير محاصيل مقاومة للجفاف، وطرقًا لمعالجة الأنماط المتغيرة لتفشي الآفات، وتحسين تخزين المحاصيل، وجمع المياه وتخزينها بشكل أكثر كفاءة. هناك حاجة ماسة إلى نهج متعدد التخصصات ورؤية طويلة الأجل - في الوقت الحالي لا يتم اعتماد العديد من التدخلات حتى يحدث نقص واضح في المياه. ثانياً، يجب إعطاء أولوية أكبر لتنظيم الأسرة. يجب حشد الإرادة السياسية لمناصرة المانحين الدوليين للاستثمار في تنظيم الأسرة، ويجب أن تكون حكومات منطقة الساحل أكثر استباقية. هناك حاجة موثقة جيدًا غير ملباة لتنظيم الأسرة تتراوح بين 16 ٪ إلى 35 ٪ من النساء المتزوجات، محسوبة باستخدام برنامج تجميع الاستقصاءات الديموغرافية والصحية، ولكن في مثل هذه المجتمعات ذات الخصوبة العالية، يعد زيادة خلق الطلب أمرًا بالغ الأهمية أيضًا. حيث تم جلب تنظيم الأسرة للنساء في مجتمعاتهن المحلية، كما هو الحال في بنغلاديش، زاد استخدام وسائل منع الحمل بسرعة، حتى بين النساء الفقيرات .6 Campbell M Prata N Potts M تأثير الحرية على انخفاض الخصوبة .J Fam Plan Reprod Health Care. 2013 ؛ 39: 44-50 Crossref PubMed Scopus (25) الباحث العلمي من Google، 7Cleland J Phillips J Amin S Kamal GM محددات التغيير الإنجابي في بنغلاديش: النجاح في بيئة صعبة. البنك الدولي، واشنطن، DC1994 تغيير مهام الباحث العلمي من Google، على سبيل المثال تدريب المتطوعين المجتمعيين على توزيع وسائل منع الحمل القابلة للحقن، 8 براتا إن جيسو إيه كارترايت إيه فريزر توفير وسائل منع الحمل القابلة للحقن في إثيوبيا من خلال وكلاء الصحة الإنجابية المجتمعية. منظمة الصحة العالمية. 2011 ؛ 89: 556-564 Crossref PubMed Scopus (46) Google Scholar وزيادة التركيز على التعقيم الجراحي والأجهزة داخل الرحم والغرسات، إلى جانب الوصول إلى الرعاية الشاملة للإجهاض، أمر ضروري. ثالثًا، تحتاج الجهات المانحة والحكومات إلى الاستثمار بكثافة في تمكين المرأة. وضع المرأة في منطقة الساحل منخفض. لا يزال زواج الأطفال شائعًا، مما يزيد من احتمال الحمل المبكر للمرأة، ويقلل من فرصها في العيش حياة مستقلة. يعد الحمل لدى الفتيات المراهقات غير الناضجات سببًا رئيسيًا لوفيات الأمهات واعتلالهن، مثل ناسور الولادة .9 ولا عواقب صحية لزواج الأطفال في أفريقيا .العدوى الطارئة. 2006 ؛ 11: 1644-1649 Crossref Scopus (245) يعد ترويج الباحث العلمي من Google للتعليم استراتيجية رئيسية للحد من زواج الأطفال وتأجيل الولادة الأولى. أدت برامج بناء القدرات من خلال التعليم والتمويل الأصغر بين المجتمعات الرعوية إلى تحويل النساء الأميات الفقيرات إلى قادة ساعدوا في تكييف مجتمعاتهن مع الجفاف .10 يساعد بناء القدرات النساء الرعويات على تحويل المجتمعات الفقيرة في إثيوبيا .العلوم. 2011 ؛ 334: 1394-1397 كروسريف بوبد سكوبس (40) الباحث العلمي من غوغل في مجتمع هوسا متعدد الزوجات في شمال غرب نيجيريا، بمتوسط عمر زواج يبلغ 14·6 سنوات وحيث ينظر الآباء عادة إلى الحيض على أنه علامة على الاستعداد للزواج، فإن العديد من الآباء على استعداد الآن لتأخير زواج بناتهم إذا عرضت عليهم المساعدة في الرسوم المدرسية والكتب. تعتبر هذه التدخلات الرئيسية الثلاثة داعمة لبعضها البعض. على الرغم من أنها تنطوي على اعتبارات طويلة الأجل، إلا أن بعضها، مثل الممارسات الزراعية المحسنة، يحصل على مكافآت فورية. يجب دمج البرامج من أجل استغلال التأثيرات المضاعفة الجوهرية. على سبيل المثال، يسهل تعليم الفتيات اعتماد تنظيم الأسرة ويعزز توليد الدخل في الأسرة. سيكون البحث والتقييم الدقيقان ضروريين لبناء قاعدة الأدلة لمثل هذه الاستثمارات المطلوبة بشكل عاجل. يجب سد الثغرات الكبيرة في البيانات الديموغرافية والزراعية والصحية. يجب تصميم السياسات بحيث تؤدي إلى فائدة قابلة للقياس وذات مغزى للفئات السكانية الأكثر ضعفاً. يجب تطوير التدخلات في إطار حقوق الإنسان، مع ضمان عدم انحراف الفوائد فقط نحو أولئك الذين لديهم أكبر قدر من رأس المال الاجتماعي والسياسي. تتلقى أقل البلدان نمواً، مثل تلك الموجودة في منطقة الساحل، 0·09 ٪ من الدخل القومي الإجمالي للبلدان الصناعية في المساعدة الإنمائية الرسمية - أقل بكثير مما التزم به المانحون .11 صندوق الأمم المتحدة للسكانالمعهد الديمغرافي الهولندي متعدد التخصصاتقاعدة بيانات تدفقات الموارد. المساعدة السكانية لكل رأس مال، أفريقيا جنوب الصحراء الكبرى، 2009.http://www.resourceflows.org/Google Scholar، 12 مكتب برنامج الأمم المتحدة الإنمائي للسياسات الإنمائية نحو المرونة البشرية: الحفاظ على التقدم المحرز في الأهداف الإنمائية للألفية في عصر عدم اليقين الاقتصادي. برنامج الأمم المتحدة الإنمائي، نيويورك، نيويورك، الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية2011 الباحث العلمي من Google لمواجهة التحديات الهائلة التي تواجه المنطقة، يجب أن يكون العمل فوريًا وعلى نطاق واسع. على أساس نموذج لجنة لانسيت، نقترح عقد اجتماع لمجموعة من الخبراء من منطقة الساحل والمؤسسات البحثية في أماكن أخرى من العالم لاستكشاف وتوثيق المبادرات الشاملة لعدة قطاعات والقابلة للتطوير اللازمة لتجنب استبعاد منطقة الساحل (وغيرها من المناطق الأقل نمواً) تمامًا من الوعد بتحسين الصحة والرفاهية المتوقع في لجنة لانسيت. 1 جيمسون دي تي سمرز إل إتش ألين جي وآخرون. الصحة العالمية 2035: عالم يتقارب في غضون جيل. لانسيت. 2013 ؛ 382: 1898-1955 ملخص النص الكامل PDF PubMed Scopus (804) الباحث العلمي من Google نعلن أنه ليس لدينا مصالح متنافسة.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Other literature type , Journal 2014 United StatesPublisher:Elsevier BV Authors: Martha Campbell;John B. Casterline;
John B. Casterline
John B. Casterline in OpenAIREFederico Castillo;
Alisha Graves; +8 AuthorsFederico Castillo
Federico Castillo in OpenAIREMartha Campbell;John B. Casterline;
John B. Casterline
John B. Casterline in OpenAIREFederico Castillo;
Alisha Graves; Thomas L. Hall;Federico Castillo
Federico Castillo in OpenAIREJohn F. May;
John F. May
John F. May in OpenAIREDaniel Perlman;
Malcolm Potts; J. Joseph Speidel; Julia Walsh;Daniel Perlman
Daniel Perlman in OpenAIREMichael Wehner;
Michael Wehner
Michael Wehner in OpenAIREEliya M. Zulu;
Eliya M. Zulu
Eliya M. Zulu in OpenAIREPour de nombreux pays en développement, les investissements dans la santé ont été un grand succès. The Lancet Commission « Global health 2035 : a world converging within a generation »1Jamison DT Summers LH Alleyne G et al.Global health 2035 : a world converging within a generation.Lancet. 2013 ; 382: 1898-1955Sommaire Texte intégral PDF PubMed Scopus (804) Google Scholar et la lettre annuelle 2014 de Gates2 Lettre annuelle 2014 de Gates de Bill et Melinda Gates. 3 mythes qui bloquent le progrès pour les pauvres.http ://annualletter.gatesfoundation.org/#section = homeGoogle Scholar envisage la possibilité d'une « grande convergence » par laquelle plus de pays auront un taux de mortalité infantile aussi bas que 15 pour 1 000 naissances vivantes dans 20 ans. Nous souhaitons attirer l'attention sur le cas particulier des pays les moins avancés, qui, selon les données actuelles, sont susceptibles d'être exclus d'une telle convergence. Pour commencer une discussion, nous nous concentrerons sur le Sahel (la zone semi-aride d'un million de milles carrés de l'Afrique s'étendant de l'Atlantique à la mer Rouge) où le choc de la croissance démographique particulièrement rapide et certains des effets les plus sévères du changement climatique sont susceptibles d'avoir les effets globaux les plus importants sur la santé. Les projections démographiques présentées dans la figure sont la variante moyenne de la Division de la population des Nations Unies. Ces projections pourraient être dépassées à moins qu'une plus grande importance ne soit accordée à la planification familiale. Même en supposant une diminution rapide de la taille des familles par rapport à la moyenne actuelle de 7,6, la population du Niger passera à elle seule de 16 millions aujourd'hui à 58 millions d'ici 2050. Cette augmentation est révélatrice de la formidable dynamique démographique au Sahel. Plus de 40 % de la population a moins de 15 ans. En l'absence de réductions substantielles des émissions de gaz à effet de serre par les pays développés, le Sahel (parce qu'il est déjà si sec) est susceptible de subir certains des pires effets du changement climatique, avec des augmentations de température allant jusqu'à 5-8 ° C d'ici 2100 (figure) .3IPCCSummary for policymakers.in : Stocker TF D Qin G-K Plattner M Climate change 2013 : the physical science basis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Royaume-Uni2013Google Scholar Les événements météorologiques extrêmes deviendront plus fréquents et l'effet du réchauffement climatique se fera probablement sentir dans de nombreux secteurs, de la santé à l'agriculture. Les maladies à transmission vectorielle sont susceptibles d'augmenter. Le changement climatique pourrait réduire les rendements des cultures en Afrique subsaharienne de 22 % pour le maïs et de 8 % pour le manioc.4Schlenker W Lobell DB Impacts négatifs robustes du changement climatique sur l'agriculture africaine.Environ Res Lett. 2010 ; 5: 014010Crossref Scopus (814) Google Scholar En 2012, l'Université de Californie, Berkeley, CA, États-Unis, et l'Institut africain pour la politique de développement, Nairobi, Kenya, ont organisé une réunion internationale multidisciplinaire sur le Sahel.5Potts M Zulu E Castillo F Henderson C Crisis in the Sahel : possible solutions and the consequences of inaction. University of California, Bixby Center for Population Health and Sustainability, Berkeley2013Google Scholar Bien que reconnaissant la grave menace que représentent la croissance démographique rapide et la désertification dans cette région, la réunion a également identifié des solutions fondées sur des preuves, y compris trois interventions clés. Tout d'abord, les agriculteurs de subsistance et les éleveurs ont besoin d'aide pour s'adapter au changement climatique. L'adaptation nécessitera le développement de cultures résistantes à la sécheresse, des méthodes pour faire face à l'évolution des infestations de ravageurs, un meilleur stockage des cultures et une capture et un stockage plus efficaces de l'eau. Une approche multidisciplinaire et une vision à long terme sont indispensables - actuellement, de nombreuses interventions ne sont pas adoptées tant que des pénuries d'eau visibles ne se produisent pas. Deuxièmement, une plus grande priorité doit être accordée à la planification familiale. Il faut mobiliser la volonté politique pour inciter les donateurs internationaux à investir dans la planification familiale, et les gouvernements sahéliens doivent être plus proactifs. Il existe un besoin non satisfait bien documenté de planification familiale allant de 16 % à 35 % des femmes mariées, calculé avec le STATcompiler des enquêtes démographiques et de santé, mais dans ces sociétés à fécondité élevée, une création accrue de la demande est également cruciale. Là où la planification familiale a été apportée aux femmes dans leurs propres communautés, comme au Bangladesh, l'utilisation de contraceptifs a augmenté rapidement, même chez les femmes pauvres.6Campbell M Prata N Potts M L'impact de la liberté sur le déclin de la fécondité.J Fam Plan Reprod Health Care. 2013 ; 39: 44-50Crossref PubMed Scopus (25) Google Scholar, 7Cleland J Phillips J Amin S Kamal GM The determinants of reproductive change in Bangladesh : success in a challenging environment. The World Bank, Washington, DC1994Google Scholar Task shifting, for example training community volunteers to distribute injectable contraceptives,8Prata N Gessessew A Cartwright A Fraser A Provision of injectable contraceptives in Ethiopia through community-based reproductive health agents.Bull World Health Organ. 2011 ; 89: 556-564Crossref PubMed Scopus (46) Google Scholar et l'accent accru sur la stérilisation chirurgicale, les dispositifs intra-utérins et les implants, ainsi que l'accès à des soins complets en matière d'avortement, sont essentiels. Troisièmement, les donateurs et les gouvernements doivent investir massivement dans l'autonomisation des femmes. Le statut des femmes au Sahel est faible. Le mariage des enfants reste courant, ce qui augmente la probabilité d'une grossesse précoce pour une femme et diminue ses chances de mener une vie autonome. La grossesse chez les adolescentes immatures est une cause majeure de mortalité et de morbidité maternelles, telles que la fistule obstétricale.9Nour NM Conséquences sanitaires du mariage des enfants en Afrique.Emerg Infect Dis. 2006 ; 11: 1644-1649Crossref Scopus (245) Google Scholar La promotion de l'éducation est une stratégie clé pour réduire le mariage des enfants et reporter la première naissance. Les programmes de renforcement des capacités par l'éducation et la microfinance parmi les communautés pastorales ont transformé les femmes illettrées pauvres en leaders qui ont aidé à adapter leurs communautés à la sécheresse.10Coppock DI Desta S Texera S Gerbru G Le renforcement des capacités aide les femmes pastorales à transformer les communautés appauvries en Éthiopie.Science. 2011 ; 334: 1394-1397Crossref PubMed Scopus (40) Google Scholar Dans une société Haoussa polygame du nord-ouest du Nigeria, avec un âge médian de mariage de 14·6 ans et où les parents considéraient généralement les démarches ménagères comme un signe de préparation au mariage, de nombreux parents sont maintenant prêts à retarder le mariage de leurs filles si on leur propose de l'aide pour les frais de scolarité et les livres. Ces trois interventions clés sont considérées comme se renforçant mutuellement. Bien qu'elles impliquent des considérations à long terme, certaines, telles que l'amélioration des pratiques agricoles, ont des retombées immédiates. Les programmes doivent être intégrés de manière à exploiter les effets multiplicateurs intrinsèques. Par exemple, l'éducation des filles facilite l'adoption de la planification familiale et améliore la génération de revenus dans la famille. Une recherche et une évaluation rigoureuses seront essentielles pour constituer la base de données probantes pour ces investissements urgents. Des lacunes importantes dans les données démographiques, agricoles et sanitaires doivent être comblées. Les politiques doivent être conçues de manière à apporter des avantages mesurables et significatifs aux populations les plus vulnérables. Les interventions doivent être développées dans un cadre de droits de l'homme, en veillant à ce que les avantages ne dérivent pas uniquement vers ceux qui ont le plus de capital social et politique. Les pays les moins avancés, tels que ceux du Sahel, reçoivent 0,9 % du revenu national brut des pays industrialisés au titre de l'aide publique au développement, soit beaucoup moins que ce que les donateurs se sont engagés à faire.11 Fonds des Nations Unies pour la populationInstitut démographique interdisciplinaire des Pays-BasBase de données sur les flux de ressources. Population assistance per capital, Afrique subsaharienne, 2009.http ://www.resourceflows.org/Google Scholar, 12UN Development Programme Bureau for Development PolicyTowards human resilience : sustaining MDG progress in an age of economic uncertainty. Programme des Nations Unies pour le développement, New York, NY, USA2011Google Scholar Pour faire face aux formidables défis auxquels la région est confrontée, l'action doit être immédiate et à grande échelle. Sur la base du modèle de la Commission Lancet, nous suggérons qu'un groupe d'experts du Sahel et d'institutions de recherche ailleurs dans le monde soit convoqué pour explorer et documenter les initiatives intersectorielles et évolutives nécessaires pour éviter que le Sahel (et d'autres régions les moins développées) ne soit totalement exclu de la promesse d'amélioration de la santé et du bien-être prévue dans la Commission Lancet.1Jamison DT Summers LH Alleyne G et al.Global health 2035 : a world converging within a generation.Lancet. 2013 ; 382: 1898-1955Résumé Texte intégral Texte intégral PDF PubMed Scopus (804) Google Scholar Nous déclarons que nous n'avons pas d'intérêts concurrents. Para muchos países en desarrollo, las inversiones en salud han demostrado ser un gran éxito. La Comisión Lancet "Salud global 2035: un mundo convergente dentro de una generación" 1Jamison DT Summers LH Alleyne G et al. Salud global 2035: un mundo convergente dentro de una generación. Lancet. 2013; 382: 1898-1955Resumen Texto completo PDF PubMed Scopus (804) Google Scholar y la carta anual de Gates de 20142Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation2014 Carta anual de Gates. 3 mitos que bloquean el progreso de los pobres.http://annualletter.gatesfoundation.org/#section = homeGoogle Scholar prevé la posibilidad de una "gran convergencia" por la cual más países tendrán una tasa de mortalidad infantil tan baja como 15 por cada 1000 nacidos vivos en 20 años. Deseamos llamar la atención sobre el caso especial de los países menos adelantados, que según las pruebas actuales es probable que queden excluidos de tal convergencia. Para comenzar una discusión, nos centraremos en el Sahel (la zona semiárida de 1 millón de millas cuadradas de África que se extiende desde el Atlántico hasta el Mar Rojo), donde es probable que el choque del crecimiento demográfico excepcionalmente rápido y algunos de los efectos más duros del cambio climático tengan los mayores efectos generales sobre la salud. Las proyecciones de población que se muestran en la figura son la variante media de la División de Población de la ONU. Estas proyecciones podrían superarse a menos que se dé mucho más énfasis a la planificación familiar. Incluso suponiendo una rápida disminución en el tamaño de la familia desde el promedio actual de 7·6, la población de Níger crecerá de los 16 millones actuales a 58 millones para 2050. Este aumento es indicativo del formidable impulso demográfico en el Sahel. Más del 40% de la población es menor de 15 años. En ausencia de recortes sustanciales en las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero por parte de las naciones desarrolladas, es probable que el Sahel (porque ya está muy seco) sufra algunos de los peores efectos del cambio climático, con aumentos de temperatura de hasta 5-8 ° C para 2100 (figura) .3IPCCResumen para los responsables de la formulación de políticas.in: Stocker TF D Qin G-K Plattner M Cambio climático 2013: la base de la ciencia física. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Reino Unido2013Google Scholar Los fenómenos meteorológicos extremos serán cada vez más comunes, y es probable que el efecto del calentamiento global se sienta en muchos sectores, desde la salud hasta la agricultura. Es probable que aumenten las enfermedades transmitidas por vectores. El cambio climático podría reducir los rendimientos de los cultivos en África subsahariana en un 22% para el maíz y en un 8% para la yuca.4Schlenker W Lobell DB Fuertes impactos negativos del cambio climático en la agricultura africana.Environ Res Lett. 2010; 5: 014010Crossref Scopus (814) Google Scholar En 2012, la Universidad de California, Berkeley, CA, EE. UU., y el Instituto Africano de Política de Desarrollo, Nairobi, Kenia, organizaron una reunión internacional multidisciplinaria sobre el Sahel.5Potts M Zulu E Castillo F Henderson C Crisis en el Sahel: posibles soluciones y las consecuencias de la inacción. Universidad de California, Bixby Center for Population Health and Sustainability, Berkeley2013Google Scholar Aunque reconocieron la grave amenaza que el rápido crecimiento de la población y la desertificación presentan en esta región, la reunión también identificó soluciones basadas en la evidencia, incluidas tres intervenciones clave. En primer lugar, los agricultores y pastores de subsistencia necesitan ayuda para adaptarse al cambio climático. La adaptación requerirá el desarrollo de cultivos resistentes a la sequía, métodos para abordar los patrones cambiantes de infestaciones de plagas, un mejor almacenamiento de los cultivos y una captura y almacenamiento de agua más eficientes. Un enfoque multidisciplinario y una visión a largo plazo son muy necesarios: actualmente, muchas intervenciones no se adoptan hasta que se produce una escasez visible de agua. En segundo lugar, se debe dar mayor prioridad a la planificación familiar. Se debe reunir la voluntad política para abogar por que los donantes internacionales inviertan en planificación familiar, y los gobiernos del Sahel deben ser más proactivos. Existe una necesidad insatisfecha bien documentada de planificación familiar que oscila entre el 16% y el 35% de las mujeres casadas, calculada con el compilador STAT de encuestas demográficas y de salud, pero en estas sociedades de alta fertilidad también es crucial una mayor creación de demanda. Donde la planificación familiar se ha llevado a las mujeres en sus propias comunidades, como en Bangladesh, el uso de anticonceptivos ha aumentado rápidamente, incluso entre las mujeres empobrecidas.6Campbell M Prata N Potts M El impacto de la libertad en la disminución de la fertilidad.J Fam Plan Reprod Health Care. 2013; 39: 44-50Crossref PubMed Scopus (25) Google Scholar, 7Cleland J Phillips J Amin S Kamal GM Los determinantes del cambio reproductivo en Bangladesh: éxito en un entorno desafiante. El Banco Mundial, Washington, DC1994Google Scholar Task shifting, por ejemplo, capacitar a voluntarios de la comunidad para distribuir anticonceptivos inyectables ,8PrataN Gessessew A Cartwright A Fraser A Provisión de anticonceptivos inyectables en Etiopía a través de agentes de salud reproductiva basados en la comunidad.Bull World Health Organ. 2011; 89: 556-564Crossref PubMed Scopus (46) Google Scholar y un mayor énfasis en la esterilización quirúrgica, los dispositivos intrauterinos y los implantes, junto con el acceso a la atención integral del aborto, son esenciales. En tercer lugar, los donantes y los gobiernos deben invertir fuertemente en el empoderamiento de las mujeres. La situación de las mujeres en el Sahel es baja. El matrimonio infantil sigue siendo común, lo que aumenta la probabilidad de que una mujer tenga un embarazo temprano y disminuye sus posibilidades de llevar una vida autónoma. El embarazo en adolescentes inmaduras es una causa importante de mortalidad y morbilidad materna, como la fístula obstétrica.9Nuestro NM Consecuencias para la salud del matrimonio infantil en África.Emerg Infect Dis. 2006; 11: 1644-1649Crossref Scopus (245) Google Scholar La promoción de la educación es una estrategia clave para reducir el matrimonio infantil y posponer el primer nacimiento. Los programas para desarrollar la capacidad mediante la educación y las microfinanzas entre las comunidades de pastores han convertido a las mujeres analfabetas pobres en líderes que ayudaron a adaptar sus comunidades a la sequía.10Coppock DI desta S texera S Gerbru G El desarrollo de capacidades ayuda a las mujeres de pastores a transformar las comunidades empobrecidas en Etiopía. Ciencia. 2011; 334: 1394-1397Crossref PubMed Scopus (40) Google Scholar En una sociedad hausa polígama en el noroeste de Nigeria, con una edad media de matrimonio de 14·6 años y donde los padres comúnmente veían la menarquia como un signo de preparación para el matrimonio, muchos padres ahora están dispuestos a retrasar los matrimonios de sus hijas si se les ofrece ayuda con las tarifas escolares y los libros. Estas tres intervenciones clave se consideran de apoyo mutuo. Aunque implican consideraciones a largo plazo, algunas, como la mejora de las prácticas agrícolas, tienen beneficios inmediatos. Los programas deben integrarse para aprovechar los efectos multiplicadores intrínsecos. Por ejemplo, educar a las niñas facilita la adopción de la planificación familiar y mejora la generación de ingresos en la familia. La investigación y la evaluación rigurosas serán esenciales para construir la base de evidencia para inversiones tan urgentemente necesarias. Es necesario llenar las lagunas sustanciales en los datos demográficos, agrícolas y de salud. Las políticas deben diseñarse para generar beneficios medibles y significativos para las poblaciones más vulnerables. Las intervenciones deben desarrollarse en un marco de derechos humanos, asegurando que los beneficios no se desvíen solo hacia aquellos con mayor capital social y político. Los países menos desarrollados, como los del Sahel, reciben el 0,9% del ingreso nacional bruto de los países industrializados en asistencia oficial para el desarrollo, mucho menos de lo que los donantes han comprometido.11Fondo de Población de las Naciones UnidasInstituto Demográfico Interdisciplinario de los Países BajosBase de datos de flujos de recursos. Population assistance per capital, África subsahariana, 2009.http://www.resourceflows.org/Google Scholar, 12UN Development Programme Bureau for Development PolicyTowards human resilience: sustaining MDG progress in a age of economic uncertainty. Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo, Nueva York, NY, EE. UU. 2011Google Scholar Para enfrentar los formidables desafíos que enfrenta la región, la acción debe ser inmediata y a gran escala. Sobre la base del modelo de la Comisión Lancet, sugerimos que se convoque a un grupo de expertos del Sahel e instituciones de investigación de otras partes del mundo para explorar y documentar las iniciativas intersectoriales y escalables necesarias para evitar que el Sahel (y otras regiones menos desarrolladas) queden totalmente excluidas de la promesa de mejorar la salud y el bienestar prevista en la Comisión Lancet.1Jamison DT Summers LH Alleyne G et al.Global health 2035: a world converging within a generation.Lancet. 2013; 382: 1898-1955 Resumen Texto completo Texto completo PDF PubMed Scopus (804) Google Scholar Declaramos que no tenemos intereses en competencia. For many developing countries, investments in health have proved a great success. The Lancet Commission "Global health 2035: a world converging within a generation"1Jamison DT Summers LH Alleyne G et al.Global health 2035: a world converging within a generation.Lancet. 2013; 382: 1898-1955Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (804) Google Scholar and the 2014 Gates annual letter2Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation2014 Gates annual letter. 3 myths that block progress for the poor.http://annualletter.gatesfoundation.org/#section=homeGoogle Scholar envision the possibility of a "grand convergence" by which more countries will have a child mortality rate as low as 15 per 1000 livebirths in 20 years time. We wish to draw attention to the special case of the least developed countries, which on present evidence are likely to be excluded from such a convergence. To start a discussion we will focus on the Sahel (the 1 million square-mile semi-arid zone of Africa stretching from the Atlantic to the Red Sea) where the clash of uniquely rapid population growth and some of the harshest effects of climate change are likely to have the greatest overall effects on health. The population projections shown in the figure are the UN Population Division's medium variant. These projections could be exceeded unless much greater emphasis is given to family planning. Even assuming rapid decreases in family size from the current average of 7·6, the population of Niger alone will grow from 16 million today to 58 million by 2050. This increase is indicative of the formidable population momentum in the Sahel. More than 40% of the population is younger than 15 years. In the absence of substantial cuts in greenhouse gas emissions by developed nations, the Sahel (because it is so dry already) is likely to suffer some of the worst effects of climate change, with temperature increases as high as 5–8°C by 2100 (figure).3IPCCSummary for policymakers.in: Stocker TF D Qin G-K Plattner M Climate change 2013: the physical science basis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK2013Google Scholar Extreme weather events will become more common, and the effect of global warming is likely to be felt over many sectors from health to agriculture. Vector-borne diseases are likely to increase. Climate change could reduce crop yields in sub-Saharan Africa by 22% for maize, and 8% for cassava.4Schlenker W Lobell DB Robust negative impacts of climate change on African agriculture.Environ Res Lett. 2010; 5: 014010Crossref Scopus (814) Google Scholar In 2012, the University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, and the African Institute for Development Policy, Nairobi, Kenya, hosted a multidisciplinary international meeting on the Sahel.5Potts M Zulu E Castillo F Henderson C Crisis in the Sahel: possible solutions and the consequences of inaction. University of California, Bixby Center for Population Health and Sustainability, Berkeley2013Google Scholar Although recognising the serious threat that rapid population growth and desertification present in this region, the meeting also identified evidence-based solutions, including three key interventions. First, subsistence farmers and pastoralists need help to adapt to climate change. Adaptation will require the development of drought-resistant crops, methods to address changing patterns of pest infestations, improved crop storage, and more efficient water capture and storage. A multidisciplinary approach and a long-term vision are much needed—currently many interventions are not adopted until visible water shortages occur. Second, greater priority must be given to family planning. Political will must be garnered to advocate for international donors to invest in family planning, and Sahelian governments need to be more proactive. There is a well documented unmet need for family planning ranging from 16% to 35% of married women, calculated with the Demographic and Health Surveys STATcompiler, but in such high-fertility societies increased demand creation is also crucial. Where family planning has been brought to women in their own communities, as in Bangladesh, contraceptive use has increased rapidly, even among impoverished women.6Campbell M Prata N Potts M The impact of freedom on fertility decline.J Fam Plan Reprod Health Care. 2013; 39: 44-50Crossref PubMed Scopus (25) Google Scholar, 7Cleland J Phillips J Amin S Kamal GM The determinants of reproductive change in Bangladesh: success in a challenging environment. The World Bank, Washington, DC1994Google Scholar Task shifting, for example training community volunteers to distribute injectable contraceptives,8Prata N Gessessew A Cartwright A Fraser A Provision of injectable contraceptives in Ethiopia through community-based reproductive health agents.Bull World Health Organ. 2011; 89: 556-564Crossref PubMed Scopus (46) Google Scholar and increased emphasis on surgical sterilisation, intrauterine devices, and implants, together with access to comprehensive abortion care, are essential. Third, donors and governments need to invest heavily in women's empowerment. The status of women in the Sahel is low. Child marriage remains common, increasing a woman's likelihood of early pregnancy, and decreasing her chances of leading an autonomous life. Pregnancy in immature teenage girls is a major cause of maternal mortality and morbidity, such as obstetric fistula.9Nour NM Health consequences of child marriage in Africa.Emerg Infect Dis. 2006; 11: 1644-1649Crossref Scopus (245) Google Scholar Promotion of education is a key strategy to reduce child marriage and postpone the first birth. Programmes to build capacity by education and microfinance among pastoral communities have turned poor illiterate women into leaders who helped adapt their communities to drought.10Coppock DI Desta S Texera S Gerbru G Capacity building helps pastoral women transform impoverished communities in Ethiopia.Science. 2011; 334: 1394-1397Crossref PubMed Scopus (40) Google Scholar In a polygamous Hausa society in northwest Nigeria, with a median age of marriage of 14·6 years and where parents commonly viewed menarche as a sign of readiness for marriage, many parents are now willing to delay their daughters' marriages if offered help with school fees and books. These three key interventions are regarded as mutually supportive. Although they involve long-term considerations, some, such as improved agricultural practices, have immediate payoffs. Programmes need to be integrated so as to exploit intrinsic multiplier effects. For example, educating girls facilitates the adoption of family planning and enhances income generation in the family. Rigorous research and assessment will be essential to build the evidence base for such urgently needed investments. Substantial gaps in demographic, agricultural, and health data need to be filled. Policies need to be designed to result in measurable, meaningful benefit to the most vulnerable populations. Interventions must be developed in a human rights framework, ensuring that the benefits do not drift only toward those with the most social and political capital. Least developed countries, such as those in the Sahel, receive 0·09% of gross national income of industrialised countries in official development assistance—far less than what donors have committed.11UN Population FundNetherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic InstituteResource Flows database. Population assistance per capital, sub-Saharan Africa, 2009.http://www.resourceflows.org/Google Scholar, 12UN Development Programme Bureau for Development PolicyTowards human resilience: sustaining MDG progress in an age of economic uncertainty. UN Development Programme, New York, NY, USA2011Google Scholar To confront the formidable challenges facing the region, action must be immediate and large scale. On the basis of the model of the Lancet Commission, we suggest that a group of experts from the Sahel and research institutions elsewhere in the world should be convened to explore and document the cross-sectoral, scalable initiatives needed to avoid the Sahel (and other least developed regions) being totally excluded from the promise of improved health and welfare foreseen in the Lancet Commission.1Jamison DT Summers LH Alleyne G et al.Global health 2035: a world converging within a generation.Lancet. 2013; 382: 1898-1955Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (804) Google Scholar We declare that we have no competing interests. بالنسبة للعديد من البلدان النامية، أثبتت الاستثمارات في الصحة نجاحًا كبيرًا. لجنة لانسيت "الصحة العالمية 2035: عالم يتقارب في غضون جيل" 1Jamison DT Summers LH Alleyne G et al. الصحة العالمية 2035: عالم يتقارب في غضون جيل. 2013 ؛ 382: 1898-1955 ملخص النص الكامل PDF PubMed Scopus (804) الباحث العلمي من Google والرسالة السنوية 2014 Gates2Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation2014 Gates annual letter. 3 myths that block progress for the poor.http:// annualletter.gatesfoundation.org/#section=homeGoogle Scholar تصور إمكانية "التقارب الكبير" الذي من خلاله سيكون لدى المزيد من البلدان معدل وفيات الأطفال منخفضًا يصل إلى 15 لكل 1000 مولود حي في غضون 20 عامًا. نود أن نسترعي الانتباه إلى الحالة الخاصة لأقل البلدان نمواً، والتي من المرجح أن يتم استبعادها من هذا التقارب بناءً على الأدلة الحالية. لبدء مناقشة، سنركز على منطقة الساحل (المنطقة شبه القاحلة التي تبلغ مساحتها مليون ميل مربع في إفريقيا وتمتد من المحيط الأطلسي إلى البحر الأحمر) حيث من المرجح أن يكون لصدام النمو السكاني السريع بشكل فريد وبعض من أقسى آثار تغير المناخ أكبر الآثار الشاملة على الصحة. التوقعات السكانية الموضحة في الشكل هي المتغير المتوسط لشعبة السكان بالأمم المتحدة. يمكن تجاوز هذه التوقعات ما لم يتم التركيز بشكل أكبر على تنظيم الأسرة. حتى بافتراض الانخفاض السريع في حجم الأسرة من المتوسط الحالي البالغ 7.6، فإن عدد سكان النيجر وحده سينمو من 16 مليونًا اليوم إلى 58 مليونًا بحلول عام 2050. وتشير هذه الزيادة إلى الزخم السكاني الهائل في منطقة الساحل. أكثر من 40 ٪ من السكان تقل أعمارهم عن 15 عامًا. في غياب تخفيضات كبيرة في انبعاثات غازات الدفيئة من قبل الدول المتقدمة، من المرجح أن تعاني منطقة الساحل (لأنها جافة بالفعل) من بعض أسوأ آثار تغير المناخ، مع ارتفاع درجات الحرارة إلى 5-8 درجات مئوية بحلول عام 2100 (الشكل) .3 IPCCSummary for policymakers.in: Stocker TF D Qin G - K Plattner M Climate Change 2013: the physical science basis. مطبعة جامعة كامبريدج، كامبريدج، المملكة المتحدة 2013 ستصبح أحداث الطقس المتطرفة لباحث جوجل أكثر شيوعًا، ومن المرجح أن يكون تأثير الاحترار العالمي ملموسًا في العديد من القطاعات من الصحة إلى الزراعة. من المرجح أن تزداد الأمراض المنقولة بالنواقل. يمكن لتغير المناخ أن يقلل من غلة المحاصيل في أفريقيا جنوب الصحراء الكبرى بنسبة 22 ٪ للذرة، و 8 ٪ للكسافا .4 Schlenker W Lobell DB تأثيرات سلبية قوية لتغير المناخ على الزراعة الأفريقية. Environ Res Lett. 2010; 5: 014010Crossref Scopus (814) Google Scholar في عام 2012، استضافت جامعة كاليفورنيا، بيركلي، كاليفورنيا، الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، والمعهد الأفريقي لسياسة التنمية، نيروبي، كينيا، اجتماعًا دوليًا متعدد التخصصات حول أزمة الساحل 5 بوتس إم زولو إي كاستيلو إف هندرسون سي في الساحل: الحلول الممكنة وعواقب التقاعس عن العمل. جامعة كاليفورنيا، مركز بيكسبي لصحة السكان والاستدامة، بيركلي 2013 الباحث العلمي من Google على الرغم من إدراك التهديد الخطير الذي يمثله النمو السكاني السريع والتصحر في هذه المنطقة، فقد حدد الاجتماع أيضًا حلولًا قائمة على الأدلة، بما في ذلك ثلاثة تدخلات رئيسية. أولاً، يحتاج مزارعو الكفاف والرعاة إلى المساعدة للتكيف مع تغير المناخ. سيتطلب التكيف تطوير محاصيل مقاومة للجفاف، وطرقًا لمعالجة الأنماط المتغيرة لتفشي الآفات، وتحسين تخزين المحاصيل، وجمع المياه وتخزينها بشكل أكثر كفاءة. هناك حاجة ماسة إلى نهج متعدد التخصصات ورؤية طويلة الأجل - في الوقت الحالي لا يتم اعتماد العديد من التدخلات حتى يحدث نقص واضح في المياه. ثانياً، يجب إعطاء أولوية أكبر لتنظيم الأسرة. يجب حشد الإرادة السياسية لمناصرة المانحين الدوليين للاستثمار في تنظيم الأسرة، ويجب أن تكون حكومات منطقة الساحل أكثر استباقية. هناك حاجة موثقة جيدًا غير ملباة لتنظيم الأسرة تتراوح بين 16 ٪ إلى 35 ٪ من النساء المتزوجات، محسوبة باستخدام برنامج تجميع الاستقصاءات الديموغرافية والصحية، ولكن في مثل هذه المجتمعات ذات الخصوبة العالية، يعد زيادة خلق الطلب أمرًا بالغ الأهمية أيضًا. حيث تم جلب تنظيم الأسرة للنساء في مجتمعاتهن المحلية، كما هو الحال في بنغلاديش، زاد استخدام وسائل منع الحمل بسرعة، حتى بين النساء الفقيرات .6 Campbell M Prata N Potts M تأثير الحرية على انخفاض الخصوبة .J Fam Plan Reprod Health Care. 2013 ؛ 39: 44-50 Crossref PubMed Scopus (25) الباحث العلمي من Google، 7Cleland J Phillips J Amin S Kamal GM محددات التغيير الإنجابي في بنغلاديش: النجاح في بيئة صعبة. البنك الدولي، واشنطن، DC1994 تغيير مهام الباحث العلمي من Google، على سبيل المثال تدريب المتطوعين المجتمعيين على توزيع وسائل منع الحمل القابلة للحقن، 8 براتا إن جيسو إيه كارترايت إيه فريزر توفير وسائل منع الحمل القابلة للحقن في إثيوبيا من خلال وكلاء الصحة الإنجابية المجتمعية. منظمة الصحة العالمية. 2011 ؛ 89: 556-564 Crossref PubMed Scopus (46) Google Scholar وزيادة التركيز على التعقيم الجراحي والأجهزة داخل الرحم والغرسات، إلى جانب الوصول إلى الرعاية الشاملة للإجهاض، أمر ضروري. ثالثًا، تحتاج الجهات المانحة والحكومات إلى الاستثمار بكثافة في تمكين المرأة. وضع المرأة في منطقة الساحل منخفض. لا يزال زواج الأطفال شائعًا، مما يزيد من احتمال الحمل المبكر للمرأة، ويقلل من فرصها في العيش حياة مستقلة. يعد الحمل لدى الفتيات المراهقات غير الناضجات سببًا رئيسيًا لوفيات الأمهات واعتلالهن، مثل ناسور الولادة .9 ولا عواقب صحية لزواج الأطفال في أفريقيا .العدوى الطارئة. 2006 ؛ 11: 1644-1649 Crossref Scopus (245) يعد ترويج الباحث العلمي من Google للتعليم استراتيجية رئيسية للحد من زواج الأطفال وتأجيل الولادة الأولى. أدت برامج بناء القدرات من خلال التعليم والتمويل الأصغر بين المجتمعات الرعوية إلى تحويل النساء الأميات الفقيرات إلى قادة ساعدوا في تكييف مجتمعاتهن مع الجفاف .10 يساعد بناء القدرات النساء الرعويات على تحويل المجتمعات الفقيرة في إثيوبيا .العلوم. 2011 ؛ 334: 1394-1397 كروسريف بوبد سكوبس (40) الباحث العلمي من غوغل في مجتمع هوسا متعدد الزوجات في شمال غرب نيجيريا، بمتوسط عمر زواج يبلغ 14·6 سنوات وحيث ينظر الآباء عادة إلى الحيض على أنه علامة على الاستعداد للزواج، فإن العديد من الآباء على استعداد الآن لتأخير زواج بناتهم إذا عرضت عليهم المساعدة في الرسوم المدرسية والكتب. تعتبر هذه التدخلات الرئيسية الثلاثة داعمة لبعضها البعض. على الرغم من أنها تنطوي على اعتبارات طويلة الأجل، إلا أن بعضها، مثل الممارسات الزراعية المحسنة، يحصل على مكافآت فورية. يجب دمج البرامج من أجل استغلال التأثيرات المضاعفة الجوهرية. على سبيل المثال، يسهل تعليم الفتيات اعتماد تنظيم الأسرة ويعزز توليد الدخل في الأسرة. سيكون البحث والتقييم الدقيقان ضروريين لبناء قاعدة الأدلة لمثل هذه الاستثمارات المطلوبة بشكل عاجل. يجب سد الثغرات الكبيرة في البيانات الديموغرافية والزراعية والصحية. يجب تصميم السياسات بحيث تؤدي إلى فائدة قابلة للقياس وذات مغزى للفئات السكانية الأكثر ضعفاً. يجب تطوير التدخلات في إطار حقوق الإنسان، مع ضمان عدم انحراف الفوائد فقط نحو أولئك الذين لديهم أكبر قدر من رأس المال الاجتماعي والسياسي. تتلقى أقل البلدان نمواً، مثل تلك الموجودة في منطقة الساحل، 0·09 ٪ من الدخل القومي الإجمالي للبلدان الصناعية في المساعدة الإنمائية الرسمية - أقل بكثير مما التزم به المانحون .11 صندوق الأمم المتحدة للسكانالمعهد الديمغرافي الهولندي متعدد التخصصاتقاعدة بيانات تدفقات الموارد. المساعدة السكانية لكل رأس مال، أفريقيا جنوب الصحراء الكبرى، 2009.http://www.resourceflows.org/Google Scholar، 12 مكتب برنامج الأمم المتحدة الإنمائي للسياسات الإنمائية نحو المرونة البشرية: الحفاظ على التقدم المحرز في الأهداف الإنمائية للألفية في عصر عدم اليقين الاقتصادي. برنامج الأمم المتحدة الإنمائي، نيويورك، نيويورك، الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية2011 الباحث العلمي من Google لمواجهة التحديات الهائلة التي تواجه المنطقة، يجب أن يكون العمل فوريًا وعلى نطاق واسع. على أساس نموذج لجنة لانسيت، نقترح عقد اجتماع لمجموعة من الخبراء من منطقة الساحل والمؤسسات البحثية في أماكن أخرى من العالم لاستكشاف وتوثيق المبادرات الشاملة لعدة قطاعات والقابلة للتطوير اللازمة لتجنب استبعاد منطقة الساحل (وغيرها من المناطق الأقل نمواً) تمامًا من الوعد بتحسين الصحة والرفاهية المتوقع في لجنة لانسيت. 1 جيمسون دي تي سمرز إل إتش ألين جي وآخرون. الصحة العالمية 2035: عالم يتقارب في غضون جيل. لانسيت. 2013 ؛ 382: 1898-1955 ملخص النص الكامل PDF PubMed Scopus (804) الباحث العلمي من Google نعلن أنه ليس لدينا مصالح متنافسة.
University of Califo... arrow_drop_down University of California: eScholarshipArticle . 2014Full-Text: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4653r1zkData sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)eScholarship - University of CaliforniaArticle . 2014Data sources: eScholarship - University of CaliforniaeScholarship - University of CaliforniaArticle . 2014Data sources: eScholarship - University of Californiaadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Journal 2016Publisher:Mendel University Press Authors: Petr Míša; Lukáš Strnad;This study evaluate the effects of different types of agricultural systems and their managements on energy balance over 45-year period (1970–2015). Agricultural systems were (i) spring barley and (ii) winter wheat monocultures with different types of organic supply (straw incorporation, straw incorporation + green manuring, green manuring and control without organic supply) and (iii) Norfolk four-course system. Averaged across each half of study period, total energy inputs ranged between 10.2 GJ ha-1 year-1 for barley in Norfolk to 22.9 GJ ha-1 year-1 for wheat in monoculture with green manuring. The results indicate increase of indirect inputs in case of wheat and barley in Norfolk. The only system where the indirect input energy became lower was barley monoculture. Total energy outputs ranged between 198 GJ ha-1 year-1 for wheat in Norfolk to 88 GJ ha-1 year-1 for barley in monoculture. Norfolk system had higher output/input ratio than monocultures during whole study period. In almost all systems the effectiveness of energy use decreased during study period when comparing two halves. Yields of cereals throughout all systems were negatively dependent on energy input.
Acta Universitatis A... arrow_drop_down Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae BrunensisArticle . 2016 . Peer-reviewedLicense: CC BY NC NDData sources: CrossrefActa Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae BrunensisArticleLicense: CC BY NC NDData sources: UnpayWallActa Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae BrunensisArticle . 2016Data sources: DOAJadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess Routesgold 1 citations 1 popularity Average influence Average impulse Average Powered by BIP!
more_vert Acta Universitatis A... arrow_drop_down Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae BrunensisArticle . 2016 . Peer-reviewedLicense: CC BY NC NDData sources: CrossrefActa Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae BrunensisArticleLicense: CC BY NC NDData sources: UnpayWallActa Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae BrunensisArticle . 2016Data sources: DOAJadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Journal 2016Publisher:Mendel University Press Authors: Petr Míša; Lukáš Strnad;This study evaluate the effects of different types of agricultural systems and their managements on energy balance over 45-year period (1970–2015). Agricultural systems were (i) spring barley and (ii) winter wheat monocultures with different types of organic supply (straw incorporation, straw incorporation + green manuring, green manuring and control without organic supply) and (iii) Norfolk four-course system. Averaged across each half of study period, total energy inputs ranged between 10.2 GJ ha-1 year-1 for barley in Norfolk to 22.9 GJ ha-1 year-1 for wheat in monoculture with green manuring. The results indicate increase of indirect inputs in case of wheat and barley in Norfolk. The only system where the indirect input energy became lower was barley monoculture. Total energy outputs ranged between 198 GJ ha-1 year-1 for wheat in Norfolk to 88 GJ ha-1 year-1 for barley in monoculture. Norfolk system had higher output/input ratio than monocultures during whole study period. In almost all systems the effectiveness of energy use decreased during study period when comparing two halves. Yields of cereals throughout all systems were negatively dependent on energy input.
Acta Universitatis A... arrow_drop_down Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae BrunensisArticle . 2016 . Peer-reviewedLicense: CC BY NC NDData sources: CrossrefActa Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae BrunensisArticleLicense: CC BY NC NDData sources: UnpayWallActa Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae BrunensisArticle . 2016Data sources: DOAJadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess Routesgold 1 citations 1 popularity Average influence Average impulse Average Powered by BIP!
more_vert Acta Universitatis A... arrow_drop_down Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae BrunensisArticle . 2016 . Peer-reviewedLicense: CC BY NC NDData sources: CrossrefActa Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae BrunensisArticleLicense: CC BY NC NDData sources: UnpayWallActa Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae BrunensisArticle . 2016Data sources: DOAJadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Other literature type 2023Publisher:MDPI AG Hui Li; Lingyue Song; Dongxing Huo; Yu Yang; Ning Zhang; Jinglong Liang;Cattail-grass-derived porous carbon as high-capacity anode materials were prepared via high-temperature carbonization and activation with KOH. The samples exhibited different structures and morphologies with increasing treatment time. It was found that the cattail grass with activation treatment—1 (CGA-1) sample obtained at 800 °C for 1 h presented excellent electrochemical performance. As an anode material for lithium-ion batteries, CGA-1 showed a high charge–discharge capacity of 814.7 mAh g−1 at the current density of 0.1 A g−1 after 400 cycles, which suggests that it has a great potential for energy storage.
Molecules arrow_drop_down MoleculesOther literature type . 2023License: CC BYFull-Text: http://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/11/4427/pdfData sources: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Instituteadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.3390/molecules28114427&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess RoutesGreen gold 6 citations 6 popularity Top 10% influence Average impulse Top 10% Powered by BIP!
more_vert Molecules arrow_drop_down MoleculesOther literature type . 2023License: CC BYFull-Text: http://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/11/4427/pdfData sources: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Instituteadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.3390/molecules28114427&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Other literature type 2023Publisher:MDPI AG Hui Li; Lingyue Song; Dongxing Huo; Yu Yang; Ning Zhang; Jinglong Liang;Cattail-grass-derived porous carbon as high-capacity anode materials were prepared via high-temperature carbonization and activation with KOH. The samples exhibited different structures and morphologies with increasing treatment time. It was found that the cattail grass with activation treatment—1 (CGA-1) sample obtained at 800 °C for 1 h presented excellent electrochemical performance. As an anode material for lithium-ion batteries, CGA-1 showed a high charge–discharge capacity of 814.7 mAh g−1 at the current density of 0.1 A g−1 after 400 cycles, which suggests that it has a great potential for energy storage.
Molecules arrow_drop_down MoleculesOther literature type . 2023License: CC BYFull-Text: http://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/11/4427/pdfData sources: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Instituteadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.3390/molecules28114427&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess RoutesGreen gold 6 citations 6 popularity Top 10% influence Average impulse Top 10% Powered by BIP!
more_vert Molecules arrow_drop_down MoleculesOther literature type . 2023License: CC BYFull-Text: http://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/11/4427/pdfData sources: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Instituteadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.3390/molecules28114427&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Journal , Other literature type 2008 PortugalPublisher:Springer Science and Business Media LLC Funded by:FCT | SFRH/BD/13482/2003FCT| SFRH/BD/13482/2003Authors:Duarte, Sofia Alexandra Ferreira;
Duarte, Sofia Alexandra Ferreira
Duarte, Sofia Alexandra Ferreira in OpenAIREPascoal, Cláudia;
Pascoal, Cláudia
Pascoal, Cláudia in OpenAIRECássio, Fernanda;
Cássio, Fernanda
Cássio, Fernanda in OpenAIREWe investigated how a community of microbial decomposers adapted to a reference site responds to a sudden decrease in the water quality. For that, we assessed the activity and diversity of fungi and bacteria on decomposing leaves that were transplanted from a reference (E1) to a polluted site (E2), and results were compared to those from decomposing leaves either at E1 or E2. The two sites had contrasting concentrations of organic and inorganic nutrients and heavy metals in the stream water. At E2, leaf decomposition rates, fungal biomass, and sporulation were reduced, while bacterial biomass was stimulated. Fungal diversity was four times lower at the polluted site. The structure of fungal community on leaves decomposing at E2 significantly differed from that decomposing at E1, as indicated by the principal response curves analysis. Articulospora tetracladia, Anguillospora filiformis, and Lunulospora curvula were dominant species on leaves decomposing at E1 and were the most negatively affected by the transfer to the polluted site. The transfer of leaves colonized at the reference site to the polluted site reduced fungal diversity and sporulation but not fungal biomass and leaf decomposition. Overall, results suggest that the high diversity on leaves from the upstream site might have mitigated the impact of anthropogenic stress on microbial decomposition of leaves transplanted to the polluted site.
Universidade do Minh... arrow_drop_down Universidade do Minho: RepositoriUMOther literature type . 2008Data sources: Universidade do Minho: RepositoriUMadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1007/s00248-008-9388-5&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eu45 citations 45 popularity Top 10% influence Top 10% impulse Top 10% Powered by BIP!
visibility 1visibility views 1 Powered bymore_vert Universidade do Minh... arrow_drop_down Universidade do Minho: RepositoriUMOther literature type . 2008Data sources: Universidade do Minho: RepositoriUMadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1007/s00248-008-9388-5&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Journal , Other literature type 2008 PortugalPublisher:Springer Science and Business Media LLC Funded by:FCT | SFRH/BD/13482/2003FCT| SFRH/BD/13482/2003Authors:Duarte, Sofia Alexandra Ferreira;
Duarte, Sofia Alexandra Ferreira
Duarte, Sofia Alexandra Ferreira in OpenAIREPascoal, Cláudia;
Pascoal, Cláudia
Pascoal, Cláudia in OpenAIRECássio, Fernanda;
Cássio, Fernanda
Cássio, Fernanda in OpenAIREWe investigated how a community of microbial decomposers adapted to a reference site responds to a sudden decrease in the water quality. For that, we assessed the activity and diversity of fungi and bacteria on decomposing leaves that were transplanted from a reference (E1) to a polluted site (E2), and results were compared to those from decomposing leaves either at E1 or E2. The two sites had contrasting concentrations of organic and inorganic nutrients and heavy metals in the stream water. At E2, leaf decomposition rates, fungal biomass, and sporulation were reduced, while bacterial biomass was stimulated. Fungal diversity was four times lower at the polluted site. The structure of fungal community on leaves decomposing at E2 significantly differed from that decomposing at E1, as indicated by the principal response curves analysis. Articulospora tetracladia, Anguillospora filiformis, and Lunulospora curvula were dominant species on leaves decomposing at E1 and were the most negatively affected by the transfer to the polluted site. The transfer of leaves colonized at the reference site to the polluted site reduced fungal diversity and sporulation but not fungal biomass and leaf decomposition. Overall, results suggest that the high diversity on leaves from the upstream site might have mitigated the impact of anthropogenic stress on microbial decomposition of leaves transplanted to the polluted site.
Universidade do Minh... arrow_drop_down Universidade do Minho: RepositoriUMOther literature type . 2008Data sources: Universidade do Minho: RepositoriUMadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1007/s00248-008-9388-5&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eu45 citations 45 popularity Top 10% influence Top 10% impulse Top 10% Powered by BIP!
visibility 1visibility views 1 Powered bymore_vert Universidade do Minh... arrow_drop_down Universidade do Minho: RepositoriUMOther literature type . 2008Data sources: Universidade do Minho: RepositoriUMadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1007/s00248-008-9388-5&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Journal , Other literature type 2021Publisher:MDPI AG Authors: Asif Ali;Tahir Iqbal;
Tahir Iqbal
Tahir Iqbal in OpenAIREMuhammad Jehanzeb Masud Cheema;
Arslan Afzal; +4 AuthorsMuhammad Jehanzeb Masud Cheema
Muhammad Jehanzeb Masud Cheema in OpenAIREAsif Ali;Tahir Iqbal;
Tahir Iqbal
Tahir Iqbal in OpenAIREMuhammad Jehanzeb Masud Cheema;
Arslan Afzal; Muhammad Yasin;Muhammad Jehanzeb Masud Cheema
Muhammad Jehanzeb Masud Cheema in OpenAIREZia ul Haq;
Zia ul Haq
Zia ul Haq in OpenAIREArshad Mahmood Malik;
Khalid Saifullah Khan;Arshad Mahmood Malik
Arshad Mahmood Malik in OpenAIREdoi: 10.3390/su13095152
The energy crisis and increasing fossil fuel prices due to increasing demands, controlled supplies, and global political unrest have adversely affected agricultural productivity and farm profitability across the globe and Pakistan is not an exception. To cope with this issue of energy deficiency in agriculture, the best alternate strategy is to take advantage of biomass and solid waste potential. In low-income countries such as Pakistan, the greenhouse heating system mostly relies on fossil fuels such as diesel, gasoline, and LPG. Farmers are reluctant to adopt greenhouse farming due to the continuously rising prices of the fossil fuels. To reduce reliance on fossil fuel energy, the objective of this study was to utilize biomass from crop residues to develop an efficient and economical biomass furnace that could heat greenhouses to protect the crop from seasonal temperature effects. Modifications made to the biomass furnace, such as the incorporation of insulation around the walls of the furnace, providing turbulators in fire tubes, and a secondary heat exchanger (heat recovery system) in the chimney, have increased the thermal efficiency of the biomass furnace by about 21.7%. A drastic reduction in hazardous elements of flue gases was observed due to the addition of a water scrubber smoke filter in the exit line of the flue. The efficiency of the biomass furnace ranged from 50.42% to 54.18%, whereas the heating efficiency of the diesel-fired heater was 71.19%. On the basis of the equal heating value of the fuels, the unit material and operating costs of the biomass furnace for wood, cotton stalks, corn cobs, and cow dung were USD 2.04, 1.86, 1.78, and 2.00 respectively against USD 4.67/h for the diesel heater. The capital and operating costs of the biomass furnace were about 50% and 43.7% of the diesel heater respectively, resulting in a seasonal saving of about 1573 USD. The produced smoke was tested as environmental friendly under the prescribed limits of the National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS), which shows potential for its large-scale adoption and wider applications.
Sustainability arrow_drop_down SustainabilityOther literature type . 2021License: CC BYFull-Text: http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/9/5152/pdfData sources: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Instituteadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.3390/su13095152&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess Routesgold 4 citations 4 popularity Top 10% influence Average impulse Average Powered by BIP!
more_vert Sustainability arrow_drop_down SustainabilityOther literature type . 2021License: CC BYFull-Text: http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/9/5152/pdfData sources: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Instituteadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.3390/su13095152&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Journal , Other literature type 2021Publisher:MDPI AG Authors: Asif Ali;Tahir Iqbal;
Tahir Iqbal
Tahir Iqbal in OpenAIREMuhammad Jehanzeb Masud Cheema;
Arslan Afzal; +4 AuthorsMuhammad Jehanzeb Masud Cheema
Muhammad Jehanzeb Masud Cheema in OpenAIREAsif Ali;Tahir Iqbal;
Tahir Iqbal
Tahir Iqbal in OpenAIREMuhammad Jehanzeb Masud Cheema;
Arslan Afzal; Muhammad Yasin;Muhammad Jehanzeb Masud Cheema
Muhammad Jehanzeb Masud Cheema in OpenAIREZia ul Haq;
Zia ul Haq
Zia ul Haq in OpenAIREArshad Mahmood Malik;
Khalid Saifullah Khan;Arshad Mahmood Malik
Arshad Mahmood Malik in OpenAIREdoi: 10.3390/su13095152
The energy crisis and increasing fossil fuel prices due to increasing demands, controlled supplies, and global political unrest have adversely affected agricultural productivity and farm profitability across the globe and Pakistan is not an exception. To cope with this issue of energy deficiency in agriculture, the best alternate strategy is to take advantage of biomass and solid waste potential. In low-income countries such as Pakistan, the greenhouse heating system mostly relies on fossil fuels such as diesel, gasoline, and LPG. Farmers are reluctant to adopt greenhouse farming due to the continuously rising prices of the fossil fuels. To reduce reliance on fossil fuel energy, the objective of this study was to utilize biomass from crop residues to develop an efficient and economical biomass furnace that could heat greenhouses to protect the crop from seasonal temperature effects. Modifications made to the biomass furnace, such as the incorporation of insulation around the walls of the furnace, providing turbulators in fire tubes, and a secondary heat exchanger (heat recovery system) in the chimney, have increased the thermal efficiency of the biomass furnace by about 21.7%. A drastic reduction in hazardous elements of flue gases was observed due to the addition of a water scrubber smoke filter in the exit line of the flue. The efficiency of the biomass furnace ranged from 50.42% to 54.18%, whereas the heating efficiency of the diesel-fired heater was 71.19%. On the basis of the equal heating value of the fuels, the unit material and operating costs of the biomass furnace for wood, cotton stalks, corn cobs, and cow dung were USD 2.04, 1.86, 1.78, and 2.00 respectively against USD 4.67/h for the diesel heater. The capital and operating costs of the biomass furnace were about 50% and 43.7% of the diesel heater respectively, resulting in a seasonal saving of about 1573 USD. The produced smoke was tested as environmental friendly under the prescribed limits of the National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS), which shows potential for its large-scale adoption and wider applications.
Sustainability arrow_drop_down SustainabilityOther literature type . 2021License: CC BYFull-Text: http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/9/5152/pdfData sources: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Instituteadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.3390/su13095152&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess Routesgold 4 citations 4 popularity Top 10% influence Average impulse Average Powered by BIP!
more_vert Sustainability arrow_drop_down SustainabilityOther literature type . 2021License: CC BYFull-Text: http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/9/5152/pdfData sources: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Instituteadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.3390/su13095152&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Journal 2021 FrancePublisher:Oxford University Press (OUP) Authors: Chowdhury, Niaz Bahar;Schroeder, Wheaton;
Sarkar, Debolina; Amiour, Nardjis; +4 AuthorsSchroeder, Wheaton
Schroeder, Wheaton in OpenAIREChowdhury, Niaz Bahar;Schroeder, Wheaton;
Sarkar, Debolina; Amiour, Nardjis;Schroeder, Wheaton
Schroeder, Wheaton in OpenAIREQuilleré, Isabelle;
Hirel, Bertrand; Maranas, Costas;Quilleré, Isabelle
Quilleré, Isabelle in OpenAIRESaha, Rajib;
Saha, Rajib
Saha, Rajib in OpenAIREdoi: 10.1093/jxb/erab435
pmid: 34554248
Abstract The growth and development of maize (Zea mays L.) largely depends on its nutrient uptake through the root. Hence, studying its growth, response, and associated metabolic reprogramming to stress conditions is becoming an important research direction. A genome-scale metabolic model (GSM) for the maize root was developed to study its metabolic reprogramming under nitrogen stress conditions. The model was reconstructed based on the available information from KEGG, UniProt, and MaizeCyc. Transcriptomics data derived from the roots of hydroponically grown maize plants were used to incorporate regulatory constraints in the model and simulate nitrogen-non-limiting (N+) and nitrogen-deficient (N−) condition. Model-predicted flux-sum variability analysis achieved 70% accuracy compared with the experimental change of metabolite levels. In addition to predicting important metabolic reprogramming in central carbon, fatty acid, amino acid, and other secondary metabolism, maize root GSM predicted several metabolites (l-methionine, l-asparagine, l-lysine, cholesterol, and l-pipecolate) playing a regulatory role in the root biomass growth. Furthermore, this study revealed eight phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol metabolites which, even though not coupled with biomass production, played a key role in the increased biomass production under N-deficient conditions. Overall, the omics-integrated GSM provides a promising tool to facilitate stress condition analysis for maize root and engineer better stress-tolerant maize genotypes.
Journal of Experimen... arrow_drop_down Journal of Experimental BotanyArticle . 2021 . Peer-reviewedLicense: OUP Standard Publication ReuseData sources: CrossrefInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique: ProdINRAArticle . 2022Data sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1093/jxb/erab435&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess Routeshybrid 23 citations 23 popularity Top 10% influence Average impulse Top 10% Powered by BIP!
more_vert Journal of Experimen... arrow_drop_down Journal of Experimental BotanyArticle . 2021 . Peer-reviewedLicense: OUP Standard Publication ReuseData sources: CrossrefInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique: ProdINRAArticle . 2022Data sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1093/jxb/erab435&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Journal 2021 FrancePublisher:Oxford University Press (OUP) Authors: Chowdhury, Niaz Bahar;Schroeder, Wheaton;
Sarkar, Debolina; Amiour, Nardjis; +4 AuthorsSchroeder, Wheaton
Schroeder, Wheaton in OpenAIREChowdhury, Niaz Bahar;Schroeder, Wheaton;
Sarkar, Debolina; Amiour, Nardjis;Schroeder, Wheaton
Schroeder, Wheaton in OpenAIREQuilleré, Isabelle;
Hirel, Bertrand; Maranas, Costas;Quilleré, Isabelle
Quilleré, Isabelle in OpenAIRESaha, Rajib;
Saha, Rajib
Saha, Rajib in OpenAIREdoi: 10.1093/jxb/erab435
pmid: 34554248
Abstract The growth and development of maize (Zea mays L.) largely depends on its nutrient uptake through the root. Hence, studying its growth, response, and associated metabolic reprogramming to stress conditions is becoming an important research direction. A genome-scale metabolic model (GSM) for the maize root was developed to study its metabolic reprogramming under nitrogen stress conditions. The model was reconstructed based on the available information from KEGG, UniProt, and MaizeCyc. Transcriptomics data derived from the roots of hydroponically grown maize plants were used to incorporate regulatory constraints in the model and simulate nitrogen-non-limiting (N+) and nitrogen-deficient (N−) condition. Model-predicted flux-sum variability analysis achieved 70% accuracy compared with the experimental change of metabolite levels. In addition to predicting important metabolic reprogramming in central carbon, fatty acid, amino acid, and other secondary metabolism, maize root GSM predicted several metabolites (l-methionine, l-asparagine, l-lysine, cholesterol, and l-pipecolate) playing a regulatory role in the root biomass growth. Furthermore, this study revealed eight phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol metabolites which, even though not coupled with biomass production, played a key role in the increased biomass production under N-deficient conditions. Overall, the omics-integrated GSM provides a promising tool to facilitate stress condition analysis for maize root and engineer better stress-tolerant maize genotypes.
Journal of Experimen... arrow_drop_down Journal of Experimental BotanyArticle . 2021 . Peer-reviewedLicense: OUP Standard Publication ReuseData sources: CrossrefInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique: ProdINRAArticle . 2022Data sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1093/jxb/erab435&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess Routeshybrid 23 citations 23 popularity Top 10% influence Average impulse Top 10% Powered by BIP!
more_vert Journal of Experimen... arrow_drop_down Journal of Experimental BotanyArticle . 2021 . Peer-reviewedLicense: OUP Standard Publication ReuseData sources: CrossrefInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique: ProdINRAArticle . 2022Data sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1093/jxb/erab435&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eu