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To obtain breeding materials for biomass production, genetic resources of Miscanthus sacchariflorus were searched and collected along main rivers in the Kinki Region in November 2016. A total of 15 clones was collected in Hyogo, Kyoto, ; 2016年11月に近畿地方の主要河川において，バイオマス利用を目的とする植物の育種素材としてオギ（Miscanthus sacchariflorus）遺伝資源の探索収集を行った．兵庫，京都，大阪の各府県において，合計15点を収集し，いずれも河川敷や川沿いにおいて自生集団が認められた．

This paper reports the results of a questionnaire related to the utilization of the agricultural waste biomass in Miyakojima city. In Miyakojima, groundwater contamination due to the excessive application of artificial fertilizer, the use of unripe compost and the open air storage of domestic animal excrement is of great concern. This paper attempts to clarify the current situation with regard to the disposal of stock excrement from farms and quantify the amount of agricultural waste biomass in existence in Miyakojima city, excluding the former Hirara city, and Gusukube and Irabu townships. According to the results of the questionnaire, family-owned farms want to use the waste biomass for the maintenance of soil fertility more than they do at present. However, while the construction of roofed compost facilities is ideal, the problems remains that most farms. still rely on open air composting. Family-owned farms tend to become dependent on artificial manure as it's immediate effects in improving soil fertility are more advantageous than the slower effects associated with the use of compost. However, as the unit cost of artificial fertilizer is greater than that of manure, its continued use is financially crippling for family-owned farms. Though family-owned farms actively desire to utilize the agricultural waste biomass to maintain soil fertility, farms with large numbers of stock are yet to provide suitable arrangements for the treatment of the excrement and, therefore, are unable to effectively apply it to the maintenance of soil fertility. 本稿は，宮古島市での廃棄物系バイオマスの利活用に関したアンケートを実施した．宮古島は化学肥料の過剰施肥と未熟堆肥や家畜糞尿の野積みにより，地下水汚染が懸念される．本稿は，畜産農家の糞尿処理の実態と旧平良市，旧城辺町，旧伊良部町を除く宮古島市における廃棄物系バイオマスの賦存量を明らかにした．アンケート結果によれば耕種農家は，廃棄物系バイオマスを地力維持に今以上に利用したいと考えている．しかし屋根で囲われた堆肥盤となる施設が理想的であるが，未だに農家は野積みで堆肥を製造していることに問題がある．耕種農家は地力不足が明確になっていながらも，遅効性である堆肥が不足するため，即効性の化学肥料に依存せざるをえなくなっている．化学肥料は単位当りの価格が堆肥より高額であり，農家とすればいたずらにコストアップにつながっている．耕種農家は，廃棄物系バイオマスの利用を地力維持において肯定的にとらえている．しかし多くの畜産農家は，施設の未整備となっており，排出される家畜糞尿を有効に利活用することができていない．

The woody biomass is carbonized to give charcoal, gas and tar. The tar is able to be reformed into burnable gases, such as CH４ and H2 by following pyrolysis. This thermochemical reaction system is expected for an approach to effective utilization of forest products such as thinning cuts by using matrices prepared from wood. This system applied for carbonization of larch wood particles and gasification of the tar in a stream of steam or nitrogen, and then the effect of steam on material balance and the characteristics of the charcoal were investigated. By introduction of steam, the generation of the gas was increased and the distillate (tar) was decreased, whereas the yield of charcoal was almost same. On the surface characteristics of the charcoal, an increase in the specific surface area by the steam treatment was observed, but there was little effect on the adsorption rate of iodine in liquid phase and the moisture adsorption ability. 木質バイオマスを原料として炭化物を製造し，同時に発生するタールを二次的に熱分解/改質してメタンや水素などの燃焼性ガスを得る二段階の熱処理システムは，間伐材等の林産廃棄物の有効な利用法としての可能性を有している。本研究では，二段階熱処理システムを用いてカラマツ材チップの炭化およびタールの改質を行うとともに，水蒸気の導入による物質収支ならびに炭化物表面特性の変化について調べた。水蒸気の導入による効果としては，炭化物収率への影響は少なかったが，ガス発生量の増加および留出液(タール)発生量の減少が認められた。炭化物の表面特性に関しては，水蒸気の導入による比表面積の増大が観察されたが，液相吸着性能および水分吸着性能に影響を与えるほどの変化は認められなかった。

We studied whether the effects of deer exclosures on herbaceous communities differ between in understory sites and in open sites. In May 2003, each four deer exclosures was established at two different light conditions, one was in open sites and another one was in understory sites. Vegetation sampling was conducted in October 2003 and 2004. Deer pellet group count and PPFD measurements were also conducted. Comparing biomass in understory sites (or in open sites) between inside and outside exclosures, biomass inside in both sites was more abundant in 2004. The differences of species richness between inside and outside exclosures were significant in understory sites. On the other hand, no significance of these species richness was found in open sites. It might imply that their community structure which developed well inside the exclosures could result in the decrease of species richness. In conclusion, a deer exclosure is supposed to be effective in the purpose of maintaining biomass. However, in the purpose of maintaining species richness, an exclosure could have a negative effect in open sites, depending on the morphological traits of dominant species. 光環境の異なる閉鎖林冠下と開放地において草本群落に対する防鹿柵の影響は異なるのかを明らかにすることを試みた.開放地と閉鎖林冠下の各4箇所の実験区に, 2003年春防鹿柵を設置し, 2003年秋と2004年秋に植生の刈取り調査を行った.各調査区ではシカの糞塊調査と相対光量子束密度の測定も行った.2004年には開放地・閉鎖林冠下ともに群落現存量が柵外に比べて柵内で有意に大きくなった.群落構成種数は閉鎖林冠下においては柵外に比べて柵内で有意に多くなった.一方, 開放地では群落構成種数に有意な差は認められなかった.開放地の柵内ではとくに群落内の階層構造が発達したため, 植物種間で競争が生じた可能性が示された, 防鹿柵は群落の現存量を維持する目的では光環境に関わらず有効であると考えられる.一方, 草本群落の構成種数に関しては, 優占種の生活型によっては負の影響を与える可能性も示唆された. 特集 : ニホンジカの森林生態系へのインパクト: 芦生研究林

The authors proposed the design technique of a Stirling engine in case the limited heat source like waste heat or the biomass. In order to estimate the design technique and the engine system performance, a Stirling engine for experiments is designed. The engine is multi-stage type engine of three-step composition. When swept volume of a displacer piston and a power piston of each engine can be adjusted according to a heat source suitably, the heat source is changed to engine output efficiently.

Stratifications of sea water-body, distributions of the phytoplankton biomass and several environmental factors were estimated during the spring tide and the neap tide in April 2014 at the estuary of Sagami River. Measurements were carried out four times a day and diel changes of the water-body were estimated. During spring tides, low salinity water from the river was extended, narrowed and mixed with seawater at the surface layer and particle matters might be made. During the neap tide, stratification by low salinity and warm water was fixed. The temperature and dissolved oxygen concentration were increased at the surface during the day. Instead of these diel changes, the factors changed more widely in 7 days. Massive growth of phytoplankton was clearly detected at the beginning of stratification of the water body. 原著2013 年度神奈川大学総合理学研究所共同研究助成論文

Bamboo powder (particle size 0.2 mm) and three cube-shaped woods (1 mm, 2 mm and 3 mm) were carbonized in the superheated steam (SHS) combined with far infrared heating (FIH), and the effect of sample size on carbonization rate was investigated. Carbonization temperature was adjusted at 270, 280, 290, and 300°C by regulating the SHS temperature at 180°C with the FIH temperatures at 375, 400, 425, and 450°C. Carbonization energies for the combined treatment were also compared with those for the carbonization treatment in SHS alone at 255, 265, 275, and 285°C. The generation rate of the SHS was the same for both carbonization treatments. The carbonization rate of each sample obeyed a first order reaction rate equation. Average values of the activation energy for the combined treatment of SHS with FIH and for the treatment in SHS alone were 137 kJ/mol and 149 kJ/mol, respectively. These values were almost the same as the activation energies for thermal decomposition of starch and cellulose under nitrogen gas. The relationship between the logarithmic values of the sample sizes and those of the carbonization rate constants was expressed as a linear curve at each carbonization temperature. Compared with the carbonization in the SHS alone, the combine treatment of SHS and FIH was much easier to make the carbonization apparatus in high carbonization temperature conditions with small additional heat. The higher the FIH temperature, the smaller the carbonization energy was obtained, because of shortening the carbonization time significantly. 竹粉(粒径0.2mm)および試料サイズを1mm, 2mm, 3mm角に揃えた木片を遠赤外線加熱(FIH)を付加した過熱水蒸気(SHS)処理で炭化処理し, 試料サイズの違いが炭化速度に及ぼす影響について調べた. SHS温度180℃にFIH温度375, 400, 425, 450℃を付加して, 炭化温度を270, 280, 290, 300℃に調整した. また, SHS温度255, 265, 275, 285℃のSHS単独処理の場合とFIH付加に要する炭化エネルギを比較した. 2つの炭化処理で過熱水蒸気生成速度は同じとした.炭化速度は, どの試料においても一次反応速度式に従った. 活性化エネルギの平均値は, 遠赤外線加熱を付加した過熱水蒸気処理の場合は137kJ/mol, 過熱水蒸気単独処理の場合は149kJ/molであった. これらの値は, 窒素ガス中での澱粉やセルロースの熱分解反応の活性化エネルギの文献値とほぼ一致した. 試料サイズと炭化速度定数の関係は, いずれの炭化温度でも両対数紙上で直線で表された. SHS処理にFIHを付加した場合には, SHS単独処理の場合と比較してわずかな熱量の付加で炭化装置を高温条件にすることが容易であり, 遠赤外線ヒータの温度を高温にするほど炭化時間の短縮効果によって炭化に要する熱量は減少した.