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  • Energy Research
  • 15. Life on land
  • German
  • Netherlands Research Portal

  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/

    Die intensive Nutzung in Landwirtschaft und Forstwirtschaft und damit einhergehende Bodendegradation stellen eine enorme Herausforderung für die menschliche Gesellschaft dar. Insbesondere die Übernutzung reduziert die Ernährungssicherheit, führt zur Emission von Treibhausgasen und Aerosolen, treibt den Verlust der biologischen Vielfalt an, verschmutzt das Wasser und untergräbt eine Vielzahl von Ökosystemdienstlei - stungen, die über die Nahrungsmittelversorgung sowie die Wasser- und Klimaregulierung hinausgehen. Die direkten Emissionen durch Entwaldung, Düngung, Reisanbau und Wiederkäuer belaufen sich derzeit auf etwa 25% aller menschlichen Treibhausgasemissionen. Der intensiven Landnutzung zugrunde liegen sowohl das Bevölkerungswachstum, der Anstieg im pro-Kopf-Verbrauch an Kalorien, Holz und Fasern sowie verstärkter Konsum von Fleisch- und Milchprodukten. Dieses Kapitel fasst diese soziökonomischen Aspekte kurz zusammen und führt in die grundsätzlichen Prozesse ein, die der Emission von CO2, CH4 und N2O zugrunde liegen. In verschiedenen Kapiteln in diesem Buch werden diese Prozesse wieder aufgegriffen und unter verschiedenen Gesichtspunkten detaillierter beleuchtet. Socioeconomic aspects of land use change, effects on biogeochemical cycles and greenhouse gas emissions: Intensive agriculture and forestry and associated land degradation, pose an enormous challenge to human society. Overuse of land ecosystems reduces food security, leads to emissions of greenhouse gases and aerosols, drives biodiversity loss, pollutes water, and undermines a wide range of ecosystem services beyond food supply and water and climate regulation. Direct emissions from deforestation, fertilization, rice cultivation, and ruminants currently amount to about 25% of all human greenhouse gas emissions. Drivers of intensive land useare population growth, together with increases in per capita consumption of calories, wood, and fiber, and a shift towards consumption of meat and dairy products. This chapter briefly summarizes these socioeconomic aspects and introduces the basic processes underlying the emission of CO2, CH4, and N2O. Various chapters in this book revisit these processes and examine them in more detail from different perspectives. Aspectos socioeconómicos del cambio de uso de la tierra, efectos en los ciclos biogeoquímicos y emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero: El uso intensivo del suelo en la agricultura y la silvicultura asi como la asociada degradación del suelo representan un enorme desafío para la sociedad humana. En particular, el sobreuso hace peligrar la seguridad alimentaria, conduce a la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero y aerosoles, incrementa la pérdida de biodiversidad, contamina el agua y socava una variedad de servicios de los ecosistemas más allá del suministro de alimentos y la regulación del agua y el clima. Las emisiones directas de la deforestación, la fertilización, el cultivo de arroz y los rumiantes representan actualmente alrededor del 25% de todas las emisiones antrópicas de gases de efecto invernadero. El uso intensivo de la tierra se basa en el crecimiento de la población, el aumento del consumo per cápita de calorías, madera y fibra y un mayor consumo de carne y productos lácteos. Este capítulo resume brevemente estos aspectos socioeconómicos e introduce los procesos fundamentales que subyacen a la emisión de CO2, CH4 y N2O. Estos procesos se retoman en varios capítulos de este libro y se examinan con más detalle desde varias perspectivas.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.25592/uh...
    Part of book or chapter of book . 2021
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Datacite
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.25592/uh...
    Part of book or chapter of book . 2021
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Datacite
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.25592/wa...
    Part of book or chapter of book . 2021
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Datacite
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    B2FIND
    Part of book or chapter of book . 2021
    Data sources: B2FIND
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ https://dx.doi.org/1...arrow_drop_down
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.25592/uh...
      Part of book or chapter of book . 2021
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Datacite
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.25592/uh...
      Part of book or chapter of book . 2021
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Datacite
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.25592/wa...
      Part of book or chapter of book . 2021
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Datacite
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      B2FIND
      Part of book or chapter of book . 2021
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  • Authors: Schimmelpfennig, Sonja; Heidecke, Claudia; Beer, Holger; Bittner, Florian; +10 Authors

    This Working Paper summarizes the results of a survey and a workshop, which were compiled and discussed by scientists of the research institutes Thünen-Institut, Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI) and Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI) in autumn 2016. The aim of the workshop and the survey was to analyze the state of knowledge on climate change adaptation in BMEL departmental research and the future challenges of adaptation to climate change in German agriculture and forestry. DOI:10.3220/WP1518167089000

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    Authors: Rühl, Anna Theresa; Donath, Tobias W.; Eckstein, R. Lutz; Otte, Annette;

    Arable weeds are one of the most endangered species groups in Europe. Modern agriculture and intensive land use management with the application of herbicides and fertilisers, enhanced seed cleaning, simplified crop rotations and abandonment of marginal arable sites are the main causes for the continuous decline of arable weeds. However, besides these changes in land use also global climate change may challenge the adaptability of arable weeds. Most scientists agree that the frequency of extreme meteorological conditions will increase in the future. As a consequence, plants of Central Europe will be subject to higher temperatures and reduced water supply due to longer intervals without precipitation during the growing season. We exposed seeds of five common and five endangered arable weed species to different temperatures and water potentials to study i) how this plant group responds to higher temperatures and lower moisture during germination in general and ii) whether there is a significant difference between common and endangered species in this respect.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Julius-Kühn-Archivarrow_drop_down
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    Julius-Kühn-Archiv
    Article . 2014
    Data sources: DOAJ
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Julius-Kühn-Archivarrow_drop_down
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      Julius-Kühn-Archiv
      Article . 2014
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Schimmelpfenning, Sonja; Anter, Jano; Heidecke, Claudia; Lange, Stefan; +8 Authors

    On September 11 and 12, 2017, a symposium on "Irrigation in agriculture", jointly organized by the Thünen Institute, the Julius-Kühn Institute and the University of Applied Sciences Ostfalia took place at the Ostfalia University of Applied Sciences, Campus Suderburg. For this purpose, experts from the field of irrigation were invited to give current assessments on the development of irrigation needs and the irrigation-worthiness of different crops at different locations in Ger-many as well as on the development of irrigation technology. The irrigation of crops in outdoor vegetables or special crops has long been a common practice. The profitability of irrigating agri-cultural crops in Germany has so far been limited to a few, dry locations. As a result of climate change, an increasing average annual temperature and changed precipitation patterns (in partic-ular lower rainfall at the beginning of the vegetation period in spring) have been observed in Germany for some years now. For the future, according to the results of climate models, a fur-ther increase in temperatures and further changes in the precipitation distribution such as a de-crease in the summer precipitation and an increase in winter precipitation are to be expected. The conference proceedings provide an overview of the latest research findings from the field of drought stress and discuss possible alternative sources for meeting the additional water require-ments of agricultural crops. Aspects of the landscape water balance and hydrological correlations in the agricultural landscape are addressed and solutions presented. Insights into possible con-flicts of water use and practical experience with the development of solutions are accompanied by the presentation of the legal framework for water use. The contributions are supplemented by reports of long-term irrigation field trials conducted by the LWK Lower Saxony. On the one hand, the experiments have shown that irrigation can increase the nutrient efficiency of crops and the quality of crops. On the other hand, the present state of the art of irrigation will be explained and limits and possibilities for increasing efficiency in the future will be presented. In order to in-crease the efficiency of irrigation, irrigation control is of great importance; its current status is presented and the trends for the future are shown. The profitability of investments in irrigation technology is presented in two contributions. Here, both the different techniques and their prof-itability in different crops are assessed economically. Possible developments of regional irrigation needs are exemplarily shown for the federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia. The conference proceedings conclude with a chapter on the overview of previous projects in the field of water management and on irrigation of agricultural land in view of future climate change in Germany.

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    EconStor
    Research . 2018
    Data sources: EconStor
    https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
    Other literature type . 2018
    Data sources: Datacite
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      EconStor
      Research . 2018
      Data sources: EconStor
      https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
      Other literature type . 2018
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Steven Reschly; Scot Long; Caroline Brock;

    "In this symposium review, three agricultural and environmental researchers discuss the book Nature and the Environment in Amish Life by David McConnell and Marilyn Loveless, both of the College of Wooster in Wooster, Ohio. McConnell is an anthropology professor and co-author of Amish Paradox (2010, Johns Hopkins University Press) and has published his research in Human Organization, Anthropology and Education Quarterly, and the Journal of Amish and Plain Anabaptist Studies (JAPAS) (Moledina, et al. 2014). Loveless is a biology emeritus professor; this is her first academic publication about the Amish. Our reviewers offer a variety of reactions to this book. The first reviewer, historian Steven Reschly, is a founding board member of the Journal of Amish and Plain Anabaptist Studies and is currently assistant editor. He has written on Amish agricultural history in The Amish on the Iowa Prairie (2000, Johns Hopkins University Press) and in articles in Agricultural History, Mennonite Quarterly Review, JAPAS, and others. Scot Long completed his Ph.D. in anthropology at Ohio State University, having conducted extensive research on Amish farm households in southeastern Holmes County, OH. He has also published in JAPAS (Long and Moore 2014) about the impact of the environmental landscape on Amish church districts. Caroline Brock completed her Ph.D. in envirnoment and resources at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Her research focuses on theoretical models for understanding Amish responses to agriculture and the environment, including organic dairy adoption and water quality conservation practices. Her research has appeared in Environmental Management, Society & Natural Resources, Journal of Rural Studies, Sustainability, JAPAS, and other outlets. She recently worked as a senior research associate at the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center in Wooster, OH. This book will certainly generate many conversations and hopefully inspire further research into the Amish relationships with agriculture and the environment. [Abstract by editor]"

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    Authors: Gerowitt, Bärbel; Peters, Kristian;

    Climate change will affect the agricultural ecosystem on different levels. It also alters interactions of weeds and crops. Each weed reacts on an individual basis to changes. Weeds can show an increase or decrease in abundance, can invade new areas or can completely vanish. They also can change traits to be more competitive. Overall, this will result in a different abundance and composition of weeds, as well as a different damaging potential. Land-use changes and agricultural adoption strategies to climate change will have dramatic influence on the interactions as well. Based on these interactions, there will be various options for dealing with climate change.

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    Julius-Kühn-Archiv
    Article . 2012
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      Julius-Kühn-Archiv
      Article . 2012
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    Authors: Bürger, Jana; Edler, Barbara; Gerowitt, Bärbel; Steinmann, Horst-Henning;

    Increasing maize cultivation and changed cropping practices promote the selection of typical maize weeds that may also profit strongly from climate change. Predicting potential weed problems is of high interest for plant production. Within the project KLIFF, experiments were combined with species distribution modelling for this task in the region of Lower Saxony, Germany. For our study, we modelled ecological and damage niches of nine weed species that are significant and wide spread in maize cropping in a number of European countries. Species distribution models describe the ecological niche of a species, these are the environmental conditions under which a species can maintain a vital population. It is also possible to estimate a damage niche, i.e. the conditions under which a species causes damage in agricultural crops. For this, we combined occurrence data of European national data bases with high resolution climate, soil and land use data. Models were also projected to simulated climate conditions for the time horizon 2070 - 2100 in order to estimate climate change effects. Modelling results indicate favourable conditions for typical maize weed occurrence virtually all over the study region, but only a few species are important in maize cropping. This is in good accordance with the findings of an earlier maize weed monitoring. Reaction to changing climate conditions is species-specific, for some species neutral (E. crus-galli), other species may gain (Polygonum persicaria) or loose (Viola arvensis) large areas of suitable habitats. All species with damage potential under present conditions will remain important in maize cropping, some more species will gain regional importance (Calystegia sepium, Setara viridis).

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    Authors: Kugler, Florian; Hajnsek, Irena; Papathanassiou, Kostas; Krieger, Gerhard; +1 Authors
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  • Authors: Janine Sybertz;

    Der Schutz der biologischen Vielfalt ist eine gesellschaftlich sehr wichtige Aufgabe, deren Bedeutung in den letzten Jahrzehnten zunehmend auch politisch erkannt wird. Nationale wie globale Zielsetzungen, den Verlust der biologischen Vielfalt aufzuhalten und eine positive Trendwende zu erreichen, wurden bislang allerdings verfehlt. Als wichtige Ursachen für den Verlust der Artenvielfalt werden sowohl der Landnutzungswandel als auch Klimaveränderungen gesehen. Landnutzungsintensivierungen haben insbesondere seit der zweiten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts zu einem zunehmenden Rückgang der Artenvielfalt in der Agrarlandschaft geführt. Die Ursachen für diesen Rückgang sind vielfältig. Sie umfassen eine Abnahme der Nahrungsgrundlage vieler Arten, u.a. durch den Einsatz von Herbiziden und Insektiziden, und den Verlust von geeigneten Fortpflanzungs- und Nahrungshabitaten durch einen Rückgang der Strukturvielfalt und des Anteils naturnaher Habitate. Seit Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts rückt zunehmend auch der Klimawandel als Einflussgröße für den Rückgang der Artenvielfalt in den Fokus. Einhergehend mit steigenden Temperaturen wurden bereits Verschiebungen von Verbreitungsgrenzen und Veränderungen in der Phänologie von Arten beobachtet. Bis zum Ende des 21. Jahrhunderts werden neben weiter steigenden Temperaturen die Zunahme von Hitzewellen und extremen Niederschlagsereignissen, eine Veränderung der Niederschlagsverhältnisse und ein weiterer Anstieg des Meeresspiegels erwartet. Zwischen Klima und Landnutzung gibt es vielfältige Wechselwirkungen und sich gegenseitig verstärkende Effekte - auch in ihrer Wirkung auf einzelne Arten und die biologische Vielfalt. Hier gilt es, Methoden zur Erfassung und Bewertung von Auswirkungen landnutzungs- und klimawandelbedingter Umweltveränderungen zu entwickeln und aufzuzeigen, durch welche Maßnahmen negative Auswirkungen auf die Artenvielfalt vermieden oder vermindert werden können. Akteure zur Umsetzung solcher Maßnahmen sind einerseits der behördliche und ehrenamtliche Naturschutz. Andererseits ist gerade in der Agrarlandschaft auch die Einbindung von Landwirten entscheidend, um möglichst dauerhafte und großflächige Wirkungen zu erzielen. Ein Weg der Einbindung von Landwirten in naturschutzfachliche Maßnahmenprogramme führt über die lebensmittelerzeugenden Unternehmen, die Abnehmer ihrer Produkte sind. Solche Unternehmen, gerade aus der Biobranche, suchen zunehmend nach Möglichkeiten, ihren Kunden transparent und glaubwürdig zu kommunizieren, was ihre Zulieferlandwirte für den Erhalt und die Förderung der Artenvielfalt leisten. Flächendeckende Vor-Ort-Erfassungen von Arten sind dabei aber sowohl aus Kosten- als auch aus Zeitgründen unrealistisch. Einfache Modelle bzw. Indikatorensets, die die Artenvielfalt auf landwirtschaftlichen Flächen valide abbilden und dabei zeiteffizient und praxisnah in der Datenerhebung und Anwendung sind, werden daher dringend benötigt, fehlen aber bislang. Auf Basis solcher Modelle können auch Maßnahmen für die Betriebsebene und deren Potenzial zur Steigerung der Artenvielfalt abgeleitet werden. Im Hinblick auf Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf Tierarten fehlen derzeit vor allem auf regionaler Ebene Einschätzungen über die Empfindlichkeit von Artengemeinschaften gegenüber den projizierten Klimaänderungen und darüber, wie sich klimabedingte Arealverschiebungen auf die Zusammensetzung regionaler Artengemeinschaften auswirken könnten. Solche Einschätzungen braucht es aber, um den naturschutzfachlichen Handlungsbedarf für Anpassungsstrategien und -maßnahmen zu identifizieren und zu konkretisieren. Zu entsprechenden Anpassungsmaßnahmen gibt es bereits eine Reihe von Empfehlungen, die allerdings häufig unspezifisch bleiben, so dass vielen Praktikern unklar ist, welche Maßnahmen Priorität haben und wie diese konkret umgesetzt werden sollen und können. Daher ist es erforderlich, solche allgemeinen Maßnahmenempfehlungen für die jeweilige regionale Ebene unter Berücksichtigung der Empfindlichkeit der dort vorkommenden Arten und möglicher klimabedingter Ein- und Abwanderungsprozesse zu konkretisieren. Vor dem Hintergrund dieser Wissenslücken war das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit, einen Beitrag dazu zu leisten, Auswirkungen landnutzungs- und klimawandelbedingter Umweltveränderungen auf Tierarten auf der regionalen bzw. lokalen Ebene zu ermitteln und zu bewerten, um darauf aufbauend geeignete und für die jeweilige Ebene hinreichend konkrete naturschutzfachliche Maßnahmen zur Verminderung negativer Auswirkungen ableiten zu können. Dazu wurde exemplarisch für einzelne Regionen, Lebensräume und Tierartengruppen untersucht, 1) anhand welcher Indikatorensets und Modelle sich die Artenvielfalt auf der Ebene landwirtschaftlicher Betriebe praxistauglich, zeiteffizient und valide abbilden lässt, 2) an welchen Kriterien eine Empfindlichkeit von Tierarten gegenüber klimatischen Veränderungen auf naturräumlicher Ebene festgemacht werden kann, 3) wie sich ein klimawandelbedingter Turnover in Artengemeinschaften eines Naturraums abschätzen lässt, 4) welche Maßnahmen zum Erhalt und zur Förderung der Artenvielfalt basierend auf den Ergebnissen solcher Analysen auf lokaler und regionaler Ebene abgeleitet werden können, 5) welche Synergien sich im Hinblick auf Maßnahmen zur Verringerung negativer Auswirkungen von Klimawandel und Landnutzung ergeben und welche Grenzen die entwickelten Methoden zur Einschätzung solcher Auswirkungen aufweisen. Hinsichtlich der Auswirkungen landnutzungsbedingter Umweltveränderungen auf Tierarten wurde untersucht, ob und wie sich die Artenvielfalt und mögliche Veränderungen durch die Landnutzung oder durch Naturschutzmaßnahmen auf der Ebene landwirtschaftlicher Betriebe mit Hilfe von einfach handhabbaren Modellen und Indikatorensets abbilden lassen. Dazu wurden in umfangreichen Literaturstudien mögliche Einflussvariablen identifiziert, die für die Artenvielfalt von Tagfaltern auf Rainen und die Artenvielfalt von Vögeln in Hecken sowie auf Äckern von Bedeutung sein können. Auf sieben über Deutschland verteilten landwirtschaftlichen Betrieben wurden sowohl Daten zu diesen möglichen Einflussvariablen erhoben als auch Erfassungen der Artengruppen Tagfalter und Vögel durchgeführt. Durch multiple lineare Regressionsanalysen wurden aus dem Set der möglichen Einflussvariablen anhand der auf den Betrieben erhobenen Daten diejenigen identifiziert, die die Artenvielfalt von Tagfaltern und Vögeln am besten vorhersagen. Bei Tagfaltern auf Rainen sind dies die Heterogenität der umgebenden Landschaft, der Mahdzeitpunkt, die Breite, Länge und das Gräser-Kräuter-Verhältnis des Rains sowie die Bewirtschaftungsart angrenzender Felder. Für die Artenvielfalt von Vögeln in Hecken wurden die Variablen Länge und Breite der Hecke, die Anzahl der Gehölzarten, das Vorkommen von Höhlen/Totholz, das Vorhandensein von Dornsträuchern sowie die Breite des angrenzenden Krautsaums als wichtigste Einflussfaktoren zur Vorhersage der Artenvielfalt ermittelt. Ein Modell zur Vorhersage der Artenvielfalt von Vögeln auf Äckern wurde verworfen, da die Ergebnisse deutlich von der Datenlage der Stichprobe geprägt waren und nur zum Teil den Erkenntnissen aus der zuvor durchgeführten Literaturstudie entsprachen. Die aus den Modellergebnissen ableitbaren Maßnahmen für die Betriebsebene beziehen sich auf die jeweils bedeutsamen Einflussfaktoren - z.B. das Mahdregime bzw. den Mahdzeitpunkt bei Rainen und die Anlage oder Verbreitung von Krautsäumen zwischen Hecken und den an diese angrenzenden Feldern - und betreffen sowohl die Optimierung vorhandener Strukturen als auch die Neuanlage von Landschaftselementen. Diese stellen einen Baustein im Spektrum sinnvoller Maßnahmen auf landwirtschaftlichen Betrieben dar und sollten durch weitere flankiert werden. Dazu ist eine gesamtbetriebliche Perspektive wichtig, die die betriebs- und landschaftsraumspezifischen Voraussetzungen einbindet. Zur Unterstützung hierbei kann einerseits landwirtschaftliche Beratung, andererseits aber auch eine vom Landwirt selbst bedienbare naturschutzfachliche Managementsoftware dienen. In eine solche Software (MANUELA - Managementsystem Naturschutz für eine nachhaltige Landwirtschaft) wurden die in der vorliegenden Arbeit entwickelten Modelle bereits implementiert und ergänzen dort bereits vorhandene Tools, zum Beispiel zur Ermittlung und Bewertung der Pflanzenartenvielfalt auf Äckern, aber auch zum Landschaftsbild und zum Biotopverbund. Hinsichtlich der Auswirkungen klimawandelbedingter Umweltveränderungen wurde untersucht, an welchen Kriterien sich eine Empfindlichkeit von Tierarten gegenüber solchen Umweltveränderungen auf naturräumlicher Ebene festmachen lässt und welche Eigenschaften eine Anpassung an sich ändernde Umweltbedingungen erschweren. Mit Hilfe einer auf solchen Kriterien basierenden Empfindlichkeitsanalyse wurde ermittelt, wie viele Tierarten in den naturräumlichen Regionen „Harz“ und „Lüneburger Heide und Wendland“ eine erhöhte Empfindlichkeit gegenüber klimawandelbedingten Umweltveränderungen aufweisen. Dabei wurden Vertreter der Artengruppen Brutvögel, Amphibien, Reptilien, Heuschrecken, Tagfalter und Libellen mit einbezogen. Eine voraussichtlich erhöhte Empfindlichkeit gegenüber spezifisch klimawandelbedingten Umweltveränderungen lässt sich bei jeweils ca. 39% der untersuchten Tierarten in den naturräumlichen Regionen „Harz“ und „Lüneburger Heide und Wendland“ feststellen. Dabei scheinen insgesamt mehr Arten negativ von einer Abnahme der Sommerniederschläge betroffen zu sein als von einer Erhöhung der Temperaturen. Weiterhin wurde ermittelt, wie klimabedingte Veränderungen der Zusammensetzung von Vogellebensgemeinschaften in einem Naturraum abgeschätzt und Prognosen über mögliche klimabedingte Zu- und Abwanderungen von Arten getroffen werden können. Dazu wurde der Artenpool des Naturraums Lüneburger Heide mit den Artenpools zukünftig klimaanaloger Räume verglichen. Zukünftig klimaanaloge Räume sind Gebiete, die gegenwärtig klimatische Verhältnisse aufweisen, die zukünftig für das Untersuchungsgebiet projiziert werden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Mehrzahl der Vogelarten die für den Zeitraum 2071-2100 erwarteten Klimabedingungen im Naturraum Lüneburger Heide vermutlich tolerieren kann, die Artenvielfalt insgesamt aber möglicherweise abnehmen wird. Viele der potenziell aus dem Naturraum abwandernden Arten sind an Feuchtgebiete als Lebensraum gebunden. Zur Verringerung negativer klimawandelbedingter Auswirkungen auf Tierarten können zum einen derzeitige Gefährdungsursachen und Stressoren minimiert werden, um die Habitatverfügbarkeit und qualität zu erhöhen und die Resilienz sowie das Anpassungspotenzial von Arten zu stärken. Als prioritäre Maßnahmen sind je nach naturräumlicher Region die folgenden anzusehen: Maßnahmen zum Schutz und zur Wiederherstellung von Feuchtlebensräumen, Maßnahmen zur Verhinderung von Nährstoffeinträgen bzw. Eutrophierung und zur Extensivierung landwirtschaftlicher Nutzung, Maßnahmen zur Erhöhung der Konnektivität in der Landschaft und zur Verringerung des Landschaftsverbrauchs, Maßnahmen zur Offenhaltung von Lebensräumen und Maßnahmen zur naturnahen Waldrandgestaltung bzw. Waldbewirtschaftung. Zum anderen kann zur Verringerung negativer klimawandelbedingter Auswirkungen auf Tierarten die Konnektivität in der Landschaft gefördert und der Erhalt und die Schaffung von Biotopverbundstrukturen gestärkt werden, um den Arten eine Anpassung durch die Verschiebung ihrer Verbreitungsareale zu ermöglichen. Besonders auf überregionale Biotopverbundmaßnahmen zur Anpassung an den Klimawandel angewiesen sind in beiden naturräumlichen Regionen Arten des Offenlandes, in der naturräumlichen Region „Lüneburger Heide und Wendland“ zusätzlich auch Arten der Gewässer. Da viele der derzeitigen Gefährdungsursachen potenziell klimaempfindlicher Arten nutzungsbezogen sind und auch direkte oder indirekte Folge landwirtschaftlicher Nutzung sein können, sind Synergien zwischen Maßnahmen zur Verminderung negativer Auswirkungen von Landnutzungs- und Klimawandeleinflüssen offenkundig. Dies betrifft auch die Stärkung des Biotopverbunds. Hier spielen Raine und Hecken in der Agrarlandschaft eine wichtige Rolle - auch vor dem Hintergrund des Klimawandels, da viele der auf Biotopverbund als Anpassungsmaßnahme angewiesenen Arten Bewohner des Offenlandes sind. Ein besonderes Gewicht kommt im Hinblick auf den Klimawandel dem Schutz bzw. der Renaturierung und Schaffung von Feuchtlebensräumen zu. Diese werden bislang nur zum Teil durch die Modelle zur Abschätzung der Artenvielfalt auf landwirtschaftlichen Betrieben abgedeckt, so dass in der Erweiterung der Modelle um die Lebensräume Feuchtgrünland und Grünland im Allgemeinen eine mögliche Weiterentwicklung der vorliegenden Arbeit zu sehen ist. Da ein Großteil der Fläche Deutschlands landwirtschaftlich genutzt wird, kommt der Landwirtschaft bei der Bewahrung der Artenvielfalt eine Schlüsselrolle zu. Die vermehrte Integration naturschutzfachlicher Ziele in die Landbewirtschaftung kann daher wesentlich zum Erhalt und zur Förderung der Artenvielfalt beitragen, nicht nur im Hinblick auf landnutzungsbezogene sondern auch auf klimawandelbezogene Einflüsse. Die vorliegende Arbeit liefert dazu wichtige Ansätze. The conservation of biodiversity is a task of great importance for society. In recent decades, political awareness for biodiversity issues has risen, yet, global as well as national objectives to halt the loss of biodiversity have failed. Important causes of biodiversity loss include land use change as well as climatic changes. From the second half of the twentieth century, agricultural intensification has increasingly led to a decline of farmland biodiversity. This decline is caused by a multitude of factors, particularly a loss of semi-natural habitats and structural diversity as well as a shortage of food supply due to a usage of herbicides and insecticides. Since the end of the twentieth century, climatic changes have increasingly become apparent as another threat to biodiversity. Along with increasing temperatures, shifts of distribution ranges as well as in the phenology of species have already been observed. By the end of the 21st century, further increasing mean temperatures, an increase of hot extremes, a decrease of cold periods, a shift in annual precipitation regimes and a further rise of sea levels can be expected. Climate and land use interact in a variety of ways - as do their effects on species and overall biodiversity. Thus, methods to capture and evaluate the effects of land use and climatic changes on species, and measures to prevent or mitigate the impacts, are greatly needed. Important stakeholders for the implementation of such measures are nature conservation authorities and organisations. However, protecting farmland biodiversity also requires the involvement of farmers to ensure sustainable and long-term effects. One way to involve farmers in nature conservation programs is to address the food companies they supply their products to. Food companies, especially from the organic sector, are increasingly looking for ways to transparently and credibly communicate to their customers how farmers (the suppliers) preserve and enhance biodiversity on their land. As company-wide biodiversity surveys of species in the field are not feasible, easy-to-use models and indicator sets projecting biodiversity on farmland, in both a sound and time-efficient way, are greatly needed. Such models could also help to identify and allocate nature conservation measures for a given farm and assess what biodiversity enhancement potentials are associated with which measure. Regarding climate change impacts on animals, assessments on regional levels evaluating the sensitivity of animals towards such changes are largely missing. So too are estimations on how distribution shifts might alter regional species communities. However, such information is greatly needed to identify and specify appropriate adaptation strategies and measures. While recommendations for such adaptation strategies and measures already exist, they are mostly vague making it difficult for stakeholders to prioritise and implement them. Thus, it is necessary to specify general recommendations for given regions that take into account the climate sensitivity of the region’s species as well as alterations in the region’s species community. Considering these knowledge gaps, the objective of this dissertation was to contribute to the assessment and evaluation of impacts of land use and climate change on animals on a regional and local level and, based on these assessments, derive measures suitable to aid in the mitigation of negative impacts. Single regions, habitats and animal species groups were therefore investigated in order to assess; 1. which indicator sets and models are suitable to project biodiversity on a farm level in a practical, time-efficient and sound way; 2. which criteria indicate a sensitivity of animals towards climatic changes within an ecoregion; 3. how climate change induced turnovers in species communities within an ecoregion can be estimated; 4. which measures to preserve and enhance biodiversity can be derived based on such analyses for the local and regional level; 5. which synergies exist between measures for mitigating the negative impacts of land use and climate change and what are the limitations of the methods for the assessment of such impacts. With respect to the impacts of land use on animals, I investigated if and how biodiversity and possible changes caused by land use or nature conservation measures can be projected with farm level based easy-to-use models and indicator sets. Therefore, I identified possible predictor variables effecting the species numbers of butterflies on field margins and birds in hedgerows and on arable fields. This was accomplished on the basis of an extensive literature review. Subsequently, the possible predictor variables, as well as butterflies and birds, were recorded on seven farms throughout Germany. By means of multiple linear regression analyses based upon the data recorded on the farms, variables were identified that best predicted the species numbers of butterflies and birds. In terms of butterflies, these variables included the landscape heterogeneity of the surroundings, the time of mowing, the width, length and the grass-herb-ratio of the margin as well as the management of the adjacent field. For birds in hedgerows, the variables length and width of a hedgerow, the number of woody species, the presence of tree holes, the presence of thorny shrubs, and the width of the herbaceous margin bordering the hedgerow were identified as the best predictors for species numbers. The model for predicting bird species numbers on arable fields was rejected as the results were significantly influenced by the examined sample and were only partly compatible with the results of the literature review. Measures for the farm level are related to the predictor variables of the models in question, e.g. recommendations for the time of mowing of field margins or, for hedgerows, the establishment or extension of herbaceous margin strips between the hedgerow and bordering fields. These measures concern the improvement of existing landscape elements as well as the establishment of new ones. They should be seen as one component within a set of adequate measures for farms that ought to be accompanied by others. Therefore, a whole-farm perspective is needed which integrates farm specifics as well as specific landscape preconditions. To support this process, assistance by farm consultants may be reasonable but so too is GIS-based management software which aids farmers in addressing nature conservation issues. The models of this dissertation have already been implemented in such management software, MANUELA (Managementsystem Naturschutz für eine nachhaltige Landwirtschaft - Management System Nature Conservation for a Sustainable Agriculture). Within this software, the models complement other nature conservation tools, e.g. one that assesses the diversity of plant species on arable fields and others that evaluate landscape aesthetics or the connectivity of habitats. With respect to the impacts of climatic changes on animals, I examined which criteria are relevant for evaluating the sensitivity of species towards these changes. Based on these criteria, I investigated how many animal species from the ‘Harz’ and ‘Lüneburger Heide und Wendland’ ecoregions are probably sensitive towards climatic changes projected for the end of the 21st century. These sensitivity analyses included Red List species of breeding birds, reptiles, amphibians, dragonflies and damselflies, grasshoppers and crickets, and butterflies. About 39% of the examined species are probably sensitive towards these climatic changes. Overall, more species seem to be affected by a decrease of summer precipitation than by an increase of mean temperatures. In addition, I assessed how climate change induces turn-overs in bird communities of a given region can be estimated. Hence, the species pool of the ‘Lüneburger Heide’ ecoregion was compared to species pools of future climatically analogous regions. Future climatically analogous regions are regions which currently have similar climatic conditions to the ones projected for the study area in the future. The results of these analyses show that the majority of species in the ‘Lüneburger Heide’ are probably able to tolerate the climatic conditions projected for 2071-2100 but that bird species richness, in general, may decline. Species that might potentially leave the regional species community in the course of climate change were often associated with inland wetland habitats. To mitigate negative climate change induced impacts on animals, current non-climatic stressors can be reduced in order to increase habitat availability and quality and to strengthen the resilience and adaptation potential of species. Measures of high priority in this regard - depending on the respective region - include: measures for maintaining and promoting wetlands, measures for reducing eutrophication and for the extensification of agriculture, measures for increasing habitat connectivity and reducing land consumption, measures for the preservation of open landscapes, and measures for a nature-oriented forest management. In addition to reducing non-climatic stressors, habitat connectivity should be increased in order to help species to adapt to climatic changes by shifting their distribution ranges. In both examined ecoregions, most of the potential climate-sensitive species, which depend on an increased habitat connectivity for the adaptation to climatic changes, live in open land. Within the ‘Lüneburger Heide und Wendland’ ecoregion, additional emphasis in this regard should be put on waterbodies. As many of the current non-climatic stressors impacting potentially climate-sensitive species are related to land use, synergies between measures mitigating negative impacts of land use and climate change are obvious. This is also true for the strengthening of habitat connectivity. Here, field margins and hedgerows play an important role - especially as many of the species that depend on habitat connectivity to adapt to climatic changes live in open land. In light of climate change, a special emphasis has to be put on the maintenance and restoration of grassland and wetlands. So far, grassland and wetlands are only partly covered by the models for the assessment of biodiversity on farmland. An inclusion of these habitats into the MANUELA model toolbox is, therefor, a possible future development. As a large part of Germany is covered by agriculture, farmers have a key role in preserving biodiversity. Integrating nature conservation objectives into farm management is therefore very beneficial not only with regard to mitigating possible impacts of land use but also of climate change. This dissertation provides important approaches for this task.

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    Diese Arbeit war ein Teilprojekt des Kompetenzzentrums „Flut und Hitze“ der Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz. Das gesamte Projekt beinhaltete bereits Untersuchungen über mögliche Folgen des lokalen Klimawandels (Überflutung/Trockenheit) auf andere Tiergruppen (z.B. Collembolen, Arachniden, etc.). Mit Hilfe der Laufkäfer als Bioindikatoren sollten mögliche Tendenzen des Klimawandels, aufgrund von Überflutungen, bzw. dem Ausbleiben von Überflutungen, aufgezeigt werden. In diesem Zusammenhang erfolgte die phänologische Erfassung der Laufkäfer in drei Untersuchungsgebieten entlang des Rheins: ein geschütztes Auwaldfragment und ein Polder in Ingelheim sowie ein Polder in Worms. Über einen Zeitraum von 2-3 Jahren wurde, mittels klassischer Fangmethoden (Bodenfallen), die Laufkäferfauna kontinuierlich erfasst. Insgesamt konnten im Auwald Ingelheim 2861 Individuen aus 59 Arten gefangen werden, im Polder Ingelheim 16029 Individuen aus 96 Arten und im Polder Worms 6946 Individuen aus 72 Arten. Seit 2003 wurde das Auwaldfragment nicht mehr vollüberflutet, was die geringe Anzahl an gefundenen auetypischen Arten erklärte. Die Laufkäferfauna des Auwaldes zeigte zwar noch einen deutlich feuchtegeprägten Charakter, jedoch war der Druck der einwandernden eurytopen Offenlandarten aus der Umgebung enorm. Der Polder Ingelheim wurde 2006 fertiggestellt und direkt im Anschluss beprobt. Der Polderinnenraum wurde durch den Bau eines ökologischen Flutungskanals an die Dynamik des Rheins angeschlossen. Der tiefergelegte Innenraum zeigte eine deutlich feuchteliebende Laufkäferfauna. Die trockenen höher gelegenen Randbereiche wiesen im Gegensatz dazu eine deutliche Ruderalfauna auf. Der Polder in Worms wurde bereits direkt nach seiner Fertigstellung 2001 von der Arbeitsgruppe Prof. Dr. Seitz (Universität Mainz) beprobt. Die erneute Datenerhebung 2008 sollte mögliche Veränderungen in der Laufkäferfauna sowie eine mögliche Sukzession aufzeigen. Es zeigten sich deutliche Veränderungen der Laufkäfergemeinschaften an den Standorten sowie die Ausbildung verschiedener Mikrohabitate. This Dissertation was a project of the Kompetenzzentrums „Flood and Heat” of the Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz. The hole project implies studies outcome climate change like flooding or drought impact of other arthropods (Collembola, Araneae). We used the carabid beetles as bioindicators to show possible changes in their population. In this study the carabid beetle fauna were investigated in three areas near the river rhine. The first habitat was a floodplain forest the second one a polder in Ingelheim. Third there was a polder in Worms. During a period of 2-3 years there was constantly pitfall trapping to show changes in the carabid beetle population because of the climate change. Altogether in the floodplain forest we found 2861 individuals of 59 species, in the polder Ingelheim 16029 individuals of 96 species and in the polder Worms 6946 individuals of 72 species. Since 2003 there was no flooding of the floodplain forest so we found there only a few specific species. We found a high number of immigrated carabid beetles from the outside fields and agricultural used grassland. In 2006 the Polder Ingelheim was completed. To preserve the former seepage areas an ecological flood channel was built. This areas are flooded caused by elevated Rhine levels. The effect of repeated flooding upon the Carabid beetles has been investigated. The results showed a lot of differences in the carabid population between the seepage areas and the nearer grassland. The Polder Worms was completed in 2001 and was investigated till 2004 by the AG Prof. Dr. Seitz (Uni Mainz). Since 2008 the hole area was examined again and a succession of the carabid fauna could be showed.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.25358/op...
    Doctoral thesis . 2014
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12 Research products
  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/

    Die intensive Nutzung in Landwirtschaft und Forstwirtschaft und damit einhergehende Bodendegradation stellen eine enorme Herausforderung für die menschliche Gesellschaft dar. Insbesondere die Übernutzung reduziert die Ernährungssicherheit, führt zur Emission von Treibhausgasen und Aerosolen, treibt den Verlust der biologischen Vielfalt an, verschmutzt das Wasser und untergräbt eine Vielzahl von Ökosystemdienstlei - stungen, die über die Nahrungsmittelversorgung sowie die Wasser- und Klimaregulierung hinausgehen. Die direkten Emissionen durch Entwaldung, Düngung, Reisanbau und Wiederkäuer belaufen sich derzeit auf etwa 25% aller menschlichen Treibhausgasemissionen. Der intensiven Landnutzung zugrunde liegen sowohl das Bevölkerungswachstum, der Anstieg im pro-Kopf-Verbrauch an Kalorien, Holz und Fasern sowie verstärkter Konsum von Fleisch- und Milchprodukten. Dieses Kapitel fasst diese soziökonomischen Aspekte kurz zusammen und führt in die grundsätzlichen Prozesse ein, die der Emission von CO2, CH4 und N2O zugrunde liegen. In verschiedenen Kapiteln in diesem Buch werden diese Prozesse wieder aufgegriffen und unter verschiedenen Gesichtspunkten detaillierter beleuchtet. Socioeconomic aspects of land use change, effects on biogeochemical cycles and greenhouse gas emissions: Intensive agriculture and forestry and associated land degradation, pose an enormous challenge to human society. Overuse of land ecosystems reduces food security, leads to emissions of greenhouse gases and aerosols, drives biodiversity loss, pollutes water, and undermines a wide range of ecosystem services beyond food supply and water and climate regulation. Direct emissions from deforestation, fertilization, rice cultivation, and ruminants currently amount to about 25% of all human greenhouse gas emissions. Drivers of intensive land useare population growth, together with increases in per capita consumption of calories, wood, and fiber, and a shift towards consumption of meat and dairy products. This chapter briefly summarizes these socioeconomic aspects and introduces the basic processes underlying the emission of CO2, CH4, and N2O. Various chapters in this book revisit these processes and examine them in more detail from different perspectives. Aspectos socioeconómicos del cambio de uso de la tierra, efectos en los ciclos biogeoquímicos y emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero: El uso intensivo del suelo en la agricultura y la silvicultura asi como la asociada degradación del suelo representan un enorme desafío para la sociedad humana. En particular, el sobreuso hace peligrar la seguridad alimentaria, conduce a la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero y aerosoles, incrementa la pérdida de biodiversidad, contamina el agua y socava una variedad de servicios de los ecosistemas más allá del suministro de alimentos y la regulación del agua y el clima. Las emisiones directas de la deforestación, la fertilización, el cultivo de arroz y los rumiantes representan actualmente alrededor del 25% de todas las emisiones antrópicas de gases de efecto invernadero. El uso intensivo de la tierra se basa en el crecimiento de la población, el aumento del consumo per cápita de calorías, madera y fibra y un mayor consumo de carne y productos lácteos. Este capítulo resume brevemente estos aspectos socioeconómicos e introduce los procesos fundamentales que subyacen a la emisión de CO2, CH4 y N2O. Estos procesos se retoman en varios capítulos de este libro y se examinan con más detalle desde varias perspectivas.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.25592/uh...
    Part of book or chapter of book . 2021
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Datacite
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.25592/uh...
    Part of book or chapter of book . 2021
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Datacite
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.25592/wa...
    Part of book or chapter of book . 2021
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Datacite
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    B2FIND
    Part of book or chapter of book . 2021
    Data sources: B2FIND
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.25592/uh...
      Part of book or chapter of book . 2021
      License: CC BY
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.25592/uh...
      Part of book or chapter of book . 2021
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Datacite
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.25592/wa...
      Part of book or chapter of book . 2021
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      B2FIND
      Part of book or chapter of book . 2021
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  • Authors: Schimmelpfennig, Sonja; Heidecke, Claudia; Beer, Holger; Bittner, Florian; +10 Authors

    This Working Paper summarizes the results of a survey and a workshop, which were compiled and discussed by scientists of the research institutes Thünen-Institut, Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI) and Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI) in autumn 2016. The aim of the workshop and the survey was to analyze the state of knowledge on climate change adaptation in BMEL departmental research and the future challenges of adaptation to climate change in German agriculture and forestry. DOI:10.3220/WP1518167089000

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    Authors: Rühl, Anna Theresa; Donath, Tobias W.; Eckstein, R. Lutz; Otte, Annette;

    Arable weeds are one of the most endangered species groups in Europe. Modern agriculture and intensive land use management with the application of herbicides and fertilisers, enhanced seed cleaning, simplified crop rotations and abandonment of marginal arable sites are the main causes for the continuous decline of arable weeds. However, besides these changes in land use also global climate change may challenge the adaptability of arable weeds. Most scientists agree that the frequency of extreme meteorological conditions will increase in the future. As a consequence, plants of Central Europe will be subject to higher temperatures and reduced water supply due to longer intervals without precipitation during the growing season. We exposed seeds of five common and five endangered arable weed species to different temperatures and water potentials to study i) how this plant group responds to higher temperatures and lower moisture during germination in general and ii) whether there is a significant difference between common and endangered species in this respect.

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    Julius-Kühn-Archiv
    Article . 2014
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      Julius-Kühn-Archiv
      Article . 2014
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Schimmelpfenning, Sonja; Anter, Jano; Heidecke, Claudia; Lange, Stefan; +8 Authors

    On September 11 and 12, 2017, a symposium on "Irrigation in agriculture", jointly organized by the Thünen Institute, the Julius-Kühn Institute and the University of Applied Sciences Ostfalia took place at the Ostfalia University of Applied Sciences, Campus Suderburg. For this purpose, experts from the field of irrigation were invited to give current assessments on the development of irrigation needs and the irrigation-worthiness of different crops at different locations in Ger-many as well as on the development of irrigation technology. The irrigation of crops in outdoor vegetables or special crops has long been a common practice. The profitability of irrigating agri-cultural crops in Germany has so far been limited to a few, dry locations. As a result of climate change, an increasing average annual temperature and changed precipitation patterns (in partic-ular lower rainfall at the beginning of the vegetation period in spring) have been observed in Germany for some years now. For the future, according to the results of climate models, a fur-ther increase in temperatures and further changes in the precipitation distribution such as a de-crease in the summer precipitation and an increase in winter precipitation are to be expected. The conference proceedings provide an overview of the latest research findings from the field of drought stress and discuss possible alternative sources for meeting the additional water require-ments of agricultural crops. Aspects of the landscape water balance and hydrological correlations in the agricultural landscape are addressed and solutions presented. Insights into possible con-flicts of water use and practical experience with the development of solutions are accompanied by the presentation of the legal framework for water use. The contributions are supplemented by reports of long-term irrigation field trials conducted by the LWK Lower Saxony. On the one hand, the experiments have shown that irrigation can increase the nutrient efficiency of crops and the quality of crops. On the other hand, the present state of the art of irrigation will be explained and limits and possibilities for increasing efficiency in the future will be presented. In order to in-crease the efficiency of irrigation, irrigation control is of great importance; its current status is presented and the trends for the future are shown. The profitability of investments in irrigation technology is presented in two contributions. Here, both the different techniques and their prof-itability in different crops are assessed economically. Possible developments of regional irrigation needs are exemplarily shown for the federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia. The conference proceedings conclude with a chapter on the overview of previous projects in the field of water management and on irrigation of agricultural land in view of future climate change in Germany.

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    EconStor
    Research . 2018
    Data sources: EconStor
    https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
    Other literature type . 2018
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      EconStor
      Research . 2018
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
      Other literature type . 2018
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Steven Reschly; Scot Long; Caroline Brock;

    "In this symposium review, three agricultural and environmental researchers discuss the book Nature and the Environment in Amish Life by David McConnell and Marilyn Loveless, both of the College of Wooster in Wooster, Ohio. McConnell is an anthropology professor and co-author of Amish Paradox (2010, Johns Hopkins University Press) and has published his research in Human Organization, Anthropology and Education Quarterly, and the Journal of Amish and Plain Anabaptist Studies (JAPAS) (Moledina, et al. 2014). Loveless is a biology emeritus professor; this is her first academic publication about the Amish. Our reviewers offer a variety of reactions to this book. The first reviewer, historian Steven Reschly, is a founding board member of the Journal of Amish and Plain Anabaptist Studies and is currently assistant editor. He has written on Amish agricultural history in The Amish on the Iowa Prairie (2000, Johns Hopkins University Press) and in articles in Agricultural History, Mennonite Quarterly Review, JAPAS, and others. Scot Long completed his Ph.D. in anthropology at Ohio State University, having conducted extensive research on Amish farm households in southeastern Holmes County, OH. He has also published in JAPAS (Long and Moore 2014) about the impact of the environmental landscape on Amish church districts. Caroline Brock completed her Ph.D. in envirnoment and resources at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Her research focuses on theoretical models for understanding Amish responses to agriculture and the environment, including organic dairy adoption and water quality conservation practices. Her research has appeared in Environmental Management, Society & Natural Resources, Journal of Rural Studies, Sustainability, JAPAS, and other outlets. She recently worked as a senior research associate at the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center in Wooster, OH. This book will certainly generate many conversations and hopefully inspire further research into the Amish relationships with agriculture and the environment. [Abstract by editor]"

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    Authors: Gerowitt, Bärbel; Peters, Kristian;

    Climate change will affect the agricultural ecosystem on different levels. It also alters interactions of weeds and crops. Each weed reacts on an individual basis to changes. Weeds can show an increase or decrease in abundance, can invade new areas or can completely vanish. They also can change traits to be more competitive. Overall, this will result in a different abundance and composition of weeds, as well as a different damaging potential. Land-use changes and agricultural adoption strategies to climate change will have dramatic influence on the interactions as well. Based on these interactions, there will be various options for dealing with climate change.

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    Julius-Kühn-Archiv
    Article . 2012
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      Julius-Kühn-Archiv
      Article . 2012
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    Authors: Bürger, Jana; Edler, Barbara; Gerowitt, Bärbel; Steinmann, Horst-Henning;

    Increasing maize cultivation and changed cropping practices promote the selection of typical maize weeds that may also profit strongly from climate change. Predicting potential weed problems is of high interest for plant production. Within the project KLIFF, experiments were combined with species distribution modelling for this task in the region of Lower Saxony, Germany. For our study, we modelled ecological and damage niches of nine weed species that are significant and wide spread in maize cropping in a number of European countries. Species distribution models describe the ecological niche of a species, these are the environmental conditions under which a species can maintain a vital population. It is also possible to estimate a damage niche, i.e. the conditions under which a species causes damage in agricultural crops. For this, we combined occurrence data of European national data bases with high resolution climate, soil and land use data. Models were also projected to simulated climate conditions for the time horizon 2070 - 2100 in order to estimate climate change effects. Modelling results indicate favourable conditions for typical maize weed occurrence virtually all over the study region, but only a few species are important in maize cropping. This is in good accordance with the findings of an earlier maize weed monitoring. Reaction to changing climate conditions is species-specific, for some species neutral (E. crus-galli), other species may gain (Polygonum persicaria) or loose (Viola arvensis) large areas of suitable habitats. All species with damage potential under present conditions will remain important in maize cropping, some more species will gain regional importance (Calystegia sepium, Setara viridis).

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    Julius-Kühn-Archiv
    Article . 2014
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      Article . 2014
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    Authors: Kugler, Florian; Hajnsek, Irena; Papathanassiou, Kostas; Krieger, Gerhard; +1 Authors
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    DLR publication server
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  • Authors: Janine Sybertz;

    Der Schutz der biologischen Vielfalt ist eine gesellschaftlich sehr wichtige Aufgabe, deren Bedeutung in den letzten Jahrzehnten zunehmend auch politisch erkannt wird. Nationale wie globale Zielsetzungen, den Verlust der biologischen Vielfalt aufzuhalten und eine positive Trendwende zu erreichen, wurden bislang allerdings verfehlt. Als wichtige Ursachen für den Verlust der Artenvielfalt werden sowohl der Landnutzungswandel als auch Klimaveränderungen gesehen. Landnutzungsintensivierungen haben insbesondere seit der zweiten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts zu einem zunehmenden Rückgang der Artenvielfalt in der Agrarlandschaft geführt. Die Ursachen für diesen Rückgang sind vielfältig. Sie umfassen eine Abnahme der Nahrungsgrundlage vieler Arten, u.a. durch den Einsatz von Herbiziden und Insektiziden, und den Verlust von geeigneten Fortpflanzungs- und Nahrungshabitaten durch einen Rückgang der Strukturvielfalt und des Anteils naturnaher Habitate. Seit Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts rückt zunehmend auch der Klimawandel als Einflussgröße für den Rückgang der Artenvielfalt in den Fokus. Einhergehend mit steigenden Temperaturen wurden bereits Verschiebungen von Verbreitungsgrenzen und Veränderungen in der Phänologie von Arten beobachtet. Bis zum Ende des 21. Jahrhunderts werden neben weiter steigenden Temperaturen die Zunahme von Hitzewellen und extremen Niederschlagsereignissen, eine Veränderung der Niederschlagsverhältnisse und ein weiterer Anstieg des Meeresspiegels erwartet. Zwischen Klima und Landnutzung gibt es vielfältige Wechselwirkungen und sich gegenseitig verstärkende Effekte - auch in ihrer Wirkung auf einzelne Arten und die biologische Vielfalt. Hier gilt es, Methoden zur Erfassung und Bewertung von Auswirkungen landnutzungs- und klimawandelbedingter Umweltveränderungen zu entwickeln und aufzuzeigen, durch welche Maßnahmen negative Auswirkungen auf die Artenvielfalt vermieden oder vermindert werden können. Akteure zur Umsetzung solcher Maßnahmen sind einerseits der behördliche und ehrenamtliche Naturschutz. Andererseits ist gerade in der Agrarlandschaft auch die Einbindung von Landwirten entscheidend, um möglichst dauerhafte und großflächige Wirkungen zu erzielen. Ein Weg der Einbindung von Landwirten in naturschutzfachliche Maßnahmenprogramme führt über die lebensmittelerzeugenden Unternehmen, die Abnehmer ihrer Produkte sind. Solche Unternehmen, gerade aus der Biobranche, suchen zunehmend nach Möglichkeiten, ihren Kunden transparent und glaubwürdig zu kommunizieren, was ihre Zulieferlandwirte für den Erhalt und die Förderung der Artenvielfalt leisten. Flächendeckende Vor-Ort-Erfassungen von Arten sind dabei aber sowohl aus Kosten- als auch aus Zeitgründen unrealistisch. Einfache Modelle bzw. Indikatorensets, die die Artenvielfalt auf landwirtschaftlichen Flächen valide abbilden und dabei zeiteffizient und praxisnah in der Datenerhebung und Anwendung sind, werden daher dringend benötigt, fehlen aber bislang. Auf Basis solcher Modelle können auch Maßnahmen für die Betriebsebene und deren Potenzial zur Steigerung der Artenvielfalt abgeleitet werden. Im Hinblick auf Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf Tierarten fehlen derzeit vor allem auf regionaler Ebene Einschätzungen über die Empfindlichkeit von Artengemeinschaften gegenüber den projizierten Klimaänderungen und darüber, wie sich klimabedingte Arealverschiebungen auf die Zusammensetzung regionaler Artengemeinschaften auswirken könnten. Solche Einschätzungen braucht es aber, um den naturschutzfachlichen Handlungsbedarf für Anpassungsstrategien und -maßnahmen zu identifizieren und zu konkretisieren. Zu entsprechenden Anpassungsmaßnahmen gibt es bereits eine Reihe von Empfehlungen, die allerdings häufig unspezifisch bleiben, so dass vielen Praktikern unklar ist, welche Maßnahmen Priorität haben und wie diese konkret umgesetzt werden sollen und können. Daher ist es erforderlich, solche allgemeinen Maßnahmenempfehlungen für die jeweilige regionale Ebene unter Berücksichtigung der Empfindlichkeit der dort vorkommenden Arten und möglicher klimabedingter Ein- und Abwanderungsprozesse zu konkretisieren. Vor dem Hintergrund dieser Wissenslücken war das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit, einen Beitrag dazu zu leisten, Auswirkungen landnutzungs- und klimawandelbedingter Umweltveränderungen auf Tierarten auf der regionalen bzw. lokalen Ebene zu ermitteln und zu bewerten, um darauf aufbauend geeignete und für die jeweilige Ebene hinreichend konkrete naturschutzfachliche Maßnahmen zur Verminderung negativer Auswirkungen ableiten zu können. Dazu wurde exemplarisch für einzelne Regionen, Lebensräume und Tierartengruppen untersucht, 1) anhand welcher Indikatorensets und Modelle sich die Artenvielfalt auf der Ebene landwirtschaftlicher Betriebe praxistauglich, zeiteffizient und valide abbilden lässt, 2) an welchen Kriterien eine Empfindlichkeit von Tierarten gegenüber klimatischen Veränderungen auf naturräumlicher Ebene festgemacht werden kann, 3) wie sich ein klimawandelbedingter Turnover in Artengemeinschaften eines Naturraums abschätzen lässt, 4) welche Maßnahmen zum Erhalt und zur Förderung der Artenvielfalt basierend auf den Ergebnissen solcher Analysen auf lokaler und regionaler Ebene abgeleitet werden können, 5) welche Synergien sich im Hinblick auf Maßnahmen zur Verringerung negativer Auswirkungen von Klimawandel und Landnutzung ergeben und welche Grenzen die entwickelten Methoden zur Einschätzung solcher Auswirkungen aufweisen. Hinsichtlich der Auswirkungen landnutzungsbedingter Umweltveränderungen auf Tierarten wurde untersucht, ob und wie sich die Artenvielfalt und mögliche Veränderungen durch die Landnutzung oder durch Naturschutzmaßnahmen auf der Ebene landwirtschaftlicher Betriebe mit Hilfe von einfach handhabbaren Modellen und Indikatorensets abbilden lassen. Dazu wurden in umfangreichen Literaturstudien mögliche Einflussvariablen identifiziert, die für die Artenvielfalt von Tagfaltern auf Rainen und die Artenvielfalt von Vögeln in Hecken sowie auf Äckern von Bedeutung sein können. Auf sieben über Deutschland verteilten landwirtschaftlichen Betrieben wurden sowohl Daten zu diesen möglichen Einflussvariablen erhoben als auch Erfassungen der Artengruppen Tagfalter und Vögel durchgeführt. Durch multiple lineare Regressionsanalysen wurden aus dem Set der möglichen Einflussvariablen anhand der auf den Betrieben erhobenen Daten diejenigen identifiziert, die die Artenvielfalt von Tagfaltern und Vögeln am besten vorhersagen. Bei Tagfaltern auf Rainen sind dies die Heterogenität der umgebenden Landschaft, der Mahdzeitpunkt, die Breite, Länge und das Gräser-Kräuter-Verhältnis des Rains sowie die Bewirtschaftungsart angrenzender Felder. Für die Artenvielfalt von Vögeln in Hecken wurden die Variablen Länge und Breite der Hecke, die Anzahl der Gehölzarten, das Vorkommen von Höhlen/Totholz, das Vorhandensein von Dornsträuchern sowie die Breite des angrenzenden Krautsaums als wichtigste Einflussfaktoren zur Vorhersage der Artenvielfalt ermittelt. Ein Modell zur Vorhersage der Artenvielfalt von Vögeln auf Äckern wurde verworfen, da die Ergebnisse deutlich von der Datenlage der Stichprobe geprägt waren und nur zum Teil den Erkenntnissen aus der zuvor durchgeführten Literaturstudie entsprachen. Die aus den Modellergebnissen ableitbaren Maßnahmen für die Betriebsebene beziehen sich auf die jeweils bedeutsamen Einflussfaktoren - z.B. das Mahdregime bzw. den Mahdzeitpunkt bei Rainen und die Anlage oder Verbreitung von Krautsäumen zwischen Hecken und den an diese angrenzenden Feldern - und betreffen sowohl die Optimierung vorhandener Strukturen als auch die Neuanlage von Landschaftselementen. Diese stellen einen Baustein im Spektrum sinnvoller Maßnahmen auf landwirtschaftlichen Betrieben dar und sollten durch weitere flankiert werden. Dazu ist eine gesamtbetriebliche Perspektive wichtig, die die betriebs- und landschaftsraumspezifischen Voraussetzungen einbindet. Zur Unterstützung hierbei kann einerseits landwirtschaftliche Beratung, andererseits aber auch eine vom Landwirt selbst bedienbare naturschutzfachliche Managementsoftware dienen. In eine solche Software (MANUELA - Managementsystem Naturschutz für eine nachhaltige Landwirtschaft) wurden die in der vorliegenden Arbeit entwickelten Modelle bereits implementiert und ergänzen dort bereits vorhandene Tools, zum Beispiel zur Ermittlung und Bewertung der Pflanzenartenvielfalt auf Äckern, aber auch zum Landschaftsbild und zum Biotopverbund. Hinsichtlich der Auswirkungen klimawandelbedingter Umweltveränderungen wurde untersucht, an welchen Kriterien sich eine Empfindlichkeit von Tierarten gegenüber solchen Umweltveränderungen auf naturräumlicher Ebene festmachen lässt und welche Eigenschaften eine Anpassung an sich ändernde Umweltbedingungen erschweren. Mit Hilfe einer auf solchen Kriterien basierenden Empfindlichkeitsanalyse wurde ermittelt, wie viele Tierarten in den naturräumlichen Regionen „Harz“ und „Lüneburger Heide und Wendland“ eine erhöhte Empfindlichkeit gegenüber klimawandelbedingten Umweltveränderungen aufweisen. Dabei wurden Vertreter der Artengruppen Brutvögel, Amphibien, Reptilien, Heuschrecken, Tagfalter und Libellen mit einbezogen. Eine voraussichtlich erhöhte Empfindlichkeit gegenüber spezifisch klimawandelbedingten Umweltveränderungen lässt sich bei jeweils ca. 39% der untersuchten Tierarten in den naturräumlichen Regionen „Harz“ und „Lüneburger Heide und Wendland“ feststellen. Dabei scheinen insgesamt mehr Arten negativ von einer Abnahme der Sommerniederschläge betroffen zu sein als von einer Erhöhung der Temperaturen. Weiterhin wurde ermittelt, wie klimabedingte Veränderungen der Zusammensetzung von Vogellebensgemeinschaften in einem Naturraum abgeschätzt und Prognosen über mögliche klimabedingte Zu- und Abwanderungen von Arten getroffen werden können. Dazu wurde der Artenpool des Naturraums Lüneburger Heide mit den Artenpools zukünftig klimaanaloger Räume verglichen. Zukünftig klimaanaloge Räume sind Gebiete, die gegenwärtig klimatische Verhältnisse aufweisen, die zukünftig für das Untersuchungsgebiet projiziert werden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Mehrzahl der Vogelarten die für den Zeitraum 2071-2100 erwarteten Klimabedingungen im Naturraum Lüneburger Heide vermutlich tolerieren kann, die Artenvielfalt insgesamt aber möglicherweise abnehmen wird. Viele der potenziell aus dem Naturraum abwandernden Arten sind an Feuchtgebiete als Lebensraum gebunden. Zur Verringerung negativer klimawandelbedingter Auswirkungen auf Tierarten können zum einen derzeitige Gefährdungsursachen und Stressoren minimiert werden, um die Habitatverfügbarkeit und qualität zu erhöhen und die Resilienz sowie das Anpassungspotenzial von Arten zu stärken. Als prioritäre Maßnahmen sind je nach naturräumlicher Region die folgenden anzusehen: Maßnahmen zum Schutz und zur Wiederherstellung von Feuchtlebensräumen, Maßnahmen zur Verhinderung von Nährstoffeinträgen bzw. Eutrophierung und zur Extensivierung landwirtschaftlicher Nutzung, Maßnahmen zur Erhöhung der Konnektivität in der Landschaft und zur Verringerung des Landschaftsverbrauchs, Maßnahmen zur Offenhaltung von Lebensräumen und Maßnahmen zur naturnahen Waldrandgestaltung bzw. Waldbewirtschaftung. Zum anderen kann zur Verringerung negativer klimawandelbedingter Auswirkungen auf Tierarten die Konnektivität in der Landschaft gefördert und der Erhalt und die Schaffung von Biotopverbundstrukturen gestärkt werden, um den Arten eine Anpassung durch die Verschiebung ihrer Verbreitungsareale zu ermöglichen. Besonders auf überregionale Biotopverbundmaßnahmen zur Anpassung an den Klimawandel angewiesen sind in beiden naturräumlichen Regionen Arten des Offenlandes, in der naturräumlichen Region „Lüneburger Heide und Wendland“ zusätzlich auch Arten der Gewässer. Da viele der derzeitigen Gefährdungsursachen potenziell klimaempfindlicher Arten nutzungsbezogen sind und auch direkte oder indirekte Folge landwirtschaftlicher Nutzung sein können, sind Synergien zwischen Maßnahmen zur Verminderung negativer Auswirkungen von Landnutzungs- und Klimawandeleinflüssen offenkundig. Dies betrifft auch die Stärkung des Biotopverbunds. Hier spielen Raine und Hecken in der Agrarlandschaft eine wichtige Rolle - auch vor dem Hintergrund des Klimawandels, da viele der auf Biotopverbund als Anpassungsmaßnahme angewiesenen Arten Bewohner des Offenlandes sind. Ein besonderes Gewicht kommt im Hinblick auf den Klimawandel dem Schutz bzw. der Renaturierung und Schaffung von Feuchtlebensräumen zu. Diese werden bislang nur zum Teil durch die Modelle zur Abschätzung der Artenvielfalt auf landwirtschaftlichen Betrieben abgedeckt, so dass in der Erweiterung der Modelle um die Lebensräume Feuchtgrünland und Grünland im Allgemeinen eine mögliche Weiterentwicklung der vorliegenden Arbeit zu sehen ist. Da ein Großteil der Fläche Deutschlands landwirtschaftlich genutzt wird, kommt der Landwirtschaft bei der Bewahrung der Artenvielfalt eine Schlüsselrolle zu. Die vermehrte Integration naturschutzfachlicher Ziele in die Landbewirtschaftung kann daher wesentlich zum Erhalt und zur Förderung der Artenvielfalt beitragen, nicht nur im Hinblick auf landnutzungsbezogene sondern auch auf klimawandelbezogene Einflüsse. Die vorliegende Arbeit liefert dazu wichtige Ansätze. The conservation of biodiversity is a task of great importance for society. In recent decades, political awareness for biodiversity issues has risen, yet, global as well as national objectives to halt the loss of biodiversity have failed. Important causes of biodiversity loss include land use change as well as climatic changes. From the second half of the twentieth century, agricultural intensification has increasingly led to a decline of farmland biodiversity. This decline is caused by a multitude of factors, particularly a loss of semi-natural habitats and structural diversity as well as a shortage of food supply due to a usage of herbicides and insecticides. Since the end of the twentieth century, climatic changes have increasingly become apparent as another threat to biodiversity. Along with increasing temperatures, shifts of distribution ranges as well as in the phenology of species have already been observed. By the end of the 21st century, further increasing mean temperatures, an increase of hot extremes, a decrease of cold periods, a shift in annual precipitation regimes and a further rise of sea levels can be expected. Climate and land use interact in a variety of ways - as do their effects on species and overall biodiversity. Thus, methods to capture and evaluate the effects of land use and climatic changes on species, and measures to prevent or mitigate the impacts, are greatly needed. Important stakeholders for the implementation of such measures are nature conservation authorities and organisations. However, protecting farmland biodiversity also requires the involvement of farmers to ensure sustainable and long-term effects. One way to involve farmers in nature conservation programs is to address the food companies they supply their products to. Food companies, especially from the organic sector, are increasingly looking for ways to transparently and credibly communicate to their customers how farmers (the suppliers) preserve and enhance biodiversity on their land. As company-wide biodiversity surveys of species in the field are not feasible, easy-to-use models and indicator sets projecting biodiversity on farmland, in both a sound and time-efficient way, are greatly needed. Such models could also help to identify and allocate nature conservation measures for a given farm and assess what biodiversity enhancement potentials are associated with which measure. Regarding climate change impacts on animals, assessments on regional levels evaluating the sensitivity of animals towards such changes are largely missing. So too are estimations on how distribution shifts might alter regional species communities. However, such information is greatly needed to identify and specify appropriate adaptation strategies and measures. While recommendations for such adaptation strategies and measures already exist, they are mostly vague making it difficult for stakeholders to prioritise and implement them. Thus, it is necessary to specify general recommendations for given regions that take into account the climate sensitivity of the region’s species as well as alterations in the region’s species community. Considering these knowledge gaps, the objective of this dissertation was to contribute to the assessment and evaluation of impacts of land use and climate change on animals on a regional and local level and, based on these assessments, derive measures suitable to aid in the mitigation of negative impacts. Single regions, habitats and animal species groups were therefore investigated in order to assess; 1. which indicator sets and models are suitable to project biodiversity on a farm level in a practical, time-efficient and sound way; 2. which criteria indicate a sensitivity of animals towards climatic changes within an ecoregion; 3. how climate change induced turnovers in species communities within an ecoregion can be estimated; 4. which measures to preserve and enhance biodiversity can be derived based on such analyses for the local and regional level; 5. which synergies exist between measures for mitigating the negative impacts of land use and climate change and what are the limitations of the methods for the assessment of such impacts. With respect to the impacts of land use on animals, I investigated if and how biodiversity and possible changes caused by land use or nature conservation measures can be projected with farm level based easy-to-use models and indicator sets. Therefore, I identified possible predictor variables effecting the species numbers of butterflies on field margins and birds in hedgerows and on arable fields. This was accomplished on the basis of an extensive literature review. Subsequently, the possible predictor variables, as well as butterflies and birds, were recorded on seven farms throughout Germany. By means of multiple linear regression analyses based upon the data recorded on the farms, variables were identified that best predicted the species numbers of butterflies and birds. In terms of butterflies, these variables included the landscape heterogeneity of the surroundings, the time of mowing, the width, length and the grass-herb-ratio of the margin as well as the management of the adjacent field. For birds in hedgerows, the variables length and width of a hedgerow, the number of woody species, the presence of tree holes, the presence of thorny shrubs, and the width of the herbaceous margin bordering the hedgerow were identified as the best predictors for species numbers. The model for predicting bird species numbers on arable fields was rejected as the results were significantly influenced by the examined sample and were only partly compatible with the results of the literature review. Measures for the farm level are related to the predictor variables of the models in question, e.g. recommendations for the time of mowing of field margins or, for hedgerows, the establishment or extension of herbaceous margin strips between the hedgerow and bordering fields. These measures concern the improvement of existing landscape elements as well as the establishment of new ones. They should be seen as one component within a set of adequate measures for farms that ought to be accompanied by others. Therefore, a whole-farm perspective is needed which integrates farm specifics as well as specific landscape preconditions. To support this process, assistance by farm consultants may be reasonable but so too is GIS-based management software which aids farmers in addressing nature conservation issues. The models of this dissertation have already been implemented in such management software, MANUELA (Managementsystem Naturschutz für eine nachhaltige Landwirtschaft - Management System Nature Conservation for a Sustainable Agriculture). Within this software, the models complement other nature conservation tools, e.g. one that assesses the diversity of plant species on arable fields and others that evaluate landscape aesthetics or the connectivity of habitats. With respect to the impacts of climatic changes on animals, I examined which criteria are relevant for evaluating the sensitivity of species towards these changes. Based on these criteria, I investigated how many animal species from the ‘Harz’ and ‘Lüneburger Heide und Wendland’ ecoregions are probably sensitive towards climatic changes projected for the end of the 21st century. These sensitivity analyses included Red List species of breeding birds, reptiles, amphibians, dragonflies and damselflies, grasshoppers and crickets, and butterflies. About 39% of the examined species are probably sensitive towards these climatic changes. Overall, more species seem to be affected by a decrease of summer precipitation than by an increase of mean temperatures. In addition, I assessed how climate change induces turn-overs in bird communities of a given region can be estimated. Hence, the species pool of the ‘Lüneburger Heide’ ecoregion was compared to species pools of future climatically analogous regions. Future climatically analogous regions are regions which currently have similar climatic conditions to the ones projected for the study area in the future. The results of these analyses show that the majority of species in the ‘Lüneburger Heide’ are probably able to tolerate the climatic conditions projected for 2071-2100 but that bird species richness, in general, may decline. Species that might potentially leave the regional species community in the course of climate change were often associated with inland wetland habitats. To mitigate negative climate change induced impacts on animals, current non-climatic stressors can be reduced in order to increase habitat availability and quality and to strengthen the resilience and adaptation potential of species. Measures of high priority in this regard - depending on the respective region - include: measures for maintaining and promoting wetlands, measures for reducing eutrophication and for the extensification of agriculture, measures for increasing habitat connectivity and reducing land consumption, measures for the preservation of open landscapes, and measures for a nature-oriented forest management. In addition to reducing non-climatic stressors, habitat connectivity should be increased in order to help species to adapt to climatic changes by shifting their distribution ranges. In both examined ecoregions, most of the potential climate-sensitive species, which depend on an increased habitat connectivity for the adaptation to climatic changes, live in open land. Within the ‘Lüneburger Heide und Wendland’ ecoregion, additional emphasis in this regard should be put on waterbodies. As many of the current non-climatic stressors impacting potentially climate-sensitive species are related to land use, synergies between measures mitigating negative impacts of land use and climate change are obvious. This is also true for the strengthening of habitat connectivity. Here, field margins and hedgerows play an important role - especially as many of the species that depend on habitat connectivity to adapt to climatic changes live in open land. In light of climate change, a special emphasis has to be put on the maintenance and restoration of grassland and wetlands. So far, grassland and wetlands are only partly covered by the models for the assessment of biodiversity on farmland. An inclusion of these habitats into the MANUELA model toolbox is, therefor, a possible future development. As a large part of Germany is covered by agriculture, farmers have a key role in preserving biodiversity. Integrating nature conservation objectives into farm management is therefore very beneficial not only with regard to mitigating possible impacts of land use but also of climate change. This dissertation provides important approaches for this task.

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    Diese Arbeit war ein Teilprojekt des Kompetenzzentrums „Flut und Hitze“ der Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz. Das gesamte Projekt beinhaltete bereits Untersuchungen über mögliche Folgen des lokalen Klimawandels (Überflutung/Trockenheit) auf andere Tiergruppen (z.B. Collembolen, Arachniden, etc.). Mit Hilfe der Laufkäfer als Bioindikatoren sollten mögliche Tendenzen des Klimawandels, aufgrund von Überflutungen, bzw. dem Ausbleiben von Überflutungen, aufgezeigt werden. In diesem Zusammenhang erfolgte die phänologische Erfassung der Laufkäfer in drei Untersuchungsgebieten entlang des Rheins: ein geschütztes Auwaldfragment und ein Polder in Ingelheim sowie ein Polder in Worms. Über einen Zeitraum von 2-3 Jahren wurde, mittels klassischer Fangmethoden (Bodenfallen), die Laufkäferfauna kontinuierlich erfasst. Insgesamt konnten im Auwald Ingelheim 2861 Individuen aus 59 Arten gefangen werden, im Polder Ingelheim 16029 Individuen aus 96 Arten und im Polder Worms 6946 Individuen aus 72 Arten. Seit 2003 wurde das Auwaldfragment nicht mehr vollüberflutet, was die geringe Anzahl an gefundenen auetypischen Arten erklärte. Die Laufkäferfauna des Auwaldes zeigte zwar noch einen deutlich feuchtegeprägten Charakter, jedoch war der Druck der einwandernden eurytopen Offenlandarten aus der Umgebung enorm. Der Polder Ingelheim wurde 2006 fertiggestellt und direkt im Anschluss beprobt. Der Polderinnenraum wurde durch den Bau eines ökologischen Flutungskanals an die Dynamik des Rheins angeschlossen. Der tiefergelegte Innenraum zeigte eine deutlich feuchteliebende Laufkäferfauna. Die trockenen höher gelegenen Randbereiche wiesen im Gegensatz dazu eine deutliche Ruderalfauna auf. Der Polder in Worms wurde bereits direkt nach seiner Fertigstellung 2001 von der Arbeitsgruppe Prof. Dr. Seitz (Universität Mainz) beprobt. Die erneute Datenerhebung 2008 sollte mögliche Veränderungen in der Laufkäferfauna sowie eine mögliche Sukzession aufzeigen. Es zeigten sich deutliche Veränderungen der Laufkäfergemeinschaften an den Standorten sowie die Ausbildung verschiedener Mikrohabitate. This Dissertation was a project of the Kompetenzzentrums „Flood and Heat” of the Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz. The hole project implies studies outcome climate change like flooding or drought impact of other arthropods (Collembola, Araneae). We used the carabid beetles as bioindicators to show possible changes in their population. In this study the carabid beetle fauna were investigated in three areas near the river rhine. The first habitat was a floodplain forest the second one a polder in Ingelheim. Third there was a polder in Worms. During a period of 2-3 years there was constantly pitfall trapping to show changes in the carabid beetle population because of the climate change. Altogether in the floodplain forest we found 2861 individuals of 59 species, in the polder Ingelheim 16029 individuals of 96 species and in the polder Worms 6946 individuals of 72 species. Since 2003 there was no flooding of the floodplain forest so we found there only a few specific species. We found a high number of immigrated carabid beetles from the outside fields and agricultural used grassland. In 2006 the Polder Ingelheim was completed. To preserve the former seepage areas an ecological flood channel was built. This areas are flooded caused by elevated Rhine levels. The effect of repeated flooding upon the Carabid beetles has been investigated. The results showed a lot of differences in the carabid population between the seepage areas and the nearer grassland. The Polder Worms was completed in 2001 and was investigated till 2004 by the AG Prof. Dr. Seitz (Uni Mainz). Since 2008 the hole area was examined again and a succession of the carabid fauna could be showed.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.25358/op...
    Doctoral thesis . 2014
    Data sources: Datacite
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Gutenberg Open Scien...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      https://dx.doi.org/10.25358/op...
      Doctoral thesis . 2014
      Data sources: Datacite
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      This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.

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