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  • Energy Research
  • 13. Climate action
  • 12. Responsible consumption
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Reis, A. H.; Miguel, A. F.;

    The worldwide scarcity of fossil fuels regarding primary energy demand together with growing environmental concerns have raised new challenges to the world economy, and led to changes in the energy paradigm. Industry, services, researchers, and the Academy are challenged to envisage new solutions through setting up new conversion processes, designing new power systems, and investigating and developing new energy sources and vectors. A broad and up-to-date views on flow systems, energy vectors, together with fuel cells, biomass, and energy recovery issues are covered in this collection. The Guest Editors are grateful to the authors who contributed to this special issue and to all colleagues who participated in the review process.

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  • Authors: Altamir Schembergue; Dênis Antônio Da Cunha; Carlos, Sabrina De Matos; Pires, Marcel Viana; +6 Authors

    This paper analyzes the role of agroforestry systems (AFS) as an adaptative measure to climate change in Brazil. A treatment-effects model (Propensity Score Matching) was developed. We identified the main determinants of the use of AFS and if the municipalities in which this technique is used are less vulnerable to climate change. The results showed that socioeconomic variables (land ownership, financing options, access to information and technical assistance) and agronomic variables (water resources availability and soil quality) influence the adoption of agroforestry systems in Brazilian municipalities. Climate conditions (temperature and precipitation) also play an important role in the use of these systems, which confirms their role as an adaptative strategy. It was also concluded that the AFS have the potential to improve the Brazilian agricultural performance due to the fact that the land value tends to be higher in municipalities where these systems are used. Thus, the AFS can make the agricultural sector less exposed to the negative effects of climate change in both the present and in future scenarios.

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    Authors: Serrano, Diego Machado Carrion;

    Abstract: Pellets is a solid biofuel that has been fairly used in developed countries of temperate climate. In recent years its consumption has increased for residential heating and electricity and thermal generation in co-firing plants, particularly in Europe, that is worldwide the largest pellets' market. Brazil has good potential to be a supplier in the emerging pellets market due to its forest tradition, adequate weather, land availability and a well-organized forestry segment. Based on the availability of biomass, it can be considered that there are two regions in Brazil that are promising for pellets production from wood waste: the North and South regions, but with a strong advantage of the second due to the supply chain of forest products based on commercial plantations; the production in the North region would suffer severe constraints due to the difficulty in tracking the sources of biomass. The assessment regarding the potential of pellets production for exporting is based on a hypothetical venture aiming at producing woodpellets in Paraná, considering real market conditions and logistics. The results indicate that a pellets plant with capacity to produce 100,000 t of pellets/year, biomass price turning around US$ 19.00/m3, and pellets price at European harbors (CIF value) as ¿ 140 per tonne, would be feasible, with an IRR of 17% or a NPV of US$ 1.7 million at a discount rate of 13%. The two main important factors in the final cost are the shipping cost from Brazil to Europe and the price of the raw material (i.e., its opportunity cost). As expected, the economic feasibility depends on the cost of raw material, as well as on the price paid for the product in European harbors. Resumo: O pellets é um bioenergético de uso relativamente difundido em países desenvolvidos de clima temperado, tendo sido nos últimos anos empregado de forma crescente como fonte de energia em aquecimento residencial e na geração de energia elétrica e térmica, em unidades "co-firing", principalmente na Europa, que é o maior mercado consumidor do produto. Nesse contexto, o Brasil, por possuir vocação florestal devido ao clima, disponibilidade de terras e ter segmento florestal bem estruturado, apresenta potencial para se inserir como supridor nesse mercado. Na elaboração desta dissertação, considerada a disponibilidade de biomassa, duas regiões foram identificadas como as mais promissoras para a produção de pellets a partir dos resíduos de madeira: as regiões Norte e Sul, sendo que a segunda tem significativa vantagem por possuir uma cadeia de produtos florestais fundamentada na silvicultura (florestas plantadas), enquanto na primeira haveria severas restrições devido à dificuldade de rastreamento da origem da biomassa. Foi feita a análise econômica de um empreendimento hipotético voltado à produção de pellets de madeira situado na região Sul do país, sob condições reais de mercado e logística. Os resultados indicam que, para uma planta pelletizadora com capacidade de 100.000 toneladas de pellets/ano, preço da biomassa em torno dos R$ 35,00/m3 e com preços de pellets a granel em porto na Europa (CIF) fixado em 140 ¿/tonelada, o empreendimento é viável, com TIR de 17% e VPL de R$ 3.6 milhões para taxa de desconto de 13%. O custo do frete marítimo é determinante na estrutura de custos, seguido do preço da matéria prima. Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica Mestre em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos Orientador: Arnaldo Cesar da Silva Walter Mestrado

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    Authors: Calais, Mariana Leme de;

    Resumo: Apesar da forte dependência do petróleo para fins energéticos e em indústrias de base e transformação, existe uma constante discussão em torno da instabilidade e riscos em mantê-lo como uma das principais matrizes energéticas de um país. Fatores como os recentes aumentos no preço do petróleo, as perspectivas de esgotamento das reservas, os riscos geopolíticos decorrentes da dependência de países politicamente instáveis e compromissos mais sólidos com a questão ambiental contribuem para essa discussão. Nesse cenário, o etanol vem consolidando a sua posição de destaque no mercado mundial. As atenções voltadas para o etanol não estão restritas somente a sua aplicação como combustível, mas incorpora também o etanol grau químico, fonte de matérias-primas utilizadas em diversos setores da indústria de transformação. Considerando a importância e a variada gama de utilização do etanol, o desenvolvimento de rotas alternativas de produção é essencial para suprir a sua crescente demanda. Uma rota promissora para obtenção do etanol é através da conversão catalítica do syngas, uma mistura de gases constituída por monóxido de carbono, dióxido de carbono e hidrogênio. Muitos estudos têm sido desenvolvidos nas últimas décadas visando melhorias no processo com o intuito de aumentar a eficiência da produção de etanol e, assim, tornar este processo competitivo e economicamente viável. O presente trabalho apresenta um levantamento bibliográfico com os principais tópicos disponíveis na literatura sobre o processo de conversão catalítica do syngas em etanol, com especial foco na síntese direta. Com o intuito de contribuir cientificamente com trabalhos em desenvolvimento na área, é proposto um processo para a obtenção de etanol hidratado e anidro a partir da conversão catalítica do syngas. O processo foi estudado através de simulação computacional e desenvolvido no software comercial Aspen Hysys® com o intuito de prever o comportamento do processo com base nas cinéticas das reações de hidrogenação de monóxido de carbono disponíveis na literatura. As simulações permitiram avaliar o impacto de variáveis operacionais e de projeto no desempenho do processo Abstract: Despite of the strong dependence on oil for energy production and as feedstock for several important industrial processes, there is a constant discussion about the instability and risks in keeping it as a major source of energy in a country. Factors such as the increase of oil prices, forecasted depletion of reserves, geopolitical risks arising from oil dependence on politically unstable countries and stronger commitment to environmental issues contribute to this discussion. In this context, the ethanol has consolidated its position of prominence in the global market. Interests on the ethanol are on fuel field as well as in the manufacturing industry as a source of raw material. Based on the importance and the wide range of ethanol applications, it is necessary alternative routes of production in order to attend the growing demand. A promising route for obtaining ethanol is through the catalytic conversion of syngas, defined as a mixture of gases consisting of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and hydrogen. Several studies have been developed in recent years in order to increase the efficiency of ethanol production and, thus, make this process competitive and economically feasible. In this work, it is presented a review with the main topics available in the published literature about the process of catalytic conversion of syngas into ethanol, with special focus on the direct synthesis. It is proposed a process for obtaining hydrated and anhydrous ethanol from the catalytic conversion of syngas. It was presented a computer study approach realized in the Aspen Hysys® commercial software in order to predict the behavior of the process based on the kinetics of the hydrogenation reactions of carbon monoxide available in the literature. Simulations allowed to evaluate the impact of operating conditions and design variables on the process performance Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos Orientador: Rubens Maciel Filho Mestre em Engenharia Química Mestrado

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    Authors: Lacerda, Lucy Mara Cacia Ferreira, 1982-;

    Resumo: O aquecimento global é um dos mais sérios problemas ambientais da atualidade, gerando uma crescente preocupação com o meio ambiente. Dentre as possíveis formas de redução da concentração de dióxido de carbono, um dos causadores desse fenômeno, está a fixação biológica de CO2 podendo ocorrer em fotobiorreatores alimentados com culturas de cianobactérias. Nesse sentido, através de uma colaboração com a refinaria de Paulínia, o estudo teve por objetivos avaliar o potencial dos efluentes líquidos da indústria petroquímica como meio de cultivo da cianobactéria Aphanothece microscópica Nägeli e determinar modelos de crescimento celular e consumo de dióxido de carbono. Os testes envolveram diferentes diluições do efluente líquido em água destilada (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100%) e diferentes suplementações de sais de BGN no efluente líquido (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100%), visando avaliar o crescimento celular do microorganismo. Os resultados demonstraram que a limitação de nutrientes no efluente afetava significativamente os resultados de aumento celular necessitando da adição de 25% sais. Esses dados também foram analisados em função de modelos de crescimento (Gompertz, Gompertz Modificado, Logístico, Morgan, Baranyi) sendo o melhor ajuste encontrado com o modelo Gompertz Modificado. Também foram simulados valores de produtividade em função de cultivo em regime contínuo revelando máxima produtividade aproximada de 1,41kgbiomassa/Lreator em 1000h de operação com uma fixação de 2,61kgCO2/Lreator. O consumo de dióxido de carbono foi avaliado em experimentos realizados apenas com meio BGN e tiveram como finalidade avaliar parâmetros como taxa máxima de consumo de CO2, constante de saturação da biomassa e constante de inibição, sendo aplicados modelos de consumo de substrato (Webb, Aiva, Yano & Koga, Andrews, Chen e Ierusalinsky) para analisar os resultados e definir a condição de melhor concentração de biomassa para promover uma elevada fixação biológica de CO2. O modelo de Andrews foi escolhido para representar esse processo de consumo de CO2 pela facilidade no uso e significado físico de seus parâmetros indicando a possibilidade de se obter 3,00gbiomassa.L-1.h-1 e máxima taxa de retenção de CO2 na forma de biomassa de 2,67gCO2.L-1.h-1 mostrando a potencialidade de uso desse sistema em processos de fixação biológica de dióxido de carbono. Abstract: Actually, global warming is one of the most serious environmental problems in the planet, because of it, the concerns with the environment have increased. Among the possible ways to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, one of the responsible for this phenomenon, is the biological fixation of CO2, which can occur in photobioreactor feed with cyanobacteria cultures. Accordingly, through collaboration with Paulinia's refinery, this study had the objective to evaluate the petroleum industry wastewater as a culture medium to cyanobacteria Aphanothece microscopica Nägeli and to determine growth and CO2 consumption models. The tests involved different dilutions of wastewater in ditilled water (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100%) e different supplementation of salts of BGN (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100%), to evaluate the development of the microorganism. The results showed that the nutrients limitation in the wastewater significantly affected cell growth requiring addition of 25% salts. These data were also analyzed in terms of growth models (Gompertz, modified Gompertz, Logistic, Morgan, Baranyi) and de better fit was found with the modified Gompertz model. Continuous cultivations was simulated and revealed a maximum productivity about of 1.41 kgbiomass / Lreactor at 1000h of operation with a setting of 2.61 kgCO2/Lreactor. The consumption of carbon dioxide was evaluated in experiments realized with BGN and have the objective of measure parameters such as maximum rate of CO2 consumption, biomass saturation constant and inhibition constant, been applied substrate consumption models (Webb, Aiva, Yano & Koga, Andrews, Chen and Ierusalinsky) to analyze the results and define the position of better concentration of biomass to promote a high biological fixation of CO2. The model of Andrews was chosen to represent this process of consumption of CO2 by the ease of use and physical meaning of its parameters indicating the possibility of obtaining 3.00 gbiomass.L-1.h-1 and the retention rate of 2.67 gCO2.L-1.h-1 showing the potential use of this system in processes of biological fixation of carbon dioxide. Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos Orientador: Telma Teixeira Franco Mestre em Engenharia Química Mestrado

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  • Authors: Gurgel, Angelo Costa; Gurgel, Angelo Costa;

    This paper assesses the impacts of the increase in the ethanol demand in Brazil and in the United States on the agricultural production and land use. A global economic model representing agricultural and energy markets, trade among countries, ethanol supply and the demand in Brazil and in the US and changes in the land use is used. We simulate increases in the ethanol demand in Brazil and in the US to reflect the US policy and forecasts about the Brazilian demand for the upcoming decade. Results suggest a specialization in sugarcane and ethanol production in Brazil and decreases in other agricultural commodities. The area cultivated with sugarcane would move up from 5 million to 15 to 20 million hectares in 2020, replacing areas of pasture, other crops and forest. The Cerrado region in Brazil would lose 2.5 million hectares to agriculture, while tropical forests would only be considerably affected if the US trade barriers on ethanol imports were reduced.

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    Authors: Andrade, Daniel Dias de, 1981;

    Resumo: O uso de modelos de estimativa de biomassa através de dados de sensoriamento remoto pode contribuir à geração de conhecimento para a mitigação dos efeitos negativos no clima e na biodiversidade do planeta, oriundos da utilização humana dos recursos naturais. A Área de Proteção Ambiental (APA) Fernão Dias é uma Unidade de Conservação Estadual de Uso Sustentável localizada na Serra da Mantiqueira no Estado de Minas Gerais, próxima à fronteira com o Estado de São Paulo. Por meio da estimativa realizada a partir de dados de campo para a biomassa acima do solo do fragmento denominado "97", coberto por Floresta Ombrófila Madura, e de respostas espectrais detectadas pelo sensor TM do satélite Landsat 5, realizou-se a estimativa do carbono para a cobertura florestal presente no território da APA. O grau de relação entre o Índice de Vegetação ajustado ao solo (SAVI), o Índice de Vegetação pela Razão (SRI), o Índice de Vegetação Melhorado (EVI), o Índice de Vegetação da Diferença Normalizada (NDVI), o Índice de Vegetação Perpendicular (PVI) e os dados de campo foi obtido por meio de equações de regressão linear simples. Foram obtidas correlações distintas entre as variáveis espectrais (índices de vegetação) e os parâmetros biofísicos (carbono): r2 = 0,738; 0,728; 0,721; 0,670; e 0,542, respectivamente. Mapas síntese do estoque de carbono acima do solo (t/ha) foram gerados para as áreas florestadas da APA, delimitados por divisões físicas e político-administrativas. A estimativa se aproximou dos valores amostrados para a biomassa medida em campo, apresentando menor equivalência na medida em que se amplia e se diversifica a área utilizada na estimativa Abstract: The use of biomass estimation models by means of remote sensing data may contribute to the generation of knowledge for the mitigation of negative effects on climate and biodiversity in the planet, due to the human appropriation of the natural resources. Fernão Dias Environmental Protection Area (APA) is a State Conservation Unit of Sustainable Use located at the Mantiqueira Mountains, Minas Gerais State, nearby the São Paulo State border. Aboveground biomass was estimated for the fragment denominated "97", covered by Mature Evergreen Forest. Landsat 5 imagery was used to map forest cover, so Carbon estimation could be represented for the entire Fernão Dias APA Area. The relationship between Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), Simple Ratio Index (SRI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Perpendicular Vegetation Index (PVI), and field data was obtained by simple linear regression equations. Distinct correlations for the spectral variables (vegetation indices) and the biophysical parameters (Carbon) were obtained: r2 = 0,738; 0,728; 0,721; 0,670; e 0,542, respectively. Synthetic maps for aboveground Carbon (t/ha) were generated for the Fernão Dias APA's forest areas, delimited by physical and political-administrative divisions. The estimations were similar to the biomass values sampled in the field, presenting smaller equivalences as the area used in the estimation is increased and diversified Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências Orientadores: Marcos César Ferreira, Édson Luis Bolfe Análise Ambiental e Dinâmica Territorial Mestre em Geografia Mestrado

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    Authors: Batista, Vanessa Mastrodomenico;

    Resumo: O presente estudo visou verificar a tratabilidade de efluente sanitário contendo formaldeído por meio do sistema combinado de fluxo contínuo composto de um filtro anaeróbio (FA) seguido de biofiltro aerado submerso (BAS), com tempo de detenção hidráulica de 12 h em cada reator. As concentrações de formaldeído adicionado ao esgoto sanitário afluente foram 57 ± 59, 90 ± 55, 267 ± 53, 420 ± 137, 533 ± 174 e 946 ± 131 mg/L, sendo que o aumento da concentração se deu após estabilização do sistema em cada etapa. A carga máxima de formaldeído aplicada ao sistema combinado foi de 1,121 kg HCHO/m3.d e a removida foi 1,116 kg HCHO/m3.d. Neste período foi encontrada a máxima carga de DQO aplicada e removida no sistema de, respectivamente, 2,5 kg DQO/m3.d e de 2,2 kg DQO/ m3.d. Não foi atingida a carga máxima de redução da concentração de formaldeído e DQO do sistema combinado. Durante toda a operação do sistema com aplicação de formaldeído, a redução de concentração de formaldeído no sistema combinado foi de 94 ± 2 %, sendo que a concentração média de formaldeído no efluente do sistema combinado foi de 5 ± 2,4 mg/L. No entanto, a redução de DQO do sistema combinado em relação ao seu efluente decantado, foi de 84 ± 11 %. Foi constatada a importância do gerenciamento da biomassa nos reatores de modo a não interferir na qualidade dos efluentes tratados. A nitrificação no BAS atingiu seu máximo durante o período de aplicação de formaldeído de 90 ± 55 mg/L e durante este mesmo período iniciou seu declínio. Nos ensaios cinéticos, a biomassa aeróbia apresentou maiores velocidades de consumo de formaldeído e maior capacidade de redução da concentração de DQO que a biomassa anaeróbia. As reações de primeira ordem foram a que melhor representaram o consumo de formaldeído nestes ensaios, e sua taxa depende da concentração inicial de formaldeído, da localização da biomassa nos reatores, da concentração de formaldeído aplicada ao sistema e seu estágio de adaptação. A maior velocidade específica de consumo de formaldeído encontrada para a biomassa aeróbia foi de 0,457 mg HCHO/g STV.h, sendo sua média igual a 0,325 ± 0,120 mg HCHO/g STV.h. Para a biomassa anaeróbia, estes valores foram inferiores, sendo a maior velocidade encontrada de 0,360 mg HCHO/g STV.h e sua média para todos os experimentos de 0,135 ± 0,117 mg HCHO/g STV.h Foi possível verificar a adaptação da biomassa aeróbia frente ao efeito tóxico do formaldeído através de ensaio cinético com biomassa não adaptada, a qual sua velocidade de consumo de formaldeído após o período de adaptação foi de 0,42 mg HCHO/L.h. e sua velocidade específica de 0,404 mg HCHO/g STV.h. Abstract: This study was developed with the intent to verify the treatability of domestic wastewater containing formaldehyde in a combined system formed by an Anaerobic Filter followed by a Biological Aerated Filter, each one with 12 h of hydraulic retention time (HRT). The reactor's performance was monitored by different influent formaldehyde concentration applied in the influent domestic wastewater, ranging from 57 ± 59, 90 ± 55, 267 ± 53, 420 ± 137, 533 ± 174 until 946 ± 131 mg/L, considering that the raising concentration was given after the wastewater treatment stabilization in each stage. The maximum formaldehyde rate applied in the combined system achieved 1,121 kg HCHO/m3.d and the maximum removed was 1,116 kg HCHO/ m3. d. During this stage there was also the maximum applied and removed COD loading rate, represented respectively by 2,5 kg COD/m3.d and 2,2 kg COD/m3.d. The maximum removed formaldehyde and COD rate were not reached. The removal average of the formaldehyde concentration in the combined system was 94 ± 2 %, and the average formaldehyde concentration in combined system effluent was 5 ± 2,4 mg/L. However, the average COD concentration reduction was 84 ± 11 %. The importance of controlling the biomass in the reactors was noticed for the quality treated effluent. The maximum BAS nitrification reached the maximum rate during the 90 ± 55 mg/L formaldehyde concentration in the influent and, in the same formaldehyde concentration, this rate started to decrease. In the tests for kinetics parameters, the formaldehyde consumption rates and COD concentration removal obtained for the aerobic biomass was higher than anaerobic biomass. The formaldehyde consumption was the first order reaction and it's rate depends on initial formaldehyde concentration, biomass localization in the reactors, formaldehyde concentration applied in the system and biomass adaptation stage. The maximum formaldehyde consumption specific rate was 0,457 mg HCHO/g STV.h for aerobic biomass.and your formaldehyde consumption rate was 0,325 ± 0,120 mg HCHO/g STV.h. For the anaerobic biomass, this values is less than it was for aerobic biomass and the maximum formaldehyde consumption specific rate was the 0,360 mg HCHO/g STV.h and the average was 0,135 ± 0,117 mg HCHO/g STV.h. It was possible to verify the aerobic biomass adaptation through the kinetics tests, after the adaptation its specific formaldehyde consumption specific rate was 0,404 mg HCHO/g STV.h.. Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo Orientador: Edson Aparecido Abdul Nour Mestre em Engenharia Civil Saneamento e Ambiente Mestrado

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  • Authors: Lima, Lilian Maluf De; Oliveira, Ana Maria Kefalas; Carletti, Paulo De Tarso Filho; Ferrari, Renata Cristina; +6 Authors

    This study, conducted along the year 2003, was held in the environment of a cement company plant located in the São Paulo State. That industry has used carbon black as predominant energetic source which besides resulting a huge emission of gases (CO and CO2) into the atmosphere, has been more expensive than some other alternatives of biomass sources. Taking into consideration the location of that plant, there was a large supply of available biomass to be used as alternative fuel for industrial ovens. Several biomasses were analyzed and it was concluded that the sugar cane bagasse and residues of wood (sawdust and woodchips) were the most appropriate alternatives to such an industry.

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    Authors: da Silva, Felipe Pinto; Vieira Filho, José Eustáquio Ribeiro;

    The objective of the present study is to estimate the factors that influencing global agricultural production, as well as to assess the technical efficiency of countries, taking account the context of climate change. The problem is: are countries that seek productive solutions to increase productivity and competitiveness the most efficient in a sustainable production logic? It is believed that the countries that increased the most production were those that intensified the emission of GHG (Greenhouse Gases), which leads to associate the false interpretation that growing countries pollute more. The hypothesis to be tested, therefore, is: the countries that grew the most (or increased production) were those that used the most technology that sequesters carbon, increasing its technical efficiency. To do this, a Stochastic Frontier model was used, based on the 1992-2014 data from 118 countries, available from the US Department of Agriculture (USDA), the World Bank and the Food Agriculture Organization (FAO). The study show that sustainable solutions in agricultural production, which increase the capacity of CO2 capture by soil, imply an increase in productive efficiency and that these measures are not fully disseminated worldwide, only in countries listed as more technically efficient.

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    Research . 2019
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16 Research products
  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Reis, A. H.; Miguel, A. F.;

    The worldwide scarcity of fossil fuels regarding primary energy demand together with growing environmental concerns have raised new challenges to the world economy, and led to changes in the energy paradigm. Industry, services, researchers, and the Academy are challenged to envisage new solutions through setting up new conversion processes, designing new power systems, and investigating and developing new energy sources and vectors. A broad and up-to-date views on flow systems, energy vectors, together with fuel cells, biomass, and energy recovery issues are covered in this collection. The Guest Editors are grateful to the authors who contributed to this special issue and to all colleagues who participated in the review process.

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  • Authors: Altamir Schembergue; Dênis Antônio Da Cunha; Carlos, Sabrina De Matos; Pires, Marcel Viana; +6 Authors

    This paper analyzes the role of agroforestry systems (AFS) as an adaptative measure to climate change in Brazil. A treatment-effects model (Propensity Score Matching) was developed. We identified the main determinants of the use of AFS and if the municipalities in which this technique is used are less vulnerable to climate change. The results showed that socioeconomic variables (land ownership, financing options, access to information and technical assistance) and agronomic variables (water resources availability and soil quality) influence the adoption of agroforestry systems in Brazilian municipalities. Climate conditions (temperature and precipitation) also play an important role in the use of these systems, which confirms their role as an adaptative strategy. It was also concluded that the AFS have the potential to improve the Brazilian agricultural performance due to the fact that the land value tends to be higher in municipalities where these systems are used. Thus, the AFS can make the agricultural sector less exposed to the negative effects of climate change in both the present and in future scenarios.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Serrano, Diego Machado Carrion;

    Abstract: Pellets is a solid biofuel that has been fairly used in developed countries of temperate climate. In recent years its consumption has increased for residential heating and electricity and thermal generation in co-firing plants, particularly in Europe, that is worldwide the largest pellets' market. Brazil has good potential to be a supplier in the emerging pellets market due to its forest tradition, adequate weather, land availability and a well-organized forestry segment. Based on the availability of biomass, it can be considered that there are two regions in Brazil that are promising for pellets production from wood waste: the North and South regions, but with a strong advantage of the second due to the supply chain of forest products based on commercial plantations; the production in the North region would suffer severe constraints due to the difficulty in tracking the sources of biomass. The assessment regarding the potential of pellets production for exporting is based on a hypothetical venture aiming at producing woodpellets in Paraná, considering real market conditions and logistics. The results indicate that a pellets plant with capacity to produce 100,000 t of pellets/year, biomass price turning around US$ 19.00/m3, and pellets price at European harbors (CIF value) as ¿ 140 per tonne, would be feasible, with an IRR of 17% or a NPV of US$ 1.7 million at a discount rate of 13%. The two main important factors in the final cost are the shipping cost from Brazil to Europe and the price of the raw material (i.e., its opportunity cost). As expected, the economic feasibility depends on the cost of raw material, as well as on the price paid for the product in European harbors. Resumo: O pellets é um bioenergético de uso relativamente difundido em países desenvolvidos de clima temperado, tendo sido nos últimos anos empregado de forma crescente como fonte de energia em aquecimento residencial e na geração de energia elétrica e térmica, em unidades "co-firing", principalmente na Europa, que é o maior mercado consumidor do produto. Nesse contexto, o Brasil, por possuir vocação florestal devido ao clima, disponibilidade de terras e ter segmento florestal bem estruturado, apresenta potencial para se inserir como supridor nesse mercado. Na elaboração desta dissertação, considerada a disponibilidade de biomassa, duas regiões foram identificadas como as mais promissoras para a produção de pellets a partir dos resíduos de madeira: as regiões Norte e Sul, sendo que a segunda tem significativa vantagem por possuir uma cadeia de produtos florestais fundamentada na silvicultura (florestas plantadas), enquanto na primeira haveria severas restrições devido à dificuldade de rastreamento da origem da biomassa. Foi feita a análise econômica de um empreendimento hipotético voltado à produção de pellets de madeira situado na região Sul do país, sob condições reais de mercado e logística. Os resultados indicam que, para uma planta pelletizadora com capacidade de 100.000 toneladas de pellets/ano, preço da biomassa em torno dos R$ 35,00/m3 e com preços de pellets a granel em porto na Europa (CIF) fixado em 140 ¿/tonelada, o empreendimento é viável, com TIR de 17% e VPL de R$ 3.6 milhões para taxa de desconto de 13%. O custo do frete marítimo é determinante na estrutura de custos, seguido do preço da matéria prima. Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica Mestre em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos Orientador: Arnaldo Cesar da Silva Walter Mestrado

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    Authors: Calais, Mariana Leme de;

    Resumo: Apesar da forte dependência do petróleo para fins energéticos e em indústrias de base e transformação, existe uma constante discussão em torno da instabilidade e riscos em mantê-lo como uma das principais matrizes energéticas de um país. Fatores como os recentes aumentos no preço do petróleo, as perspectivas de esgotamento das reservas, os riscos geopolíticos decorrentes da dependência de países politicamente instáveis e compromissos mais sólidos com a questão ambiental contribuem para essa discussão. Nesse cenário, o etanol vem consolidando a sua posição de destaque no mercado mundial. As atenções voltadas para o etanol não estão restritas somente a sua aplicação como combustível, mas incorpora também o etanol grau químico, fonte de matérias-primas utilizadas em diversos setores da indústria de transformação. Considerando a importância e a variada gama de utilização do etanol, o desenvolvimento de rotas alternativas de produção é essencial para suprir a sua crescente demanda. Uma rota promissora para obtenção do etanol é através da conversão catalítica do syngas, uma mistura de gases constituída por monóxido de carbono, dióxido de carbono e hidrogênio. Muitos estudos têm sido desenvolvidos nas últimas décadas visando melhorias no processo com o intuito de aumentar a eficiência da produção de etanol e, assim, tornar este processo competitivo e economicamente viável. O presente trabalho apresenta um levantamento bibliográfico com os principais tópicos disponíveis na literatura sobre o processo de conversão catalítica do syngas em etanol, com especial foco na síntese direta. Com o intuito de contribuir cientificamente com trabalhos em desenvolvimento na área, é proposto um processo para a obtenção de etanol hidratado e anidro a partir da conversão catalítica do syngas. O processo foi estudado através de simulação computacional e desenvolvido no software comercial Aspen Hysys® com o intuito de prever o comportamento do processo com base nas cinéticas das reações de hidrogenação de monóxido de carbono disponíveis na literatura. As simulações permitiram avaliar o impacto de variáveis operacionais e de projeto no desempenho do processo Abstract: Despite of the strong dependence on oil for energy production and as feedstock for several important industrial processes, there is a constant discussion about the instability and risks in keeping it as a major source of energy in a country. Factors such as the increase of oil prices, forecasted depletion of reserves, geopolitical risks arising from oil dependence on politically unstable countries and stronger commitment to environmental issues contribute to this discussion. In this context, the ethanol has consolidated its position of prominence in the global market. Interests on the ethanol are on fuel field as well as in the manufacturing industry as a source of raw material. Based on the importance and the wide range of ethanol applications, it is necessary alternative routes of production in order to attend the growing demand. A promising route for obtaining ethanol is through the catalytic conversion of syngas, defined as a mixture of gases consisting of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and hydrogen. Several studies have been developed in recent years in order to increase the efficiency of ethanol production and, thus, make this process competitive and economically feasible. In this work, it is presented a review with the main topics available in the published literature about the process of catalytic conversion of syngas into ethanol, with special focus on the direct synthesis. It is proposed a process for obtaining hydrated and anhydrous ethanol from the catalytic conversion of syngas. It was presented a computer study approach realized in the Aspen Hysys® commercial software in order to predict the behavior of the process based on the kinetics of the hydrogenation reactions of carbon monoxide available in the literature. Simulations allowed to evaluate the impact of operating conditions and design variables on the process performance Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos Orientador: Rubens Maciel Filho Mestre em Engenharia Química Mestrado

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    Authors: Lacerda, Lucy Mara Cacia Ferreira, 1982-;

    Resumo: O aquecimento global é um dos mais sérios problemas ambientais da atualidade, gerando uma crescente preocupação com o meio ambiente. Dentre as possíveis formas de redução da concentração de dióxido de carbono, um dos causadores desse fenômeno, está a fixação biológica de CO2 podendo ocorrer em fotobiorreatores alimentados com culturas de cianobactérias. Nesse sentido, através de uma colaboração com a refinaria de Paulínia, o estudo teve por objetivos avaliar o potencial dos efluentes líquidos da indústria petroquímica como meio de cultivo da cianobactéria Aphanothece microscópica Nägeli e determinar modelos de crescimento celular e consumo de dióxido de carbono. Os testes envolveram diferentes diluições do efluente líquido em água destilada (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100%) e diferentes suplementações de sais de BGN no efluente líquido (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100%), visando avaliar o crescimento celular do microorganismo. Os resultados demonstraram que a limitação de nutrientes no efluente afetava significativamente os resultados de aumento celular necessitando da adição de 25% sais. Esses dados também foram analisados em função de modelos de crescimento (Gompertz, Gompertz Modificado, Logístico, Morgan, Baranyi) sendo o melhor ajuste encontrado com o modelo Gompertz Modificado. Também foram simulados valores de produtividade em função de cultivo em regime contínuo revelando máxima produtividade aproximada de 1,41kgbiomassa/Lreator em 1000h de operação com uma fixação de 2,61kgCO2/Lreator. O consumo de dióxido de carbono foi avaliado em experimentos realizados apenas com meio BGN e tiveram como finalidade avaliar parâmetros como taxa máxima de consumo de CO2, constante de saturação da biomassa e constante de inibição, sendo aplicados modelos de consumo de substrato (Webb, Aiva, Yano & Koga, Andrews, Chen e Ierusalinsky) para analisar os resultados e definir a condição de melhor concentração de biomassa para promover uma elevada fixação biológica de CO2. O modelo de Andrews foi escolhido para representar esse processo de consumo de CO2 pela facilidade no uso e significado físico de seus parâmetros indicando a possibilidade de se obter 3,00gbiomassa.L-1.h-1 e máxima taxa de retenção de CO2 na forma de biomassa de 2,67gCO2.L-1.h-1 mostrando a potencialidade de uso desse sistema em processos de fixação biológica de dióxido de carbono. Abstract: Actually, global warming is one of the most serious environmental problems in the planet, because of it, the concerns with the environment have increased. Among the possible ways to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, one of the responsible for this phenomenon, is the biological fixation of CO2, which can occur in photobioreactor feed with cyanobacteria cultures. Accordingly, through collaboration with Paulinia's refinery, this study had the objective to evaluate the petroleum industry wastewater as a culture medium to cyanobacteria Aphanothece microscopica Nägeli and to determine growth and CO2 consumption models. The tests involved different dilutions of wastewater in ditilled water (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100%) e different supplementation of salts of BGN (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100%), to evaluate the development of the microorganism. The results showed that the nutrients limitation in the wastewater significantly affected cell growth requiring addition of 25% salts. These data were also analyzed in terms of growth models (Gompertz, modified Gompertz, Logistic, Morgan, Baranyi) and de better fit was found with the modified Gompertz model. Continuous cultivations was simulated and revealed a maximum productivity about of 1.41 kgbiomass / Lreactor at 1000h of operation with a setting of 2.61 kgCO2/Lreactor. The consumption of carbon dioxide was evaluated in experiments realized with BGN and have the objective of measure parameters such as maximum rate of CO2 consumption, biomass saturation constant and inhibition constant, been applied substrate consumption models (Webb, Aiva, Yano & Koga, Andrews, Chen and Ierusalinsky) to analyze the results and define the position of better concentration of biomass to promote a high biological fixation of CO2. The model of Andrews was chosen to represent this process of consumption of CO2 by the ease of use and physical meaning of its parameters indicating the possibility of obtaining 3.00 gbiomass.L-1.h-1 and the retention rate of 2.67 gCO2.L-1.h-1 showing the potential use of this system in processes of biological fixation of carbon dioxide. Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos Orientador: Telma Teixeira Franco Mestre em Engenharia Química Mestrado

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  • Authors: Gurgel, Angelo Costa; Gurgel, Angelo Costa;

    This paper assesses the impacts of the increase in the ethanol demand in Brazil and in the United States on the agricultural production and land use. A global economic model representing agricultural and energy markets, trade among countries, ethanol supply and the demand in Brazil and in the US and changes in the land use is used. We simulate increases in the ethanol demand in Brazil and in the US to reflect the US policy and forecasts about the Brazilian demand for the upcoming decade. Results suggest a specialization in sugarcane and ethanol production in Brazil and decreases in other agricultural commodities. The area cultivated with sugarcane would move up from 5 million to 15 to 20 million hectares in 2020, replacing areas of pasture, other crops and forest. The Cerrado region in Brazil would lose 2.5 million hectares to agriculture, while tropical forests would only be considerably affected if the US trade barriers on ethanol imports were reduced.

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    Authors: Andrade, Daniel Dias de, 1981;

    Resumo: O uso de modelos de estimativa de biomassa através de dados de sensoriamento remoto pode contribuir à geração de conhecimento para a mitigação dos efeitos negativos no clima e na biodiversidade do planeta, oriundos da utilização humana dos recursos naturais. A Área de Proteção Ambiental (APA) Fernão Dias é uma Unidade de Conservação Estadual de Uso Sustentável localizada na Serra da Mantiqueira no Estado de Minas Gerais, próxima à fronteira com o Estado de São Paulo. Por meio da estimativa realizada a partir de dados de campo para a biomassa acima do solo do fragmento denominado "97", coberto por Floresta Ombrófila Madura, e de respostas espectrais detectadas pelo sensor TM do satélite Landsat 5, realizou-se a estimativa do carbono para a cobertura florestal presente no território da APA. O grau de relação entre o Índice de Vegetação ajustado ao solo (SAVI), o Índice de Vegetação pela Razão (SRI), o Índice de Vegetação Melhorado (EVI), o Índice de Vegetação da Diferença Normalizada (NDVI), o Índice de Vegetação Perpendicular (PVI) e os dados de campo foi obtido por meio de equações de regressão linear simples. Foram obtidas correlações distintas entre as variáveis espectrais (índices de vegetação) e os parâmetros biofísicos (carbono): r2 = 0,738; 0,728; 0,721; 0,670; e 0,542, respectivamente. Mapas síntese do estoque de carbono acima do solo (t/ha) foram gerados para as áreas florestadas da APA, delimitados por divisões físicas e político-administrativas. A estimativa se aproximou dos valores amostrados para a biomassa medida em campo, apresentando menor equivalência na medida em que se amplia e se diversifica a área utilizada na estimativa Abstract: The use of biomass estimation models by means of remote sensing data may contribute to the generation of knowledge for the mitigation of negative effects on climate and biodiversity in the planet, due to the human appropriation of the natural resources. Fernão Dias Environmental Protection Area (APA) is a State Conservation Unit of Sustainable Use located at the Mantiqueira Mountains, Minas Gerais State, nearby the São Paulo State border. Aboveground biomass was estimated for the fragment denominated "97", covered by Mature Evergreen Forest. Landsat 5 imagery was used to map forest cover, so Carbon estimation could be represented for the entire Fernão Dias APA Area. The relationship between Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), Simple Ratio Index (SRI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Perpendicular Vegetation Index (PVI), and field data was obtained by simple linear regression equations. Distinct correlations for the spectral variables (vegetation indices) and the biophysical parameters (Carbon) were obtained: r2 = 0,738; 0,728; 0,721; 0,670; e 0,542, respectively. Synthetic maps for aboveground Carbon (t/ha) were generated for the Fernão Dias APA's forest areas, delimited by physical and political-administrative divisions. The estimations were similar to the biomass values sampled in the field, presenting smaller equivalences as the area used in the estimation is increased and diversified Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências Orientadores: Marcos César Ferreira, Édson Luis Bolfe Análise Ambiental e Dinâmica Territorial Mestre em Geografia Mestrado

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    Authors: Batista, Vanessa Mastrodomenico;

    Resumo: O presente estudo visou verificar a tratabilidade de efluente sanitário contendo formaldeído por meio do sistema combinado de fluxo contínuo composto de um filtro anaeróbio (FA) seguido de biofiltro aerado submerso (BAS), com tempo de detenção hidráulica de 12 h em cada reator. As concentrações de formaldeído adicionado ao esgoto sanitário afluente foram 57 ± 59, 90 ± 55, 267 ± 53, 420 ± 137, 533 ± 174 e 946 ± 131 mg/L, sendo que o aumento da concentração se deu após estabilização do sistema em cada etapa. A carga máxima de formaldeído aplicada ao sistema combinado foi de 1,121 kg HCHO/m3.d e a removida foi 1,116 kg HCHO/m3.d. Neste período foi encontrada a máxima carga de DQO aplicada e removida no sistema de, respectivamente, 2,5 kg DQO/m3.d e de 2,2 kg DQO/ m3.d. Não foi atingida a carga máxima de redução da concentração de formaldeído e DQO do sistema combinado. Durante toda a operação do sistema com aplicação de formaldeído, a redução de concentração de formaldeído no sistema combinado foi de 94 ± 2 %, sendo que a concentração média de formaldeído no efluente do sistema combinado foi de 5 ± 2,4 mg/L. No entanto, a redução de DQO do sistema combinado em relação ao seu efluente decantado, foi de 84 ± 11 %. Foi constatada a importância do gerenciamento da biomassa nos reatores de modo a não interferir na qualidade dos efluentes tratados. A nitrificação no BAS atingiu seu máximo durante o período de aplicação de formaldeído de 90 ± 55 mg/L e durante este mesmo período iniciou seu declínio. Nos ensaios cinéticos, a biomassa aeróbia apresentou maiores velocidades de consumo de formaldeído e maior capacidade de redução da concentração de DQO que a biomassa anaeróbia. As reações de primeira ordem foram a que melhor representaram o consumo de formaldeído nestes ensaios, e sua taxa depende da concentração inicial de formaldeído, da localização da biomassa nos reatores, da concentração de formaldeído aplicada ao sistema e seu estágio de adaptação. A maior velocidade específica de consumo de formaldeído encontrada para a biomassa aeróbia foi de 0,457 mg HCHO/g STV.h, sendo sua média igual a 0,325 ± 0,120 mg HCHO/g STV.h. Para a biomassa anaeróbia, estes valores foram inferiores, sendo a maior velocidade encontrada de 0,360 mg HCHO/g STV.h e sua média para todos os experimentos de 0,135 ± 0,117 mg HCHO/g STV.h Foi possível verificar a adaptação da biomassa aeróbia frente ao efeito tóxico do formaldeído através de ensaio cinético com biomassa não adaptada, a qual sua velocidade de consumo de formaldeído após o período de adaptação foi de 0,42 mg HCHO/L.h. e sua velocidade específica de 0,404 mg HCHO/g STV.h. Abstract: This study was developed with the intent to verify the treatability of domestic wastewater containing formaldehyde in a combined system formed by an Anaerobic Filter followed by a Biological Aerated Filter, each one with 12 h of hydraulic retention time (HRT). The reactor's performance was monitored by different influent formaldehyde concentration applied in the influent domestic wastewater, ranging from 57 ± 59, 90 ± 55, 267 ± 53, 420 ± 137, 533 ± 174 until 946 ± 131 mg/L, considering that the raising concentration was given after the wastewater treatment stabilization in each stage. The maximum formaldehyde rate applied in the combined system achieved 1,121 kg HCHO/m3.d and the maximum removed was 1,116 kg HCHO/ m3. d. During this stage there was also the maximum applied and removed COD loading rate, represented respectively by 2,5 kg COD/m3.d and 2,2 kg COD/m3.d. The maximum removed formaldehyde and COD rate were not reached. The removal average of the formaldehyde concentration in the combined system was 94 ± 2 %, and the average formaldehyde concentration in combined system effluent was 5 ± 2,4 mg/L. However, the average COD concentration reduction was 84 ± 11 %. The importance of controlling the biomass in the reactors was noticed for the quality treated effluent. The maximum BAS nitrification reached the maximum rate during the 90 ± 55 mg/L formaldehyde concentration in the influent and, in the same formaldehyde concentration, this rate started to decrease. In the tests for kinetics parameters, the formaldehyde consumption rates and COD concentration removal obtained for the aerobic biomass was higher than anaerobic biomass. The formaldehyde consumption was the first order reaction and it's rate depends on initial formaldehyde concentration, biomass localization in the reactors, formaldehyde concentration applied in the system and biomass adaptation stage. The maximum formaldehyde consumption specific rate was 0,457 mg HCHO/g STV.h for aerobic biomass.and your formaldehyde consumption rate was 0,325 ± 0,120 mg HCHO/g STV.h. For the anaerobic biomass, this values is less than it was for aerobic biomass and the maximum formaldehyde consumption specific rate was the 0,360 mg HCHO/g STV.h and the average was 0,135 ± 0,117 mg HCHO/g STV.h. It was possible to verify the aerobic biomass adaptation through the kinetics tests, after the adaptation its specific formaldehyde consumption specific rate was 0,404 mg HCHO/g STV.h.. Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo Orientador: Edson Aparecido Abdul Nour Mestre em Engenharia Civil Saneamento e Ambiente Mestrado

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  • Authors: Lima, Lilian Maluf De; Oliveira, Ana Maria Kefalas; Carletti, Paulo De Tarso Filho; Ferrari, Renata Cristina; +6 Authors

    This study, conducted along the year 2003, was held in the environment of a cement company plant located in the São Paulo State. That industry has used carbon black as predominant energetic source which besides resulting a huge emission of gases (CO and CO2) into the atmosphere, has been more expensive than some other alternatives of biomass sources. Taking into consideration the location of that plant, there was a large supply of available biomass to be used as alternative fuel for industrial ovens. Several biomasses were analyzed and it was concluded that the sugar cane bagasse and residues of wood (sawdust and woodchips) were the most appropriate alternatives to such an industry.

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    Authors: da Silva, Felipe Pinto; Vieira Filho, José Eustáquio Ribeiro;

    The objective of the present study is to estimate the factors that influencing global agricultural production, as well as to assess the technical efficiency of countries, taking account the context of climate change. The problem is: are countries that seek productive solutions to increase productivity and competitiveness the most efficient in a sustainable production logic? It is believed that the countries that increased the most production were those that intensified the emission of GHG (Greenhouse Gases), which leads to associate the false interpretation that growing countries pollute more. The hypothesis to be tested, therefore, is: the countries that grew the most (or increased production) were those that used the most technology that sequesters carbon, increasing its technical efficiency. To do this, a Stochastic Frontier model was used, based on the 1992-2014 data from 118 countries, available from the US Department of Agriculture (USDA), the World Bank and the Food Agriculture Organization (FAO). The study show that sustainable solutions in agricultural production, which increase the capacity of CO2 capture by soil, imply an increase in productive efficiency and that these measures are not fully disseminated worldwide, only in countries listed as more technically efficient.

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    Research . 2019
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      Research . 2019
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