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One of the most pressing problems of our time is environmental safety. The pollution of the Earth’s atmosphere in recent decades is caused by work at thermal power plants burning coal in the territories of the most popular states (USA, China, India, etc.). The use of a new class of fuel – bio-water-coal – can significantly reduce emissions of man-made gases, generated during combustion of coal in the furnaces of steam and hot water boilers, into the Earth’s atmosphere, expand the raw materials base of the modern thermal power plants and increase the resource efficiency of coal-fired power systems. The aim of the research is to study the influence of the concentration composition on the integral characteristics of ignition of the drops of the biohydrocarbon fuels under high-temperature heating. Object: a water-coal suspension based on brand T coal, water and spruce needles. In the course of the experimental studies, the following mass concentrations of coal and biomass were considered 50/0 %, 45/5 %, 40/10 %, 35/15 %, respectively (50 % – water). Method: experimental determination using the high-speed Photron FASTCAM CA4 video camera of the temporal characteristics of ignition of drops of the bio-water-coal suspensions under conditions corresponding to the heating intensity of the combustion chambers of the steam and hot water boilers; registration of medium temperature using chromel-alumel thermocouples. Results. The effect of mass concentration of forest combustible material on ignition delay times (tign) of water-coal fuels has been established. It was shown that when the fuel composition contains 15 % of biomass, the ignition delay times are reduced by more than three times compared with water-coal fuel without adding biomass at relatively low temperatures of the combustion medium. The results of experimental studies are also the basis for development of combustion models of liquid composite fuels.

In the course of the work, an analysis was made of modern technologies for the growth of microalgae, as well as the growth of biomass, depending on various conditions for its cultivation. Examples of the use of photobioreactors with microalgae in buildings and structures were considered. The advantages of using biomodules in the atrium of an office building, as opposed to being placed on the facade, were also considered: stable temperature conditions, long-term illumination, protection against damage, etc. Flat photobioreactors characterized by high productivity and ease of maintenance were selected. Using the results of research by domestic and foreign scientists, the growth of microalgae biomass was estimated taking into account the light regime and the temperature regime of the atrium of the business center. The work considers several methods for assessing the biogas potential of microalgae, and the results of laboratory studies of the biodegradation of biomass Chlorella sorokiniana, performed by employees of the Department of “Civil Engineering and Applied Ecology” are obtained. The photobioreactor productivity and carbon dioxide consumption by microalgae were estimated in the atrium of the business center. An analysis of the results of studies conducted in the work showed the promise of using photobioreactors with microalgae to absorb an excess concentration of carbon dioxide contained in the air and the power supply of office buildings. В ходе работы был выполнен анализ современных технологий выращивания микроводорослей, а также прироста биомассы в зависимости от различных условий ее культивирования. Были рассмотрены примеры применения фотобиореакторов с микроводорослями в зданиях и сооружениях. Также были рассмотрены преимущества использования биомодулей в атриуме офисного здания в отличие от размещения на фасаде: стабильный температурный режим, продолжительная освещенность, защищенность от повреждений и др. Выбраны плоские фотобиореакторы, характеризуемые высокой продуктивностью и простотой обслуживания. С использованием результатов исследований отечественных и зарубежных ученых произведена оценка прироста биомассы микроводорослей с учетом режима освещенности и температурного режима атриума бизнес-центра. В работе рассмотрены несколько методов для оценки биогазового потенциала микроводорослей, и получены результаты лабораторных исследований биоразложения биомассы Chlorella sorokiniana, выполненные сотрудниками кафедры ГСиПЭ. Произведена оценка продуктивности фотобиореактора и потребления углекислого газа микроводорослями в атриуме бизнес-центра. Анализ результатов исследований, проведенных в работе, показал перспективность использования фотобиореакторов с микроводорослями для поглощения избыточной концентрации углекислого газа, содержащегося в воздухе, и энергоснабжения офисных зданий.

The conversion of power plants to combustion of solid fuel mixtures based on coal and biomass can promote the reduction of the consumption of solid fossil fuels and improve the environmental performance of power units. The purpose of this study is the thermal analysis of brown coals, aspen sawdust and their mixtures in the air flow at a heating rate of 20 °C/min. The temperatures at which ignition of the coke residue of fuels occurs (360 °C for coal and 301 °C for biomass) and other combustion characteristics under conditions of nonisothermal heating have been determined. The addition of a sawdust to coal is shown to improve the combustion characteristics. With an increase in the sawdust mass fraction in the mixture, the temperature ranges of the main stages of combustion of volatile substances and coke residue are shifted towards lower temperatures thus reducing the temperature at which the combustion of mixtures is completed. Перевод энергетических установок на сжигание твердотопливных смесей на основе угля и биомассы может способствовать снижению потребления твердого ископаемого топлива, а также улучшению их экологических характеристики. Цель работы — термический анализ бурого угля, опилок осины и их смесей в потоке воздуха со скоростью нагрева 20 °С/мин. Установлены температуры, при которых происходит воспламенение коксового остатка топлив (360 °С для угля и 301 °С для биомассы), и другие характеристики горения в условиях неизотермического нагрева. Показано, что добавление опилок к углю улучшает характеристики горения. При увеличении массовой доли опилок в смеси диапазоны температур основных стадий горения летучих веществ и коксового остатка смещаются в область более низких температур, снижая температуру, при которой завершается процесс горения смесей. Промышленная энергетика, Выпуск 7 2023, Pages 37-43

The relevance of the study is caused by the tendency to increase the share of renewable energy in the fuel and energy balance to reduce the harmful effects on the environment. The main aim is to determine the kinetic parameters of biomass pyrolysis by G. Friedman's method based on the results of differential thermal analysis. Objects: straw, grain processing waste (wheat bran), cedar nutshell, pine sawdust, lowland peat of the Sukhovskoe field, as well as livestock waste from cattle. Methods. Thermotechnicalcharacteristics of biomass samples are determined according to certified methods (GOST 11305-2013, GOST 11306-2013, GOST R 54186-2010, GOST R 56881-2016, GOST 32990-2014); values ​​of the calorific value were determined using the ABK-1 calorimeter (RET, Russia) in accordance with GOST 147-2013 (ISO 1928-2009); elemental analysis of its organic part was carried out on a Vario Micro Cube (Elementar, Germany) device; the kinetic characteristics of low-temperature pyrolysis of biomass were determined by G. Friedman's method based on differential thermal analysis carried out at a temperature of 313–1273 K at a heating rate of 5, 15 and 30 K/min. Results. Thermal decomposition of biomass in the range of 313–1273 K occurs in two stages: the first stage proceeds in the temperature range from 463–488 to 623–653 K and is characterized by a sharp decrease in the mass of samples from 24 (peat) to 63% (sawdust); the second stage is observed from 623–653 to 873 K with a significantly smaller change in the mass of the samples (from 9 to 14%).With a further increase in temperature, the organic part of the samples practically did not undergo transformation, changes occurred only in the mineral part of peat at a temperature of 923–1123 K and were associated with the decomposition of calcium carbonate.The dependences of activation energy (Ea) on the degree of biomass conversion (w/w0) were determined, according to which its average values were calculated: for straw – 21,4 kJ mol–1; for sawdust – 20,7 kJ mol–1; for shell – 24,2 kJ mol–1; for livestock waste from cattle – 23,1 kJ mol–1; for bran – 33,1 kJ mol–1; for peat – 24,0 kJ mol–1.The values of the pre-exponential factor (A) for the studied biomass species are in the range 82,42–2377,01 h–1.

Энергетическая отрасль, себестоимость энергетической продукции, электрическая и тепловая энергия, необходимая валовая выручка, цифровые решения, цифровизация, продукция и услуги энергетической отрасли, тарифы и тарифное регулирование. Energy industry, cost of energy products, electricity and heat, required gross revenue, digital solutions, digitalization, products and services of the energy industry, tariffs and tariff regulation.

In this paper we evaluated the prospects for renewable energy, in order to meet the needs of agricultural facilities regions of Crimea. The current state of energy supply and the agro-industrial complex of Crimea are shown. Analyzed the potential for renewable energy in the agro-industrial regions of the Crimea. Given the prospects for renewable energy in order to meet the needs of agricultural facilities regions of Crimea.

Данная работа посвящена обзору решений для оптимизации энергопотребления электроэнергии с помощью технологий Виртуальной электростанции. Был произведен обзор технологий Индустрии 4.0. Произведен анализ рынка с решениями с использованием данной технологии. Была разработана модель мобильного приложения для оптимизации энергопотребления электроэнергии. В конце работы были сформированы преимущества данного решения. Описание разделов работы: 1. В первом разделе, кратко описаны основные понятия и технологии для оптимизации потребления энергии. 2. Во втором разделе были предоставлены решения, существующие на рынке. 3. В третьем разделе кратко описаны используемые программные средства для разработки модели мобильного приложения 4. В четвертом разделе был произведен обзор модели мобильного приложения оптимизации энергопотребления и сделаны выводы данного решения. This work is devoted to reviews of solutions for optimizing energy consumption using the technologies of the Virtual Power Plant. A review of Industry 4.0 technologies was conducted. Market analysis with solutions using this technology has been made. A mobile application model was developed to optimize energy consumption of electricity. At the end of the work, the advantages of this solution were formed. Description of sections of work: 1. The first section summarizes the basic concepts and technologies for optimizing energy consumption. 2. In the second section of the market. 3. In the third section, the used software tools for developing models of mobile applications are briefly available. 4. In the fourth section, an overview of the models of mobile applications for optimizing energy consumption was made and the conclusions of this solution were drawn.

The study analysed data on species composition and quantitative characteristics of zoobenthos based on the data of environmental inventory and passportization of Kazan. Data on zoobenthos organisms of 36 urbanized lakes were used. The predominant group by species composition in the zoobenthos community is insects, making up 53% of the total species composition, chironomids were the most frequent. The most frequently occurring and red-listed species of zoobenthos organisms were found. Zoobenthos numbers varied from 10 to 2800 eq/m2 in different water bodies; biomass values varied from 0.04 to 61.15 g/m3. According to the Shannon and Simpson species diversity indices, most of the lakes belong to the category of polluted with stable communities. The lake ecosystems located in the Novo-Savinovsky and Kirovsky districts of Kazan and belonging to the first supra-floodplain terrace of the Kazanka River and the Volga River are among the most significant in terms of species diversity of biological resources. The biological resources of lakes in Kazan, which are subjected to strong anthropogenic load, need to be protected, and the lakes need to be improved and rationally used. В ходе исследования анализировались данные по видовому составу и количественным характеристикам зообентоса на основе данных экологической инвентаризации и паспортизации г. Казани. Использованы данные об организмах зообентоса 36 урбанизированных озер. Преобладающей группой по видовому составу в зообентосном сообществе являются насекомые, составляющие 53% от общей видового состава, наиболее часто встречались хирономиды. Выявлены наиболее часто встречающиеся и краснокнижные виды организмов зообентоса. Значения численности зообентоса изменялось от 10 до 2800 экз./м2 на разных водных объектах; значение биомассы изменялось от 0,04 до 61,15 г/м3. Согласно индексам видового разноообразия Шеннона и Симпсона, большая часть озер относится к категории загрязненных с устойчивым сообществом. К наиболее значимым по видовому разнообразию биологических ресурсов относятся озёрные экосистемы, расположенные территориально в Ново-Савиновском и Кировском районах г. Казани, относящиеся к первой надпойменной террасе реки Казанки и Волги. Биоресурсы озёр г. Казани, подвергаемые сильной антропогенной нагрузке, нуждаются в охране, а озера – в благоустройстве и рациональном использовании. Международный научно-исследовательский журнал, Выпуск 10 (136) 2023

The work relevance is caused by the need to study the changes of biomass thermophysical characteristics in its thermal transformation in relation to the design of technological equipment and energy use. The main aim of the research is to study the thermophysical characteristics during slow pyrolysis of biomass with different mineralization amount. Objects: biomass resources with different amount of mineralization ­– straw (Ad=2,8 %), nonconforming wheat bran (Ad=6,9 %), lowland peat of the Sukhovsky deposit (Ad=22,8 %). Methods. Thermotechnical characteristics of biomass samples and their carbon residue are determined according to certified methods (GOST R 54186-2010 (EN 14774-1: 2009), GOST R 56881-2016 (E1755-01), GOST 11305-2013, 11306-2013, GOST 32990-2014 (EN 15148: 2009)); values of the calorific value were determined using the ABK-1 calorimeter (RET, Russia) in accordance with GOST 147-2013 (ISO 1928-2009); elemental analysis of organic part was carried out on a Vario Micro Cube (Elementar, Germany) device; thermal processing was carried out by differential thermal analysis and physical experiment; the thermophysical characteristics of the biomass and its carbon residue were measured by laser flash method using the thermal conductivity analyzer Discovery Laser Flash 1 (DLF-1); the true density was measured using an automatic gas pycnometer Ultrapyc-1200e (Quantachrome Instruments, USA); the carbon residue structure was studied by scanning microscopy VEGA 3 SBU electron microscope (TESCAN, Czech Republic). Results. Straw and bran pyrolysis proceeds in two stages, differing in the average rate of decomposition – (0,38…0,41) %·°C–1 and 0,09 %·°C–1 respectively. Peat decomposition occurs in the whole temperature range (220–500 °C) with an average decomposition rate of 0,11 %·°C–1. It was found that the thermal conductivity of carbon residue from straw and bran, which have a relatively low ash content for biomass, does not significantly change up to 400 °C, after which this value increases. The heat capacity of these samples increases with the temperature of their production to 300 °C, after which it sharply decreases. The carbon residue obtained at 500 °C has a higher heat capacity value compared to the residue obtained at 400 °C. These changes can be explained by decomposition of biomass organic part components – cellulose and lignin. The heat capacity and the thermal conductivity of sukhovsky peat carbon balance, have a high mineralization amount (Ad=22,8 %), decrease in all temperature range, due to the inorganic components share increase in result of organic part decomposition, which is confirmed by the solid phase density increase.

Тема выпускной квалификационной работы: «Уточнение параметров выхода биогаза для проектирования биогазовой установки на субстрате из отходов КРС сельскохозяйственного предприятия Ленинградской области». Данная работа посвящена разработке биогазовой установки для нужд конкретного сельскохозяйственного предприятия Ленинградской области. Для достижения поставленной цели необходимо было решить следующие задачи: 1. Анализ литературных источников по вопросам получения биогаза из сельскохозяйственных отходов; 2. Проведение лабораторных исследований по определению биогазового потенциала разных видов органических отходов; 3. Разработка схемы биогазовой установки; 4. Обоснование основных параметров биогазовой установки. В ходе работы был проведен анализ литературных источников по вопросам получения энергии из биомассы и обоснована возможность создания биогазовых установок малой мощности для индивидуальных фермерских хозяйств. На основании полученных ранее экспериментальных данных был определен биогазовый потенциал отходов сельского хозяйства, образующихся в рассматриваемом хозяйстве сельскохозяйственного предприятия Ленинградской области. The topic of the final qualifying work: "Clarification of the parameters of biogas output for the design of a biogas plant on a substrate from cattle waste of an agricultural enterprise of the Leningrad region". This work is devoted to the development of a biogas plant for the needs of a specific agricultural enterprise in the Leningrad region. To achieve this goal, it was necessary to solve the following tasks: 1. Analysis of literature sources on the production of biogas from agricultural waste; 2. Conducting laboratory studies to determine the biogas potential of different types of organic waste; 3. Development of a biogas plant scheme; 4. Justification of the main parameters of the biogas plant. In the course of the work, the analysis of literature sources on the issues of obtaining energy from biomass was carried out and the need for the creation of low-power biogas plants for individual farms was justified. The conducted laboratory experiment made it possible to establish the biogas potential of biogas from agricultural waste on the example of cattle manure. On the basis of the experimental data obtained earlier, the biogas potential of agricultural waste generated in the considered farm of an agricultural enterprise of the Leningrad region was determined.