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Trends for heating energy in European Cities are the decarbonization of energy sources and the reduction of heat loads. District heating (DH) networks are key systems to reach the targets due to the cost competitiveness and high performance levels they show. However, DH networks require a conversion to adapt for the need of the future. It is necessary to reduce the operation temperature so that it is possible to increase the performance of renewable systems and operation criteria needs to be adopted for the introduction of weather-dependent, distributed heat sources such as solar systems. In this paper is presented the RELaTED, a novel DH networks scheme with decentralized Ultra-Low Temperature performance. This way, it is possible the adaptation of new and existing networks to several operational schemes. Transitory phases for the conversion of actual DH and how this affects the whole system are discussed along the paper.

Please refer to "Ma Q, Wang P, Fan J and Klar A. Underground solar energy storage via energy piles: an experimental study. 2021." for details.

Sensible Heat Storage is the most common method of thermal energy storage, particularly in the form of hot water tanks. Essentially, sensible heat storage systems work by charging them with heat from a higher temperature source to raise the temperature of the thermal store, and by extracting heat to discharge them. On a larger scale, these sensible heat stores should be designed to store heat long term over seasons, which allow the thermal storage systems to be charged using solar thermal systems to then supply heat over colder periods and can be applied in an array of buildings, including individual dwellings and larger buildings. These seasonal storage systems consist of: Tank Thermal Energy Storage (TTES), Pit Thermal Energy Storage (PTES), Borehole Thermal Energy Storage (BTES) and Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage (ATES). The aim of this report is to provide useful information about the different construction techniques for the mentioned systems in addition to FP7 Einstein Project, where a big information research has already been done, analysing the main characteristics that interfere in the various proceedings. In addition, a general study for the three different CHESS-SETUP pilots is done regarding the availability and constraints of every case to introduce the different technologies. Finally, in order to ensure the correct operation of the installations, some guidance of the different types of maintenance is done as well as maintenance plans for the different elements of the system.

Global trends in the efficiency, safety of energy systems and energy conservation actualize the task of developing new technologies for energy storage and transportation. The article considers current technologies of storage and accumulation of thermal energy, which can be used in central heating systems, and draws conclusions about the feasibility of their use. Also, the classification of energy storage systems is presented. The most perspective thermal energy storage, which can be used to equalize the load on the energy source to ensure the peak demand for heat with a high coefficient of utilization of the equipment capacity, is noted.

Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, das thermische Verhalten von einigen typischen Schulgeb��uden in Albanien zu untersuchen. Dies wird mittels in-situ Messungen der Innenraumbedingungen, sowie mittels numerischer thermischer Simulation dieser Bauwerke durchgef��hrt. Auf diese Weise kann der Status Quo in den Simulationen erfasst (kalibriert) werden, und anschlie��end mittels paremetrischer Studien die Auswirkungen potentieller Verbesserungsma��nahmen untersucht werden. Drei Schulen in drei verschiedenen St��dten in Albanien (Tirana, Vlora und Peshkopi, ausgew��hlt nach den drei vorherrschenden Klimazonen des Landes) wurden f��r diese Untersuchung ausgew��hlt. Umweltparameter wie Temperatur und relative Luftfeuchtigkeit wurden in drei Bereichen der Schulen in Tirana und Vlora f��r eine Beobachtungszeit von 10 Wochen gemessen. Diese Daten werden mit den europ��ischen, ��sterreichischen und albanischen Standards f��r Bildungsgeb��ude abgeglichen. Beiden Schulen ist gemein, dass sie keine optimalen Innenbedingungen aufweisen, speziell im Vergleich mit den Angaben aus einschl��gigen europ��ischen und ��sterreichischen Standards. Die dritte Schule (in Peshkopi) ist ein neues Geb��ude, welches sich noch in der Bauphase befindet. Dieses Geb��ude wurde mittels thermischer Simulation analysiert und die so erhaltenen Performancedaten mit den Normen verglichen. Ein kalibriertes Modell ist f��r die Schulen in Tirana und Vlora erstellt worden. Die Ergebnisse der dynamischen thermischen Simulationen zeigen, dass trotz der fehlenden W��rmed��mmung ein relativ geringer j��hrlicher Heizw��rmebedarf vorliegt. Dies ist aber zum Teil den sehr widrigen Innenbedingungen hinsichtlich thermischen Komfort geschuldet. Aus diesem Grund sind bei potentiellen Optimierungen sowohl die Verbesserund der thermischen H��lle, wie auch eine angepasste Heizungsoperation anzudenken. The aim of this research is to illustrate the thermal performance of school buildings in Albania and to study possible improvements. This is done based on the monitoring of indoor environmental conditions and energy simulations of the thermal building performance. Three schools are selected in different parts in Albania (in Tirana, Vlora and Peshkopi), according to the three recognized climate zones of the country. Indoor environmental parameters, such as indoor temperature and relative humidity, are measured in three representative rooms in the school in Tirana and Vlora, for a 10-week observation period. The measured data is compared to European Austrian standards, and Albanian standards for educational buildings, resulting that both schools experience not a comfortable environment, as outlined by the standards. The school building in Peshkopi is a new building still undergoing construction. This building has been analysed based on the energy simulation, in order to determine any progress made towards having better environmental conditions according to the standards. For the schools in Tirana and Vlora a calibrated model is built to identify measures for lowering the heating load of the buildings. Results for the two evaluated schools, based on dynamic thermal simulations, indicate relatively low annual heating demand, although there is no thermal insulation applied. However, measured indoor environmental parameters show temperatures below the comfort ranges. Therefore, both thermal insulation and adapted heating operation have to be considered as improvement measures.

The thermal energy storage (TES) system is one of the most innovative technologies available for meeting long-term energy demands. Energy storage technology has demonstrated its ability to close the energy gap between supply and demand. The storage of thermal energy (TES) building integration is expected to reduce energy demand shortages while also allowing for better energy management in the construction industry. This paper will review about recent advancements in thermal energy storage which is in mini-review. There is some point that is highlighted in the review. There is sensible heat storage, latent heat storage and thermal chemical storage and the advantage of thermal energy storage. In this review paper, recent advancement has been studied and discussed, most commercial thermal energy storage was the sensible heat storage which is most cheap and most ready to use in recent technology. While future research is needed for giving confidence to the audience to use their system, which latent heat storage and thermochemical storage provide high energy capacity and high temperature for storing effect. These technologies were come in to track which has the advantage of their effectiveness.

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The article discusses the relevance of the use of autonomous geothermal heating in areas of high constraint, dense buildings in large industrialurban areas. The types of low-temperature heat sources and non-traditional renewable energy sources are analyzed. The most common ground collectors are outlined and shown, and the methods of using geothermal heating in load-bearing building structures are shown

Ceramic-based packed bed solutions are becoming more common in the energy fields as both thermal energy storage and heat exchanger. Such solutions are usually designed for the working temperature ranges above600 ◦C, thus thermal radiation becomes significant and even acts as the dominant heat transfer mechanism. Therefore, applying high-temperature coatings with different thermal properties could be an efficient way in enhancing the performance of these applications. In this work, the high-temperature long residency and cyclic thermal stability of six inorganic coatings applied on a ceramic substrate are investigated. Both qualitative and quantitative assessments are performed. The results show that HIE-Coat 840MX and Pyropaint 634 ZO exhibit excellent thermal stability performance both at high-temperature testing (1000 ◦C) and under thermal cycle testing (400 ◦C–800 ◦C). TiO2 based coatings could be a viable solution if the powder is pre-treated to avoid polymorph transition during the operation. Stainless steel 304 powder-based coating could also be a possible solution, since the adhesive curbs the oxidation and hinders the coating from deterioration. Contrarily, Pyromark2500 and MgO-based coating show different degradation problems that limit their exploitation in high-temperature applications undergoing thermal cycles. The investigated coatings show a wide range of thermal emissivity (between 0.6 and 0.9), with stable or decreasing trends with temperature. This enables a potential20% change of the effective thermal conductivity for the packing structure. This work is a stepping-stone towards further detailed experimental studies on the influence of coatings on various packed bed thermal storage systems, and thus offer a new option in improving the performances of the energy equipment with packed bed systems. QC 20220502