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The aim of the article is to elaborate and to investigate the automatic control system of pressure in front of evaporators of the multifunctional heat pump, which has several condensers and several evaporators. The control system must reduce the value of pressure perturbations acting on evaporators and decrease the value of pressure pulsations before them. To solve this problem, a hydraulic scheme has been developed in which this parameter is stabilized by using fine and coarse adjustment valves in hydraulic circuits of condensers and compressors using a pressure control system for a static flow mixer. The system for control of the flow of the refrigerant consists of two groups of compressors with automatic control drives installed in the lines of each of the condensers. The pressure control system uses a model of control valve with proportional-integral – derivative (PID) controller in the direct line of the controller loop. This solution allowed simplifying the heat pump control system by eliminating the necessity of matching the pressure and flow control valves in each line and controlling the flow in the line over a wider range as well. A mathematical model of the static mixer of flows installed after the pressure control valves is obtained. The proposed pressure control system gives a possibility to reduce the amplitude of pulsations of pressure before the evaporators up to 14-16 times.

При изготовлении комбикормов производители стремятся заменить зерновое сырьё различными отходами пищевого и агропромышленного комплекса. Такое стремление особенно четко прослеживается в странах западной Европы. Это связано с высокой стоимостью зерновых ресурсов, что непосредственно влияет на конечную стоимость сельскохозяйственной продукции. Затраты на кормление в отдельных случаях могут составлять до 80% от конечной цены реализации продукции. Поэтому совершенствование технологий производства комбикормов и рационов питания сельскохозяйственных животных является актуальной задачей. В качестве заменителей зернового сырья могут выступать такие отходы промышленности как: свекольный жом, стебли бобовых, лузга различных зерновых культур и другие. Обычно заменители зернового сырья содержат в своём составе большую долю клетчатки и лигнина, которые сложно перевариваются в процессе пищеварения у сельскохозяйственных животных. Для более полного усвоения этих веществ необходимо проводить технологические операции, направленные на разрушение высокобиополимерных структур с целью получения более простых легкоусвояемых веществ. В статье рассматривается совершенствование технологии получения экструдированных комбикормов и кормовых добавок за счёт применения операции двухстадийного измельчения с химической обработкой и заморозкой сырья. When making mixed fodders, producers try to replace grain raw materials with various wastes of food and agro-industrial complex. Such aspiration is especially clear in the countries of Western Europe. This is due to the high cost of grain resources, which directly affects the final cost of agricultural products. Feeding costs in some cases can be up to 80% of the final selling price of products. Therefore, improvement of technologies of production of mixed fodders and diets for farm animals is an urgent task. As substitutes for grain, raw materials can be such industrial wastes as: beet pulp, stems of legumes, husks of various grain crops and others. Usually substitutes for grain raw materials contain a large proportion of fibre and lignin, which are difficult to digest during digestion in farm animals. For more complete assimilation of these substances it is necessary to carry out technological operations aimed at destruction of high biopolymer structures in order to obtain simpler easily digestible substances. The article examines the improvement of the technology of extruded mixed fodders and feed additives through the use of two-stage grinding operation with chemical treatment and freezing of raw materials. Международный научно-исследовательский журнал, Выпуск 5 (143) 2024

Climate change in the world is affecting the growing shortage of fresh water. States in the Mediterranean region that have already experienced the effects of these changes need to take the climate factor into account when managing water resources. Using the example of the Republic of Cyprus, specific adaptation measures were studied and evaluated on the basis of their effectiveness, sustainability in the face of climate change uncertainty and their sustainability in the environmental, socio-economic sectors, as well as potential barriers and risks associated with the implementation of adaptation. The presented review showed that many of the measures taken, which are considered to address the impact of climate change on water resources, increase the adaptive capacity of the water sector, but its overall vulnerability remains high, as water demand is still not met in certain areas and / or for certain uses during a drought.

The aim of the article is a quantitative assessment of the influence of non-condensable gases on the intensity of heat and mass transfer processes during film condensation of steam in the specific conditions for heat exchanger. The task is achieved by conducting experimental research of heat and mass transfer processes in film condensation of steam in the presence of non-condensable gases.The study was carried out by the method of stationary heat flow on an experimental kettle with a jacket (0,02 m3 capacity), industrial cooking boilers (0,04 m3 and 0,06 m3 capacity). Cylindrical kettles with a hemispherical and elliptical bottom were selected as the condensation surface. The results of the experiments are presented in the form of a criterion equation for determining the mass transfer coefficient for vapor concentration diffusion. When the concentration of a non-condensable gas reaches 40% an intensification of the resulting heat transfer coefficient from the vapor-gas mixture to the condensation surface is observed. The coefficient of heat transfer to the condensation surface depends on the concentration of non-condensable gases in the apparatus cavity. The results of the research indicate that it is possible to improve the heat exchangers with a jacket and allow an assessment of the heat input when removing the gas mixture from the jacket in the heating mode of the cookers at the design stage. Material research allows to develop automatiс systems and control parameters in the operation of apparatus with a jacket

The Republic of Kalmykia is rich in solar energy, where the sun shines for more than three-quarters of a year. In addition to solar energy, wind energy can be used in the region. Since agriculture is the major branch of the economy in the Republic, waste from it can be used as biogas. This paper discusses the use of renewable energy sources in protected areas where additional noise devices and aggregates cannot be used. Also, the use of high-voltage power lines can lead to fires, and they occupy part of the useful area of nature reserves, so additional maintenance is required. To solve this problem, we analyzed the current state of the reserve for the protection of saiga lands in Kalmykia. The questions of insolation depending on the seasons and day-night characteristics are also investigated. The materials were the results of expedition routes conducted in recent years in the Black Lands reserve, data from cordons. The obtained materials will make it possible to use non-traditional types of energy for lighting cordons, hunting and tourist areas, in particular, the use of solar modules of different designs. To promote specially protected areas and the use of solar energy.

Изучение Мультинских озер Республики Алтай является сложной и многогранной задачей, требующей рассмотрения различных природных и антропогенных факторов, которые оказывают влияние на экосистему этих озер. Благодаря данным, собранным сотрудниками Катунского заповедника и представленным в летописях природы, мы можем ознакомиться с климатическими, гидрологическими и гидрохимическими особенностями данного региона, а также с их изменениями под воздействием человеческой деятельности. Климатические характеристики Мультинских озер играют важную роль в понимании экологической системы данного региона. Разнообразие климатических условий влияет на формирование и обновление водных ресурсов, а также на микроклиматические условия, которые существенно влияют на живые организмы в озерах и в окружающей их территории. Гидрологические и гидрохимические особенности Мультинских озер также являются неотъемлемой частью изучения их экосистемы. Данные о гидрологическом режиме, колебании уровня воды и температуре приземного слоя позволяют понять динамику круговорота воды, что влияет на живой мир в озерах и на прилегающую территорию. Гидрохимические данные позволяют определить уровень загрязнения воды тяжелыми металлами, минерализацию, насыщение воды кислородом и показатель pH. Эти данные очень важны, так как любые изменения в химическом составе могут быть связаны с антропогенным воздействием. Собранные данные также отражают изменения в экосистеме Мультинских озер под воздействием человеческой деятельности. Большое количество туристов может негативно влиять на заповедную территорию. Мониторинг данных позволяет выявить и оценить степень влияния туризма на экосистему озер и разработать меры по снижению негативного воздействия. The study of Multa Lakes of the Altai Republic is a complex and multifaceted task that requires consideration of various natural and anthropogenic factors that influence the ecosystem of these lakes. Thanks to the data collected by the staff of Katunsky Reserve and presented in nature chronicles, we can acquaint ourselves with climatic, hydrological and hydrochemical specifics of this region, as well as with their changes under the influence of human activity. Climatic characteristics of Multa Lakes play an important role in understanding the ecological system of this region. The diversity of climatic conditions influences the formation and renewal of water resources, as well as microclimatic conditions that significantly affect living organisms in the lakes and the surrounding area. Hydrological and hydrochemical features of Multa Lakes are also an integral part of the study of their ecosystem. Data on the hydrological regime, water level fluctuations and surface layer temperature allow to understand the dynamics of the water cycle, which affects the living world in the lakes and the surrounding area. Hydrochemical data can determine the level of heavy metal contamination, salinity, oxygen saturation and pH. These findings are very important as any changes in chemical composition can be linked to anthropogenic impacts. The data collected also reflects changes in the ecosystem of Multa Lakes under the influence of human activities. Numerous tourists can have a negative impact on the protected area. Data monitoring makes it possible to identify and evaluate the degree of tourism impact on the lakes' ecosystem and develop measures to reduce the negative impact. Международный научно-исследовательский журнал, Выпуск 4 (142) 2024

Предложена двухдиодная модель фотоэлектронного солнечного преобразователя, позволяющая представить в единой аналитической форме полную вольтамперную характеристику преобразователя (ВАХ) с учетом прямой и обратной ветви на основе W-функции Ламберта. Модель позволяет достаточно детально изучать влияние на обратную ветвь ВАХ в отрицательной области напряжений явлений, связанных с ударным механизмом размножения носителей заряда в области p-n перехода. Показано хорошее совпадение между экспериментальными и модельными кривыми для кремниевых солнечных элементов. С практической точки зрения ВАХ, записанная в виде единого аналитического уравнения с W-функциями Ламберта, позволяет анализировать поведение последовательного соединения солнечных элементов, модулей и панелей, находящихся при неравномерной их освещенности, имеющее место на действующих солнечных электростанциях. Two-diode model of PV cell is proposed, which makes it possible to present in a unified analytical form the full current-voltage characteristic considering both forward and reverse branches based on the Lambert W-function. The model allows a fairly detailed study the effect of avalanche breakdown mechanism in the p–n junction on the reverse branch of the I–V characteristic. Good fitting has been show between the experimental and modeled I-V curves for silicon PV cells. From a practical point of view, a unified analytical form of the full current-voltage characteristic with Lambert W-functions is allows to analyze behavior of the series connection of PV cells and modules under uneven illumination in running solar power plants. Управление техносферой, Выпуск 3 2020

The gas engine driven carbon dioxide heat pump designed for providing the heat, cold and electricity for industrial poultry house is proposed. The scheme differs from the known by using recuperative heat exchanger installed between the exhaust air duct of poultry house and heat pump evaporator and the heat curtain installed on the air duct after the evaporator. The air coming into the poultry house after the regenerative heat exchanger is supplied to the heat pump gas cooler. The heat pump produces heat of the required parameters of the input air and water for watering of poultry, space heating, etc. Heat pump compressor is driven by gas engine (GPA), by natural gas or biogas. The part of the gas-piston engine heat is used for adjusting the optimal heat pump mode and for regeneration of the absorbent in an evaporative cooler. The proposed technical solution of the above scheme provides a higher COP of the heat pump. Installing of heat curtain does not require the use of non-freezing solution to prevent icing of the air outlet of heat pump evaporator. The latter allows producing, besides electric power and heat, still cold (with the use off the adsorption-refrigerating machine) and provide drying air inlet evaporative cooler (if necessary).

The renewable energy capacities in Ukraine on 01.07.2021 were at 9225 MW. The solar power plants were topping with 7284 МВт or 79% of total, including 6351 MW of network and 933 MW of household capacities. Wind farms followed it with 1593 MW. Bioenergy plants had 230 MW of the total capacities including 119 MW on biomass and 111 MW on biogas. The small-scale hydro plants had 118 MW. Solar and geothermal heating were not widespread. The article describes the activities of the Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences’ (NANU) Institute for Energy, results of state regulations of the renewable energy market, the state of affairs with equipment production for solar and wind plants.