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Abstract Power-to-gas (PtG), as a promising technology proposed to store surplus renewable energy (RE), can hardly be commercialized for its low profitability. In this paper, three approaches are proposed in this paper to enhance the profitability of the PtG. Firstly, a cooperative union containing PtG is proposed and its sustainability analysis is undertaken based on Shapley Value method. Secondly, the PtG reaction heat, as an essential by-product of PtG which is valuable and therefore requires further study, is fully exploited for district heating in the operation of regional integrated energy system, which is solved by an improved SOCP method. Thirdly, a symbiosis cooperation mode is designed for wind power and PtG to enhance the benefit of PtG through optimization-based trading strategy, which is a MINLP model and solved by Big-M method. The results show that the daily profit of PtG is significantly increased with the cooperative union as the symbiosis cooperation mode can produce a 15.1% profit lift, meanwhile, exploitation of reaction heat can produce an 8.6% profit lift. Finally, our study reveals the conflict of interest between wind power and the cogeneration. A sensitivity study on the proportion of reaction heat used for district heating is performed to verify the mutually beneficial relation between PtG and the cogeneration. The findings of this paper can guide the commercialization of PtG.

This study aimed to examine whether the administration of losartan can prevent acute elevation of pulmonary arterial pressure (AEPAP) induced by endovascular ethanol injection and to assess its related mechanisms. Male swine were selected and performed with absolute ethanol endovascular injection. Saline was used as the negative control. Losartan was administered preoperatively. Pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP), femoral arterial pressure (FAP) and heart rate (HR) were monitored during operations. Venous plasma and pulmonary artery (PA) tissue were harvested for analyses. Protein level was detected by Western blotting and ELISA, whereas qRT-PCR was used in mRNA detection. H & E staining and immunohistochemistry were conducted to evaluate histopathology. Ethanol injection elevated PAP in swine. The concentration of RAS ligands was elevated in plasma (all P < 0.0001) but not in PA. The level of oxidative stress increased in both plasma and PA. MRNA level of AT1R (P < 0.01, 95% CI: 0.251-1.006), not AT2R increased in PA. Losartan failed to inhibit AEPAP after all sessions of ethanol injection, and partially reversed the ethanol-induced PA remodeling. The P38 MAPK was activated after ethanol injection and could be inhibited by losartan (P < 0.01, 95% CI: -0.391 to -0.164). Ethanol also promoted the translocation of the P40-PHOX/P47-PHOX/P67-PHOX complex and the activation of NOX, which was independent from RAS. Endovascular ethanol injection can induce AEPAP mainly by activating RAS and P38 MAPK signaling. Losartan can partially prevent AEPAP and vascular remodeling owing to the promotion of NOX activity by ethanol. Mechanism diagram of endovascular ethanol injection-induced acute elevation of pulmonary arterial pressure (AEPAP) partially prevented by losartan. RAS: Renin-angiotensin system; AGT: angiotensinogen; Ang I: angiotensin I; ACE: angiotensin I converting enzyme; Ang II: angiotensin II. AT1R: angiotensin II type 1 receptor. NOX2: NADPH oxidase 2. PA: pulmonary artery.

Abstract Low efficiency of heat conduction and absorption is a key problem to restrict the application of phase change materials (PCMs). Foam metals, which work as random heat transfer networks, are often used to improve the thermal conductivity of PCMs. But further improvements are still required in engineering. Interestingly, random micro-channels also widely exist in natural heat and mass transfer systems (e.g., minor veins of leaves and blood capillaries) that always appear with ordered branching networks of macro-channels. But the ordered branching networks, which perform as efficient transfer networks, are rare in metal-foam-enhanced PCMs. Therefore, this work enhances the PCMs’ heat-absorption efficiency by constructing heat transfer networks mimicking leaf veins. Given the gap that there lack trusted design criteria to design the heat transfer networks, we propose an innovative optimization criterion mimicking the generating process of leaf veins. Combine the criterion with an original flexibility-oriented optimization framework, a generating design method is established. The optimization performance is discussed in point-area PCM structures. Compared with the metal-foam-enhanced PCM plate, the heat-absorption efficiency of the generating-based PCM plate is increased to 196.67% in concentrating heat from the PCMs, and the heat-absorption efficiency is also enhanced for more than 3.79 times in dispersing heat to the PCMs. With these improvements, the proposed method is applied in cooling high-power electronic devices which solves the overheating problem and prolongs the working time to 400.00%. Further applications can be expended to PCM-cooling systems, heat pump, collection and output of solar energy and waste heat, etc.

Abstract The aim of this paper is to present the critical verification for TRX and BAPL benchmarks between the ENDF/B-VIII.0 and ENDF/B-VII.0 library. Using DRAGON5.0.6 code with 281-group WIMS-D and DRAG library, the integral parameters for TRX and BAPL benchmarks are compared to the Monte-Carlo code and experimental values. For the verification of DRAGON code, the influence of tracking method, resonance self-shielding method, and leakage model are investigated in this paper. The results indicated that the combination methods of collision probability method, equivalence theory, and P1 leakage model have better accuracy in TRX and BAPL benchmarks. For the comparison of ENDF/B-VII.0 and ENDF/B-VIII.0 library, the difference of integral parameters is small between the ENDF/B-VII.0 and ENDF/B-VIII.0 library. The relative error of ρ28 and δ25 is less than 1%. However, the accuracy of δ25 and C* is underestimated by about 1.0%∼1.5% in ENDF/B-VIII.0 library. It means that the fission cross section for U-235 is overestimated in ENDF/B-VIII.0 library and the 2-group cross section comparison is consistent with this tendency. Therefore, the absorption cross section for whole region is increased in thermal energy group, which finally leads to the keff and kinf decreased in ENDF/B-VIII.0 library. Compared with the experimental values in TRX and BAPL cases, the integral parameters in ENDF/B-VIII.0 are more accurate than the ENDF/B-VII.0 library.

There is less research on the hydrological system and its destruction processes mechanism in the mining areas, especially combined application of isotope technology and chemical signals, which is a key scientific problem that need to be solved. This study takes Jinci spring area in Shanxi as a case study. It is based on the data of hydrology and mining condition from 1954 to 2015, combining monitoring experiments, O18, D, S34 and N15 tracing, chemical and model simulation. This study investigates the hydrological regularity and impacts of mining activities on water quantity and quality, and reveals the destruction process of hydrological system. The results show that: (1) Water chemical type shows an evolutionary trend of HCO3--Ca2+-Mg2+→SO42--HCO3--Ca2+-Mg2+→SO42--Ca2+-Mg2+, due to the influence of exploitation and fault zones. Isotope tracer shows that mine pit water is formed by a mixture of pore water, karst water and surface water. (2) Although precipitation and seepage have a certain impact on the reducing of groundwater quantity, over-exploitation of water resource is still the main reason for reducing of groundwater quantity. Under the conditions of keeping the exploitation intensity at the current level or reducing it by 10%, groundwater level shows a declining trend. Under the condition of reducing it by 30%, groundwater level starts to rise up. When reducing by 50%, groundwater level reaches its highest point. Coalmining changes the runoff, recharge and discharge paths. (3) From 1985 to 2015, Water quality in the mining area is worsening. Ca2+ increases by 35.30%, SO42- increases by 52.80%, and TDS (Total Dissolved Solid) increases by 67.50%. Nitrates come from the industrial and domestic wastewater, which is generated by mining. The percentage of groundwater coming from gypsum dissolusion is 67.51%, and the percentage from coal measure strata water is 34.49%. The water qualities of river branches are generally deteriorated.

Maximizing the use of valuable components in coal gasification slag is of great significance for resource recovery and the environment due to the huge annual emission of coal gasification slag. This study successfully produced Si-Fe-Al-Ca alloy with a composition of 63.83 wt% Si, 19.73 wt% Fe, 7.09 wt% Al, 6.32 wt% Ca, 1.70 wt% Ti, 0.03 wt% P, 0.66 wt% Mn, 0.05 wt% Cr, 0.53 wt% C, and 0.06 wt% others through electric arc furnace smelting from mixed coal gasification fine slag. The alloy composition is close to the standard 65% ferrosilicon, which can be used in the deoxidation of the molten steel industry. Moreover, the alloy yield was increased from 20.53% to 67.78% by using the residual carbon of the coal gasification slag as the reductant directly instead of adding petroleum coke. The transformation of coal gasification fine slag during the smelting process and the formation mechanism of the alloy were studied and the carbothermal reduction mechanism of Al2O3 and CaO can be explained by the reduction and decomposition theory of carbides. The complex liquid phase of the reactant system and product system in the smelting process made the carbothermal reaction of Al2O3 and CaO easier to occur, but it also brought the problem that the reactions were not fully completed.