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Abstract Global primary energy consumption will continue to increase with a high rate to 2050, which will be a big challenge for countries to meet both global and regional energy demand. Pumped storage stations (PSS) integrated to a hybrid power system (HPS) with solar and wind power for China are under construction to tussle with this challenge. Historically, modeling of a PSS integrated HPS has been ignored the interaction effect between the shaft vibration and the governing strategies, which will increase the dynamic risk of PSS disconnected immediately to HPS. Here we unify the models of the hydro-turbine governing system and hydro-turbine generator units with a novel expression of hydraulic forces. We quantize all the parameter’s interaction contributions of PSS integration to HPS and validate this model with the existing models. Finally, we show the feasibility of PSS’s model in integrating of a HPS under steady and fault scenarios.

AbstractChina is facing severe challenge on CO2 reduction and will rely on coal as its main energy in the future. Under this circumstance, it is necessary for China to develop CCS technology. However, it may suffer serious risks for China to develop scaled CCS project. This paper aims to identify and evaluate risks for the development of scaled CCS project in China. Main research contents are summarized as follows: firstly, risk factors of CCS project are identified with the application of actor network theory analysis method. The results show that the development of CCS project in China could face risks from aspects of technology, HSE (health, safety and environment), market, energy and resources, as well as policy and regulations. Secondly, case study is conducted on China's first demonstration CCS project “Shenhua CCS demonstration project”. Results show that risks of case project is relatively lower which reflects the case project's characteristics in project scale, site selection and technologies applied. Thirdly, suggestions for risk preventing are proposed.

AbstractEnergy is the biggest crisis to humanity in the future. Nowadays, most of the energy used on earth comes from oil, gas and coal. According to the recent exploring and consuming rates, the energy will be exhausted in 50-100 years. Whether we can solve the crisis is closely related to the survival of humanity on the earth. The irradiation from the sun is the biggest energy source. Building PV power plant to utilize the energy from sun will be an only way to sustain the life cycle on the earth. However, the development of PV power plants require the huge supply of PV cell and the fabrication process may bring a quantity of pollution and waste, which is harmful to the environment. On the other hand, super large PV power plant will occupy huge land. If the land cannot be explored and used reasonably, this will not benefit the human life either. In this article, we address the discussions about the above problems and propose the initial suggestions about development trend of PV industry and the safety operation mode of super PV power plant.

Abstract The energy revolution will affect the development and utilization of energy, the production and distribution of electricity, and then has profound impacts on the function and form of the power grid. In this paper, to analyze the impacts of energy revolution in China, we generator of electric system planning (GESP) model to simulate energy structures and layouts that simulate different scenarios. Then we improve the calculation methods of the index scores and weights to improve the TOPSIS evaluation method, composing a comprehensive assessment system of TOPSIS-AHP-Entropy method. Furthermore, we construct a multi-dimensional evaluation index system that includes economics, technology, and environmental protection. The assessment results of two scenarios demonstrate, in the context of the energy revolution, that the Reinforcement scenario with large-scale renewable energy, has much better benefits, which requires the grid stronger, more efficient, cleaner. In the new energy revolution, there are four main changes of the morphological positioning and functional patterns of future power grid.

AbstractGravity data was interpreted in Bohai Sea of China in order to study structural features and find out the distribution rules of oil and gas in this area. This paper, through data processing and synthetic interpretation of the gravity data in Bohai Sea, discusses characteristics of the gravity field and their geological significance, determines the fault system, divides structure unites and analyses the relationship between the features of local gravity anomaly and the distribution of oil and gas fields. The results show that Tanlu fault controlled the regional tectonic evolution and the boundary of the structure units of Bohai Sea in Bohai bay basin. Structurally, this area can be divided into seven units, including Huanghua sag, Chenning uplift, Bozhong sag, Jiyang sag, Liaohe sag, Yanshan fold belt and Jiaoliao uplift. In these sag, a lot of local structures and fault developed, and then many favorable traps and systems of migration and hydrocarbon reservoirs formed. There is a close relationship between the distribution of oil and gas fields and the local gravity highs. The relief areas surrounded by these petroleum generative depressions are the most favorable potential targets for the oil and gas exploration, and the intermediate zones between the depressions and the reliefs are also the significant areas in Bohai Sea.

Abstract Agitation power consumption (P) in the anaerobic digestion of biogas plants is a major part of the electric energy consumption. To reduce P by adjusting the rheological properties, in this work, the rheological properties of corn straw slurry were studied systematically with the consideration of the effects of TS, temperature and particle sizes. The P was calculated based on the rheological behaviour of corn straw slurry. The investigation shows that the thermophilic digestion is effective only for the slurry with a relatively high TS. The size-reduction is more effective at higher TS compared to the option of increasing temperature in order to improve the agitation power efficiency, and the value of P can be reduced by up to 48.11 %. Since the size-reduction can also increase the methane yield, the adjustment of particle sizes is a promising option to save P, especially at higher TS.

Abstract The main objective of this study was to develop a thermodynamic model to analyse engine performance and combustion behavior of a single cylinder, four-stroke, naturally aspirated, direct injection (DI) diesel engine. The model was developed with a commercial GT-Power software. Various sub-models for different systems including intake, exhaust, fuel injection, combustion, and heat transfer rate were combined for thermodynamic analysis of engine performance and combustion behaviour. The engine rotational speed, start of injection timing and compression ratio were considered as variables. The engine rotational speeds were varied from 800 rpm to 2500 rpm, the start of injection timings was ranged from 15o crank angle (CA) before top dead centre (bTDC) to 15o CA after top dead centre (aTDC), and the compression ratios were changed from 13 to 25. Performance parameters such as indicated and brake power, brake thermal efficiency, friction, etc. and combustion parameters such as heat transfer rate and in-cylinder pressure are analysed at different engine rotational speed, injection timing, and compression ratio, and discussed accordingly. The optimum performance such as BTE, BT and BMEP were found at the engine speed of 1700 rpm, a start of injection timing of 10o bTDC, and a compression ratio of 20

AbstractUsing the industrial structure and energy consumption model as an example, this paper is aimed at exploring the relationship between industrial structure and the energy structure of Qingdao City. Studies show that industry, particularly heavy industry is the main component of Qingdao energy consumption. Accordingly, the Qingdao industrial structure should be adjusted; the tertiary industry should be encouraged, so that the proportion of heavy industry can be reduced.