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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Agathe Hurel;

    In the current context of global change, natural ecosystems are threatened worldwide. Predictions show that climate change will cause a value loss for the European forest of 21 to 50% by 2071-2100. In France, the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region depends on forests, which occupy 34% of the territory. Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) is of fundamental importance for this region: it represents 40% of the wood resources. This emblematic conifer of the Mediterranean basin and the southwestern Atlantic area has a discontinuous range distribution, which makes studying its genetic adaptation especially interesting.This PhD thesis aims to study maritime pine genetic adaptation to environmental conditions at various temporal scales and at different tree life-stages.The first chapter explores the susceptibility of different maritime pine populations to two pathogens: Armillaria ostoyae, a root pathogen and Diplodia sapinea, a systemic one. For this study, we used populations from CLONAPIN, a clonal collection representing all the gene-pools of maritime pine. We estimated H2 (broad-sense heritability) and Qst (quantitative genetic differentiation) for pest susceptibility, as well as H2 and Qst of other adaptive traits: height and phenology. The CLONAPIN collection having been genotyped, we were able to do a genotype-phenotype association study with all the mentioned traits. Finally, correlations were established between the genetic component of the traits and climatic variables. We observed moderate H2 for most traits, whereas Qst was generally high, showing a strong population differentiation. Susceptibility to D. sapinea was strongly correlated to high temperatures. SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) associated with the traits had a small genotype effect, pointing to a polygenic nature of the traits.The second chapter is set within the European project GenTree, aiming at studying genetic adaptation and evolutionary potential of natural tree populations. For our study, we were interested in maritime pine populations from Spain, Italy and France and in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) populations from Spain, Germany, Lithuania and Finland. As part of this project, 25 trees from each population were phenotyped for height, diameter, wood density, specific leaf area (SLA) and carbon isotopic discrimination. Seeds were sampled on the phenotyped trees, while conserving the family structure. Common gardens were established with these seeds in Spain and France for maritime pine, and in Spain, Germany, Lithuania and Finland for Scots pine. In each garden, all of the species’ sampled populations were sowed, trying to imitate natural regeneration. Germination, survival and growth stages were monitored during one (P. pinaster) and two years (P. sylvestris). Thanks to these data, we estimated different components of fitness, which demonstrate a strong population effect, and detect significant selection gradients in these populations. They show the importance of mother needle traits in P. pinaster, and mother size in P. sylvestris.The third chapter is based on Corsican populations. This island has the particularity of representing a single gene-pool of P. pinaster, which was able to adapt locally to the different environments of the territory. We took advantage of the common garden PINCORSE, composed of families issued from 33 Corsican populations. These different populations were phenotyped over several years for height, and a subset for phenology and carbon isotopic discrimination too. With these data, we computed h2 (narrow-sense heritability) and Qst, and conducted an association study based on over 50k newly generated SNPs.These studies present an innovative work bringing new insights on the adaptive capacities of maritime pine. Genetic data on performance of tree populations are essential to the genetic improvement program of maritime pine, tree-breeding and forest genetic resource conservation strategies in environments facing major changes. Dans le contexte actuel de changement global, les écosystèmes naturels mondiaux sont menacés. Des prédictions montrent que le changement climatique causera une perte de valeur économique des forêts européennes de 21 à 50% d’ici 2071-2100. En France, la région Nouvelle-Aquitaine dépend de ses forêts, qui occupent 34% du territoire. Le pin maritime (Pinus pinaster) est d’une importance cruciale pour la région dont il représente 40% de la ressource en bois. Ce pin emblématique du bassin méditerranéen et de la zone Atlantique Sud-Ouest possède une distribution discontinue, rendant son adaptation génétique particulièrement intéressante.Cette thèse étudie l’adaptation génétique du pin maritime aux conditions environnementales à des échelles temporelles variées et à différents stades de vie de l’arbre.La première partie explore la susceptibilité de différentes origines de pin maritime à deux pathogènes : Armillaria ostoyae, pathogène des racines et Diplodia sapinea, pathogène systémique. Nous avons utilisé des populations de CLONAPIN, un jardin clonal représentant tous les gene-pools du pin maritime. Le H2 (héritabilité au sens large) et le Qst (différenciation génétique quantitative) de cette susceptibilité ont été estimés ainsi que ceux d’autres traits adaptatifs: la hauteur et la phénologie. La collection CLONAPIN ayant été génotypée, nous avons pu faire une étude d’association avec les traits étudiés. Enfin, des corrélations ont été établies entre les composants génétiques des traits et des variables climatiques.Pour la majorité des traits un H2 modéré a été observé, alors que le Qst élevé indique ici une forte différenciation entre populations. La susceptibilité à D. sapinea est corrélée aux fortes températures. Les SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) associés aux traits ont un faible effet génotype, signe de la nature polygénique de ces traits.La deuxième partie s’inscrit dans le projet européen GenTree, destiné à étudier l’adaptation génétique et le potentiel évolutif des populations naturelles d’arbres. Nous nous sommes intéressés aux populations de pin maritime d’Espagne, Italie et France, et de pin sylvestre (Pinus sylvestris) d’Espagne, Allemagne, Lituanie et Finlande. Vingt-cinq arbres par population ont été phénotypés pour la hauteur, diamètre, densité du bois, surface des aiguilles (SLA) et discrimination isotopique du carbone. Des graines récoltées sur les arbres phénotypés, en conservant la structure familiale, ont servi à établir des jardins en Espagne et en France pour le pin maritime et dans les quatre pays d’origine du pin sylvestre. Dans chacun des jardins, toutes les populations de l’espèce ont été plantées, de façon à mimer la régénération naturelle. Les germinations, survie et stades ontologiques ont été évalués durant un (P. pinaster) et deux ans (P. sylvestris). Nous avons estimé les valeurs de performance, qui possèdent fort un effet population, et les gradients de sélection. Ces derniers montrent l’importance des traits foliaires des arbres-mères pour P. pinaster et leur taille pour P. sylvestris.La dernière partie s’intéresse aux populations corses. Cette île a la particularité de présenter un seul gene-pool du pin maritime qui a réussi à s’adapter aux environnements très divers de ce territoire. Nous avons bénéficié de la collection PINCORSE, composée de familles issues de 33 populations corses. Ces populations ont été phénotypées sur plusieurs années pour la hauteur, et certaines aussi pour la phénologie et la discrimination isotopique du carbone. Nous avons pu estimer h2 (héritabilité au sens restreint) et le Qst de ces traits, et faire une étude d’association avec 50k nouveaux SNPs.Ces études novatrices apportent de nouvelles données sur les capacités adaptatives du pin maritime, lesquelles sont essentielles au programme d’amélioration génétique de l’espèce et aux stratégies de production et de conservation des ressources génétiques dans des environnements en plein bouleversement. .

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    Hal
    Doctoral thesis . 2019
    Data sources: Hal
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    HAL INRAE
    Doctoral thesis . 2019
    Data sources: HAL INRAE
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      Hal
      Doctoral thesis . 2019
      Data sources: Hal
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      HAL INRAE
      Doctoral thesis . 2019
      Data sources: HAL INRAE
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Molé Kamga, Eloise Yollande;

    Le problème global (Simultaneous Management of Energy Production and Consumption : SMEPC) que nous abordons dans le cadre de ce projet, concerne la gestion synchrone sur une plateforme expérimentale appelée PAVIN (Plateformes Auvergne pour Véhicules intelligents) d'une flotte de petits véhicules électriques équipés de cellules hydrogène, qui sont nécessaires pour effectuer des tâches logistiques locales dans une zone limitée, et d'une micro-usine de production d'hydrogène chargée du remplissage périodique en hydrogène de ces véhicules. On considère 1 seul véhicule, nécessaire pour effectuer des tâches selon un ordre préétabli. Le véhicule commence sa tournée avec une certaine charge de carburant hydrogène, et son réservoir a une capacité limitée. Il doit donc retourner périodiquement à la micro-usine pour se recharger en carburant (de l'hydrogène). La micro-usine a une capacité de production/stockage limitée, qui dépend de l'ensoleillement.Notre objectif est de programmer simultanément les opérations de ravitaillement du véhicule et l'activité de production/stockage de la micro-usine en minimisant le coût de production et la durée de la tournée. Ce problème global est complexe car il implique à la fois des caractéristiques liées à l'incertitude des prévisions météorologiques, au comportement autonome du véhicule mais aussi liées à la synchronisation des recharges du véhicule et de la production d'hydrogène. On modélise d'abord notre problème par des programmes linéaires. Ensuite, pour résoudre le problème SMEPC plusieurs méthodes d'optimisation sont abordées à savoir : la méthode d'optimisation de type programmationdynamique qu'on nomme ici DPS_SMEPC et la méthode d'optimisation de type heuristique qu'on appelle ici Pipe-line VD_PM. Pour finir, on conçoit un estimateur de coûts à l'aide de procédés d'approximation de type réseau de neurones.Nous modélisons SMEPC par un programme linéaire en nombre entiers mixtes (MIP). Les variables de décisions sont associées à la recharge du véhicule et à la production d'hydrogène. Mais, comme il implique un trop grand nombre de variables, on le décompose en deux sous-problèmes distincts. Le premier contrôle la tournée du véhicule, et le second traite de la gestion de la micro-usine. Ils sont également traités par des programmes linéaires reliés entre eux par un mécanisme de synchronisation.SMEPC est traité par programmation dynamique. Le schéma de programmation dynamique (DPS) tend à impliquer en pratique un nombre excessivement élevé d'états. Nous introduisons des dispositifs de filtrage : basés sur l'anticipation des incohérences en définissant des règles logiques, basés sur une estimation optimiste sur la base du pré-calcul d'une solution initiale réalisable, et, basés sur l'utilisation de mécanismes de dominance. Une partie de l'étude est consacrée à une évaluation de la puissance de ces processus de filtrage.Dans le souci de faire ressortir la dimension collaborative de notre problème, nous traitons SMEPC par le biais d'une heuristique en le décomposons en deux sous-problèmes distincts, le problème Vehicle-Driver (VD) qui consiste à déterminer une stratégie de recharge du véhicule, et le problème Production-Manager (PM) qui consiste à déterminer une stratégie de production de la micro-usine. En effet, la solution du problème véhicule est considérée comme une entrée du problème production. La stratégie de production est calculée en tenant compte de la tournée trouvée par le problème véhicule.Pour pouvoir prédire rapidement le coût de la solution optimale d'une instance, on conçoit un estimateur. Ce dernier a été construit à l'aide de réseaux de neurones qui prennent en entrées les données de l'instance et fournissent en sortie une estimation de la valeur optimale. Pour réaliser la phase d'apprentissage et de test des réseaux de neurones, on utilise un ensemble de 6000 instances. The global problem (Simultaneous Management of Energy Production and Consumption : SMEPC) that we are addressing in this project, concerns the synchronous management on a platform called PAVIN (Plateformes Auvergne pour Véhicules intelligents) of a fleet of small, experimental electric vehicles equipped with hydrogen cells, which are required to perform logistical tasks in a limited area, and a micro-hydrogen production plant for filling the hydrogen tank of these vehicles. We consider only 1 vehicle, necessary to perform tasks in an order of predefined. The vehicle starts its tour with a certain amount of hydrogen fuel, and its tank has limited capacity. It must therefore return periodically to the micro-plant to recharge in fuel (hydrogen). The micro-plant has a limited production/storage capacity, which depends on sunlight.Our objective is to simultaneously schedule the vehicle refueling operations and the production/storage activity of the production/storage activity of the microfactory while minimizing the production cost and the duration of the tour. This global problem is complex because it involves both characteristics related to the uncertainty of the weather forecast, the autonomous the autonomous behavior of the vehicle but also related to the synchronization of the vehicle's of the vehicle recharging and hydrogen production. We first model our problem by linear programs. Then, to solve the problem SMEPC several methods of optimization are approached namely : the method of optimization of type dynamic programming that we call here DPS_SMEPC and the optimization method of heuristic type that we call here Pipe-line VD_PM. Finally, we design a cost estimator using neural network approximation processes.We model SMEPC by a mixed integer linear program (MIP). The decision variables are associated with vehicle charging and hydrogen production. However, since it involves too many variables, it is decomposed into two distinct subproblems. The first one controls the vehicle tour, and the second one deals with the management of the microfactory. They are also handled by linear programs linked together by a synchronization mechanism.SMEPC is processed by dynamic programming. The Dynamic Programming Scheme (DPS) tends to to involve in practice an excessively high number of states. We are introducing filtering devices : based on the anticipation of inconsistencies by defining logical rules, based on an optimistic estimation based on the pre-calculation of a feasible initial solution, and, based on the use of dominance mechanisms. Part of the study is devoted to an evaluation of the power of these filtering processes.In order to bring out the collaborative dimension of our problem, we treat SMEPC through a heuristic by decomposing it into two sub-problems distinct, the problem Vehicle-Driver (VD) which consists in determining a recharging strategy of the vehicle, and the problem Production-Manager(PM) which consists in determining a production strategy for the micro-plant. Indeed, the solution of the vehicle problem is considered as an input to the production problem. The production strategy is calculated taking into account the route found by the vehicle problem.In order to quickly predict the cost of the optimal solution of an instance, an estimator is designed. This estimator is built using neural networks that take as input the data of the instance and provide as output an estimate of the optimal value. To carry out the learning and testing phase of the neural networks, a set of 6000 instances is used.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Halarrow_drop_down
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    Hal
    Doctoral thesis . 2023
    Data sources: Hal
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    HAL Clermont Université
    Doctoral thesis . 2023
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      Hal
      Doctoral thesis . 2023
      Data sources: Hal
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      HAL Clermont Université
      Doctoral thesis . 2023
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    Authors: Gombert, Philippe; Poulain, Angelique; Goderniaux, Pascal; Orban, Philippe; +2 Authors

    International audience Pumped Hydro-Energy Storage (PHES) account for more than 97% of the world's electrical energy storage and cumulate approximately 170 GW of installed capacity. France and Belgium currently have 9 PHES with a total capacity of 6.3 GW, but there are no longer any new sites acceptable for conventional PHES as they require the excavation of two basins on the surface, and can only be installed in areas with a marked relief. Following the foreseeable demand for energy storage generated by the development of intermittent renewable energies, it is proposed to study the possibility of creating new non-conventional PHES using existing basins in abandoned mines or quarries. These may be surface or underground basins, the latter providing access to subterranean or semi-subterranean PHES technology (3S-PHES). This paper describes the potential of these new PHES technologies and the risks and impacts they are likely to generate. These risks concern first of all adjacent aquifers: hydromechanical disturbances (propagation of water level variations in the aquifer) and hydrochemical interactions (precipitation of carbonates and iron oxides). They also concern the ground surface with the possibility of ground movements or surface gas emissions. However, these are risks that have already been identified and controlled in the context of other underground activities. Les Stations de Transfert d'Energie par Pompage (STEP) représentent plus de 97 % des stockages d'énergie électrique dans le monde et totalisent environ 170 GW de puissance installée. La France et la Belgique disposent actuellement de 9 STEP d'une puissance totale de 6,3 GW mais il n'existe plus de nouveaux sites acceptables pour des STEP conventionnelles car ces dernières nécessitent le creusement de deux bassins en surface et ne peuvent être installées que dans des zones au relief marqué. Suite à la demande de stockage d'énergie engendrée par le développement des énergies renouvelables intermittentes, on aborde la possibilité de créer de nouvelles STEP non conventionnelles en utilisant les bassins existants dans des mines ou des carrières abandonnées ou en voie d'abandon. Il peut s'agir de bassins en surface ou en souterrain, ces derniers donnant accès à la technologie des STEP souterraines ou semi-souterraine (STEP-3S). On décrit ici le potentiel de ces nouvelles technologies de STEP ainsi que les risques et impacts qu'elles sont susceptibles d'engendrer : interactions hydromécaniques et hydrochimiques avec les aquifères adjacents, mouvements de terrain, émissions de gaz. Il s'agit de risques déjà identifiés et maîtrisés dans le cadre d'autres activités du sous-sol.

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    Authors: Guivarch, Céline;

    Mes travaux s’intéressent à la question du changement climatique, défi majeur posé à nos sociétés, qui porte à une échelle et une complexité sans précédent la question des politiques publiques. Le climat est un bien public global, mais il y existe une grande hétérogénéité des coûts et des bénéfices. De plus, c’est une question qui implique le très long-terme, et de nombreuses irréversibilités et incertitudes. Les causes du changement climatique, ainsi que les solutions face aux défis qu’il pose, impliquent l’ensemble des aspects de nos modes de vie, concernent tous les secteurs économiques, et nécessitent de penser les interactions entre des systèmes complexes socio-économiques, techniques et naturels.J’aborde cette question du changement climatique à travers l’économie de l’environnement et des ressources (économie du changement climatique, et économie de l’énergie puisque l’énergie représente une grande partie des émissions de gaz à effet de serre), ainsi que des travaux multidisciplinaires en lien avec modélisation du climat et du cycle du carbone, ou mobilisant les mathématiques appliquées, la recherche opérationnelle, ou les sciences de l’environnement. Mes travaux sont publiés pour une partie dans des journaux d’économie, pour une autre dans des revues interdisciplinaires telles que Climatic Change, Global Environmental Change, Climate Policy ou Nature Communications. Il me semble en effet que ce lien avec d’autres disciplines est nécessaire pour répondre à des questions à teneur économique in fine mais pour lesquelles la compréhension de mécanismes physiques est clé pour poser correctement la question et représenter de façon pertinente les mécanismes, ou pour construire et tirer parti de résultats de modèles reposant sur de nombreuses équations et paramètres car représentant des systèmes complexes.La plupart de mes travaux sont de nature appliquée, et s’appuient sur des modèles numériques. Les modèles sont pris comme une heuristique, un cadre à penser, pour tenter d’analyser les interactions dans un système complexe, de dégager une vision globale et systémique, et de faire ressortir des résultats quantifiés robustes ou les déterminants principaux des incertitudes, dans une démarche prospective.Le bilan qui suit présente mes travaux qui se rattachent à deux grandes questions transversales (et à leur intersection) : celle de l’irréversibilité et des inerties, et celle des incertitudes. Ainsi, le bilan n’est pas exhaustif et exclut un certain nombre de travaux, sur des sujets connexes, tels que la précarité énergétique par exemple.

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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Robillard, J.F.;

    Thermoelectric energy harvesting offers strong advantages to supply low power electronics such as sensing, wireless, mobile and communicating devices that are increasingly changing our environment. Thermal energy sources are indeed abundant and widespread in our homes, factories and even our own body can be seen as a heat source. This matches very well the power needs of Ambient Intelligence, Internet of Things and Body Area Networks. Unfortunately, state-of-the-art thermoelectric converters still rely on rare and potentially harmful elements and feature low compatibility with low-cost mainstream production lines. The "Unconventional Principles of ThermoElectric Generation" project (UPTEG), explored two radically new approaches to overcome these limitations. First, the project aimed at making an artificial thermoelectric material out of silicon, one of the most abundant element on earth which is also at the heart of today's information technologies. To that end, a new process was developed to fabricate fully suspended silicon thin films patterned at the nanoscale following the concept of Phononic Engineering Converters. This concept uses a pattern of holes at the right length scale to hinder the heat flow while preserving electrical current conduction, resulting in augmented thermoelectric performance of the material. This approach lead to several remarkable results. First, we simulated, estimated and designed thin-film planar converters architectures. We then developed a versatile process that enables the fabrication of a variety of devices fully compatible with silicon MEMS technologies. In addition, we quantified heat transport at nanoscale using three complementary methods, namely: Electro-thermal, Raman thermometry and Scanning Thermal Microscopy. Not only the results show the consistency of these methodologies for the first time, they also demonstrate that heat conduction has been divided by a factor 15. From the fundamental point of view, these artificial materials could solve the well-known "phonon glass, electron crystal" dilemma faced in thermoelectricity. Finally, a demonstrator was fabricated and characterized that show the efficient heat gradient management and power generation in the silicon thin-films. The output power, up to a few mW/cm² under 50 degrees’ temperature difference constitutes a new state-of-the-art for crystalline silicon thermoelectric converters.A secondary concept of energy harvesting, even more advanced, explored thermo-electronic emission of current between a pair of electrodes separated by a vacuum gap, the whole system being applied a temperature gradient. The concept of a thermionic converter offers potentially very high harvesting efficiencies but has always been technologically limited by the difficulty to manage enormous heat gradients and the so-called space charge effect that occurs when high current densities are involved. UPTEG brought important building blocks towards such converters by showing cesium oxide as a low work function material for silicon electrodes and proposing a micro-thermionic converter architecture. In total 14 scientists, engineers and students were involved in the project with the decisive support of the ERC, CNRS/IEMN and Yncréa Hauts-de-France. The results of UPTEG lead to the defense of 6 PhDs, the publication of 10 articles and 24 oral communications. Today more than ever, the outcomes of UPTEG supports the idea that an abundant, inexpensive and environmentally benign material like silicon could be at the heart of future thermoelectricity. En 2019 s’achève le projet Européen UPTEG qui portait sur la génération efficace d’énergie thermoélectrique à partir de principes non conventionnels. Démarré en octobre 2013 pour une durée de 5 ans et un budget de 1.5M€ financé par le Conseil Européen de la Recherche (ERC). Ce projet a mobilisé les efforts conjoints de l’ISEN et de l’Institut d’Electronique, Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologies. Au total 9 personnes ont été impliquées dans le projet (illustration) qui a permis d’achever six thèses de doctorat, de financer 2 post-doctorats et a conduit à 12 publications, 23 conférences internationales et 1 brevet.Au cœur du projet, la thermoélectricité, une méthode de conversion d’énergie qui requiert de la part des matériaux des propriétés difficilement compatibles entre elles. Le bon compromis entre effet Seebeck, conductivité électrique et une bonne résistivité thermique est difficile à obtenir. Pour illustrer, le matériau thermoélectrique idéal devrait avoir à la fois les propriétés électriques d’un métal et les propriétés thermiques d’un verre ! Le but du projet UPTEG est de tester deux concepts radicalement différents de convertisseurs thermoélectriques compatibles avec les technologies de la micro-électronique silicium. Premièrement, l’ingénierie de phonons, consiste à structurer à l’échelle nanométrique le matériau (illustration) pour moduler sans conductivité thermique de façon à lui conférer artificiellement des propriétés thermoélectriques. La seconde approche, dite micro-thermoïnique, consiste à fonctionnaliser des électrodes à faible travail d’extraction séparées par un vide de taille micrométrique. Ce projet a permis le développement de nombreux procédés de fabrication de membranes en silicium pour des applications en thermoélectricité avec une conductivité thermique réduite dix fois par rapport au matériau massif. Des convertisseurs capables de générer jusqu’à 2 mW/cm² pour une différence de température de 40°C ont été prototypés.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao HAL Descartesarrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Ouni , Anis;

    Les réseaux maillés sans fil sont une solution efficace, de plus en plus mise en œuvre en tant qu’infrastructure, pour interconnecter les stations d’accès des réseaux radio. Ces réseaux doivent absorber une croissance très forte du trafic généré par les terminaux de nouvelle génération. Cependant, l’augmentation du prix de l’énergie, ainsi que les préoccupations écologiques et sanitaires, poussent à s’intéresser à la minimisation de la consommation énergétique de ces réseaux. Ces travaux de thèse s’inscrivent dans les problématiques d’optimisation de la capacité et de la minimisation de la consommation énergétique globale des réseaux radio maillés. Nous définissons la capacité d’un réseau comme la quantité de trafic que le réseau peut supporter par unité de temps. Ces travaux s’articulent autour de quatre axes. Tout d’abord, nous abordons le problème d’amélioration de la capacité des réseaux radio maillés de type WIFI où l’accès au médium radio se base sur le protocole d’accès CSMA/CA. Nous mettons en lumière, les facteurs déterminants qui impactent la capacité du réseau, et l’existence d’un goulot d’étranglement qui limite cette capacité du réseau. Ensuite, nous proposons une architecture de communication basée sur l’utilisation conjointe de CSMA/CA et de TDMA afin de résoudre ce problème de goulot d’étranglement. Dans la deuxième partie de cette thèse, nous nous intéressons aux réseaux maillés sans fil basés sur un partage des ressources temps-fréquence. Afin de calculer des bornes théoriques sur les performances du réseau, nous développons des modèles d’optimisation basés sur la programmation linéaire et la technique de génération de colonnes. Ces modèles d’optimisation intègrent un modèle d’interférence SINR avec contrôle de puissance continue et variation de taux de transmission. Ils permettent, en particulier, de calculer une configuration optimale du réseau qui maximise la capacité ou minimise la consommation d’énergie. Ensuite, dans le troisième axe de recherche, nous étudions en détail le compromis entre la capacité du réseau et la consommation énergétique. Nous mettons en évidence plusieurs résultats d’ingénierie nécessaires pour un fonctionnement optimal d’un réseau maillé sans fil. Enfin, nous nous focalisons sur les réseaux cellulaires hétérogènes. Nous proposons des outils d’optimisation calculant une configuration optimale des stations de base qui maximise la capacité du réseau avec une consommation efficace d’énergie. Ensuite, afin d’économiser l’énergie, nous proposons une heuristique calculant un ordonnancement des stations et leur mise en mode d’endormissement partiel selon deux stratégies différentes, nommées LAFS et MAFS. Wireless mesh networks (WMN) are a promising solution to support high data rate and increase the capacity provided to users, e.g. for meeting the requirements of mobile multimedia applications. However, the rapid growth of traffic load generated by the terminals is accompanied by an unsustainable increase of energy consumption, which becomes a hot societal and economical challenges. This thesis relates to the problem of the optimization of network capacity and energy consumption of wireless mesh networks. The network capacity is defined as the maximum achievable total traffic in the network per unit time. This thesis is divided into four main parts. First, we address the problem of improvement of the capacity of 802.11 wireless mesh networks. We highlight some insensible properties and deterministic factors of the capacity, while it is directly related to a bottleneck problem. Then, we propose a joint TDMA/CSMA scheduling strategy for solving the bottleneck issue in the network. Second, we focus on broadband wireless mesh networks based on time-frequency resource management. In order to get theoretical bounds on the network performances, we formulate optimization models based on linear programming and column generation algorithm. These models lead to compute an optimal offline configuration which maximizes the network capacity with low energy consumption. A realistic SINR model of the physical layer allows the nodes to perform continuous power control and use a discrete set of data rates. Third, we use the optimization models to provide practical engineering insights on WMN. We briefly study the tradeoff between network capacity and energy consumption using a realistic physical layer and SINR interference model. Finally, we focus on capacity and energy optimization for heterogeneous cellular networks. We develop, first, optimization tools to calculate an optimal configuration of the network that maximizes the network capacity with low energy consumption. We second propose a heuristic algorithm that calculates a scheduling and partial sleeping of base stations in two different strategies, called LAFS and MAFS.

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    Doctoral thesis . 2013
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    Authors: Lopoukhine, N.; Crawhall, N.; Dudley, N.; Figgis, P.; +5 Authors

    Protected areas remain a cornerstone of global conservation efforts. The double impacts of climate change and biodiversity loss are major threats to achieving the Millennium Development Goals, especially those relating to environmental sustainability, poverty alleviation and food and water security. The growing awareness of the planet’s vulnerability to human driven changes also provides an opportunity to re-emphasize the multiple values of natural ecosystems and the services that they provide. Protected areas, when integrated into landuse plans as part of larger and connected conservation networks, offer practical, tangible solutions to the problems of both species loss and adaptation to climate change. Natural habitats make a significant contribution to mitigation by storing and sequestering carbon in vegetation and soils, and to adaptation by maintaining essential ecosystem services which help societies to respond to, and cope with, climate change and other environmental challenges. Many protected areas could be justified on socioeconomic grounds alone yet their multiple goods and services are largely unrecognized in national accounting. This paper argues that there is a convincing case for greater investment in expanded and better- connected protected area systems, under a range of governance and management regimes that are specifically designed to counter the threats of climate change, increased demand and altered patterns of resource use. The new agenda for protected areas requires greater inclusivity of a broader spectrum of actors and rights holders, with growing attention to landscapes and seascapes protected by indigenous peoples, local communities, private owners and other actors which complement conservation areas managed by state agencies. Greater attention also needs to be focused on ways to integrate and mainstream protected areas into sustainable development, including promotion of “green” infrastructure as a strategic part of responses to climate change.

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    Article . 2012
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    Authors: Thenard, Vincent; Quenon, Julien;

    Small ruminant farming is important for many rural communities around the world. Genetics is one of the ways in which farms can adapt to increase their sustainability. The aim of the European SMARTER H2020 project was to define selection traits better adapted to the agroecological transition. The aim of this paper is to analyse the selection practices of producers and breeders of small ruminants, in relation to sociotechnical factors. 272 surveys of sheep and goat farmers were carried out in 5 countries. A factorial analysis of mixed data followed by a hierarchical ascending classification was used to characterise three selection management patterns: (1) producers (n=93) of small flocks who rely more heavily on grazing, and who have little knowledge of and use of selection and genetic improvement tools; a significant proportion of these breeders want to use robustness and health traits to improve the sustainability of their farms; (2) a profile of producers (n=93) of small flocks who rely more heavily on grazing, and who have little knowledge of and use of selection and genetic improvement tools; a significant proportion of these breeders want to use robustness and health traits to improve the sustainability of their farms. (2) producers (n=34) who are familiar with genetic tools and use AI; they do not think it is necessary for the indexes to include more health and robustness traits in order to make their animals more resistant and increase the sustainability of their system. (3) breeders (n=145) of large herds, with specific culling criteria; these breeders are satisfied with the current indexes, mainly about productivity to maintain the sustainability of their system. Using these results to gain a better understanding of the expectations of producers and breeders could enable breeding organisations and companies to arbitrate changes in breeding objectives in order to increase the resilience of small ruminant farms L'élevage des petits ruminants est important pour de nombreuses communautés rurales dans le monde. La génétique est l'un des moyens d'adaptation des élevages pour accroitre leur durabilité. Le projet européen SMARTER H2020 avait pour objectif de définir des caractères de sélection mieux adaptés à la transition agroécologique. L'objectif de cette communication est d'analyser les pratiques de sélection des producteurs et sélectionneurs de petits ruminants, en lien avec les facteurs sociotechniques. 272 enquêtes ont été réalisées dans 5 pays auprès d'éleveurs d'ovins et de caprins. Une analyse factorielle de données mixtes suivie d'une classification ascendante hiérarchique ont permis de caractériser trois profils de gestion de la sélection : (1) producteurs (n=93) de petits troupeaux utilisant plus fortement le pâturage, ils ont peu de connaissances et d'usage des outils de sélection et d'amélioration génétique ; une part importante de ces éleveurs souhaite utiliser des caractères de robustesse et de santé pour améliorer la durabilité de leur exploitation. (2) producteurs (n=34) familiers avec les outils génétiques et utilisant l'IA ; ils ne pensent pas nécessaires d'utiliser de nouveaux critères pour améliorer la durabilité de leur système. (3) sélectionneurs (n=145) de grands troupeaux, avec des critères de réforme spécifiques ; ces éleveurs sont satisfaits dans l'ensemble des index actuels, en particulier ceux de productivité pour maintenir la durabilité de leur système. L'utilisation de ces résultats pour mieux comprendre les attentes des producteurs et des éleveurs pourrait permettre aux organisations et entreprises de sélection d'arbitrer des changements d'objectifs de sélection afin d'augmenter la résilience des élevages de petits ruminants.

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    Authors: Lévy, Léa;

    Afin de cartographier la structure souterraine des volcans et détecter des ressources géothermiques de haute température, on utilise souvent l’imagerie de résistivité électrique. La résistivité électrique des volcans est affectée par plusieurs facteurs: volume et salinité de l’eau interstitielle, abondance de minéraux conducteurs, température de la roche et présence de magma. Ce travail de thèse tente de contraindre l'interprétation des structures de résistivité électrique autour des volcans actifs, afin de développer des outils innovants pour l'exploration des ressources géothermiques. La contribution des minéraux conducteurs est au cœur de la thèse: conducteurs ioniques solides (minéraux argileux, en particulier la smectite) ou semi-conducteurs électroniques (pyrite, oxydes de fer), mais l’influence de la porosité, de la salinité, de la température et de la présence de magma est aussi étudiée. La thèse utilise le volcan Krafla comme terrain d’étude pour affiner les interprétations des structures de résistivité électriques, du fait de la disponibilité de carottes, de données, de bibliographie et d’infrastructure. La smectite et la pyrite sont formées par altération hydrothermale des roches volcaniques et témoignent ainsi des convections hydrothermales. Les oxydes de fer en revanche sont plutôt formés lors de la cristallisation du magma et sont dissous lors des circulations hydrothermales. La contribution de la smectite à la conductivité électrique de roches volcaniques, saturées en eau à différentes salinités, est d'abord étudiée en laboratoire (à température ambiante) par spectroscopie d’impédance électrique « résistivité complexe ». Des variations non linéaires de la conductivité électrique à 1 kHz avec la salinité sont observées et discutées. La conduction interfoliaire est suggérée comme un mécanisme important par lequel la smectite conduit le courant électrique. L'influence de la pyrite et des oxydes de fer sur les effets de polarisation provoquée est ensuite analysée en utilisant l'angle de phase de l'impédance, qui dépend de la fréquence. Un angle de phase maximal supérieur à 20 mrad est attribué à la pyrite si la roche est conductrice et aux oxydes de fer si la roche est résistive. L'angle de phase maximal augmente d'environ 22 mrad pour chaque pourcent de pyrite ou d'oxyde de fer. Ces résultats de laboratoire en domaine fréquentiel sont appliqués à l’interprétation de tomographies de résistivité complexe sur le terrain en domaine temporel. Smectite, pyrite et oxydes de fer ont pu être identifiés jusqu'à 200 m de profondeur. La température in-situ, plus élevées qu’en laboratoire, semble augmenter la conductivité de la smectite. De manière générale, la tomographie de résistivité complexe est recommandée comme méthode complémentaire aux sondages électromagnétiques pour l'exploration géothermique. Electromagnetic soundings are widely used to image the underground structure of volcanoes and look for hightemperature geothermal resources. The electrical resistivity of volcanoes is affected by several characteristics of rocks: volume and salinity of pore fluid, abundance of conductive minerals, rock temperature and presence of magma. This thesis aims at improving the interpretation of electrical resistivity structures around active volcanoes, in order to develop innovative tools for the assessment of geothermal resources. I focus on conductive minerals, which can either be solid ionic conductors (clay minerals, in particular smectite) or electronic semi-conductors (pyrite and iron-oxides), but I also investigate the effects of porosity, salinity, temperature and presence of magma. I use Krafla volcano as a laboratory area, where extensive literature, borehole data, core samples, surface soundings and infrastructures are available. Smectite and pyrite are formed upon hydrothermal alteration of volcanic rocks and thus witness hydrothermal convection. On the other hand, iron-oxides are mostly formed during the primary crystallization of magma and dissolved by hydrothermal fluids. The contribution of smectite to the electrical conductivity of volcanic rocks saturated with pore water at different salinity is first investigated in the laboratory (room temperature) by electrical impedance spectroscopy “complex resistivity”. Non-linear variations of the conductivity at 1 kHz with salinity are observed and discussed. Interfoliar conduction is suggested as an important mechanism by which smectite conducts electrical current. The influence of pyrite and iron-oxides on induced polarization effects is then analyzed, using the frequency-dependent phase-angle of the impedance. A maximum phase-angle higher than 20 mrad is attributed to pyrite if the rock is conductive and to ironoxides if the rock is resistive. The maximum phase-angle increases by about 22 mrad for each additional per cent of pyrite or iron-oxide. These laboratory frequency-domain findings are partly upscaled to interpret field time-domain complex resistivity tomography at Krafla: smectite, pyrite and iron-oxides can be identified down to 200 m. The in-situ temperature, higher than in laboratory conditions, appears to significantly increase the conductivity associated to smectite. In general, time-domain complex resistivity measurements are recommended as a complementary method to electromagnetic soundings for geothermal exploration.

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    Doctoral thesis . 2019
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    Authors: Yves Perignon; Enored Le Bouhris; Marine Reynaud; Thomas Soulard;

    Ce rapport de suivi environnemental a ��t�� men�� par l'��quipe du site d'essais SEM-REV afin de comprendre, caract��riser et mesurer les potentiels impacts environnementaux de l�����olienne flottante, FLOATGEN. Ce d��monstrateur flottant de 2 MW dont le flotteur a ��t�� d��velopp�� par la soci��t�� BW IDEOL est install�� en mer et produit de l�����lectricit�� depuis 2018. Ce suivi couvre toutes les ��tapes de ces 3 ann��es de test en conditions r��elles, de l�����tat initial du site �� la phase d���installation des syst��mes d���ancrage, au remorquage de l�����olienne sur site et �� son raccordement au r��seau ��lectrique puis pendant son exploitation et lors des op��rations de maintenance. L�����tude concerne plusieurs domaines de la physique (acoustique sous-marine, champs ��lectromagn��tique, temp��rature) �� la biologie (mammif��res marins, communaut��s benthiques, avifaune, ���) en passant par une composante sociale avec une analyse paysag��re. �� ce jour, aucun effet ou impact fort n���a ��t�� relev�� sur l���environnement marin parmi l���ensemble des domaines ��tudi��s. De plus, aucun incident environnemental ni aucune pollution n���a ��t�� engendr��, que ce soit dans les phases de travaux, d���exploitation ou de maintenance du d��monstrateur. Les essais du d��monstrateur FLOATGEN se poursuivent jusqu����� l���automne 2023. Une fois les tests termin��s, le d��monstrateur sera d��mantel��. Le rapport de suivi environnemental sera mis �� jour p��riodiquement pour couvrir l���ensemble de la phase de tests puis le d��mant��lement.

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    Report . 2021
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    Report . 2021
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    Report . 2021
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Agathe Hurel;

    In the current context of global change, natural ecosystems are threatened worldwide. Predictions show that climate change will cause a value loss for the European forest of 21 to 50% by 2071-2100. In France, the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region depends on forests, which occupy 34% of the territory. Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) is of fundamental importance for this region: it represents 40% of the wood resources. This emblematic conifer of the Mediterranean basin and the southwestern Atlantic area has a discontinuous range distribution, which makes studying its genetic adaptation especially interesting.This PhD thesis aims to study maritime pine genetic adaptation to environmental conditions at various temporal scales and at different tree life-stages.The first chapter explores the susceptibility of different maritime pine populations to two pathogens: Armillaria ostoyae, a root pathogen and Diplodia sapinea, a systemic one. For this study, we used populations from CLONAPIN, a clonal collection representing all the gene-pools of maritime pine. We estimated H2 (broad-sense heritability) and Qst (quantitative genetic differentiation) for pest susceptibility, as well as H2 and Qst of other adaptive traits: height and phenology. The CLONAPIN collection having been genotyped, we were able to do a genotype-phenotype association study with all the mentioned traits. Finally, correlations were established between the genetic component of the traits and climatic variables. We observed moderate H2 for most traits, whereas Qst was generally high, showing a strong population differentiation. Susceptibility to D. sapinea was strongly correlated to high temperatures. SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) associated with the traits had a small genotype effect, pointing to a polygenic nature of the traits.The second chapter is set within the European project GenTree, aiming at studying genetic adaptation and evolutionary potential of natural tree populations. For our study, we were interested in maritime pine populations from Spain, Italy and France and in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) populations from Spain, Germany, Lithuania and Finland. As part of this project, 25 trees from each population were phenotyped for height, diameter, wood density, specific leaf area (SLA) and carbon isotopic discrimination. Seeds were sampled on the phenotyped trees, while conserving the family structure. Common gardens were established with these seeds in Spain and France for maritime pine, and in Spain, Germany, Lithuania and Finland for Scots pine. In each garden, all of the species’ sampled populations were sowed, trying to imitate natural regeneration. Germination, survival and growth stages were monitored during one (P. pinaster) and two years (P. sylvestris). Thanks to these data, we estimated different components of fitness, which demonstrate a strong population effect, and detect significant selection gradients in these populations. They show the importance of mother needle traits in P. pinaster, and mother size in P. sylvestris.The third chapter is based on Corsican populations. This island has the particularity of representing a single gene-pool of P. pinaster, which was able to adapt locally to the different environments of the territory. We took advantage of the common garden PINCORSE, composed of families issued from 33 Corsican populations. These different populations were phenotyped over several years for height, and a subset for phenology and carbon isotopic discrimination too. With these data, we computed h2 (narrow-sense heritability) and Qst, and conducted an association study based on over 50k newly generated SNPs.These studies present an innovative work bringing new insights on the adaptive capacities of maritime pine. Genetic data on performance of tree populations are essential to the genetic improvement program of maritime pine, tree-breeding and forest genetic resource conservation strategies in environments facing major changes. Dans le contexte actuel de changement global, les écosystèmes naturels mondiaux sont menacés. Des prédictions montrent que le changement climatique causera une perte de valeur économique des forêts européennes de 21 à 50% d’ici 2071-2100. En France, la région Nouvelle-Aquitaine dépend de ses forêts, qui occupent 34% du territoire. Le pin maritime (Pinus pinaster) est d’une importance cruciale pour la région dont il représente 40% de la ressource en bois. Ce pin emblématique du bassin méditerranéen et de la zone Atlantique Sud-Ouest possède une distribution discontinue, rendant son adaptation génétique particulièrement intéressante.Cette thèse étudie l’adaptation génétique du pin maritime aux conditions environnementales à des échelles temporelles variées et à différents stades de vie de l’arbre.La première partie explore la susceptibilité de différentes origines de pin maritime à deux pathogènes : Armillaria ostoyae, pathogène des racines et Diplodia sapinea, pathogène systémique. Nous avons utilisé des populations de CLONAPIN, un jardin clonal représentant tous les gene-pools du pin maritime. Le H2 (héritabilité au sens large) et le Qst (différenciation génétique quantitative) de cette susceptibilité ont été estimés ainsi que ceux d’autres traits adaptatifs: la hauteur et la phénologie. La collection CLONAPIN ayant été génotypée, nous avons pu faire une étude d’association avec les traits étudiés. Enfin, des corrélations ont été établies entre les composants génétiques des traits et des variables climatiques.Pour la majorité des traits un H2 modéré a été observé, alors que le Qst élevé indique ici une forte différenciation entre populations. La susceptibilité à D. sapinea est corrélée aux fortes températures. Les SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) associés aux traits ont un faible effet génotype, signe de la nature polygénique de ces traits.La deuxième partie s’inscrit dans le projet européen GenTree, destiné à étudier l’adaptation génétique et le potentiel évolutif des populations naturelles d’arbres. Nous nous sommes intéressés aux populations de pin maritime d’Espagne, Italie et France, et de pin sylvestre (Pinus sylvestris) d’Espagne, Allemagne, Lituanie et Finlande. Vingt-cinq arbres par population ont été phénotypés pour la hauteur, diamètre, densité du bois, surface des aiguilles (SLA) et discrimination isotopique du carbone. Des graines récoltées sur les arbres phénotypés, en conservant la structure familiale, ont servi à établir des jardins en Espagne et en France pour le pin maritime et dans les quatre pays d’origine du pin sylvestre. Dans chacun des jardins, toutes les populations de l’espèce ont été plantées, de façon à mimer la régénération naturelle. Les germinations, survie et stades ontologiques ont été évalués durant un (P. pinaster) et deux ans (P. sylvestris). Nous avons estimé les valeurs de performance, qui possèdent fort un effet population, et les gradients de sélection. Ces derniers montrent l’importance des traits foliaires des arbres-mères pour P. pinaster et leur taille pour P. sylvestris.La dernière partie s’intéresse aux populations corses. Cette île a la particularité de présenter un seul gene-pool du pin maritime qui a réussi à s’adapter aux environnements très divers de ce territoire. Nous avons bénéficié de la collection PINCORSE, composée de familles issues de 33 populations corses. Ces populations ont été phénotypées sur plusieurs années pour la hauteur, et certaines aussi pour la phénologie et la discrimination isotopique du carbone. Nous avons pu estimer h2 (héritabilité au sens restreint) et le Qst de ces traits, et faire une étude d’association avec 50k nouveaux SNPs.Ces études novatrices apportent de nouvelles données sur les capacités adaptatives du pin maritime, lesquelles sont essentielles au programme d’amélioration génétique de l’espèce et aux stratégies de production et de conservation des ressources génétiques dans des environnements en plein bouleversement. .

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    Hal
    Doctoral thesis . 2019
    Data sources: Hal
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    HAL INRAE
    Doctoral thesis . 2019
    Data sources: HAL INRAE
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      Hal
      Doctoral thesis . 2019
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      HAL INRAE
      Doctoral thesis . 2019
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    Authors: Molé Kamga, Eloise Yollande;

    Le problème global (Simultaneous Management of Energy Production and Consumption : SMEPC) que nous abordons dans le cadre de ce projet, concerne la gestion synchrone sur une plateforme expérimentale appelée PAVIN (Plateformes Auvergne pour Véhicules intelligents) d'une flotte de petits véhicules électriques équipés de cellules hydrogène, qui sont nécessaires pour effectuer des tâches logistiques locales dans une zone limitée, et d'une micro-usine de production d'hydrogène chargée du remplissage périodique en hydrogène de ces véhicules. On considère 1 seul véhicule, nécessaire pour effectuer des tâches selon un ordre préétabli. Le véhicule commence sa tournée avec une certaine charge de carburant hydrogène, et son réservoir a une capacité limitée. Il doit donc retourner périodiquement à la micro-usine pour se recharger en carburant (de l'hydrogène). La micro-usine a une capacité de production/stockage limitée, qui dépend de l'ensoleillement.Notre objectif est de programmer simultanément les opérations de ravitaillement du véhicule et l'activité de production/stockage de la micro-usine en minimisant le coût de production et la durée de la tournée. Ce problème global est complexe car il implique à la fois des caractéristiques liées à l'incertitude des prévisions météorologiques, au comportement autonome du véhicule mais aussi liées à la synchronisation des recharges du véhicule et de la production d'hydrogène. On modélise d'abord notre problème par des programmes linéaires. Ensuite, pour résoudre le problème SMEPC plusieurs méthodes d'optimisation sont abordées à savoir : la méthode d'optimisation de type programmationdynamique qu'on nomme ici DPS_SMEPC et la méthode d'optimisation de type heuristique qu'on appelle ici Pipe-line VD_PM. Pour finir, on conçoit un estimateur de coûts à l'aide de procédés d'approximation de type réseau de neurones.Nous modélisons SMEPC par un programme linéaire en nombre entiers mixtes (MIP). Les variables de décisions sont associées à la recharge du véhicule et à la production d'hydrogène. Mais, comme il implique un trop grand nombre de variables, on le décompose en deux sous-problèmes distincts. Le premier contrôle la tournée du véhicule, et le second traite de la gestion de la micro-usine. Ils sont également traités par des programmes linéaires reliés entre eux par un mécanisme de synchronisation.SMEPC est traité par programmation dynamique. Le schéma de programmation dynamique (DPS) tend à impliquer en pratique un nombre excessivement élevé d'états. Nous introduisons des dispositifs de filtrage : basés sur l'anticipation des incohérences en définissant des règles logiques, basés sur une estimation optimiste sur la base du pré-calcul d'une solution initiale réalisable, et, basés sur l'utilisation de mécanismes de dominance. Une partie de l'étude est consacrée à une évaluation de la puissance de ces processus de filtrage.Dans le souci de faire ressortir la dimension collaborative de notre problème, nous traitons SMEPC par le biais d'une heuristique en le décomposons en deux sous-problèmes distincts, le problème Vehicle-Driver (VD) qui consiste à déterminer une stratégie de recharge du véhicule, et le problème Production-Manager (PM) qui consiste à déterminer une stratégie de production de la micro-usine. En effet, la solution du problème véhicule est considérée comme une entrée du problème production. La stratégie de production est calculée en tenant compte de la tournée trouvée par le problème véhicule.Pour pouvoir prédire rapidement le coût de la solution optimale d'une instance, on conçoit un estimateur. Ce dernier a été construit à l'aide de réseaux de neurones qui prennent en entrées les données de l'instance et fournissent en sortie une estimation de la valeur optimale. Pour réaliser la phase d'apprentissage et de test des réseaux de neurones, on utilise un ensemble de 6000 instances. The global problem (Simultaneous Management of Energy Production and Consumption : SMEPC) that we are addressing in this project, concerns the synchronous management on a platform called PAVIN (Plateformes Auvergne pour Véhicules intelligents) of a fleet of small, experimental electric vehicles equipped with hydrogen cells, which are required to perform logistical tasks in a limited area, and a micro-hydrogen production plant for filling the hydrogen tank of these vehicles. We consider only 1 vehicle, necessary to perform tasks in an order of predefined. The vehicle starts its tour with a certain amount of hydrogen fuel, and its tank has limited capacity. It must therefore return periodically to the micro-plant to recharge in fuel (hydrogen). The micro-plant has a limited production/storage capacity, which depends on sunlight.Our objective is to simultaneously schedule the vehicle refueling operations and the production/storage activity of the production/storage activity of the microfactory while minimizing the production cost and the duration of the tour. This global problem is complex because it involves both characteristics related to the uncertainty of the weather forecast, the autonomous the autonomous behavior of the vehicle but also related to the synchronization of the vehicle's of the vehicle recharging and hydrogen production. We first model our problem by linear programs. Then, to solve the problem SMEPC several methods of optimization are approached namely : the method of optimization of type dynamic programming that we call here DPS_SMEPC and the optimization method of heuristic type that we call here Pipe-line VD_PM. Finally, we design a cost estimator using neural network approximation processes.We model SMEPC by a mixed integer linear program (MIP). The decision variables are associated with vehicle charging and hydrogen production. However, since it involves too many variables, it is decomposed into two distinct subproblems. The first one controls the vehicle tour, and the second one deals with the management of the microfactory. They are also handled by linear programs linked together by a synchronization mechanism.SMEPC is processed by dynamic programming. The Dynamic Programming Scheme (DPS) tends to to involve in practice an excessively high number of states. We are introducing filtering devices : based on the anticipation of inconsistencies by defining logical rules, based on an optimistic estimation based on the pre-calculation of a feasible initial solution, and, based on the use of dominance mechanisms. Part of the study is devoted to an evaluation of the power of these filtering processes.In order to bring out the collaborative dimension of our problem, we treat SMEPC through a heuristic by decomposing it into two sub-problems distinct, the problem Vehicle-Driver (VD) which consists in determining a recharging strategy of the vehicle, and the problem Production-Manager(PM) which consists in determining a production strategy for the micro-plant. Indeed, the solution of the vehicle problem is considered as an input to the production problem. The production strategy is calculated taking into account the route found by the vehicle problem.In order to quickly predict the cost of the optimal solution of an instance, an estimator is designed. This estimator is built using neural networks that take as input the data of the instance and provide as output an estimate of the optimal value. To carry out the learning and testing phase of the neural networks, a set of 6000 instances is used.

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    Hal
    Doctoral thesis . 2023
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    HAL Clermont Université
    Doctoral thesis . 2023
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      Hal
      Doctoral thesis . 2023
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      HAL Clermont Université
      Doctoral thesis . 2023
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    Authors: Gombert, Philippe; Poulain, Angelique; Goderniaux, Pascal; Orban, Philippe; +2 Authors

    International audience Pumped Hydro-Energy Storage (PHES) account for more than 97% of the world's electrical energy storage and cumulate approximately 170 GW of installed capacity. France and Belgium currently have 9 PHES with a total capacity of 6.3 GW, but there are no longer any new sites acceptable for conventional PHES as they require the excavation of two basins on the surface, and can only be installed in areas with a marked relief. Following the foreseeable demand for energy storage generated by the development of intermittent renewable energies, it is proposed to study the possibility of creating new non-conventional PHES using existing basins in abandoned mines or quarries. These may be surface or underground basins, the latter providing access to subterranean or semi-subterranean PHES technology (3S-PHES). This paper describes the potential of these new PHES technologies and the risks and impacts they are likely to generate. These risks concern first of all adjacent aquifers: hydromechanical disturbances (propagation of water level variations in the aquifer) and hydrochemical interactions (precipitation of carbonates and iron oxides). They also concern the ground surface with the possibility of ground movements or surface gas emissions. However, these are risks that have already been identified and controlled in the context of other underground activities. Les Stations de Transfert d'Energie par Pompage (STEP) représentent plus de 97 % des stockages d'énergie électrique dans le monde et totalisent environ 170 GW de puissance installée. La France et la Belgique disposent actuellement de 9 STEP d'une puissance totale de 6,3 GW mais il n'existe plus de nouveaux sites acceptables pour des STEP conventionnelles car ces dernières nécessitent le creusement de deux bassins en surface et ne peuvent être installées que dans des zones au relief marqué. Suite à la demande de stockage d'énergie engendrée par le développement des énergies renouvelables intermittentes, on aborde la possibilité de créer de nouvelles STEP non conventionnelles en utilisant les bassins existants dans des mines ou des carrières abandonnées ou en voie d'abandon. Il peut s'agir de bassins en surface ou en souterrain, ces derniers donnant accès à la technologie des STEP souterraines ou semi-souterraine (STEP-3S). On décrit ici le potentiel de ces nouvelles technologies de STEP ainsi que les risques et impacts qu'elles sont susceptibles d'engendrer : interactions hydromécaniques et hydrochimiques avec les aquifères adjacents, mouvements de terrain, émissions de gaz. Il s'agit de risques déjà identifiés et maîtrisés dans le cadre d'autres activités du sous-sol.

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    Authors: Guivarch, Céline;

    Mes travaux s’intéressent à la question du changement climatique, défi majeur posé à nos sociétés, qui porte à une échelle et une complexité sans précédent la question des politiques publiques. Le climat est un bien public global, mais il y existe une grande hétérogénéité des coûts et des bénéfices. De plus, c’est une question qui implique le très long-terme, et de nombreuses irréversibilités et incertitudes. Les causes du changement climatique, ainsi que les solutions face aux défis qu’il pose, impliquent l’ensemble des aspects de nos modes de vie, concernent tous les secteurs économiques, et nécessitent de penser les interactions entre des systèmes complexes socio-économiques, techniques et naturels.J’aborde cette question du changement climatique à travers l’économie de l’environnement et des ressources (économie du changement climatique, et économie de l’énergie puisque l’énergie représente une grande partie des émissions de gaz à effet de serre), ainsi que des travaux multidisciplinaires en lien avec modélisation du climat et du cycle du carbone, ou mobilisant les mathématiques appliquées, la recherche opérationnelle, ou les sciences de l’environnement. Mes travaux sont publiés pour une partie dans des journaux d’économie, pour une autre dans des revues interdisciplinaires telles que Climatic Change, Global Environmental Change, Climate Policy ou Nature Communications. Il me semble en effet que ce lien avec d’autres disciplines est nécessaire pour répondre à des questions à teneur économique in fine mais pour lesquelles la compréhension de mécanismes physiques est clé pour poser correctement la question et représenter de façon pertinente les mécanismes, ou pour construire et tirer parti de résultats de modèles reposant sur de nombreuses équations et paramètres car représentant des systèmes complexes.La plupart de mes travaux sont de nature appliquée, et s’appuient sur des modèles numériques. Les modèles sont pris comme une heuristique, un cadre à penser, pour tenter d’analyser les interactions dans un système complexe, de dégager une vision globale et systémique, et de faire ressortir des résultats quantifiés robustes ou les déterminants principaux des incertitudes, dans une démarche prospective.Le bilan qui suit présente mes travaux qui se rattachent à deux grandes questions transversales (et à leur intersection) : celle de l’irréversibilité et des inerties, et celle des incertitudes. Ainsi, le bilan n’est pas exhaustif et exclut un certain nombre de travaux, sur des sujets connexes, tels que la précarité énergétique par exemple.

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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Robillard, J.F.;

    Thermoelectric energy harvesting offers strong advantages to supply low power electronics such as sensing, wireless, mobile and communicating devices that are increasingly changing our environment. Thermal energy sources are indeed abundant and widespread in our homes, factories and even our own body can be seen as a heat source. This matches very well the power needs of Ambient Intelligence, Internet of Things and Body Area Networks. Unfortunately, state-of-the-art thermoelectric converters still rely on rare and potentially harmful elements and feature low compatibility with low-cost mainstream production lines. The "Unconventional Principles of ThermoElectric Generation" project (UPTEG), explored two radically new approaches to overcome these limitations. First, the project aimed at making an artificial thermoelectric material out of silicon, one of the most abundant element on earth which is also at the heart of today's information technologies. To that end, a new process was developed to fabricate fully suspended silicon thin films patterned at the nanoscale following the concept of Phononic Engineering Converters. This concept uses a pattern of holes at the right length scale to hinder the heat flow while preserving electrical current conduction, resulting in augmented thermoelectric performance of the material. This approach lead to several remarkable results. First, we simulated, estimated and designed thin-film planar converters architectures. We then developed a versatile process that enables the fabrication of a variety of devices fully compatible with silicon MEMS technologies. In addition, we quantified heat transport at nanoscale using three complementary methods, namely: Electro-thermal, Raman thermometry and Scanning Thermal Microscopy. Not only the results show the consistency of these methodologies for the first time, they also demonstrate that heat conduction has been divided by a factor 15. From the fundamental point of view, these artificial materials could solve the well-known "phonon glass, electron crystal" dilemma faced in thermoelectricity. Finally, a demonstrator was fabricated and characterized that show the efficient heat gradient management and power generation in the silicon thin-films. The output power, up to a few mW/cm² under 50 degrees’ temperature difference constitutes a new state-of-the-art for crystalline silicon thermoelectric converters.A secondary concept of energy harvesting, even more advanced, explored thermo-electronic emission of current between a pair of electrodes separated by a vacuum gap, the whole system being applied a temperature gradient. The concept of a thermionic converter offers potentially very high harvesting efficiencies but has always been technologically limited by the difficulty to manage enormous heat gradients and the so-called space charge effect that occurs when high current densities are involved. UPTEG brought important building blocks towards such converters by showing cesium oxide as a low work function material for silicon electrodes and proposing a micro-thermionic converter architecture. In total 14 scientists, engineers and students were involved in the project with the decisive support of the ERC, CNRS/IEMN and Yncréa Hauts-de-France. The results of UPTEG lead to the defense of 6 PhDs, the publication of 10 articles and 24 oral communications. Today more than ever, the outcomes of UPTEG supports the idea that an abundant, inexpensive and environmentally benign material like silicon could be at the heart of future thermoelectricity. En 2019 s’achève le projet Européen UPTEG qui portait sur la génération efficace d’énergie thermoélectrique à partir de principes non conventionnels. Démarré en octobre 2013 pour une durée de 5 ans et un budget de 1.5M€ financé par le Conseil Européen de la Recherche (ERC). Ce projet a mobilisé les efforts conjoints de l’ISEN et de l’Institut d’Electronique, Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologies. Au total 9 personnes ont été impliquées dans le projet (illustration) qui a permis d’achever six thèses de doctorat, de financer 2 post-doctorats et a conduit à 12 publications, 23 conférences internationales et 1 brevet.Au cœur du projet, la thermoélectricité, une méthode de conversion d’énergie qui requiert de la part des matériaux des propriétés difficilement compatibles entre elles. Le bon compromis entre effet Seebeck, conductivité électrique et une bonne résistivité thermique est difficile à obtenir. Pour illustrer, le matériau thermoélectrique idéal devrait avoir à la fois les propriétés électriques d’un métal et les propriétés thermiques d’un verre ! Le but du projet UPTEG est de tester deux concepts radicalement différents de convertisseurs thermoélectriques compatibles avec les technologies de la micro-électronique silicium. Premièrement, l’ingénierie de phonons, consiste à structurer à l’échelle nanométrique le matériau (illustration) pour moduler sans conductivité thermique de façon à lui conférer artificiellement des propriétés thermoélectriques. La seconde approche, dite micro-thermoïnique, consiste à fonctionnaliser des électrodes à faible travail d’extraction séparées par un vide de taille micrométrique. Ce projet a permis le développement de nombreux procédés de fabrication de membranes en silicium pour des applications en thermoélectricité avec une conductivité thermique réduite dix fois par rapport au matériau massif. Des convertisseurs capables de générer jusqu’à 2 mW/cm² pour une différence de température de 40°C ont été prototypés.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao HAL Descartesarrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao HAL Descartesarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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    Authors: Ouni , Anis;

    Les réseaux maillés sans fil sont une solution efficace, de plus en plus mise en œuvre en tant qu’infrastructure, pour interconnecter les stations d’accès des réseaux radio. Ces réseaux doivent absorber une croissance très forte du trafic généré par les terminaux de nouvelle génération. Cependant, l’augmentation du prix de l’énergie, ainsi que les préoccupations écologiques et sanitaires, poussent à s’intéresser à la minimisation de la consommation énergétique de ces réseaux. Ces travaux de thèse s’inscrivent dans les problématiques d’optimisation de la capacité et de la minimisation de la consommation énergétique globale des réseaux radio maillés. Nous définissons la capacité d’un réseau comme la quantité de trafic que le réseau peut supporter par unité de temps. Ces travaux s’articulent autour de quatre axes. Tout d’abord, nous abordons le problème d’amélioration de la capacité des réseaux radio maillés de type WIFI où l’accès au médium radio se base sur le protocole d’accès CSMA/CA. Nous mettons en lumière, les facteurs déterminants qui impactent la capacité du réseau, et l’existence d’un goulot d’étranglement qui limite cette capacité du réseau. Ensuite, nous proposons une architecture de communication basée sur l’utilisation conjointe de CSMA/CA et de TDMA afin de résoudre ce problème de goulot d’étranglement. Dans la deuxième partie de cette thèse, nous nous intéressons aux réseaux maillés sans fil basés sur un partage des ressources temps-fréquence. Afin de calculer des bornes théoriques sur les performances du réseau, nous développons des modèles d’optimisation basés sur la programmation linéaire et la technique de génération de colonnes. Ces modèles d’optimisation intègrent un modèle d’interférence SINR avec contrôle de puissance continue et variation de taux de transmission. Ils permettent, en particulier, de calculer une configuration optimale du réseau qui maximise la capacité ou minimise la consommation d’énergie. Ensuite, dans le troisième axe de recherche, nous étudions en détail le compromis entre la capacité du réseau et la consommation énergétique. Nous mettons en évidence plusieurs résultats d’ingénierie nécessaires pour un fonctionnement optimal d’un réseau maillé sans fil. Enfin, nous nous focalisons sur les réseaux cellulaires hétérogènes. Nous proposons des outils d’optimisation calculant une configuration optimale des stations de base qui maximise la capacité du réseau avec une consommation efficace d’énergie. Ensuite, afin d’économiser l’énergie, nous proposons une heuristique calculant un ordonnancement des stations et leur mise en mode d’endormissement partiel selon deux stratégies différentes, nommées LAFS et MAFS. Wireless mesh networks (WMN) are a promising solution to support high data rate and increase the capacity provided to users, e.g. for meeting the requirements of mobile multimedia applications. However, the rapid growth of traffic load generated by the terminals is accompanied by an unsustainable increase of energy consumption, which becomes a hot societal and economical challenges. This thesis relates to the problem of the optimization of network capacity and energy consumption of wireless mesh networks. The network capacity is defined as the maximum achievable total traffic in the network per unit time. This thesis is divided into four main parts. First, we address the problem of improvement of the capacity of 802.11 wireless mesh networks. We highlight some insensible properties and deterministic factors of the capacity, while it is directly related to a bottleneck problem. Then, we propose a joint TDMA/CSMA scheduling strategy for solving the bottleneck issue in the network. Second, we focus on broadband wireless mesh networks based on time-frequency resource management. In order to get theoretical bounds on the network performances, we formulate optimization models based on linear programming and column generation algorithm. These models lead to compute an optimal offline configuration which maximizes the network capacity with low energy consumption. A realistic SINR model of the physical layer allows the nodes to perform continuous power control and use a discrete set of data rates. Third, we use the optimization models to provide practical engineering insights on WMN. We briefly study the tradeoff between network capacity and energy consumption using a realistic physical layer and SINR interference model. Finally, we focus on capacity and energy optimization for heterogeneous cellular networks. We develop, first, optimization tools to calculate an optimal configuration of the network that maximizes the network capacity with low energy consumption. We second propose a heuristic algorithm that calculates a scheduling and partial sleeping of base stations in two different strategies, called LAFS and MAFS.

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    Doctoral thesis . 2013
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    Authors: Lopoukhine, N.; Crawhall, N.; Dudley, N.; Figgis, P.; +5 Authors

    Protected areas remain a cornerstone of global conservation efforts. The double impacts of climate change and biodiversity loss are major threats to achieving the Millennium Development Goals, especially those relating to environmental sustainability, poverty alleviation and food and water security. The growing awareness of the planet’s vulnerability to human driven changes also provides an opportunity to re-emphasize the multiple values of natural ecosystems and the services that they provide. Protected areas, when integrated into landuse plans as part of larger and connected conservation networks, offer practical, tangible solutions to the problems of both species loss and adaptation to climate change. Natural habitats make a significant contribution to mitigation by storing and sequestering carbon in vegetation and soils, and to adaptation by maintaining essential ecosystem services which help societies to respond to, and cope with, climate change and other environmental challenges. Many protected areas could be justified on socioeconomic grounds alone yet their multiple goods and services are largely unrecognized in national accounting. This paper argues that there is a convincing case for greater investment in expanded and better- connected protected area systems, under a range of governance and management regimes that are specifically designed to counter the threats of climate change, increased demand and altered patterns of resource use. The new agenda for protected areas requires greater inclusivity of a broader spectrum of actors and rights holders, with growing attention to landscapes and seascapes protected by indigenous peoples, local communities, private owners and other actors which complement conservation areas managed by state agencies. Greater attention also needs to be focused on ways to integrate and mainstream protected areas into sustainable development, including promotion of “green” infrastructure as a strategic part of responses to climate change.

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    Article . 2012
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    Authors: Thenard, Vincent; Quenon, Julien;

    Small ruminant farming is important for many rural communities around the world. Genetics is one of the ways in which farms can adapt to increase their sustainability. The aim of the European SMARTER H2020 project was to define selection traits better adapted to the agroecological transition. The aim of this paper is to analyse the selection practices of producers and breeders of small ruminants, in relation to sociotechnical factors. 272 surveys of sheep and goat farmers were carried out in 5 countries. A factorial analysis of mixed data followed by a hierarchical ascending classification was used to characterise three selection management patterns: (1) producers (n=93) of small flocks who rely more heavily on grazing, and who have little knowledge of and use of selection and genetic improvement tools; a significant proportion of these breeders want to use robustness and health traits to improve the sustainability of their farms; (2) a profile of producers (n=93) of small flocks who rely more heavily on grazing, and who have little knowledge of and use of selection and genetic improvement tools; a significant proportion of these breeders want to use robustness and health traits to improve the sustainability of their farms. (2) producers (n=34) who are familiar with genetic tools and use AI; they do not think it is necessary for the indexes to include more health and robustness traits in order to make their animals more resistant and increase the sustainability of their system. (3) breeders (n=145) of large herds, with specific culling criteria; these breeders are satisfied with the current indexes, mainly about productivity to maintain the sustainability of their system. Using these results to gain a better understanding of the expectations of producers and breeders could enable breeding organisations and companies to arbitrate changes in breeding objectives in order to increase the resilience of small ruminant farms L'élevage des petits ruminants est important pour de nombreuses communautés rurales dans le monde. La génétique est l'un des moyens d'adaptation des élevages pour accroitre leur durabilité. Le projet européen SMARTER H2020 avait pour objectif de définir des caractères de sélection mieux adaptés à la transition agroécologique. L'objectif de cette communication est d'analyser les pratiques de sélection des producteurs et sélectionneurs de petits ruminants, en lien avec les facteurs sociotechniques. 272 enquêtes ont été réalisées dans 5 pays auprès d'éleveurs d'ovins et de caprins. Une analyse factorielle de données mixtes suivie d'une classification ascendante hiérarchique ont permis de caractériser trois profils de gestion de la sélection : (1) producteurs (n=93) de petits troupeaux utilisant plus fortement le pâturage, ils ont peu de connaissances et d'usage des outils de sélection et d'amélioration génétique ; une part importante de ces éleveurs souhaite utiliser des caractères de robustesse et de santé pour améliorer la durabilité de leur exploitation. (2) producteurs (n=34) familiers avec les outils génétiques et utilisant l'IA ; ils ne pensent pas nécessaires d'utiliser de nouveaux critères pour améliorer la durabilité de leur système. (3) sélectionneurs (n=145) de grands troupeaux, avec des critères de réforme spécifiques ; ces éleveurs sont satisfaits dans l'ensemble des index actuels, en particulier ceux de productivité pour maintenir la durabilité de leur système. L'utilisation de ces résultats pour mieux comprendre les attentes des producteurs et des éleveurs pourrait permettre aux organisations et entreprises de sélection d'arbitrer des changements d'objectifs de sélection afin d'augmenter la résilience des élevages de petits ruminants.

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    Authors: Lévy, Léa;

    Afin de cartographier la structure souterraine des volcans et détecter des ressources géothermiques de haute température, on utilise souvent l’imagerie de résistivité électrique. La résistivité électrique des volcans est affectée par plusieurs facteurs: volume et salinité de l’eau interstitielle, abondance de minéraux conducteurs, température de la roche et présence de magma. Ce travail de thèse tente de contraindre l'interprétation des structures de résistivité électrique autour des volcans actifs, afin de développer des outils innovants pour l'exploration des ressources géothermiques. La contribution des minéraux conducteurs est au cœur de la thèse: conducteurs ioniques solides (minéraux argileux, en particulier la smectite) ou semi-conducteurs électroniques (pyrite, oxydes de fer), mais l’influence de la porosité, de la salinité, de la température et de la présence de magma est aussi étudiée. La thèse utilise le volcan Krafla comme terrain d’étude pour affiner les interprétations des structures de résistivité électriques, du fait de la disponibilité de carottes, de données, de bibliographie et d’infrastructure. La smectite et la pyrite sont formées par altération hydrothermale des roches volcaniques et témoignent ainsi des convections hydrothermales. Les oxydes de fer en revanche sont plutôt formés lors de la cristallisation du magma et sont dissous lors des circulations hydrothermales. La contribution de la smectite à la conductivité électrique de roches volcaniques, saturées en eau à différentes salinités, est d'abord étudiée en laboratoire (à température ambiante) par spectroscopie d’impédance électrique « résistivité complexe ». Des variations non linéaires de la conductivité électrique à 1 kHz avec la salinité sont observées et discutées. La conduction interfoliaire est suggérée comme un mécanisme important par lequel la smectite conduit le courant électrique. L'influence de la pyrite et des oxydes de fer sur les effets de polarisation provoquée est ensuite analysée en utilisant l'angle de phase de l'impédance, qui dépend de la fréquence. Un angle de phase maximal supérieur à 20 mrad est attribué à la pyrite si la roche est conductrice et aux oxydes de fer si la roche est résistive. L'angle de phase maximal augmente d'environ 22 mrad pour chaque pourcent de pyrite ou d'oxyde de fer. Ces résultats de laboratoire en domaine fréquentiel sont appliqués à l’interprétation de tomographies de résistivité complexe sur le terrain en domaine temporel. Smectite, pyrite et oxydes de fer ont pu être identifiés jusqu'à 200 m de profondeur. La température in-situ, plus élevées qu’en laboratoire, semble augmenter la conductivité de la smectite. De manière générale, la tomographie de résistivité complexe est recommandée comme méthode complémentaire aux sondages électromagnétiques pour l'exploration géothermique. Electromagnetic soundings are widely used to image the underground structure of volcanoes and look for hightemperature geothermal resources. The electrical resistivity of volcanoes is affected by several characteristics of rocks: volume and salinity of pore fluid, abundance of conductive minerals, rock temperature and presence of magma. This thesis aims at improving the interpretation of electrical resistivity structures around active volcanoes, in order to develop innovative tools for the assessment of geothermal resources. I focus on conductive minerals, which can either be solid ionic conductors (clay minerals, in particular smectite) or electronic semi-conductors (pyrite and iron-oxides), but I also investigate the effects of porosity, salinity, temperature and presence of magma. I use Krafla volcano as a laboratory area, where extensive literature, borehole data, core samples, surface soundings and infrastructures are available. Smectite and pyrite are formed upon hydrothermal alteration of volcanic rocks and thus witness hydrothermal convection. On the other hand, iron-oxides are mostly formed during the primary crystallization of magma and dissolved by hydrothermal fluids. The contribution of smectite to the electrical conductivity of volcanic rocks saturated with pore water at different salinity is first investigated in the laboratory (room temperature) by electrical impedance spectroscopy “complex resistivity”. Non-linear variations of the conductivity at 1 kHz with salinity are observed and discussed. Interfoliar conduction is suggested as an important mechanism by which smectite conducts electrical current. The influence of pyrite and iron-oxides on induced polarization effects is then analyzed, using the frequency-dependent phase-angle of the impedance. A maximum phase-angle higher than 20 mrad is attributed to pyrite if the rock is conductive and to ironoxides if the rock is resistive. The maximum phase-angle increases by about 22 mrad for each additional per cent of pyrite or iron-oxide. These laboratory frequency-domain findings are partly upscaled to interpret field time-domain complex resistivity tomography at Krafla: smectite, pyrite and iron-oxides can be identified down to 200 m. The in-situ temperature, higher than in laboratory conditions, appears to significantly increase the conductivity associated to smectite. In general, time-domain complex resistivity measurements are recommended as a complementary method to electromagnetic soundings for geothermal exploration.

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    Authors: Yves Perignon; Enored Le Bouhris; Marine Reynaud; Thomas Soulard;

    Ce rapport de suivi environnemental a ��t�� men�� par l'��quipe du site d'essais SEM-REV afin de comprendre, caract��riser et mesurer les potentiels impacts environnementaux de l�����olienne flottante, FLOATGEN. Ce d��monstrateur flottant de 2 MW dont le flotteur a ��t�� d��velopp�� par la soci��t�� BW IDEOL est install�� en mer et produit de l�����lectricit�� depuis 2018. Ce suivi couvre toutes les ��tapes de ces 3 ann��es de test en conditions r��elles, de l�����tat initial du site �� la phase d���installation des syst��mes d���ancrage, au remorquage de l�����olienne sur site et �� son raccordement au r��seau ��lectrique puis pendant son exploitation et lors des op��rations de maintenance. L�����tude concerne plusieurs domaines de la physique (acoustique sous-marine, champs ��lectromagn��tique, temp��rature) �� la biologie (mammif��res marins, communaut��s benthiques, avifaune, ���) en passant par une composante sociale avec une analyse paysag��re. �� ce jour, aucun effet ou impact fort n���a ��t�� relev�� sur l���environnement marin parmi l���ensemble des domaines ��tudi��s. De plus, aucun incident environnemental ni aucune pollution n���a ��t�� engendr��, que ce soit dans les phases de travaux, d���exploitation ou de maintenance du d��monstrateur. Les essais du d��monstrateur FLOATGEN se poursuivent jusqu����� l���automne 2023. Une fois les tests termin��s, le d��monstrateur sera d��mantel��. Le rapport de suivi environnemental sera mis �� jour p��riodiquement pour couvrir l���ensemble de la phase de tests puis le d��mant��lement.

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    Report . 2021
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