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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Charlas, Benoit;

    It is harder and harder to find fossil fuels and it becomes therefore more and more expensive. Furthermore the environmental impacts of energy are more and more taken into account. For those reasons new solutions to produce, store, transport energy are currently researched and/or developed. Among those solutions, hydrogen system could be a good solution depending and how its main parts (production, storage, supply and use) are improved.This PhD is relative to hydrogen storage in intermetallic hydride compouds. Hydrogen tanks using these kind of materials have to allow good thermal control of the hydride powder especially because of the exothermicity of the hydriding and endothermicity of the unhydriding reaction. That's why the internal architecture of these vessels are often cellular, the cell walls playing the role of a thermal conductor. If the thermal aspects relative to these tanks are often studied, it is not the case of the mechanical phenomenon induced by the swelling and shrinking of the grains during absorption and desorption of hydrogène by the material. However, the mechanical interaction between the powder and the cell walls could endanger the tank.This PhD consists of two main parts. The first part is a mechanical study of the behavior of a Ti-Cr-V compound while the second is a mechanical modelling and analysis mainly by the Discretes Elements Method (DEM). Thanks to this work the main features and mechanical properties of the hydride (granulometry, matrix compaction, granular flow, powder density …) and their evolution due to cycling were measured. The influence of hydride grains rearrangement induced by hydride breathing were analysed experimentally. It lead to a progressive densification of the powder bed in instrumented cells that resulted in a decrease of porosity and an increase of stresses on cell walls. This effect was reproduced in discrete elements simulations of spherical and clump particles. La raréfaction des combustibles fossiles et la prise en compte de plus en plus importante des enjeux environnementaux incite à rechercher de nouvelles pistes de production, stockage et transport de l’énergie. Le développement de la filière hydrogène dépend des améliorations de chacun de ces principaux maillons qui sont la production, le stockage, la distribution et l’utilisation de l’hydrogène.Cette thèse se consacre au stockage de l’hydrogène par absorption dans des matériaux solides pulvérulents composés d’hydrures intermétalliques. Les performances de ce type de stockage dépendent grandement de la gestion des échanges de chaleurs imposés par le caractère exothermique de la réaction d’hydruration (absorption d’hydrogène par le matériau) et respectivement le caractère endothermique de la réaction de déshydruration (désorption d’hydrogène par le matériau). Cette nécessité a guidé la conception des réservoirs vers une architecture interne cellulaire. Si la thermique des réservoirs est très étudiée, les mécanismes de gonflement-dégonflement cycliques des hydrures lors de l’absorption et la désorption d’hydrogène sont assez peu abordés dans la littérature. Pourtant, les interactions mécaniques de la poudre hydrure sur les parois des cellules peuvent remettre en cause l’intégrité du réservoir. La mécanique des milieux granulaires constitue ainsi un apport essentiel à l’analyse et à termes à la prédiction du comportement mécanique du lit de poudre hydrure au sein du réservoir.Cette thèse présente en premier lieu la caractérisation expérimentale du comportement mécanique d’un hydrure intermétallique Ti-Cr-V à différents états de cyclage sous hydrogène en cellule instrumentée en incluant l’analyse des mécanismes de gonflement-dégonflement. L’analyse du comportement mécanique est abordée par une approche de type mécanique des milieux granulaires basée principalement sur la méthode des éléments discrets (DEM). Ces travaux ont permis d’identifier les caractéristiques et le comportement mécanique de l’hydrure (granulométrie, compression en matrice, écoulement) ainsi que l’évolution de paramètres liés au cyclage. Les effets du mécanisme de réarrangement opérant lors du cyclage à l’échelle des grains d’hydrure ont pu être identifiés expérimentalement. En particulier, la variation de volume cyclique du matériau entraine un tassement progressif du lit de poudre, une diminution de la porosité et une augmentation des niveaux de contraintes. Ce comportement a été reproduit numériquement par des simulations impliquant des particules discrètes de formes sphériques et de formes agrégées complexes.

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  • Authors: Pirard, R.;
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  • Authors: Hadj Kacem, Yosra;

    The research conducted in this thesis was achieved in the context of vegetal biomass valorization. It aims to develop a new family of aliphatic oligoesters from biobased monomers and incorporating into their structure sulfonated groups. This choice is justified by the following three considerations. (i) This is a contribution to the valorization of vegetal biomass. (ii) The presence of sulfonated units in the structure of this type of polymers gives them specific physicochemical properties favoring their use in various industrial sectors. (iii) These oligoesters can be subsequently used for the preparation of poly (ester-urethane) networks and ionic liquid-based composites with potentially interesting thermomechanical properties and a great tendency towards hydrolytic degradation. ; La transformation de la biomasse végétale en composés simples pouvant servir comme monomères pour l’élaboration de nouveaux matériaux polymères susceptibles de se substituer à leurs homologues d’origine pétrochimique a été l’un des thèmes de recherche développés au cours des deux dernières décennies. c’est dans ce vaste contexte que s’inscrivent les travaux rapportés dans ce mémoire dont l’objectif était d’élaborer une nouvelle famille d’oligoesters aliphatiques en partant de monomères biosourcés et en intégrant dans leur structure des groupes sulfonés. Cette orientation est justifié par les trois considérations suivantes (i) cela constitue une contribution à la valorisation de la biomasse végétale (ii) la présence des unités sulfonés dans leur structure leur confère des propriétés physico-chimiques particulières favorisant leur utilisation dans divers secteurs industriels. (iii) Ces oligoesters peuvent être par la suite utilisés pour la préparation des composites à base de réseaux de poly (ester-uréthane) et de liquide ionique ayant des propriétés thermomécaniques potentiellement intéressantes et une grande tendance à la dégradation hydrolytique.

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  • Authors: Gaaloul Chouikh, Sana, Gaaloul;

    To better reduce its invoices, control its energy flows and respect various restrictions in this sector characterised by important consumption, the building becomes more and more complex including various innovative technologies such as Energy Management Systems (BEMS), efficient insulation and integrating renewable energies. This complexity requires a changing in building simulation techniques and paradigms in order to take into account its various developments. A global modelling of this system taking into account its various components and ensuring an efficient simulation of its heterogeneous subsystems must be performed.These objectives can only be achieved through the use of interoperability methodological approaches. Several interoperability solutions have been explored in the building sector and the state of the art make an accent on the standardization lack of applied solutions. A white box approach based on Modelica language has emerged in this area. To raise its interest and limitations, this solution is adopted for “PREDIS” system, a high energy performance building, modelling. A complementary black box approach, based on software component standard and dedicated for simulation is also applied to overcome the first approach difficulties. This approach is based on software component bus concept that is able to ensure an effective interoperability between modelling tools and simulation environments.In addition of the established software architecture around the platform interoperability, an efficient simulation of heterogeneous systems requires appropriate simulations techniques. These techniques may require several adaptations of used models that are provided by the component standard. ; Pour mieux maîtriser ses flux énergétiques et respecter les diverses restrictions mises en place dans ce secteur énergivore, le bâtiment devient un système de plus en plus complexe incluant divers technologies innovantes comme les systèmes de gestion énergétiques (SGEB), une isolation performante et intégrant les ...

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  • Authors: Charry Prada, Iran David;

    Biogas. It is an energy source increasingly popular in Europe, remarkably in France, due to its environmental-friendly and economic-saving capabilities. It is produced by the organic matter fermentation, leading to biomethane production, as a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. Nevertheless, as a raw gas, pollutants in biogas lead to environmental, health and process-related issues, especially because of its unique content on sulfur compounds. The objective of this research is to develop new processes, economically and environmentally feasible, for biogas desulfurization, seeking a process integration in existing biogas treatment units in France. Considering the state of the art on biogas properties and its possible purification treatments, two processes have been identified and studied in this thesis. The first process is a precombustion desulfurization treatment aiming to eliminate the H2S and the siloxanes through a gas-liquid bubbling-typed polyphasic reactor. This reactor is equipped with a new solvent with “superacid” properties. The second process is a postcombution desulfurization treatment for stack gas, through a gas-solid fixed-bed polyphasic reactor. A prototype of this unit was entirely designed, built and tested in the thesis. This thesis describes the applied research method, the developed numerical models, and the experimental results confirming the efficiency of the novel processes. ; Le biogaz est une source d’énergie qui intéresse de plus en plus l’Europe et notamment la France pour ses avantages environnementaux et économiques. Produit de la fermentation de matière organique, il contient du biométhane. Ce dernier est une alternative plus durable aux énergies fossiles. Cependant, à l’état brut, les polluants dans le biogaz peuvent provoquer des dégâts sur la santé et l’environnement, notamment en raison de la présence de siloxanes et des composés soufrés. L’objectif de cette recherche consiste donc à développer des méthodes améliorant à la fois économiquement et écologiquement la ...

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Antoine-Laurent LAVOISIER;

    Extrait des Oeuvres de Lavoisier

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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Centre pour la numér...arrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Gardelle, Julie;

    The Pamir - Karakoram - Himalaya (PKH) mountain range is considered to be the largest terrestrial ice reservoir outside polar regions. However, the recent evolution of these glaciers, recognized as valuable high-altitude climatic indicators, remains poorly known, mainly because of accessibility issues and harsh meteorologic conditions that hamper field work and in situ observations. The aim of this thesis is therefore to improve the knowledge of glacier changes in PKH and study their evolution over the past decade, based on satellite images and digital elevation models (DEMs). We first developed automatic classification algorithms to monitor the spatial distribution and temporal evolution of glacial lakes between 1990 and 2009 along the PKH, based on Landsat images. We thereby highlight different types, sizes and evolutions of glacial lakes between eastern and western PKH. During the study period the total glacial lake area slightly decreased in the west (Hindu Kush and Karakoram), greatly increased in the east (Nepal, Bhutan) and remained stable in the central part (north-west India). We then computed the mass balance of PKH glaciers from elevation changes measured by comparing two DEMs, acquired ∼10 years appart, by the SRTM mission and the SPOT5 satellite. This method relies on a precise relative adjustment (horizontal and vertical) of the DEMs to remove possible systematic biases within glacier elevation changes. The difference in the original spatial resolution of the DEMs can result in an elevation-dependent bias, as well as the radar penetration into snow and ice can seriously underestimate glacier elevation in the case of a DEM derived from radar data such as SRTM. The spatial pattern of regional glacier mass balances between 1999 and 2011 turns out to be contrasted, with moderatemass losses in eastern and central Himalaya (-0.30±0.08m yr-1 w.e.), stronger in western Himalaya (-0.43±0.09 m yr-1 w.e.) and mass gains further west, for Pamir(+0.14±0.11 m yr-1 w.e.) and Karakoram glaciers (+0.10±0.20 m yr-1 w.e.). The global mass balance of PKH glaciers is estimated at -0.13±0.06 m yr-1 w.e. La région du Pamir - Karakoram - Himalaya (PKH) constitue la plus grande réserve de glace terrestre après les régions polaires. Cependant, l'évolution récente de ces glaciers, indicateurs privilégiés du changement climatique en haute altitude, reste encore mal connue, du fait notamment de difficultés d'accès et de conditions climatiques qui rendent délicate l'acquisition de mesures in situ. L'objectif de cette thèse est de contribuer à l'amélioration des connaissances sur l'évolution globale des glaces du PKH au cours de la dernière décennie, en s'appuyant sur des images satellite et des modèles numériques de terrain (MNTs). Une premièreméthodologie a été développée pour assurer le suivi automatique de la distribution spatiale et de l'évolution temporelle des lacs glaciaires à partir d'images Landsat entre 1990 et 2009 sur sept zones d'études réparties le long du PKH. Ainsi, une certaine disparité des types, tailles et évolutions des lacs entre la partie orientale et occidentale du PKH a été mise en évidence. Sur la période de temps considérée, la superficie des lacs a légèrement diminué à l'ouest (Karakoram et Hindu Kush), a été en très nette augmentation à l'est (Népal et Bouthan) et relativement stable sur la partie centrale (Inde du nord-ouest). Le bilan de masse des glaciers a ensuite été calculé, à partir des variations d'épaisseurs mesurées en comparant deuxMNTs, acquis à deux dates différentes, et issus de lamission SRTM et du satellite SPOT5. Cette méthode implique un certain nombre de corrections et d'ajustements au préalable, afin de garantir des mesures les moins biaisées possible. Ainsi, la différence de résolution spatiale initiale des MNTs peut être à l'origine d'un biais fonction de l'altitude, de même que la pénétration des ondes radar de la mission SRTM dans la neige et la glace est à prendre en compte le cas échéant, pour ne pas sous-estimer les altitudes sur les glaciers. Là encore, on observe des disparités entre les différents bilans de masse régionaux sur la période 1999-2011, avec des pertes de masse modérées sur l'Himalaya central et oriental(-0.30±0.08 m a-1 w.e.), plus accentuées sur l'Himalaya occidental (-0.43±0.09 m a-1 w.e.) et des gains de masse plus à l'ouest, pour les glaciers des massifs du Pamir (+0.14±0.11 m a-1 w.e.) et du Karakoram (+0.10±0.20 m a-1 w.e.). Ces résultats confirment donc l'anomalie des glaciers du Karakoram et suggèrent des comportements similaires au Pamir. Le bilan de masse global des glaciers du PKH est estimé à -0.13±0.06 m a-1 w.e.

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    Authors: Dupé, Valérie;

    Toute action naturelle crée de l'énergie perdue qui pourrait être exploitée pour alimenter nos appareils électriques et mobiles. Nos environnements physiques disposent d'un nombre élevé de micro-sources d'énergies ; certes chacune est de faible puissance, mais leur multiplicité pourrait s'avérer significative, notamment dans le cadre du fonctionnement de microsystèmes. C'est le principe précédent qui a conduit nos travaux sur la problématique de la conception de microsystèmes autonomes. Ainsi, pour être innovante, l'ingénierie de microsystèmes doit à la fois s'appuyer sur la culture de l'électronique, de la mécanique mais aussi de l'énergétique. Le processus de conception est fortement pluridisciplinaire et son efficacité réside dans la capacité à mettre en oeuvre des méthodologies et des outils : - de conception collaborative, - de capitalisation des connaissances techniques, - d'ingénierie multi-physique, - d'ingénierie intégrée. Sur le base de ces fondamentaux, nous avons développé un outil d'aide à la conception. La méthodologie sous-jacente permet : 1- l'analyse et la structuration d'un problème de conception d'un microsystème autonome : cette phase conduit l'identification, la description fonctionnelle et environnementale du système et de son environnement. 2- la modélisation des connaissances : une analyse architecturale conduit à la description des composants et des interactions liées au microsystème (directement ou indirectement) puis à la modélisation des comportements, 3- la qualification énergétique et le couplage physique : la réutilisation structurée des modèles de connaissances est pilotée pour coupler les modèles physiques et décrire les sources, les puits et les mécanismes énergétiques des environnements, 4- la conduite de la recherche de concepts innovants : la base de connaissances, les critères de qualification et la description fonctionnelle préalablement construits sont agencés dans une seule méthode de conception virtuelle pour rechercher des concepts de solutions innovants, 5- le pré-dimensionnement : tout en assurant l'intégration des outils spécialisés de simulation (méthode des éléments finis et simulation fonctionnelle), le prédimensionnement de microsystèmes autonomes est supportée selon un schéma synthétique, assurant un raisonnement abductif (ou bottom-up). La conjonction des raisonnements physiques, l'intégration des méthodes et des cultures métiers, l'exploration virtuelle des espaces de solutions et la modélisation constituent les bases d'un nouveau moyen d'aide à la conception de microsystèmes autonomes. Cette approche a été déployée pour la conception d'un capteur piézoélectrique autonome.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Druilhe, Rémi;

    The home is a more and more interconnected environment. This proliferation of computer devices and associated services increases the energy consumption of the home network. To limit this tendency, consumer electronic devices control their own energy consumption, independently from each other. Distributed environments offer new opportunities to manage the energy consumption of a set of devices. This work proposes to set an intelligent coordination between devices in order to limit the energy consumption of the set of devices while providing the same services. Our approach consists, on one hand, in moving software components from one device to another in order to maximize the energy efficiency and, on the other hand, put into low power state unused devices. However, the migrations are constrained by both the environment, i.e., available hardware resources, and the needs from software components, i.e., required hardware resources, user presence. To design such a system, it is necessary to consider the inherent properties of the digital home such as the heterogeneity, the dynamicity and the quality of service. Heterogeneity needs a model of each device and each service according to different criterion, e.g., hardware resources, user presence. Dynamicity needs to modify the distribution of the software components when a relevant event occurs, e.g., appearance of a device, in order to conserve energy efficiency. Finally, less energy consuming solutions must not impact the quality of service, e.g., satisfying the required hardware resources of the software components. We propose to model those properties. This model is then considered by an autonomic decision-making system. On the observation of relevant events, the system takes the decision to modify the distribution of the software components on the devices in order to reach the energy efficiency goal while satisfying to the quality of service. The implementation of the decision-making system is embodied through an energy efficient architecture. The decision-making system is deemed to be a full service. It is designed as any others services deployed in the environment, and is able to move from one device to another to execute itself on the most appropriate one, considering the context. The approach is validated through its implementation called HomeNap et using scenarios from the common life. Results show energetic gains. Results also show that those gains depend on the habits of the user in the digital home. Finally, those gains increase when the number of devices and services grows, which is the current observed tendency.; La maison est un environnement dans lequel de plus en plus d'équipements sont interconnectés. Cette multiplication des équipements informatiques et des services associés augmente la consommation d'énergie de la maison numérique. Pour limiter cette tendance, les équipements de l'électronique grand public contrôlent leur consommation d'énergie individuellement, indépendamment les uns des autres. Les environnements répartis offrent de nouvelles opportunités de gestion de la consommation d'énergie des équipements. Ce travail propose de mettre en place une coordination intelligente entre les équipements de façon à limiter la consommation énergétique de l'ensemble de ces équipements tout en délivrant les mêmes services. Notre approche consiste à déplacer des composants logiciels d'un équipement à l'autre afin de maximiser l'efficience énergétique de la maison numérique. Cependant, ces déplacements sont contraints à la fois par l'environnement, e.g., ressources matérielles disponibles, et par les besoins des composants logiciels, e.g., ressources matérielles requises, présence de l'utilisateur. Pour concevoir un tel système, il est nécessaire de considérer les propriétés intrinsèques à la maison numérique dont l'hétérogénéité, la dynamicité et la qualité de service. L'hétérogénéité nécessite une modélisation de chaque équipement et de chaque service suivant des critères différenciant, e.g., ressources matérielles, présence de l'utilisateur. La dynamicité requiert de modifier la répartition des composants logiciels lorsqu'un événement significatif survient, e.g., apparition d'un équipement, afin de conserver l'efficience énergétique. Enfin, la mise en place de solutions moins énergivores ne doit pas impacter la qualité de service, e.g., satisfaire les besoins en ressources matérielles des composants logiciels. Nous proposons une modélisation de ces propriétés. Ce modèle est ensuite considéré par un système décisionnel autonome. Sur l'observation d'événements significatifs, le système prend la décision de modifier la répartition des composants sur les équipements afin d'atteindre l'objectif d'efficience énergétique tout en satisfaisant à la qualité de service. L'implantation du système décisionnel est réalisée par une architecture elle-même conçue pour être efficiente énergétiquement. Le système décisionnel est considéré comme un service à part entière. Il est construit comme les autres services présents dans l'environnement, et est donc capable de se déplacer d'un équipement à un autre pour s'exécuter sur celui qui est le plus approprié en fonction du contexte. L'approche est validée au travers de son implémentation appelée HomeNap et le déroulé de scénarios de la vie courante. Les résultats obtenus montrent des gains énergétiques. Ces résultats montrent également que les gains sont fonctions des usages de la maison numérique. Enfin, ces gains s'accroissent lorsque le nombre d'équipements et de services augmente, ce qui correspond à la tendance actuellement observée.

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  • Authors: Haddad, Etienne;

    The refrigeration sector consumes about 17% of the total electricity used in the world. This percentage is not negligible and requires making cooling systems more energy efficient, and reducing their impact on the greenhouse effect. In particular, refrigerant leaks are a problem that must be solved. Indeed, they have a direct and indirect impact on the environment. Also, leaks impose additional repair costs. For these reasons, it is very important to employ reliable and fast leak detection methods that ensure real-time detection. In this thesis, we have proposed to develop a physical model that represents the cooling system. This model is validated and calibrated with experimental tests. Once the model is validated, it is used as a data generator. These data will be used in addition to the data acquired in real time to ensure the training of a statistical model on the normal operation of the machine. This learning model will then be used to detect leaks in case of deviation from normal operation defined from the measurement of several parameters sensitive to the variation of the refrigerant charge. As the physical model of the machine is used as a complement to the real machine and not to replace it, we will call it a "digital twin". ; Le secteur de réfrigération consomme environ 17 % de l'électricité totale utilisée dans le monde. Ce pourcentage n’est pas négligeable et nécessite de rendre les systèmes de refroidissement plus efficaces énergétiquement et de réduire leur impact sur l’effet de serre. En particulier, les fuites de réfrigérant vers l’environnement constituent un problème qui doit être résolu. En effet, elles ont un impact direct et indirect sur l’environnement. Aussi, les fuites imposent des coûts de réparation supplémentaires. Pour ces raisons, il est très important d’employer des méthodes de détection de fuites fiables, rapides, et qui assurent une détection en temps réel. Nous avons proposé dans cette thèse de développer un modèle physique qui représente le système de refroidissement. Ce modèle ...

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Charlas, Benoit;

    It is harder and harder to find fossil fuels and it becomes therefore more and more expensive. Furthermore the environmental impacts of energy are more and more taken into account. For those reasons new solutions to produce, store, transport energy are currently researched and/or developed. Among those solutions, hydrogen system could be a good solution depending and how its main parts (production, storage, supply and use) are improved.This PhD is relative to hydrogen storage in intermetallic hydride compouds. Hydrogen tanks using these kind of materials have to allow good thermal control of the hydride powder especially because of the exothermicity of the hydriding and endothermicity of the unhydriding reaction. That's why the internal architecture of these vessels are often cellular, the cell walls playing the role of a thermal conductor. If the thermal aspects relative to these tanks are often studied, it is not the case of the mechanical phenomenon induced by the swelling and shrinking of the grains during absorption and desorption of hydrogène by the material. However, the mechanical interaction between the powder and the cell walls could endanger the tank.This PhD consists of two main parts. The first part is a mechanical study of the behavior of a Ti-Cr-V compound while the second is a mechanical modelling and analysis mainly by the Discretes Elements Method (DEM). Thanks to this work the main features and mechanical properties of the hydride (granulometry, matrix compaction, granular flow, powder density …) and their evolution due to cycling were measured. The influence of hydride grains rearrangement induced by hydride breathing were analysed experimentally. It lead to a progressive densification of the powder bed in instrumented cells that resulted in a decrease of porosity and an increase of stresses on cell walls. This effect was reproduced in discrete elements simulations of spherical and clump particles. La raréfaction des combustibles fossiles et la prise en compte de plus en plus importante des enjeux environnementaux incite à rechercher de nouvelles pistes de production, stockage et transport de l’énergie. Le développement de la filière hydrogène dépend des améliorations de chacun de ces principaux maillons qui sont la production, le stockage, la distribution et l’utilisation de l’hydrogène.Cette thèse se consacre au stockage de l’hydrogène par absorption dans des matériaux solides pulvérulents composés d’hydrures intermétalliques. Les performances de ce type de stockage dépendent grandement de la gestion des échanges de chaleurs imposés par le caractère exothermique de la réaction d’hydruration (absorption d’hydrogène par le matériau) et respectivement le caractère endothermique de la réaction de déshydruration (désorption d’hydrogène par le matériau). Cette nécessité a guidé la conception des réservoirs vers une architecture interne cellulaire. Si la thermique des réservoirs est très étudiée, les mécanismes de gonflement-dégonflement cycliques des hydrures lors de l’absorption et la désorption d’hydrogène sont assez peu abordés dans la littérature. Pourtant, les interactions mécaniques de la poudre hydrure sur les parois des cellules peuvent remettre en cause l’intégrité du réservoir. La mécanique des milieux granulaires constitue ainsi un apport essentiel à l’analyse et à termes à la prédiction du comportement mécanique du lit de poudre hydrure au sein du réservoir.Cette thèse présente en premier lieu la caractérisation expérimentale du comportement mécanique d’un hydrure intermétallique Ti-Cr-V à différents états de cyclage sous hydrogène en cellule instrumentée en incluant l’analyse des mécanismes de gonflement-dégonflement. L’analyse du comportement mécanique est abordée par une approche de type mécanique des milieux granulaires basée principalement sur la méthode des éléments discrets (DEM). Ces travaux ont permis d’identifier les caractéristiques et le comportement mécanique de l’hydrure (granulométrie, compression en matrice, écoulement) ainsi que l’évolution de paramètres liés au cyclage. Les effets du mécanisme de réarrangement opérant lors du cyclage à l’échelle des grains d’hydrure ont pu être identifiés expérimentalement. En particulier, la variation de volume cyclique du matériau entraine un tassement progressif du lit de poudre, une diminution de la porosité et une augmentation des niveaux de contraintes. Ce comportement a été reproduit numériquement par des simulations impliquant des particules discrètes de formes sphériques et de formes agrégées complexes.

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  • Authors: Pirard, R.;
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  • Authors: Hadj Kacem, Yosra;

    The research conducted in this thesis was achieved in the context of vegetal biomass valorization. It aims to develop a new family of aliphatic oligoesters from biobased monomers and incorporating into their structure sulfonated groups. This choice is justified by the following three considerations. (i) This is a contribution to the valorization of vegetal biomass. (ii) The presence of sulfonated units in the structure of this type of polymers gives them specific physicochemical properties favoring their use in various industrial sectors. (iii) These oligoesters can be subsequently used for the preparation of poly (ester-urethane) networks and ionic liquid-based composites with potentially interesting thermomechanical properties and a great tendency towards hydrolytic degradation. ; La transformation de la biomasse végétale en composés simples pouvant servir comme monomères pour l’élaboration de nouveaux matériaux polymères susceptibles de se substituer à leurs homologues d’origine pétrochimique a été l’un des thèmes de recherche développés au cours des deux dernières décennies. c’est dans ce vaste contexte que s’inscrivent les travaux rapportés dans ce mémoire dont l’objectif était d’élaborer une nouvelle famille d’oligoesters aliphatiques en partant de monomères biosourcés et en intégrant dans leur structure des groupes sulfonés. Cette orientation est justifié par les trois considérations suivantes (i) cela constitue une contribution à la valorisation de la biomasse végétale (ii) la présence des unités sulfonés dans leur structure leur confère des propriétés physico-chimiques particulières favorisant leur utilisation dans divers secteurs industriels. (iii) Ces oligoesters peuvent être par la suite utilisés pour la préparation des composites à base de réseaux de poly (ester-uréthane) et de liquide ionique ayant des propriétés thermomécaniques potentiellement intéressantes et une grande tendance à la dégradation hydrolytique.

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  • Authors: Gaaloul Chouikh, Sana, Gaaloul;

    To better reduce its invoices, control its energy flows and respect various restrictions in this sector characterised by important consumption, the building becomes more and more complex including various innovative technologies such as Energy Management Systems (BEMS), efficient insulation and integrating renewable energies. This complexity requires a changing in building simulation techniques and paradigms in order to take into account its various developments. A global modelling of this system taking into account its various components and ensuring an efficient simulation of its heterogeneous subsystems must be performed.These objectives can only be achieved through the use of interoperability methodological approaches. Several interoperability solutions have been explored in the building sector and the state of the art make an accent on the standardization lack of applied solutions. A white box approach based on Modelica language has emerged in this area. To raise its interest and limitations, this solution is adopted for “PREDIS” system, a high energy performance building, modelling. A complementary black box approach, based on software component standard and dedicated for simulation is also applied to overcome the first approach difficulties. This approach is based on software component bus concept that is able to ensure an effective interoperability between modelling tools and simulation environments.In addition of the established software architecture around the platform interoperability, an efficient simulation of heterogeneous systems requires appropriate simulations techniques. These techniques may require several adaptations of used models that are provided by the component standard. ; Pour mieux maîtriser ses flux énergétiques et respecter les diverses restrictions mises en place dans ce secteur énergivore, le bâtiment devient un système de plus en plus complexe incluant divers technologies innovantes comme les systèmes de gestion énergétiques (SGEB), une isolation performante et intégrant les ...

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  • Authors: Charry Prada, Iran David;

    Biogas. It is an energy source increasingly popular in Europe, remarkably in France, due to its environmental-friendly and economic-saving capabilities. It is produced by the organic matter fermentation, leading to biomethane production, as a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. Nevertheless, as a raw gas, pollutants in biogas lead to environmental, health and process-related issues, especially because of its unique content on sulfur compounds. The objective of this research is to develop new processes, economically and environmentally feasible, for biogas desulfurization, seeking a process integration in existing biogas treatment units in France. Considering the state of the art on biogas properties and its possible purification treatments, two processes have been identified and studied in this thesis. The first process is a precombustion desulfurization treatment aiming to eliminate the H2S and the siloxanes through a gas-liquid bubbling-typed polyphasic reactor. This reactor is equipped with a new solvent with “superacid” properties. The second process is a postcombution desulfurization treatment for stack gas, through a gas-solid fixed-bed polyphasic reactor. A prototype of this unit was entirely designed, built and tested in the thesis. This thesis describes the applied research method, the developed numerical models, and the experimental results confirming the efficiency of the novel processes. ; Le biogaz est une source d’énergie qui intéresse de plus en plus l’Europe et notamment la France pour ses avantages environnementaux et économiques. Produit de la fermentation de matière organique, il contient du biométhane. Ce dernier est une alternative plus durable aux énergies fossiles. Cependant, à l’état brut, les polluants dans le biogaz peuvent provoquer des dégâts sur la santé et l’environnement, notamment en raison de la présence de siloxanes et des composés soufrés. L’objectif de cette recherche consiste donc à développer des méthodes améliorant à la fois économiquement et écologiquement la ...

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    Authors: Antoine-Laurent LAVOISIER;

    Extrait des Oeuvres de Lavoisier

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    Authors: Gardelle, Julie;

    The Pamir - Karakoram - Himalaya (PKH) mountain range is considered to be the largest terrestrial ice reservoir outside polar regions. However, the recent evolution of these glaciers, recognized as valuable high-altitude climatic indicators, remains poorly known, mainly because of accessibility issues and harsh meteorologic conditions that hamper field work and in situ observations. The aim of this thesis is therefore to improve the knowledge of glacier changes in PKH and study their evolution over the past decade, based on satellite images and digital elevation models (DEMs). We first developed automatic classification algorithms to monitor the spatial distribution and temporal evolution of glacial lakes between 1990 and 2009 along the PKH, based on Landsat images. We thereby highlight different types, sizes and evolutions of glacial lakes between eastern and western PKH. During the study period the total glacial lake area slightly decreased in the west (Hindu Kush and Karakoram), greatly increased in the east (Nepal, Bhutan) and remained stable in the central part (north-west India). We then computed the mass balance of PKH glaciers from elevation changes measured by comparing two DEMs, acquired ∼10 years appart, by the SRTM mission and the SPOT5 satellite. This method relies on a precise relative adjustment (horizontal and vertical) of the DEMs to remove possible systematic biases within glacier elevation changes. The difference in the original spatial resolution of the DEMs can result in an elevation-dependent bias, as well as the radar penetration into snow and ice can seriously underestimate glacier elevation in the case of a DEM derived from radar data such as SRTM. The spatial pattern of regional glacier mass balances between 1999 and 2011 turns out to be contrasted, with moderatemass losses in eastern and central Himalaya (-0.30±0.08m yr-1 w.e.), stronger in western Himalaya (-0.43±0.09 m yr-1 w.e.) and mass gains further west, for Pamir(+0.14±0.11 m yr-1 w.e.) and Karakoram glaciers (+0.10±0.20 m yr-1 w.e.). The global mass balance of PKH glaciers is estimated at -0.13±0.06 m yr-1 w.e. La région du Pamir - Karakoram - Himalaya (PKH) constitue la plus grande réserve de glace terrestre après les régions polaires. Cependant, l'évolution récente de ces glaciers, indicateurs privilégiés du changement climatique en haute altitude, reste encore mal connue, du fait notamment de difficultés d'accès et de conditions climatiques qui rendent délicate l'acquisition de mesures in situ. L'objectif de cette thèse est de contribuer à l'amélioration des connaissances sur l'évolution globale des glaces du PKH au cours de la dernière décennie, en s'appuyant sur des images satellite et des modèles numériques de terrain (MNTs). Une premièreméthodologie a été développée pour assurer le suivi automatique de la distribution spatiale et de l'évolution temporelle des lacs glaciaires à partir d'images Landsat entre 1990 et 2009 sur sept zones d'études réparties le long du PKH. Ainsi, une certaine disparité des types, tailles et évolutions des lacs entre la partie orientale et occidentale du PKH a été mise en évidence. Sur la période de temps considérée, la superficie des lacs a légèrement diminué à l'ouest (Karakoram et Hindu Kush), a été en très nette augmentation à l'est (Népal et Bouthan) et relativement stable sur la partie centrale (Inde du nord-ouest). Le bilan de masse des glaciers a ensuite été calculé, à partir des variations d'épaisseurs mesurées en comparant deuxMNTs, acquis à deux dates différentes, et issus de lamission SRTM et du satellite SPOT5. Cette méthode implique un certain nombre de corrections et d'ajustements au préalable, afin de garantir des mesures les moins biaisées possible. Ainsi, la différence de résolution spatiale initiale des MNTs peut être à l'origine d'un biais fonction de l'altitude, de même que la pénétration des ondes radar de la mission SRTM dans la neige et la glace est à prendre en compte le cas échéant, pour ne pas sous-estimer les altitudes sur les glaciers. Là encore, on observe des disparités entre les différents bilans de masse régionaux sur la période 1999-2011, avec des pertes de masse modérées sur l'Himalaya central et oriental(-0.30±0.08 m a-1 w.e.), plus accentuées sur l'Himalaya occidental (-0.43±0.09 m a-1 w.e.) et des gains de masse plus à l'ouest, pour les glaciers des massifs du Pamir (+0.14±0.11 m a-1 w.e.) et du Karakoram (+0.10±0.20 m a-1 w.e.). Ces résultats confirment donc l'anomalie des glaciers du Karakoram et suggèrent des comportements similaires au Pamir. Le bilan de masse global des glaciers du PKH est estimé à -0.13±0.06 m a-1 w.e.

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    Authors: Dupé, Valérie;

    Toute action naturelle crée de l'énergie perdue qui pourrait être exploitée pour alimenter nos appareils électriques et mobiles. Nos environnements physiques disposent d'un nombre élevé de micro-sources d'énergies ; certes chacune est de faible puissance, mais leur multiplicité pourrait s'avérer significative, notamment dans le cadre du fonctionnement de microsystèmes. C'est le principe précédent qui a conduit nos travaux sur la problématique de la conception de microsystèmes autonomes. Ainsi, pour être innovante, l'ingénierie de microsystèmes doit à la fois s'appuyer sur la culture de l'électronique, de la mécanique mais aussi de l'énergétique. Le processus de conception est fortement pluridisciplinaire et son efficacité réside dans la capacité à mettre en oeuvre des méthodologies et des outils : - de conception collaborative, - de capitalisation des connaissances techniques, - d'ingénierie multi-physique, - d'ingénierie intégrée. Sur le base de ces fondamentaux, nous avons développé un outil d'aide à la conception. La méthodologie sous-jacente permet : 1- l'analyse et la structuration d'un problème de conception d'un microsystème autonome : cette phase conduit l'identification, la description fonctionnelle et environnementale du système et de son environnement. 2- la modélisation des connaissances : une analyse architecturale conduit à la description des composants et des interactions liées au microsystème (directement ou indirectement) puis à la modélisation des comportements, 3- la qualification énergétique et le couplage physique : la réutilisation structurée des modèles de connaissances est pilotée pour coupler les modèles physiques et décrire les sources, les puits et les mécanismes énergétiques des environnements, 4- la conduite de la recherche de concepts innovants : la base de connaissances, les critères de qualification et la description fonctionnelle préalablement construits sont agencés dans une seule méthode de conception virtuelle pour rechercher des concepts de solutions innovants, 5- le pré-dimensionnement : tout en assurant l'intégration des outils spécialisés de simulation (méthode des éléments finis et simulation fonctionnelle), le prédimensionnement de microsystèmes autonomes est supportée selon un schéma synthétique, assurant un raisonnement abductif (ou bottom-up). La conjonction des raisonnements physiques, l'intégration des méthodes et des cultures métiers, l'exploration virtuelle des espaces de solutions et la modélisation constituent les bases d'un nouveau moyen d'aide à la conception de microsystèmes autonomes. Cette approche a été déployée pour la conception d'un capteur piézoélectrique autonome.

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    Authors: Druilhe, Rémi;

    The home is a more and more interconnected environment. This proliferation of computer devices and associated services increases the energy consumption of the home network. To limit this tendency, consumer electronic devices control their own energy consumption, independently from each other. Distributed environments offer new opportunities to manage the energy consumption of a set of devices. This work proposes to set an intelligent coordination between devices in order to limit the energy consumption of the set of devices while providing the same services. Our approach consists, on one hand, in moving software components from one device to another in order to maximize the energy efficiency and, on the other hand, put into low power state unused devices. However, the migrations are constrained by both the environment, i.e., available hardware resources, and the needs from software components, i.e., required hardware resources, user presence. To design such a system, it is necessary to consider the inherent properties of the digital home such as the heterogeneity, the dynamicity and the quality of service. Heterogeneity needs a model of each device and each service according to different criterion, e.g., hardware resources, user presence. Dynamicity needs to modify the distribution of the software components when a relevant event occurs, e.g., appearance of a device, in order to conserve energy efficiency. Finally, less energy consuming solutions must not impact the quality of service, e.g., satisfying the required hardware resources of the software components. We propose to model those properties. This model is then considered by an autonomic decision-making system. On the observation of relevant events, the system takes the decision to modify the distribution of the software components on the devices in order to reach the energy efficiency goal while satisfying to the quality of service. The implementation of the decision-making system is embodied through an energy efficient architecture. The decision-making system is deemed to be a full service. It is designed as any others services deployed in the environment, and is able to move from one device to another to execute itself on the most appropriate one, considering the context. The approach is validated through its implementation called HomeNap et using scenarios from the common life. Results show energetic gains. Results also show that those gains depend on the habits of the user in the digital home. Finally, those gains increase when the number of devices and services grows, which is the current observed tendency.; La maison est un environnement dans lequel de plus en plus d'équipements sont interconnectés. Cette multiplication des équipements informatiques et des services associés augmente la consommation d'énergie de la maison numérique. Pour limiter cette tendance, les équipements de l'électronique grand public contrôlent leur consommation d'énergie individuellement, indépendamment les uns des autres. Les environnements répartis offrent de nouvelles opportunités de gestion de la consommation d'énergie des équipements. Ce travail propose de mettre en place une coordination intelligente entre les équipements de façon à limiter la consommation énergétique de l'ensemble de ces équipements tout en délivrant les mêmes services. Notre approche consiste à déplacer des composants logiciels d'un équipement à l'autre afin de maximiser l'efficience énergétique de la maison numérique. Cependant, ces déplacements sont contraints à la fois par l'environnement, e.g., ressources matérielles disponibles, et par les besoins des composants logiciels, e.g., ressources matérielles requises, présence de l'utilisateur. Pour concevoir un tel système, il est nécessaire de considérer les propriétés intrinsèques à la maison numérique dont l'hétérogénéité, la dynamicité et la qualité de service. L'hétérogénéité nécessite une modélisation de chaque équipement et de chaque service suivant des critères différenciant, e.g., ressources matérielles, présence de l'utilisateur. La dynamicité requiert de modifier la répartition des composants logiciels lorsqu'un événement significatif survient, e.g., apparition d'un équipement, afin de conserver l'efficience énergétique. Enfin, la mise en place de solutions moins énergivores ne doit pas impacter la qualité de service, e.g., satisfaire les besoins en ressources matérielles des composants logiciels. Nous proposons une modélisation de ces propriétés. Ce modèle est ensuite considéré par un système décisionnel autonome. Sur l'observation d'événements significatifs, le système prend la décision de modifier la répartition des composants sur les équipements afin d'atteindre l'objectif d'efficience énergétique tout en satisfaisant à la qualité de service. L'implantation du système décisionnel est réalisée par une architecture elle-même conçue pour être efficiente énergétiquement. Le système décisionnel est considéré comme un service à part entière. Il est construit comme les autres services présents dans l'environnement, et est donc capable de se déplacer d'un équipement à un autre pour s'exécuter sur celui qui est le plus approprié en fonction du contexte. L'approche est validée au travers de son implémentation appelée HomeNap et le déroulé de scénarios de la vie courante. Les résultats obtenus montrent des gains énergétiques. Ces résultats montrent également que les gains sont fonctions des usages de la maison numérique. Enfin, ces gains s'accroissent lorsque le nombre d'équipements et de services augmente, ce qui correspond à la tendance actuellement observée.

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  • Authors: Haddad, Etienne;

    The refrigeration sector consumes about 17% of the total electricity used in the world. This percentage is not negligible and requires making cooling systems more energy efficient, and reducing their impact on the greenhouse effect. In particular, refrigerant leaks are a problem that must be solved. Indeed, they have a direct and indirect impact on the environment. Also, leaks impose additional repair costs. For these reasons, it is very important to employ reliable and fast leak detection methods that ensure real-time detection. In this thesis, we have proposed to develop a physical model that represents the cooling system. This model is validated and calibrated with experimental tests. Once the model is validated, it is used as a data generator. These data will be used in addition to the data acquired in real time to ensure the training of a statistical model on the normal operation of the machine. This learning model will then be used to detect leaks in case of deviation from normal operation defined from the measurement of several parameters sensitive to the variation of the refrigerant charge. As the physical model of the machine is used as a complement to the real machine and not to replace it, we will call it a "digital twin". ; Le secteur de réfrigération consomme environ 17 % de l'électricité totale utilisée dans le monde. Ce pourcentage n’est pas négligeable et nécessite de rendre les systèmes de refroidissement plus efficaces énergétiquement et de réduire leur impact sur l’effet de serre. En particulier, les fuites de réfrigérant vers l’environnement constituent un problème qui doit être résolu. En effet, elles ont un impact direct et indirect sur l’environnement. Aussi, les fuites imposent des coûts de réparation supplémentaires. Pour ces raisons, il est très important d’employer des méthodes de détection de fuites fiables, rapides, et qui assurent une détection en temps réel. Nous avons proposé dans cette thèse de développer un modèle physique qui représente le système de refroidissement. Ce modèle ...

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