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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Roux, M;

    On the bathyal slope for continental margins, steep and rocky substrates punctuated with cliffs and collapsing zones are frequently found. As survey and sampling with the classical technics from the sea surface is practically impossible in such an environment, in situ exploration with a submersible allows significant advances in ecology, with implications in paleoenvironment reconstruction. Mixing of material from shallow-water and deep-sea origins into bathyal sedimentation suggests that the so-called "fossil assemblages of outer platform" were frequently misinterpreted. Dense populations of animals closely related to fossil groups which were only considered as relict of the Past ("living fossils") and previously interpreted as shallow-water inhabitants during geological times can be discovered living in such bathyal communities. The role of bathyal ecological niches during global bioevents brings a new vision of the history of life in the Ocean through geological time and has to be further investigated. Examples from cruises monitoring the diving saucer Cyana (SP 3000) in the Bay of Biscay and off New Caledonia are given.

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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ ArchiMer - Instituti...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Plante-cuny, Marie-reine; Bodoy, Alain;

    The primary production (phytoplankton and microphytobenthos) of a coastaL shallow water ecosystem (0.5 m) was investigated in two sandy areas, differing by their wave exposure. The physical and chemical parameters, the functional chlorophyll and pheopigments as well as the primary production were measured monthly, throughout a two-year study. The bivalve Ruditapes decussatus was the dominant species in the sheltered station (RD), whereas Donax trlmcu/us inhabited the other station (DT) which was exposed to the open-sea waves. Microphytic biomasses were determined after extracting chlorophyll a and pheopigments in 90% acetone. by spectrophotometric measurements before and after acidification. Gross hourly primary production was estimated by measuring the oxygen balance in light and dark enclosures. The mlcrophytobenthos was considered in the upper centimetre. The main characteristics of the water. temperature. salinity and dissolved oxygen were more variable in the sheltered area; the redox potential was generally lower in this sediment and the vertical profile revealed a "redox potential discontinuity"• which usually did not appear in the open site. In the water column (phytoplankton seasonal fluctuations were similar in both stations. The annual average values of Chla and primary production were equivalent (1.40±0.56 and 1.94±078 mg Chla.m2: 19.60±11.09 and 20.29±8.45mgCm- 2.h- 1 in RD and DT respectively). On the other hand. for the microphytobenthos. the autumn blooms were more pronounced in the sheltered station (RD) than in the wave-exposed one (DT). The annual average value of the biomass (ChIa in upper cm of sediment) was Il times higher at the RD than the DT station (42.89 ± 6.86 and 3.87 ± 1.84 mg Chla.m• 2) and the annual average of primary production 4 limes higher (19.94±6.13 and 4.77 ± 3.12 mgC m-2 .h-1). The benthic biomass was 30 times higher at the sheltered station (RD) than the planktonic one. whereas the primary production values were similar. In the wave-exposed station (DT), the benthic biomass was only twice that of the planktonic one and the planktonic primary production 4 times higher than the benthic one. The P/E ratios (assimilation numbers) indicated a better efficiency at the planktonic level [14 mgC(mg ChIa) -1.h-1 for the sheltered site and 10.46 for the open station]. They were only of 0.46 and 1.23 mgC(mg Chla) -1 - h-1 for the benthos. Such results revealed that the primary production did not exhibit the same difference between the two stations as the chlorophylI A correlation analysis gave evidence of strong relationships between both stations for the pelagic parameters, but no correlations were found between the two sites at the benthic level. When considering the primary producers (plankton + benthos) as a whole. the sheltered station was richer and more productive than the wave-exposed one. The waters were similar in both sites. indicating a common origin, but the productivity was more important in the sheltered area. due to the richness of the benthic microflora On a comparé durant deux années la biomasse (Chla fonctionnelle) et la production primaire (bilans d'oxygène) des microphytes benthiques et planctoniques de deux plages de sables fins (0,5 m de profondeur), soumises à des conditions hydrodynamiques différentes. La station de mode calme (RD) abrite notamment un peuplement de Ruditapes decussatus (pélécypode) tandis que la station de mode agité (DT) soumise à l'influence du large, est habitée par des peuplements d'un autre pélécypode, Donax trunculus. Dans le compartiment pélagique (phytoplancton) les variations saisonnières sont à peu près identiques dans les deux stations. Les moyennes annuelles de la biomasse et de la production primaire sont sensiblement équivalentes (1.40 ± 0,56 et 1,94 ± 0,78 mg Chla.m - 2: 19,60 ± 11.09 et 20,29 ± 8.45 mgc.m - 2.h -1 respectivement en RD et DT). En revanche, dans le compartiment benthique (microphytobenthos), des floraisons d'automne sont plus accentuées à la station de mode calme (RD) qu'à la station de mode agité (DT). La moyenne annuelle de biomasse (1er cm d'épaisseur du sédiment) est Il fois plus élevée à la station RD qu'à la station DT (42,89 ± 6,86 et 3,87 ± 1,84 mg Chla.m- 2) et la moyenne de la production primaire 4 fois supérieure (19,94 ± 6,13 contre 4,77 ± 3,12 mgC.m- 2.h- 1). Dans la station RD (calme), la biomasse benthique (1er centimètre) est 30 fois supérieure à la biomasse planctonique, alors que les productions primaires sont équivalentes. Dans la station de mode agité (DT) la biomasse benthique est seulement double de la biomasse planctonique et la production primaire planctonique est 4 fois supérieure à la production benthique. L'étude des corrélations montre que des liaisons étroites existent entre les deux stations pour les paramètres du domaine pélagique, alors que dans le domaine benthique, les moyennes et les évolutions sont différentes dans les deux sites. La station de sables fins de mode calme est, au total. à l'échelon primaire (plancton + benthos), plus riche et plus productive que la station de mode agité.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ ArchiMer - Instituti...arrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Koffi Akpagana; Amah Akodewou; Kossi Béssan Amegnaglo; Komlan Batawila; +4 Authors

    Description du sujet. La baisse et l’irrégularité des pluies modifient considérablement les saisons culturales, ce qui oblige les paysans à une restructuration du calendrier agricole en s’appuyant sur les savoirs locaux. Objectifs. L’objectif de cette étude est de valoriser les savoirs locaux utilisés par les paysans dans la gestion du calendrier agricole. Les objectifs spécifiques sont, d’une part, d’inventorier les indicateurs biophysiques utilisés dans la définition des calendriers culturaux et, d’autre part, de déterminer les espèces végétales repères communes aux trois zones écologiques étudiées. Méthode. Ce but fut atteint grâce à des interviews semi-directes individuelles et via des focus groups auprès d’un échantillon de 689 agriculteurs répartis dans 65 localités. Résultats. Il ressort que la totalité des paysans enquêtés utilisent des marqueurs temporels dans la définition des calendriers culturaux, surtout dans la reconnaissance des débuts de saison pluvieuse (période de semis) et de saison sèche (période de récolte). Il s’agit principalement des indicateurs biologiques tels que la phénologie des plantes (en saison sèche : Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. [floraison], Spathodea campanulata P.Beauv. [floraison], Vitellaria paradoxa C.F.Gaertn. [fructification] et en saison pluvieuse : Millettia thonningii (Schum. & Thonn.) Baker [floraison], V. paradoxa [floraison], Delonix regia (Hook.) Raf. [floraison], Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. [éclatement du fruit]). Au total, 67 espèces végétales ont été recensées comme indicateurs des variations des saisons agricoles. Outre les espèces végétales, la migration saisonnière des oiseaux (73 %), l’apparition des insectes (48 %), mais aussi des indicateurs abiotiques comme le sens du vent (100 %), les observations des étoiles (82 %) et le déplacement des nuages (69 %) sont utilisés comme repères dans la gestion des périodes agricoles. Conclusions. La connaissance de ces signaux permet aux paysans d’anticiper sur d’éventuelles variabilités climatiques et suivre, diriger et adapter leurs activités culturales. Ces savoirs locaux constituent dès lors une aubaine pour l’adaptation aux changements climatiques.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Biotechnologie, Agro...arrow_drop_down
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    Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Biotechnologie, Agro...arrow_drop_down
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      Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Gaudy, R.; Guerin, J.p.;

    Cette note rapporte certains résultats obtenus dans notre laboratoire pendant des expériences d’élevage du copépode harpacticoïde Tisbe holothuriae. Dans les élevages en petits volumes (200 ml), le potentiel de produc­tion est plus élevé avec un régime d'aliments composés de nature animale qu'avec un régime végétal. Dans les expériences en moyens volumes (100 l), la production est liée à l'importance de la surface disponible pour les animaux dans les bacs d'élevage. Des cycles complets peuvent être obtenus avec des nourritures très va­riées, mais la qualité des aliments peut affecter sensiblement les caractéristi­ques du cycle vital, telles que la longueur de la période de fertilité et la fécondité. La température a un effet marqué, principalement sur les processus dynamiques tels que la vitesse de croissance et la durée moyenne de génération. Les adultes obtenus sous différents régimes alimentaires peuvent mon­trer des différences significatives dans les poids et dans leur composition chi­mique élémentaire. Ces résultats nous permettent de projeter de nouvelles expériences de production de masse sous des conditions optimales, avec une attention particu­lières sur les points suivants : - Accroissement du rapport surface-volume dans les élevages ; - Fourniture d'une nourriture bien adaptée qualitativement et quantitativement ; - Accroissement du taux d'exploitation de la biomasse, en accord avec la capaci­té maximale de production des populations. Following are results obtained in our laboratory during breeding expe­riments with an harpacticoid copepod, Tisbe holothuriae. In small size volumes (200 ml), the potential production appears to be higher when an artificial compound food of animal substances is used instead of a vegetal diet. In medium volume experiments (100 l) the production is related to the surface available for animals in breeding tanks, Breeding in complete cycles can be obtained using various foods, but the quality of diet may markedly affect the characteristics of the vital cycle, such as the length of the fertility period and fecundity. Temperature has a cru­cial effect, chiefly on dynamic preoccesses, that is to say, developmental rate and average generation time. With different qualities of diet used, adults obtained may show signi­ficant differences in weight and elementary chemical composition. In a study of the energy balance, gross-growth and net-growth efficiency rates are calculated. The increase of temperature has a significant action on the values obtained, particularly between 14 and 19° C. These results allow us to project new mass production experiments under optimal conditions, with a special emphasis on : - The increase of surface-volume ratio in breeding tanks ; - A quantitatively and qualitatively adapted food supply ; - An increase in the yield rate of the biomass, in agreement with the maximum ' production capacity of the populations.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao ArchiMer - Instituti...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao ArchiMer - Instituti...arrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: De Casamajor, Marie-noelle; Lalanne, Yann;

    During recent decades, works on rocky shore biodiversity have been multiplied in the southern part of the Bay of Biscay and more precisely on intertidal and subtidal area were communities present a great interest. Necessity of conservation of coastal habitats and their communities and a growing pressure on coastal environments explain awareness of services provided by these ecosystems. Those communities are very sensitive to water quality change. Moreover, since the beginning of the XXI century various European directives require a good ecological status of coastal waters and conservation of their communities : Water Framework Directive (WFD), Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) and conservation of habitats with Directive Habitat Fauna and Flora (DHFF).... Integrated environmental status assessment approach is needed for this requirement in front of specific component at the regional scale of the Bay of Biscay. This analyze, at this regional scale, bring a particular interest to follow some biological groups in front of their ecological sensitivity. Among them, some example are listed like algae, invertebrate as species of mollusc opistobranch and fishes of the family blennidae are targets of interest for future monitoring. The biogeographic specificity of species of these groups is to present strong ecological requirements, in a trophic point of view for example, as well as boundary in local distribution in the southern part of the Bay of Biscay. Thus, monitoring of their distribution and abundance should be a relevant indicator of environmental change. If the presence of individuals is relatively easy to implement, monitoring in terms of abundance are more complex to develop to obtain representative data in coastal areas. The mobile character of the individual and their high location variability based on fluctuating environmental conditions is a challenge that needs to be considered. Interest concerns both the development of their number and their migration to the north for species in northern limit, and/or disappearance for species in southern distribution limits. Moreover, acquisition of knowledge on the taxonomy of local species is a way to improve biodiversity knowledge and assessment of global change as climatic change. Au cours des dernières décennies, les travaux se sont multipliés dans le sud du golfe de Gascogne et plus précisément sur les substrats rocheux de la côte basque depuis la zone de balancement des marées jusqu'au domaine circalittoral. Une sensibilisation accrue pour la conservation ainsi qu'une pression croissante qui s'exerce sur les milieux littoraux sont à l'origine d'une prise de conscience des services rendus par ces écosystèmes. De plus, depuis le début du XXIème siècle différentes directives européennes imposent un bon état écologique des eaux côtières et la conservation des communautés qui y vivent. De la synthèse des résultats obtenus, il ressort un intérêt particulier à suivre certains groupes biologiques. Parmi eux, les mollusques opistobranches et les poissons de la famille des blennidés constituent des cibles d'intérêt pour les futurs suivis. La spécificité de ces groupes est de présenter de fortes exigences écologiques d'un point de vue trophique, ainsi qu'une biogéographie limitrophe pour le sud du golfe de Gascogne. Ainsi, le suivi de leur répartition et de leur abondance constituerait un indicateur pertinent d'un changement du milieu. Si l'étude de la présence des individus est relativement aisée à mettre en œuvre, les suivis en terme d'abondance sont plus complexes à élaborer pour obtenir des données représentatives en zone côtière. Le caractère mobile et la forte variabilité de fréquentation des individus en fonction des conditions environnementales fluctuantes constitue une difficulté qu'il est nécessaire de considérer.

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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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    Authors: Gohin, Alexandre; Gohin, Alexandre;

    [Paper in French] The European public policy in favor of the biodiesel consumption is highly debated. Available estimates of the induced land use changes conclude that this policy is inefficient to reduce emissions of GreenHouse Gas. We show that the crop yield evolutions in these estimates are significantly lower than the observed and expected evolutions. This difference is directly related to biased calibration choice of behavioral parameters. We show using the GTAP-BIO framework that a consistent calibration of these parameters leads to a strong reduction (by around 80% in the long run) of the land use changes and induced emissions.

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    ProdInra
    External research report . 2013
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    Report . 2013
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
    Other literature type . 2013
    Data sources: Datacite
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      ProdInra
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
      Other literature type . 2013
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    Authors: Koutou, Mahamoudou; Sangaré, Mamadou; Havard, Michel; Toillier, Aurélie; +3 Authors

    Description du sujet. Dans la zone cotonnière ouest du Burkina Faso, la variabilité et la diversité des revenus des exploitations agricoles familiales (EAF) demandent pour ces dernières des accompagnements appropriés. Objectifs. Cet article rend compte de cette diversité et des besoins d’accompagnement selon les types d’EAF identifiés. Méthode. Les données ont été collectées par la méthode active de recherche participative et par enquête auprès d’un échantillon raisonné de 120 exploitations dans la commune de Koumbia. Une analyse en composante principale avec des indicateurs économiques de l’EAF suivie d’une classification ascendante hiérarchique ont été appliquées. Les caractéristiques structurelles, les pratiques de production agro-pastorales, les perceptions des chefs d’EAF sur les contraintes et opportunités de production agropastorale ont été comparées par une analyse de variance. Résultats. Les résultats montrent trois types d’exploitations : les exploitations à faible revenu culture (agriculteurs), à fort revenu culture (agro-éleveurs) et à revenu élevage (éleveurs). À la lumière de leurs structures, pratiques de production, performances technico-économiques et opportunités de production agricole, leur accompagnement peut porter sur plusieurs innovations durables communes ou spécifiques des types identifiés. Des accompagnements sur la gestion des ressources de l’exploitation, les bonnes pratiques de gestion de la fertilité des sols et des animaux sont communs aux trois types d’EAF. Les cultures fourragères, l’embouche et la production laitière sont spécifiques aux agro-éleveurs et éleveurs. L’amélioration de la valeur nutritive des résidus de cultures et l’entretien des bœufs de trait conviennent plus aux agriculteurs. Conclusions. Pour réussir, le processus d’accompagnement doit prendre en compte ces spécificités et la notion de durabilité.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Biotechnologie, Agro...arrow_drop_down
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    Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: Crossref
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Agritrop
    Article . 2016
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      Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement
      Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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      Agritrop
      Article . 2016
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    Authors: Bachelet, G; Dauvin, Jc;

    The species composition and spatial distribution of macrofaunal assemblages in intertidal sands of Arcachon Bay, on the southwestern Atlantic coast of France, were investigated through a quantitative sampling of twenty stations representative of the various sandy habitats found in the bay, excluding the exposed beaches. Sampling was done on a single occasion, during the winter of 1988. A total of 150 macrobenthic species (> 1 mm) were collected. The abundance of macrofauna ranged from 89 to 52000 ind.m-2 (with a high dominance of the gastropod Hydrobia ulvae in some sites) and the biomass ranged from 1.3 to 42.5 g.m-2 dry weight. Thirteen additional species (belonging to temporary meiofauna and small macrofauna) were also sampled in the sieving fraction comprised between 1 mm and 100 mum. In this size fraction, the highest densities were those of H. ulvae juveniles in the inner bay and the small polychaete Parapionosyllis gestans in the outer bay. Mean abundance of total fauna > 100 mum (excluding permanent meiofauna) was about 35000 ind.m-2 in both sheltered and semi-exposed stations. A correspondence analysis of the distribution of species among stations followed by an automatic hierarchical classification identified six benthic assemblages, which were also characterized in terms of species dominance, constancy and fidelity. Two assemblages, corresponding to the boreal Macoma community, were distinguished in the sands at mid-tide level in the inner part of the bay: station-group A was characterized by Neomysis integer and Streblospio shrubsolii, together with a low number of species occurring in low-salinity estuarine waters; station-group B, with Cerastoderma edule, Arenicola marina, and Nereis diversicolor as characteristic species, was a sandy facies of the Macoma community dominated by C. edule. Three other assemblages, each with a high species richness, included several species of the boreal Lusitanian Tellina community: station-group C: a Eunice vittata-Tubificoides benedeni assemblage at lower tidal levels in the central part of the bay; station-group D: a Ruditapes decussatus-Goniada emerita assemblage at mid-tidal levels of the outer bay; station-group E: an Echinocardium cordatum-Magelona mirabilis-Aonides oxycephala assemblage at lower tidal levels of the outer bay. A sixth assemblage (station-group F) was an Ophelia bicornis-Bathyporeia sarsi assemblage in fine dune sands of the outer bay. A discriminant analysis including five environmental variables (tidal level, salinity, sediment median, fine particles and organic contents) revealed the first two variables to be the most important factors in the ordination of stations. With these five variables, only 65 % of the stations were correctly classified in the station-groups identified by correspondence analysis. Among the other possible factors governing the distribution of benthic assemblages, the importance of both exposure and circulation of water masses is stressed. Sheltered stations had a mean biomass of 22.8 g.m-2 dry weight and a mean species richness of 17.7 species; in semi-exposed stations, these values were 11.5 g.m-2 dry weight and 36.1 species.

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    Authors: Ayache, Nour;

    La diatomée Pseudo-nitzschia comprend certaines espèces toxiques capables de produire de l'acide domoïque (AD), une neurotoxine amnésiante. La prolifération de ces espèces toxiques présente de nombreux risques allant de graves dommages écologiques et économiques à des menaces pour la santé publique. Les problèmes liés à cette prolifération se multiplient dans le monde entier et le besoin de la société scientifique de mieux comprendre les facteurs environnementaux influant sur l’apparition de ces blooms est plus nécessaire que jamais. Dans ce contexte, plusieurs espèces et souches de Pseudo-nitzschia ont été étudiées afin de mieux comprendre et prédire leurs réponses physiologiques face à de futurs changements climatiques. En particulier, les expérimentations effectuées ont permis d’explorer l’impact de la variation de la salinité et de l’acidification de l’océan (diminution de pH) sur la croissance et la production d’AD chez les espèces de Pseudo-nitzschia australis et P. fraudulenta. Les résultats obtenus ont montré que les espèces de Pseudo-nitzschia sont capables de s'adapter, proliférer et produire des toxines dans des conditions variables de salinité et de pH, malgré une importante diversité de réponses en fonction des souches ou des espèces étudiées. Ces résultats ont permis de déterminer l’influence et la capacité d’acclimatation des cellules de Pseudo-nitzschia face aux futures conditions environnementales (salinité, pH). Les travaux réalisés représentent une contribution à l’avancée des connaissances sur l’écophysiologie et la production toxinique par les espèces de Pseudo-nitzschia. The diatom Pseudo-nitzschia includes certain toxic species capable of producing domoic acid (DA), an amnesic neurotoxin. The proliferation of these toxic species presents many risks ranging from serious ecological and economic damage to threats to public health. Problems related to these proliferations are increasing worldwide and the need for scientist to better understand the environmental factors influencing the appearance of these blooms is more necessary than ever. In this context, several species and strains of Pseudo-nitzschia have been studied to better understand and predict their physiological responses to future climate change. In particular, the experiments carried out allowed to explore the impact of salinity variations and ocean acidification (decrease of pH) on the growth, photosynthesis and DA production by several Pseudo-nitzschia species and strains. The results obtained showed that Pseudo-nitzschia species are flexible, able to adapt, proliferate and produce toxins under varying conditions of salinity and pH, despite the large diversity of responses depending on the strains or species studied. These results made it possible to determine the influence and acclimation capacities of Pseudo-nitzschia cells facing future environmental conditions (pH, salinity). Thus, the work carried out represents a contribution to the advancement of knowledge on the ecophysiology and toxin production by Pseudo-nitzschia species.

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    Authors: Razafimbelo, T. M.; Andriamananjara, A.; Rafolisy, T.; Razakamanarivo, H.; +6 Authors

    Climate smart agriculture is presented as a solution to alleviate food insecurity, mitigate climate change and contribute to climate change adaptation. In Madagascar, different sustainable agricultural practices were implemented in the last 20 years by many non-governmental organizations in order to increase crop yields, maintain soil fertility and increase household income. These practices are conservation agriculture, agroforestry systems and the use of organic fertilizers as compost and manure. This study aimed to compare the soil organic carbon storage of some climate smart practices in the Malagasy context. The soil organic carbon stock of each practice, distributed in several sites among the island, was measured and compared with the traditional practices of each study site. For conservation agriculture, the differences in the soil organic carbon content varied from 0 to 1.82 MgC ha(-1) year(-1) when compared with traditional practices (tillage and crop residues exported). For agroforestry, a difference in the soil organic carbon content of 0.68 Mg Cha(-1) year(-1) was found when comparing with the slash and burn practices in the East Coast of Madagascar but no significant soil organic carbon content was found in the Malagasy Highlands. The use of organic fertilizers such as manure, compost and urban organic waste led to an increase of soil organic carbon of 0.16, 0.81 et 0.42 Mg Cha(-1) year(-1) respectively, but these increases were not significant due to the great variability of soil organic carbon values. Results confirm the capacity of some climate smart practices to store more carbon in the soil and hence to compensate for greenhouse gases emissions. However, the storage potentiality is quite different according to the practice and its spatial extent.

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    Horizon / Pleins textes
    Other literature type . 2018
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      Other literature type . 2018
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14 Research products
  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Roux, M;

    On the bathyal slope for continental margins, steep and rocky substrates punctuated with cliffs and collapsing zones are frequently found. As survey and sampling with the classical technics from the sea surface is practically impossible in such an environment, in situ exploration with a submersible allows significant advances in ecology, with implications in paleoenvironment reconstruction. Mixing of material from shallow-water and deep-sea origins into bathyal sedimentation suggests that the so-called "fossil assemblages of outer platform" were frequently misinterpreted. Dense populations of animals closely related to fossil groups which were only considered as relict of the Past ("living fossils") and previously interpreted as shallow-water inhabitants during geological times can be discovered living in such bathyal communities. The role of bathyal ecological niches during global bioevents brings a new vision of the history of life in the Ocean through geological time and has to be further investigated. Examples from cruises monitoring the diving saucer Cyana (SP 3000) in the Bay of Biscay and off New Caledonia are given.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Plante-cuny, Marie-reine; Bodoy, Alain;

    The primary production (phytoplankton and microphytobenthos) of a coastaL shallow water ecosystem (0.5 m) was investigated in two sandy areas, differing by their wave exposure. The physical and chemical parameters, the functional chlorophyll and pheopigments as well as the primary production were measured monthly, throughout a two-year study. The bivalve Ruditapes decussatus was the dominant species in the sheltered station (RD), whereas Donax trlmcu/us inhabited the other station (DT) which was exposed to the open-sea waves. Microphytic biomasses were determined after extracting chlorophyll a and pheopigments in 90% acetone. by spectrophotometric measurements before and after acidification. Gross hourly primary production was estimated by measuring the oxygen balance in light and dark enclosures. The mlcrophytobenthos was considered in the upper centimetre. The main characteristics of the water. temperature. salinity and dissolved oxygen were more variable in the sheltered area; the redox potential was generally lower in this sediment and the vertical profile revealed a "redox potential discontinuity"• which usually did not appear in the open site. In the water column (phytoplankton seasonal fluctuations were similar in both stations. The annual average values of Chla and primary production were equivalent (1.40±0.56 and 1.94±078 mg Chla.m2: 19.60±11.09 and 20.29±8.45mgCm- 2.h- 1 in RD and DT respectively). On the other hand. for the microphytobenthos. the autumn blooms were more pronounced in the sheltered station (RD) than in the wave-exposed one (DT). The annual average value of the biomass (ChIa in upper cm of sediment) was Il times higher at the RD than the DT station (42.89 ± 6.86 and 3.87 ± 1.84 mg Chla.m• 2) and the annual average of primary production 4 limes higher (19.94±6.13 and 4.77 ± 3.12 mgC m-2 .h-1). The benthic biomass was 30 times higher at the sheltered station (RD) than the planktonic one. whereas the primary production values were similar. In the wave-exposed station (DT), the benthic biomass was only twice that of the planktonic one and the planktonic primary production 4 times higher than the benthic one. The P/E ratios (assimilation numbers) indicated a better efficiency at the planktonic level [14 mgC(mg ChIa) -1.h-1 for the sheltered site and 10.46 for the open station]. They were only of 0.46 and 1.23 mgC(mg Chla) -1 - h-1 for the benthos. Such results revealed that the primary production did not exhibit the same difference between the two stations as the chlorophylI A correlation analysis gave evidence of strong relationships between both stations for the pelagic parameters, but no correlations were found between the two sites at the benthic level. When considering the primary producers (plankton + benthos) as a whole. the sheltered station was richer and more productive than the wave-exposed one. The waters were similar in both sites. indicating a common origin, but the productivity was more important in the sheltered area. due to the richness of the benthic microflora On a comparé durant deux années la biomasse (Chla fonctionnelle) et la production primaire (bilans d'oxygène) des microphytes benthiques et planctoniques de deux plages de sables fins (0,5 m de profondeur), soumises à des conditions hydrodynamiques différentes. La station de mode calme (RD) abrite notamment un peuplement de Ruditapes decussatus (pélécypode) tandis que la station de mode agité (DT) soumise à l'influence du large, est habitée par des peuplements d'un autre pélécypode, Donax trunculus. Dans le compartiment pélagique (phytoplancton) les variations saisonnières sont à peu près identiques dans les deux stations. Les moyennes annuelles de la biomasse et de la production primaire sont sensiblement équivalentes (1.40 ± 0,56 et 1,94 ± 0,78 mg Chla.m - 2: 19,60 ± 11.09 et 20,29 ± 8.45 mgc.m - 2.h -1 respectivement en RD et DT). En revanche, dans le compartiment benthique (microphytobenthos), des floraisons d'automne sont plus accentuées à la station de mode calme (RD) qu'à la station de mode agité (DT). La moyenne annuelle de biomasse (1er cm d'épaisseur du sédiment) est Il fois plus élevée à la station RD qu'à la station DT (42,89 ± 6,86 et 3,87 ± 1,84 mg Chla.m- 2) et la moyenne de la production primaire 4 fois supérieure (19,94 ± 6,13 contre 4,77 ± 3,12 mgC.m- 2.h- 1). Dans la station RD (calme), la biomasse benthique (1er centimètre) est 30 fois supérieure à la biomasse planctonique, alors que les productions primaires sont équivalentes. Dans la station de mode agité (DT) la biomasse benthique est seulement double de la biomasse planctonique et la production primaire planctonique est 4 fois supérieure à la production benthique. L'étude des corrélations montre que des liaisons étroites existent entre les deux stations pour les paramètres du domaine pélagique, alors que dans le domaine benthique, les moyennes et les évolutions sont différentes dans les deux sites. La station de sables fins de mode calme est, au total. à l'échelon primaire (plancton + benthos), plus riche et plus productive que la station de mode agité.

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    Authors: Koffi Akpagana; Amah Akodewou; Kossi Béssan Amegnaglo; Komlan Batawila; +4 Authors

    Description du sujet. La baisse et l’irrégularité des pluies modifient considérablement les saisons culturales, ce qui oblige les paysans à une restructuration du calendrier agricole en s’appuyant sur les savoirs locaux. Objectifs. L’objectif de cette étude est de valoriser les savoirs locaux utilisés par les paysans dans la gestion du calendrier agricole. Les objectifs spécifiques sont, d’une part, d’inventorier les indicateurs biophysiques utilisés dans la définition des calendriers culturaux et, d’autre part, de déterminer les espèces végétales repères communes aux trois zones écologiques étudiées. Méthode. Ce but fut atteint grâce à des interviews semi-directes individuelles et via des focus groups auprès d’un échantillon de 689 agriculteurs répartis dans 65 localités. Résultats. Il ressort que la totalité des paysans enquêtés utilisent des marqueurs temporels dans la définition des calendriers culturaux, surtout dans la reconnaissance des débuts de saison pluvieuse (période de semis) et de saison sèche (période de récolte). Il s’agit principalement des indicateurs biologiques tels que la phénologie des plantes (en saison sèche : Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. [floraison], Spathodea campanulata P.Beauv. [floraison], Vitellaria paradoxa C.F.Gaertn. [fructification] et en saison pluvieuse : Millettia thonningii (Schum. & Thonn.) Baker [floraison], V. paradoxa [floraison], Delonix regia (Hook.) Raf. [floraison], Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. [éclatement du fruit]). Au total, 67 espèces végétales ont été recensées comme indicateurs des variations des saisons agricoles. Outre les espèces végétales, la migration saisonnière des oiseaux (73 %), l’apparition des insectes (48 %), mais aussi des indicateurs abiotiques comme le sens du vent (100 %), les observations des étoiles (82 %) et le déplacement des nuages (69 %) sont utilisés comme repères dans la gestion des périodes agricoles. Conclusions. La connaissance de ces signaux permet aux paysans d’anticiper sur d’éventuelles variabilités climatiques et suivre, diriger et adapter leurs activités culturales. Ces savoirs locaux constituent dès lors une aubaine pour l’adaptation aux changements climatiques.

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    Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: Crossref
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      Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Gaudy, R.; Guerin, J.p.;

    Cette note rapporte certains résultats obtenus dans notre laboratoire pendant des expériences d’élevage du copépode harpacticoïde Tisbe holothuriae. Dans les élevages en petits volumes (200 ml), le potentiel de produc­tion est plus élevé avec un régime d'aliments composés de nature animale qu'avec un régime végétal. Dans les expériences en moyens volumes (100 l), la production est liée à l'importance de la surface disponible pour les animaux dans les bacs d'élevage. Des cycles complets peuvent être obtenus avec des nourritures très va­riées, mais la qualité des aliments peut affecter sensiblement les caractéristi­ques du cycle vital, telles que la longueur de la période de fertilité et la fécondité. La température a un effet marqué, principalement sur les processus dynamiques tels que la vitesse de croissance et la durée moyenne de génération. Les adultes obtenus sous différents régimes alimentaires peuvent mon­trer des différences significatives dans les poids et dans leur composition chi­mique élémentaire. Ces résultats nous permettent de projeter de nouvelles expériences de production de masse sous des conditions optimales, avec une attention particu­lières sur les points suivants : - Accroissement du rapport surface-volume dans les élevages ; - Fourniture d'une nourriture bien adaptée qualitativement et quantitativement ; - Accroissement du taux d'exploitation de la biomasse, en accord avec la capaci­té maximale de production des populations. Following are results obtained in our laboratory during breeding expe­riments with an harpacticoid copepod, Tisbe holothuriae. In small size volumes (200 ml), the potential production appears to be higher when an artificial compound food of animal substances is used instead of a vegetal diet. In medium volume experiments (100 l) the production is related to the surface available for animals in breeding tanks, Breeding in complete cycles can be obtained using various foods, but the quality of diet may markedly affect the characteristics of the vital cycle, such as the length of the fertility period and fecundity. Temperature has a cru­cial effect, chiefly on dynamic preoccesses, that is to say, developmental rate and average generation time. With different qualities of diet used, adults obtained may show signi­ficant differences in weight and elementary chemical composition. In a study of the energy balance, gross-growth and net-growth efficiency rates are calculated. The increase of temperature has a significant action on the values obtained, particularly between 14 and 19° C. These results allow us to project new mass production experiments under optimal conditions, with a special emphasis on : - The increase of surface-volume ratio in breeding tanks ; - A quantitatively and qualitatively adapted food supply ; - An increase in the yield rate of the biomass, in agreement with the maximum ' production capacity of the populations.

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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: De Casamajor, Marie-noelle; Lalanne, Yann;

    During recent decades, works on rocky shore biodiversity have been multiplied in the southern part of the Bay of Biscay and more precisely on intertidal and subtidal area were communities present a great interest. Necessity of conservation of coastal habitats and their communities and a growing pressure on coastal environments explain awareness of services provided by these ecosystems. Those communities are very sensitive to water quality change. Moreover, since the beginning of the XXI century various European directives require a good ecological status of coastal waters and conservation of their communities : Water Framework Directive (WFD), Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) and conservation of habitats with Directive Habitat Fauna and Flora (DHFF).... Integrated environmental status assessment approach is needed for this requirement in front of specific component at the regional scale of the Bay of Biscay. This analyze, at this regional scale, bring a particular interest to follow some biological groups in front of their ecological sensitivity. Among them, some example are listed like algae, invertebrate as species of mollusc opistobranch and fishes of the family blennidae are targets of interest for future monitoring. The biogeographic specificity of species of these groups is to present strong ecological requirements, in a trophic point of view for example, as well as boundary in local distribution in the southern part of the Bay of Biscay. Thus, monitoring of their distribution and abundance should be a relevant indicator of environmental change. If the presence of individuals is relatively easy to implement, monitoring in terms of abundance are more complex to develop to obtain representative data in coastal areas. The mobile character of the individual and their high location variability based on fluctuating environmental conditions is a challenge that needs to be considered. Interest concerns both the development of their number and their migration to the north for species in northern limit, and/or disappearance for species in southern distribution limits. Moreover, acquisition of knowledge on the taxonomy of local species is a way to improve biodiversity knowledge and assessment of global change as climatic change. Au cours des dernières décennies, les travaux se sont multipliés dans le sud du golfe de Gascogne et plus précisément sur les substrats rocheux de la côte basque depuis la zone de balancement des marées jusqu'au domaine circalittoral. Une sensibilisation accrue pour la conservation ainsi qu'une pression croissante qui s'exerce sur les milieux littoraux sont à l'origine d'une prise de conscience des services rendus par ces écosystèmes. De plus, depuis le début du XXIème siècle différentes directives européennes imposent un bon état écologique des eaux côtières et la conservation des communautés qui y vivent. De la synthèse des résultats obtenus, il ressort un intérêt particulier à suivre certains groupes biologiques. Parmi eux, les mollusques opistobranches et les poissons de la famille des blennidés constituent des cibles d'intérêt pour les futurs suivis. La spécificité de ces groupes est de présenter de fortes exigences écologiques d'un point de vue trophique, ainsi qu'une biogéographie limitrophe pour le sud du golfe de Gascogne. Ainsi, le suivi de leur répartition et de leur abondance constituerait un indicateur pertinent d'un changement du milieu. Si l'étude de la présence des individus est relativement aisée à mettre en œuvre, les suivis en terme d'abondance sont plus complexes à élaborer pour obtenir des données représentatives en zone côtière. Le caractère mobile et la forte variabilité de fréquentation des individus en fonction des conditions environnementales fluctuantes constitue une difficulté qu'il est nécessaire de considérer.

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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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    Authors: Gohin, Alexandre; Gohin, Alexandre;

    [Paper in French] The European public policy in favor of the biodiesel consumption is highly debated. Available estimates of the induced land use changes conclude that this policy is inefficient to reduce emissions of GreenHouse Gas. We show that the crop yield evolutions in these estimates are significantly lower than the observed and expected evolutions. This difference is directly related to biased calibration choice of behavioral parameters. We show using the GTAP-BIO framework that a consistent calibration of these parameters leads to a strong reduction (by around 80% in the long run) of the land use changes and induced emissions.

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    Report . 2013
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
    Other literature type . 2013
    Data sources: Datacite
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
      Other literature type . 2013
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    Authors: Koutou, Mahamoudou; Sangaré, Mamadou; Havard, Michel; Toillier, Aurélie; +3 Authors

    Description du sujet. Dans la zone cotonnière ouest du Burkina Faso, la variabilité et la diversité des revenus des exploitations agricoles familiales (EAF) demandent pour ces dernières des accompagnements appropriés. Objectifs. Cet article rend compte de cette diversité et des besoins d’accompagnement selon les types d’EAF identifiés. Méthode. Les données ont été collectées par la méthode active de recherche participative et par enquête auprès d’un échantillon raisonné de 120 exploitations dans la commune de Koumbia. Une analyse en composante principale avec des indicateurs économiques de l’EAF suivie d’une classification ascendante hiérarchique ont été appliquées. Les caractéristiques structurelles, les pratiques de production agro-pastorales, les perceptions des chefs d’EAF sur les contraintes et opportunités de production agropastorale ont été comparées par une analyse de variance. Résultats. Les résultats montrent trois types d’exploitations : les exploitations à faible revenu culture (agriculteurs), à fort revenu culture (agro-éleveurs) et à revenu élevage (éleveurs). À la lumière de leurs structures, pratiques de production, performances technico-économiques et opportunités de production agricole, leur accompagnement peut porter sur plusieurs innovations durables communes ou spécifiques des types identifiés. Des accompagnements sur la gestion des ressources de l’exploitation, les bonnes pratiques de gestion de la fertilité des sols et des animaux sont communs aux trois types d’EAF. Les cultures fourragères, l’embouche et la production laitière sont spécifiques aux agro-éleveurs et éleveurs. L’amélioration de la valeur nutritive des résidus de cultures et l’entretien des bœufs de trait conviennent plus aux agriculteurs. Conclusions. Pour réussir, le processus d’accompagnement doit prendre en compte ces spécificités et la notion de durabilité.

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    Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 2016
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      Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement
      Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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      Agritrop
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    Authors: Bachelet, G; Dauvin, Jc;

    The species composition and spatial distribution of macrofaunal assemblages in intertidal sands of Arcachon Bay, on the southwestern Atlantic coast of France, were investigated through a quantitative sampling of twenty stations representative of the various sandy habitats found in the bay, excluding the exposed beaches. Sampling was done on a single occasion, during the winter of 1988. A total of 150 macrobenthic species (> 1 mm) were collected. The abundance of macrofauna ranged from 89 to 52000 ind.m-2 (with a high dominance of the gastropod Hydrobia ulvae in some sites) and the biomass ranged from 1.3 to 42.5 g.m-2 dry weight. Thirteen additional species (belonging to temporary meiofauna and small macrofauna) were also sampled in the sieving fraction comprised between 1 mm and 100 mum. In this size fraction, the highest densities were those of H. ulvae juveniles in the inner bay and the small polychaete Parapionosyllis gestans in the outer bay. Mean abundance of total fauna > 100 mum (excluding permanent meiofauna) was about 35000 ind.m-2 in both sheltered and semi-exposed stations. A correspondence analysis of the distribution of species among stations followed by an automatic hierarchical classification identified six benthic assemblages, which were also characterized in terms of species dominance, constancy and fidelity. Two assemblages, corresponding to the boreal Macoma community, were distinguished in the sands at mid-tide level in the inner part of the bay: station-group A was characterized by Neomysis integer and Streblospio shrubsolii, together with a low number of species occurring in low-salinity estuarine waters; station-group B, with Cerastoderma edule, Arenicola marina, and Nereis diversicolor as characteristic species, was a sandy facies of the Macoma community dominated by C. edule. Three other assemblages, each with a high species richness, included several species of the boreal Lusitanian Tellina community: station-group C: a Eunice vittata-Tubificoides benedeni assemblage at lower tidal levels in the central part of the bay; station-group D: a Ruditapes decussatus-Goniada emerita assemblage at mid-tidal levels of the outer bay; station-group E: an Echinocardium cordatum-Magelona mirabilis-Aonides oxycephala assemblage at lower tidal levels of the outer bay. A sixth assemblage (station-group F) was an Ophelia bicornis-Bathyporeia sarsi assemblage in fine dune sands of the outer bay. A discriminant analysis including five environmental variables (tidal level, salinity, sediment median, fine particles and organic contents) revealed the first two variables to be the most important factors in the ordination of stations. With these five variables, only 65 % of the stations were correctly classified in the station-groups identified by correspondence analysis. Among the other possible factors governing the distribution of benthic assemblages, the importance of both exposure and circulation of water masses is stressed. Sheltered stations had a mean biomass of 22.8 g.m-2 dry weight and a mean species richness of 17.7 species; in semi-exposed stations, these values were 11.5 g.m-2 dry weight and 36.1 species.

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    Authors: Ayache, Nour;

    La diatomée Pseudo-nitzschia comprend certaines espèces toxiques capables de produire de l'acide domoïque (AD), une neurotoxine amnésiante. La prolifération de ces espèces toxiques présente de nombreux risques allant de graves dommages écologiques et économiques à des menaces pour la santé publique. Les problèmes liés à cette prolifération se multiplient dans le monde entier et le besoin de la société scientifique de mieux comprendre les facteurs environnementaux influant sur l’apparition de ces blooms est plus nécessaire que jamais. Dans ce contexte, plusieurs espèces et souches de Pseudo-nitzschia ont été étudiées afin de mieux comprendre et prédire leurs réponses physiologiques face à de futurs changements climatiques. En particulier, les expérimentations effectuées ont permis d’explorer l’impact de la variation de la salinité et de l’acidification de l’océan (diminution de pH) sur la croissance et la production d’AD chez les espèces de Pseudo-nitzschia australis et P. fraudulenta. Les résultats obtenus ont montré que les espèces de Pseudo-nitzschia sont capables de s'adapter, proliférer et produire des toxines dans des conditions variables de salinité et de pH, malgré une importante diversité de réponses en fonction des souches ou des espèces étudiées. Ces résultats ont permis de déterminer l’influence et la capacité d’acclimatation des cellules de Pseudo-nitzschia face aux futures conditions environnementales (salinité, pH). Les travaux réalisés représentent une contribution à l’avancée des connaissances sur l’écophysiologie et la production toxinique par les espèces de Pseudo-nitzschia. The diatom Pseudo-nitzschia includes certain toxic species capable of producing domoic acid (DA), an amnesic neurotoxin. The proliferation of these toxic species presents many risks ranging from serious ecological and economic damage to threats to public health. Problems related to these proliferations are increasing worldwide and the need for scientist to better understand the environmental factors influencing the appearance of these blooms is more necessary than ever. In this context, several species and strains of Pseudo-nitzschia have been studied to better understand and predict their physiological responses to future climate change. In particular, the experiments carried out allowed to explore the impact of salinity variations and ocean acidification (decrease of pH) on the growth, photosynthesis and DA production by several Pseudo-nitzschia species and strains. The results obtained showed that Pseudo-nitzschia species are flexible, able to adapt, proliferate and produce toxins under varying conditions of salinity and pH, despite the large diversity of responses depending on the strains or species studied. These results made it possible to determine the influence and acclimation capacities of Pseudo-nitzschia cells facing future environmental conditions (pH, salinity). Thus, the work carried out represents a contribution to the advancement of knowledge on the ecophysiology and toxin production by Pseudo-nitzschia species.

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    Authors: Razafimbelo, T. M.; Andriamananjara, A.; Rafolisy, T.; Razakamanarivo, H.; +6 Authors

    Climate smart agriculture is presented as a solution to alleviate food insecurity, mitigate climate change and contribute to climate change adaptation. In Madagascar, different sustainable agricultural practices were implemented in the last 20 years by many non-governmental organizations in order to increase crop yields, maintain soil fertility and increase household income. These practices are conservation agriculture, agroforestry systems and the use of organic fertilizers as compost and manure. This study aimed to compare the soil organic carbon storage of some climate smart practices in the Malagasy context. The soil organic carbon stock of each practice, distributed in several sites among the island, was measured and compared with the traditional practices of each study site. For conservation agriculture, the differences in the soil organic carbon content varied from 0 to 1.82 MgC ha(-1) year(-1) when compared with traditional practices (tillage and crop residues exported). For agroforestry, a difference in the soil organic carbon content of 0.68 Mg Cha(-1) year(-1) was found when comparing with the slash and burn practices in the East Coast of Madagascar but no significant soil organic carbon content was found in the Malagasy Highlands. The use of organic fertilizers such as manure, compost and urban organic waste led to an increase of soil organic carbon of 0.16, 0.81 et 0.42 Mg Cha(-1) year(-1) respectively, but these increases were not significant due to the great variability of soil organic carbon values. Results confirm the capacity of some climate smart practices to store more carbon in the soil and hence to compensate for greenhouse gases emissions. However, the storage potentiality is quite different according to the practice and its spatial extent.

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    Horizon / Pleins textes
    Other literature type . 2018
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      Horizon / Pleins textes
      Other literature type . 2018
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