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  • Energy Research
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  • University of Melbourne

  • Authors: Zhang, Bolong;

    © 2019 Bolong Zhang ; A luminescent solar concentrator (LSC) is a type of light harvesting device, showing potential as an alternative to the traditional photovoltaics (PV). A typical LSC consists of a planar waveguide system embedded with fluorophores, which absorb light incident on the surface and confines the emission to the edges. As the surface area of the LSC is much bigger than the edge area, the incident light can be concentrated. A PV cell attached to the edge will convert the output light into electricity. Although there are many advantages of LSCs, the unsatisfactory efficiency of LSCs still limits their wide applications. There are four major energy loss pathways of LSCs, which are 1. the photoluminescence quantum efficiency (PLQY) loss, 2. the escape cone loss, 3. the re-absorption effect and 4. the transmittance loss. The donor-emitter fluorophore pair system can potentially improve the performance of LSCs via multiple aspects, in particular, reducing the re-absorption effect. The donor-emitter fluorophore pair is a biomimetic system inspired by the light-harvesting antenna from the natural photosynthesis where a light absorbing donor harvests the incident light and transfers the energy to the acceptor (or emitter), via mainly the Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) process. By carefully tuning the concentration ratio of the donor and the emitter, one can achieve a fluorophore pair system that is mainly comprised of the donor’s absorption spectrum and the emitter’s emission spectrum. Consequently, the spectral overlap between the absorption and emission spectra of the fluorophore pair can be minimized, leading to a reduction of the re-absorption effect. By using specially engineered donor-emitter pairs one can reduce not only the re-absorption effect but also the escape cone loss and the PLQY loss. To build a highly efficient donor-emitter fluorophore pair system, the concentration of both the donor and the emitter are required to be high enough to fulfill the requirement of the FRET process. ...

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    Authors: Jonathan F. Donges; Jonathan F. Donges; Michael Brzoska; orcid Carl-Friedrich Schleussner;
    Carl-Friedrich Schleussner
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Carl-Friedrich Schleussner in OpenAIRE
    +2 Authors

    Climate-related disasters are among the most societally disruptive impacts of anthropogenic climate change. Their potential impact on the risk of armed conflict is heavily debated in the context of the security implications of climate change. Yet, evidence for such climate-conflict-disaster links remains limited and contested. One reason for this is that existing studies do not triangulate insights from different methods and pay little attention to relevant context factors and especially causal pathways. By combining statistical approaches with systematic evidence from QCA and qualitative case studies in an innovative multi-method research design, we show that climate-related disasters increase the risk of armed conflict onset. This link is highly context-dependent and we find that countries with large populations, political exclusion of ethnic groups, and a low level of human development are particularly vulnerable. For such countries, almost one third of all conflict onsets over the 1980-2016 period have been preceded by a disaster within 7 days. The robustness of the effect is reduced for longer time spans. Case study evidence points to improved opportunity structures for armed groups rather than aggravated grievances as the main mechanism connecting disasters and conflict onset. © 2020 The Authors

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    Global Environmental Change
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    Global Environmental Change
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.34657/63...
    Article . 2020
    License: CC BY
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      Global Environmental Change
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      Global Environmental Change
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.34657/63...
      Article . 2020
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    Authors: Ferdinand E. Banks; Ferdinand E. Banks;

    Abstract This note attempts to provide a simplified insight into the mechanisms of petroleum futures trading. The exact nature of the ‘social gain’ resulting from futures trading is specified, and particular attention is paid to the importance of speculation for increasing the amount of hedging (ie insurance against price risk) that can be accommodated.

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    Energy Policy
    Article . 1984 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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      Energy Policy
      Article . 1984 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: Jason P. Monty; D. Chandran; R. Baidya; Ivan Marusic;
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    Authors: Dietterich, LH; Zanobetti, A; Kloog, I; orcid Huybers, P;
    Huybers, P
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Huybers, P in OpenAIRE
    +18 Authors

    AbstractOne of the many ways that climate change may affect human health is by altering the nutrient content of food crops. However, previous attempts to study the effects of increased atmospheric CO2 on crop nutrition have been limited by small sample sizes and/or artificial growing conditions. Here we present data from a meta-analysis of the nutritional contents of the edible portions of 41 cultivars of six major crop species grown using free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) technology to expose crops to ambient and elevated CO2 concentrations in otherwise normal field cultivation conditions. This data, collected across three continents, represents over ten times more data on the nutrient content of crops grown in FACE experiments than was previously available. We expect it to be deeply useful to future studies, such as efforts to understand the impacts of elevated atmospheric CO2 on crop macro- and micronutrient concentrations, or attempts to alleviate harmful effects of these changes for the billions of people who depend on these crops for essential nutrients.

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    Scientific Data
    Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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      Scientific Data
      Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: orcid Kate M. Quigley;
    Kate M. Quigley
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    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

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    orcid Carly J. Randall;
    Carly J. Randall
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    Carly J. Randall in OpenAIRE
    M. J. H. van Oppen; M. J. H. van Oppen; +1 Authors

    The rate of coral reef degradation from climate change is accelerating and, as a consequence, a number of interventions to increase coral resilience and accelerate recovery are under consideration. Acropora spathulata coral colonies that survived mass bleaching in 2016 and 2017 were sourced from a bleaching-impacted and warmer northern reef on the Great Barrier Reef (GBR). These individuals were reproductively crossed with colonies collected from a recently bleached but historically cooler central GBR reef to produce pure- and crossbred offspring groups (warm - warm, warm - cool, and cool - warm). We tested whether corals from the warmer reef produced more thermally tolerant hybrid and purebred offspring compared with crosses produced with colonies sourced from the cooler reef and whether different symbiont taxa affect heat tolerance. Juveniles were infected with Symbiodinium tridacnidorum, Cladocopium goreaui, Durusdinium trenchii and survival, bleaching, and growth were assessed at 27.5 and 31°C. The contribution of host genetic background and symbiont identity varied across fitness traits. Offspring with either both or one parent from the northern population exhibited a 13 to 26-fold increase in survival odds relative to all other treatments where survival probability was significantly influenced by familial cross identity at 31°C but not 27.5°C (Kaplan-Meier p=0.001 versus 0.2). If in symbiosis with D. trenchii, a warm sire and cool dam provided the best odds of juvenile survival. Bleaching was predominantly driven by Symbiodiniaceae treatment, where juveniles hosting D. trenchii bleached significantly less than the other treatments at 31°C. The greatest overall fold-benefits in growth and survival at 31°C occurred in having at least one warm dam and in symbiosis with D. trenchii. Juveniles associated with D. trenchii grew the most at 31°C, but at 27.5°C, growth was fastest in juveniles associated with C. goreaui. In conclusion, selective breeding with warmer GBR corals in combination with algal symbiont manipulation can assist in increasing thermal tolerance on cooler but warming reefs. Such interventions have the potential to improve coral fitness in warming oceans.

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    Biology Open
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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    Biology Open
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      Biology Open
      Article . 2021
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    Authors: orcid Kelvin Say;
    Kelvin Say
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    orcid Zsuzsanna Csereklyei;
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    Felix Gabriel Brown; Changlong Wang;
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    Energy Economics
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      Energy Economics
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    Authors: M. Hanif; orcid M. S. Abu Bakar;
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    H.B. Aditiya; Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia; +1 Authors

    Selon la politique malaisienne en matière de biocarburants, les carburants renouvelables sont essentiels pour la durabilité énergétique du secteur des transports à l'avenir. Cette étude visait à évaluer le potentiel de production de bioéthanol à partir du manioc Sri Kanji 1 en Malaisie en termes d'efficacité énergétique et de renouvelables, ainsi qu'à estimer la réduction potentielle des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) en équivalent CO2. Le processus de production de bioéthanol à partir du manioc comprend la culture du manioc, la production d'éthanol et le transport dans lequel la consommation d'énergie primaire a été prise en compte. Le bilan énergétique net (NEB) et le ratio énergétique net (ner) de 25,68 MJ/L et 3,98, respectivement, ont indiqué que la production de bioéthanol à partir du manioc Sri Kanji 1 en Malaisie était économe en énergie. Du point de vue environnemental, les résultats du bilan des GES ont révélé que la production et la distribution de 1 L d'éthanol combustible de manioc (CFE) pourraient réduire les émissions de GES de 73,2 %. Bien que jugé prometteur dans la présente étude, le manioc Sri Kanji 1 en tant que matière première du bioéthanol devrait être étudié plus avant en construisant une usine d'éthanol réelle pour obtenir des données réelles. De acuerdo con la política de biocombustibles de Malasia, los combustibles renovables son cruciales para la sostenibilidad energética en el sector del transporte en el futuro. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el potencial de la producción de bioetanol a partir de yuca Sri Kanji 1 en Malasia en términos de eficiencia energética y renovabilidad, así como estimar la posible reducción de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) en CO2 equivalente. El proceso de producción de bioetanol a partir de yuca incluye el cultivo de yuca, la producción de etanol y el transporte en el que se consideró el consumo de energía primaria. El balance energético neto (NEB) y la relación energética neta (Ner) de 25,68 MJ/L y 3,98, respectivamente, indicaron que la producción de bioetanol a partir de yuca Sri Kanji 1 en Malasia era energéticamente eficiente. Desde la perspectiva ambiental, los resultados del balance de GEI revelaron que la producción y distribución de 1 L de etanol combustible de yuca (CFE) podría reducir las emisiones de GEI en un 73,2%. Aunque se encontró prometedor en el presente estudio, la yuca Sri Kanji 1 como materia prima de bioetanol debe investigarse más a fondo mediante la construcción de una planta de etanol real para obtener datos de la vida real. According to the Malaysia's biofuel policy, renewable fuels are crucial for energy sustainability in the transportation sector in the future. This study was aimed to evaluate the potential of bioethanol production from Sri Kanji 1 cassava in Malaysia in terms of energy efficiency and renewability, as well to estimate the potential greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction in CO2 equivalent. Bioethanol production process from cassava includes cassava farming, ethanol production, and transportation in which the primary energy consumption was considered. The Net Energy Balance (NEB) and Net Energy Ratio (NER) of 25.68 MJ/L and 3.98, respectively, indicated that bioethanol production from Sri Kanji 1 cassava in Malaysia was energy efficient. From the environmental perspective, the GHG balance results revealed that the production and distribution of 1 L of Cassava Fuel Ethanol (CFE) could reduce GHG emissions by 73.2%. Although found promising in the present study, Sri Kanji 1 cassava as bioethanol feedstock should be further investigated by constructing an actual ethanol plant to obtain real life data. وفقًا لسياسة الوقود الحيوي في ماليزيا، يعد الوقود المتجدد أمرًا بالغ الأهمية لاستدامة الطاقة في قطاع النقل في المستقبل. كانت هذه الدراسة تهدف إلى تقييم إمكانات إنتاج الإيثانول الحيوي من الكسافا Sri Kanji 1 في ماليزيا من حيث كفاءة الطاقة وقابليتها للتجديد، وكذلك لتقدير الانخفاض المحتمل لانبعاثات غازات الدفيئة في مكافئ ثاني أكسيد الكربون. تشمل عملية إنتاج الإيثانول الحيوي من الكسافا زراعة الكسافا وإنتاج الإيثانول والنقل الذي تم فيه النظر في استهلاك الطاقة الأولية. أشار صافي ميزان الطاقة (NEB) ونسبة الطاقة الصافية (NER) البالغة 25.68 ميجا جول/لتر و 3.98 على التوالي إلى أن إنتاج الإيثانول الحيوي من المنيهوت Sri Kanji 1 في ماليزيا كان موفرًا للطاقة. من المنظور البيئي، كشفت نتائج توازن غازات الدفيئة أن إنتاج وتوزيع 1 لتر من إيثانول وقود الكسافا (CFE) يمكن أن يقلل من انبعاثات غازات الدفيئة بنسبة 73.2 ٪. على الرغم من أنه وجد واعدًا في الدراسة الحالية، إلا أنه يجب إجراء مزيد من التحقيق في الكسافا كمادة وسيطة للإيثانول الحيوي من خلال بناء مصنع إيثانول فعلي للحصول على بيانات واقعية.

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    Authors: orcid Seyedmostafa Mousavi;
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    Authors: orcid bw Sebastian Espinoza;
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    Countries around the world suffer the dramatic impact of earthquakes and other natural hazards reflected in casualties, infrastructure damage, service interruptions, and recovery costs. Although disaster exposure consciousness of electric power systems has increased in recent years, mitigation and adaptation actions, such as reserve scheduling and infrastructure investments, are usually performed without quantitative tools to account for the underlying stochasticity of these events. This article first discusses why an integrated assessment, which incorporates sources of uncertainty (risk) and manages the time-dependency of the recovery process (resilience), should be used to assess the impact of seismic events on electric power systems. Thereafter, a probabilistic methodology that considers the hazard, vulnerability, operation, and recovery of the system is presented. As a case study, the probabilistic seismic resilience of the electric power system of Northern Chile is assessed using different risk measures, including expected annual loss, value at risk, and conditional value-at-risk. Finally, a novel criticality assessment based on these metrics is developed to demonstrate that, for certain networks such as the study case, retrofit of selective components can notably improve the resilience of the complete system to seismic events. For example, if one specific component from the 152 components of the study system is assumed invulnerable, expected annual interruption costs decrease by 8%.

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    IEEE Systems Journal
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