• Energy Research
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Abstract Global primary energy consumption will continue to increase with a high rate to 2050, which will be a big challenge for countries to meet both global and regional energy demand. Pumped storage stations (PSS) integrated to a hybrid power system (HPS) with solar and wind power for China are under construction to tussle with this challenge. Historically, modeling of a PSS integrated HPS has been ignored the interaction effect between the shaft vibration and the governing strategies, which will increase the dynamic risk of PSS disconnected immediately to HPS. Here we unify the models of the hydro-turbine governing system and hydro-turbine generator units with a novel expression of hydraulic forces. We quantize all the parameter’s interaction contributions of PSS integration to HPS and validate this model with the existing models. Finally, we show the feasibility of PSS’s model in integrating of a HPS under steady and fault scenarios.

Abstract The main objective of this study was to develop a thermodynamic model to analyse engine performance and combustion behavior of a single cylinder, four-stroke, naturally aspirated, direct injection (DI) diesel engine. The model was developed with a commercial GT-Power software. Various sub-models for different systems including intake, exhaust, fuel injection, combustion, and heat transfer rate were combined for thermodynamic analysis of engine performance and combustion behaviour. The engine rotational speed, start of injection timing and compression ratio were considered as variables. The engine rotational speeds were varied from 800 rpm to 2500 rpm, the start of injection timings was ranged from 15o crank angle (CA) before top dead centre (bTDC) to 15o CA after top dead centre (aTDC), and the compression ratios were changed from 13 to 25. Performance parameters such as indicated and brake power, brake thermal efficiency, friction, etc. and combustion parameters such as heat transfer rate and in-cylinder pressure are analysed at different engine rotational speed, injection timing, and compression ratio, and discussed accordingly. The optimum performance such as BTE, BT and BMEP were found at the engine speed of 1700 rpm, a start of injection timing of 10o bTDC, and a compression ratio of 20

Abstract Renewable energies are getting progressively widespread due to the growing worry of carbon discharges. There has been a substantial volume of advancement being made in renewable energy sources. One of the remarkable ones is wind power. The common myths of building a wind turbine in highways suburban, and coastal areas are the extent of the machine, and the turbulence may affect the performance of the turbine that ultimately may uncover a poor return on investment. In this paper, some laboratory testing was performed on a conventional turbine and a wind lens turbine to determine if there are any potential applications for the Wind lens turbines in a turbulent environment. Highways, coastal and suburban areas may prove appropriate for this kind of turbine. However, there is still additional analysis required on the effects that these turbines may have on local fauna migration patterns. It is also important to check if the noise pollution generated by the wind lens turbines are enough to cause disruption. Two different types of edges were also embraced to see whether performance in such a location relies more on blade type than the design of the turbine. From the testing in a lab-scale wind tunnel, it was found that on average the wind lens design provided a 40% increase in efficiency both in the Betz coefficient and tip speed ratio of the turbine. However, the wind lens turbine requires further assessment to determine its suitability in environments not exposed to constant wind currents such as highways. There is a possibility that the wind lens turbine can be applied in a turbulent setting with further assessment and enhancements to the manufacturing process of the turbine models.

AbstractIt is important to develop solar energy resource potential for improving indoor thermal comfort. In this paper, we used the statistical method to analyze observation data for temperature change in an elementary school classroom located in the clod region. The temperature data are recorded hourly in outdoor, the sunspace attached (SA), the classroom with a SA, and the reference classroom (RC) respectively. Results show that the daily mean temperature of the classroom with a sunspace attached (CAS) is higher 6.6°C than RC in the heating period. The heating effect of the sunspace is obvious during the day, while a lot of heat loses at night. To reach the indoor suitable temperature of 16°C, the fuel 315.51kgce are required, and only 61.1% of the heating requirement of the classroom are met. In order to increase the heat effect of SA, it is essential to improve the structure of the sunspace and building material properties.

AbstractThis study investigates the impact of current steel lintels on the CO2 emissions of a notional building when trying to comply with the new PART L1A 2013 of the Building Regulations of England and Wales. For this purpose different families of lintels were assessed under SAP2009 using 12 different cavity walls with U-value under 0.18W/m2K. Any of the current steel lintels without base plate studied in this research were found to be useable under PART L1A 2013. Their impact, depending also upon the construction detail used, could vary from 3% to 0.7% of the DFEES and from 1.6 to 0.4% of the DER of the notional building here studied.

Abstract In disaster relief reconstructions, the severe indoor thermal environment of the prefabricated temporary house (PTH) limits its massive utilization. Here, the application of phase change material energy storage system (PESS) has been proposed in the full-scale experimental PTH. In the experimental investigations, a movable PESS was designed aiming at regulating the indoor environment of the PTH during the daytime in hot summer, by charging the cool energy during the nighttime. The movable PESS revealed positive impacts on the indoor environment regulation in the experimental PTH. In addition, the distance between the PESS and the west wall also had influences on the cool energy discharging of the PESS and the indoor thermal environment of the experimental PTH.

Globally diesel generator sets account for the majority of generation into remote and off-grid power systems. While diesel generation has proven to be a reliable and accessible technology, its downside involves the expense and environmentally emissions linked to diesel fuel consumption. In response diesel generation alternatives are becoming available and cost competitive, via the integration of renewable energy technology (RET). Hybrid power systems (HPS), those adopting both diesel and RET are increasingly employed to reduce cost and environmental emissions. As RET penetration increases within HPS a potential conflict arises, with diesel generation unable to lower output below minimum load set points. These load set points are predetermined to ensure engine efficiency and reliability. Under medium to high renewable penetration, diesel load set points compete with renewable generation to produce surplus energy. This surplus energy must be absorbed by the system. Various ancillary technologies, such as demand management, energy storage and dump loads can perform this role; however such technologies are expensive and complex. This paper introduces low load diesel (LLD) as one solution to minimising surplus generation within HPS. Economic and power modelling is used to explore removal of energy storage (ES) under LLD application. Model validation, undertaken against both kW and MW scale operational diesel generator data sets is referenced to support the conclusion, that LLD is cable of reducing both system establishment and operational costs for medium to high RET penetration HPS.

AbstractBecause of the increasing concerns with environmental quality and sustainable development, nuclear has been seen as an important alternative to conventional energy sources in China. According to the “Long- term development plan for nuclear power industry (2005 to 2020) which released in 2006, China projected to create 70 GWe installed capacity by 2020, and 250 GW or over by 2030. This ambitious plan also faces considerable risks with respect to new technology adaption, construction management, project coordination and procurements. A real options method was applied to evaluate how these risks and uncertainties impact on the development of new power plants in China. The option model integrated with construction, regulatory, and operational uncertainties, factors which are under different scenarios in an option of abandon or delay regarding the project development and technology adaption. To perform the real options approach on China nuclear power plant sector and policy options, all necessary factors are considered and addressed.