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Understanding variation in the diet of widely distributed species can help us to predict how they respond to future environmental and anthropogenic changes. We studied the diet of the red fox Vulpes vulpes, one of the world’s most widely distributed carnivores. We compiled dietary data from 217 studies at 276 locations in five continents to assess how fox diet composition varied according to geographic location, climate, anthropogenic impact and sampling method. The diet of foxes showed substantial variation throughout the species’ range, but with a general trend for small mammals and invertebrates to be the most frequently occurring dietary items. The incidence of small and large mammals and birds in fox diets was greater away from the equator. The incidence of invertebrates and fruits increased with mean elevation, while the occurrence of medium-sized mammals and birds decreased. Fox diet differed according to climatic and anthropogenic variables. Diet richness decreased with increasing temperature and precipitation. The incidence of small and large mammals decreased with increasing temperature. The incidence of birds and invertebrates decreased with increasing mean annual precipitation. Higher Human Footprint Index was associated with lower incidence of large mammals and higher incidence of birds and fruit in fox diet. Sampling method influenced fox diet estimation: estimated percentage of small and medium-sized mammals and fruit was lower in studies based on stomach contents, while large mammals were more likely to be recorded in studies of stomach contents than in studies of scats. Our study confirms the flexible and opportunistic dietary behaviour of foxes at the global scale. This behavioural trait allows them to thrive in a range of climatic conditions, and in areas with different degrees of human-induced habitat change. This knowledge can help place the results of local-scale fox diet studies into a broader context and to predict how foxes will respond to future environmental changes. Castañeda et al. 2022 Mammal Review (Variation in red fox Vulpes vulpes diet in five continents)

Climate change is a pervasive global issue that threatens the livelihoods and wellbeing of billions living globally. Climate change is a risk multiplier impacting all ecosystems, society, and sectors of the economy. The agriculture sector is one such sector that is highly vulnerable to changes in climate. In a country like Nepal where rainfed agriculture is a dominant occupation and a key pillar of the country’s economy, climate change brings risks and negative consequences for on-farm production, farmers' livelihoods as well as on the country’s development. The impacts of climate change including rising temperatures, an increase in the frequency or intensity of extreme weather events such as drought, and shifts in the rainfall seasonality, can cause a decline in food production and threaten the quality of food supplies, leading to reduced food security. The rise in the global population will increase global demand for food which implies that agriculture needs to boost production and increase yields, among other things. The unprecedented risks posed by climate change potentially undermine the ability of farms and farm holders to grow adequate and quality food. The severity of these risks varies due to a range of underlying factors including low economic development, their location, existing biophysical and socioeconomic conditions, and institutional arrangements. While the impacts of climate change on food production as well as agricultural practices in Nepal have been documented, there is a dearth in scholarly literature that has assessed the impacts of climate change on household food security in Nepal incorporating farmers’ perspectives and in particular smallholder subsistence farmers. Furthermore, there is only modest literature that has examined geographical variations in those experiences and understandings. This PhD study aimed, therefore, to investigate the effects of climate change on agricultural practices and food security, with a focus on subsistence smallholder farmers in three main agro- ecological zones of Nepal known as The Mountains, Hills, and the Terai. The study aimed to respond to the primary research question: How are Nepalese farming communities being impacted by climate change and how are they responding to ensure their continued food security? To answer this main research, question the study posed the following secondary research questions: Q1. How is climate changing and how is it impacting subsistence agriculture? Q2. What are the farmers experiencing and what is their understanding? a. Are there gender differences in understanding and experiencing? Q3. What is the state of food insecurity among these farmers? a. How is it being impacted by climate change? Q4. What adaptation strategies have been adopted by smallholder farmers to address threats to agricultural practices and food security from climate change and other pressures? Both the qualitative and qualitative data were collected using multiple methods to address the identified research questions. Methods included a narrative literature review, systematic review, face to face interviews with farmers, individual interviews with key informants and focus groups with the women's group. Climate data on temperature between 1971-2013 and rainfall between 1967-2013 were analysed. Additionally, secondary data on crop yield from 1980 to 2016 were also analysed to gain a better empirical understanding of the relations between climate change and yield pattern and to triangulate and validate the findings from the interviews. Quantitative data on cereal crop yields and climate data were systematically tabulated and further statistically analysed using software R. This study employed the Bayesian approach to statistical modelling. Besides, this study undertook an integrated risk assessment of food insecurity using the Bayesian Belief Network model to reflect how the risk of food insecurity is influenced under two scenarios: (1) current climate conditions and (2) the influences of different adaptation strategies employed. NVivo was used for content analysis for qualitative data obtained from the key informant interview and focus group data and analysis of transcripts from farmers' structured interviews. The findings showed that agricultural practices have undergone various changes over the past 30 years. Climate change impacts were experienced by farmers in all three agro-ecological zones of Nepal. However, the impacts varied between these zones in terms of frequency and intensity. The effect of climate change was highly pronounced in the Mountains zone followed by the Hills and the Terai. The results confirmed that rural subsistence smallholder farmers dependent on rainfed agriculture are vulnerable to climate change impacts. Moreover, it disproportionately affects the poor farmers whose income hinges solely on agriculture and associated activities. Boosting agricultural production and empowering these smallholders is key to enhancing their food security. The experiences reported by farmers are well aligned with the trend of the climatic variables obtained from climate data analysis, highlighting the importance of perception-based survey in complementing climate research. The study demonstrated both the climatic and non-climatic factors are affecting agricultural practices as well as household food security of these farming communities. It is, therefore, difficult to isolate the influence of any of these factors. This was supported by the findings from the risk assessment undertaken by Bayesian modelling. Based on Bayesian modelling, the smallholder farmers mainly at the Mountain zone were at the risk of food insecurity. The measures to increase the adaptive capacity of these smallholders were found to help them manage the risk of food insecurity. Addressing the complicated and multifaceted concerns of climate change and food security needs multidisciplinary and multisectoral adaptation interventions acknowledging underlying biophysical, social, economic, geographical and environmental circumstances. Farmers have taken some actions to adapt and reduce the worsening impacts of climate change. Nevertheless, farmers encountered several barriers in effectively adapting to climate change. This study concluded there is an urgent need for a transformative level of intervention that warrants a coordinated action and collaboration between relevant stakeholders working in this field, including governments and non-governmental organizations, to target the most vulnerable and the needy smallholder farmers addressing the constraints and pressures they face. Policy and decision-makers should work extensively and sensitively with smallholders to ensure the maintenance of their livelihood and to guarantee their food security. Combining local and scientific knowledge is needed to help direct research and tailor adaptation solutions that meet local conditions and needs.

{"references": ["Guile, M. (2006). Clyde School 1910-1975, An Uncommon History. Melbourne: Clyde Old Girls' Association.", "Hay, O. J. (1966). The Chronicles of Clyde. Melbourne: Brown Prior Anderson.", "Holmgren, I. (1934). The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1934, George H Whipple, George R Minot, William P Murphy. Award Cermony Speech, December 10.", "Macpherson, I. (1936). To the Natural Science Section at the Goetheanum, Dornach near Basle, Switzerland. Typewrtten agreement signed by Ileen Macpherson, dated 22nd January 1936, 2 pp.; original held in Dokumentation am Goetheanum Bibliothek Kunstsammlung Archiv, Dornach.", "Magill, E. (1975). In Memoriam Ernesto Genoni 1885-1975. Goetheanum News, 43(11/12), 6-7.", "Northbourne, Lord. (1940). Look to the Land. London: Dent.", "Old Geelong Grammarians. (1994). Directory of Old Geelong Grammarians including Old Girls of Clyde School and the Hermitage. Melbourne: Michael Thornton Publishing.", "Paull, J. (2011a). Attending the first organic agriculture course: Rudolf Steiner's Agriculture Course at Koberwitz, 1924. European Journal of Social Sciences, 21(1), 64-70.", "Paull, J. (2011b). The Betteshanger Summer School: Missing link between biodynamic agriculture and organic farming. Journal of Organic Systems, 6(2), 13-26.", "Paull, J. (2011c). Biodynamic Agriculture: The journey from Koberwitz to the World, 1924-1938. Journal of Organic Systems, 6(1), 27-41.", "Paull, J. (2011d). The secrets of Koberwitz: The diffusion of Rudolf Steiner's Agriculture Course and the founding of Biodynamic Agriculture. Journal of Social Research & Policy, 2(1), 19-29.", "Paull, J. (2013). A history of the organic agriculture movement in Australia. In B. Mascitelli & A. Lobo (Eds.), Organics in the Global Food Chain (pp. 37-60). Ballarat: Connor Court Publishing.", "Paull, J. (2014). Ernesto Genoni: Australia's pioneer of biodynamic agriculture. Journal of Organics, 1(1), 57-81.", "Paull, J. (2016a). Angels of the First Class: The Anthroposophic Art of Ernesto Genoni, Goetheanum, 1924. Hobart: Vital Years Conference 2016 - Cradle of a Healthy Life, Tarremah Steiner School, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia, 5-9 July.", "Paull, J. (2016b). The Anthroposophic Art of Ernesto Genoni, Goetheanum, 1924. Journal of Organics, 3(2), 1-24.", "Pfeiffer, E. (1938). Bio-Dynamic Farming and Gardening: Soil Fertility Renewal and Preservation (F. Heckel, Trans.). New York: Anthroposophic Press.", "Shaw, M. T. (1960). Recollections of Clyde (1916-1922): (Single page, 1922 folder, Clyde School Archives).", "Springvale Botanical Cemetery. (1975). Genoni, Ernesto Fermo - Date of service 14/02/1975, Cremated, The cremated remains have been scattered. Springvale: Springvale Botanical Cemetery.", "Springvale Botanical Cemetery. (1984). Macpherson, Edith Ileen - Date of service 06/06/1984, Cremated, The cremated remains have been scattered. Springvale: Springvale Botanical Cemetery.", "Steiner, R. (1923a). The Apocalypse. (Series VI. For Members of the The Anthroposophical Society Only (struck through). Inscribed in her hand: Ileen Macpherson). London: Anthroposophical Publishing Co.", "Steiner, R. (1923b). The Gospel of St Mark with a Supplement. (Series XXIV and XXX. For Members of the The Anthroposophical Society Only. Inscribed in her hand: Ileen Macpherson, Demeter, Box 49, Dandenong P.O.). London: Anthroposophical Publishing Co.", "Steiner, R. (1924a). Agriculture Course (\"Printed for private circulation only\"; 1929, first English language edition; George Kaufmann Trans ed.). Dornach, Switzerland: Goetheanum.", "Steiner, R. (1924b). To All Members: The Meetings at Koberwitz and Breslau. Anthroposophical Movement, 1, 9-11.", "Steiner, R. (1932). The Gem Book: An Art in Jewellery, Hints and Sketches. (Inscribed in her hand: Ileen Macpherson, 432 Punt Hill, South Yarra, then Demeter Farm, Princes Highway, Dandenong & dated 1934). London: H Collison.", "Steiner, R. (1953). Evolution in the Aspect of Realities. (Series XXXV. For Members of the The Anthroposophical Society only. Inscribed in her hand: Ileen Macpherson, Demeter, Dandenong). London: The Anthroposophical Society.", "Steiner, R. (nd). Christ and the Spiritual World or The Search for the Holy Grail. (Printed for members of the General Anthroposophical Society only. Inscribed in her hand: Ileen Macpherson, Demeter, Dandenong, then Namur Street via Noble Park, Vic ). London: Rudolf Steiner Publishing Co.", "Triaca, M. (1985). Amelia, A Long Journey. Melbourne: Greenhouse Publications.", "Wanliss, M. (1914). Sports. The Cluthan, The Journal of Clyde Girl's Grammar School, 1(2), 8-10.", "Webb-Ware, E., & Currie, M. (1916). General News. The Cluthan, The Journal of Clyde Girl's Grammar School, 1(5), 2-3."]} Edith Ileen Macpherson (1898-1984) was a co-founder of Australia’s original Demeter Farm (c.1934-1954) along with her partner Ernesto Genoni (1885-1974). Ileen was a member of Rudolf Steiner’s Experimental Circle of Anthroposophic Farmers and Gardeners (from 1936). Ernesto was the first Australian member (from 1928). At their Demeter Farm in Dandenong, Victoria, they practiced biodynamic agriculture on over 40 acres (16 ha) through the years of the Great Depression, through World War II, and for the first decade of the post-war years, producing milk, fruit, and vegetables. Ileen was an early Australian Anthroposophist and follower of Rudolf Steiner. It was a blow to their Demeter Farm enterprise when she fell ill. Eventually she was no longer able to manage physical work at all and this fell to Ernesto. Although she is remembered as ‘the woman in the wheelchair’ this paper reveals that she was previously an active, fit and keen sportswoman, participating in basketball, tennis, running, hockey, and dancing. At school she was known as ‘Ikey’, she was a prefect, she was a member of the school sports committee, and she won the prize for “best all-round sport”. Ileen was confined to a wheelchair for the last four decades of her life. The cause has generally been misunderstood and misattributed, and is revealed here to be pernicious anaemia (lack of vitamin B12). This condition is now easily and successfully treatable, but it was then generally fatal. Ileen was a financial supporter of the Anthroposophical movement in Australia during her lifetime. Her benefaction has continued since her death via the Ileen Macpherson Trust which reports having dispensed over $600,000 for Anthroposophic causes in Australia. A portrait of Ileen by Italian/Australian artist Ernesto Genoni and photographs of Ileen are presented. "Ileen Macpherson accepted the impulse to assist in a venture for applying Bio-Dynamic methods and resolved with Ernesto Genoni to attempt a practical activity. A small farm was purchased on Princes Highway near Dandenong, approximately 18 miles from Melbourne, and a serious effort which lasted 18 years was attempted. It was worked as a small dairy farm, and the manure built into the compost in the Bio-Dynamic way. They made their own preparations and sprays and produced very good vegetables which were sold in the wholesale market in the city and also from a truck on the side of the road. Constant hard work and many grievous trials were endured by the pioneers who undertook the first Bio- Dynamic venture in Victoria" (Edith Magill, 1975, p.7).

{"references": ["Steiner, R., Agriculture Course. \"Printed for private circulation only\"; 1929, first English language edition; George Kaufmann Trans ed. 1924, Dornach, Switzerland: Goetheanum.", "Paull, J., The farm as organism: the foundational idea of organic agriculture. Journal of Bio-Dynamics Tasmania, 2006. (80): p. 14-18.", "Paull, J., Attending the first organic agriculture course: Rudolf Steiner's Agriculture Course at Koberwitz, 1924. European Journal of Social Sciences, 2011. 21 (1): p. 64-70.", "Paull, J., Biodynamic Agriculture: The journey from Koberwitz to the World, 1924-1938. Journal of Organic Systems, 2011. 6 (1): p. 27-41.", "Pfeiffer, E., Bio-Dynamic Farming and Gardening: Soil Fertility Renewal and Preservation. 1938, New York: Anthroposophic Press.", "Paull, J., The secrets of Koberwitz: The diffusion of Rudolf Steiner's Agriculture Course and the founding of Biodynamic Agriculture. Journal of Social Research & Policy, 2011. 2 (1): p. 19-29.", "Paull, J., The Betteshanger Summer School: Missing link between biodynamic agriculture and organic farming. Journal of Organic Systems, 2011. 6 (2): p. 13-26.", "Northbourne, Lord, Look to the Land. 1940, London: Dent.", "Paull, J., Lord Northbourne, the man who invented organic farming, a biography. Journal of Organic Systems, 2014. 9 (1): p. 31-53.", "Paull, J. and B. Hennig, A World Map of Biodynamic Agriculture. Agricultural and Biological Sciences Journal, 2020, 6(2), 114-119.", "Willer, H., et al., eds. The World of Organic Agriculture: Statistics and Emerging Trends 2020. 2020, Switzerland: Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL) & Bonn, Germany: IFOAM-Organics International: Frick.", "Wachsmuth, G., The Last Years, in Rudolf Steiner: Recollections by Some of his Pupils, A. Freeman and C. Waterman, Editors. 1958, The Golden Blade: London. p. 155-169."]} Rudolf Steiner’s Agriculture Course at Koberwitz (now Kobierzyce), in the summer of 1924, was the gateway event that led to the development of biodynamic agriculture and, subsequently, organic agriculture. The present paper identifies for the first time the 111 attendees of that course. The list reveals that ‘Koberwitzers’, as they called themselves, were a well credentialed and capable group of individuals, some of whom went on to champion and develop Rudolf Steiner’s ideas about agriculture and other fields. The present paper revises a prior analysis of the Koberwitzers. For each Koberwitzer, the list reveals, the name, hometown, occupation, and accommodation during the course. Thirty one percent of Koberwitzers were women. Thirty eight percent were associated directly with agriculture (including farmer, estate manager, and estate owner), 6% of attendees were creatives (including writer, author, artist and editor), and a further 6% were priests. These three occupational categories, viz. Agriculture, Creative and Priest, together account for 50% of Koberwitzer occupations (and 72% of the known occupations). There remains for further scholarship to populate gaps in the listing: the gender of one Koberwitzer remains unidentified; one hometown (and country) remains unidentified; 33 occupations remain unidentified; and 51 accommodations remain unidentified. At the time of the Koberwitz course, Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925) was mortally ill. The course was never repeated,. It was up to the Koberwitzers to progress Rudolf Steiner’s call for the development of a differentiated natural agriculture without synthetic chemicals. The Koberwitzers met the call. There are now 251,842 certified biodynamic hectares in 55 countries, included in the 71,514,583 certified organic hectares in 186 countries.

{"references": ["Paull, J., The Koberwitzers: Those who attended Rudolf Steiner's Agriculture Course at Koberwitz in 1924, World's foundational organic agriculture course. International Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 2020. 6 (2): p. 47-54.", "Paull, J., Attending the first organic agriculture course: Rudolf Steiner's Agriculture Course at Koberwitz, 1924. European Journal of Social Sciences, 2011. 21 (1): p. 64-70.", "Steiner, R., To All Members: The Meetings at Koberwitz and Breslau. Anthroposophical Movement, 1924. 1: p. 9-11.", "Steiner, R., Landwirtschaftlicher Kursus gehalten zu Koberwitz 7. bis 16. Juni 1924. 1924, Dornach: Herausgegeben von der naturwissenschaftlichen Sektion am Goetheanum.", "Steiner, R., Agriculture Course. \"Printed for private circulation only\"; 1929, first English language edition; George Kaufmann Trans ed. 1924, Dornach, Switzerland: Goetheanum.", "Whicher, O., George Adams: Interpreter of Rudolf Steiner. 1977, East Grinstead, Sussex, UK: Henry Goulden.", "Paull, J., A history of the organic agriculture movement in Australia, in Organics in the Global Food Chain, B. Mascitelli and A. Lobo, Editors. 2013, Connor Court Publishing: Ballarat. p. 37-60.", "Paull, J., The pioneers of biodynamics in New Zealand. Harvests, 2018. 70 (3): p. 38-40.", "Paull, J., The pioneers of biodynamics in Great Britain: From Anthroposophic Farming to Organic Agriculture (1924-1940). Journal of Environment Protection and Sustainable Development, 2019. 5 (4): p. 138-145.", "Paull, J., The pioneers of biodynamics in USA: The early milestones of organic agriculture in the United States. American Journal of Environment and Sustainable Development, 2019. 6 (2): p. 89-94.", "Steiner, R., The Agricultural Course. 1924, (This edition: 1938; Trans: [Marna Pease & Lili Kolisko]; \"Printed for private circulation only\"). London: Rudolf Steiner Publishing", "Steiner, R., Spiritual Foundations for the Renewal of Agriculture: A course of lectures held at Koberwitz, Silesia, June 7 to 16, 1924. 1924, (This edition: 1993; trans: Catherine Creeger). Kimberton, PA: Bio-Dynamic Farming and Gardening Association Inc.", "Pfeiffer, E., Bio-Dynamic Farming and Gardening: Soil Fertility Renewal and Preservation. 1938, New York: Anthroposophic Press.", "Paull, J., Biodynamic Agriculture: The journey from Koberwitz to the World, 1924-1938. Journal of Organic Systems, 2011. 6 (1): p. 27-41.", "Northbourne, Lord, Look to the Land. 1940, London: Dent", "Paull, J., The farm as organism: the foundational idea of organic agriculture. Journal of Bio-Dynamics Tasmania, 2006. (80): p. 14-18.", "Paull, J., Lord Northbourne, the man who invented organic farming, a biography. Journal of Organic Systems, 2014. 9 (1): p. 31-53.", "Steiner, R., Cours aux agriculteurs: 8 conf\u00e9rences, une allocution, quatre r\u00e9ponses aux questions, faites \u00e0 Koberwitz pr\u00e8s de Breslau du 7 au 16 juin 1924 et une conf\u00e9rence \u00e0 Dornach, le 20 juin 1924. 1924, \u00c9ditions Montenet: (This edn: 1943; trans: Ilse D\u00e9marest-Oelschl\u00e4ger). Gen\u00e8ve.", "Steiner, R., En lantbrukskurs: \u00c5tta f\u00f6redrag h\u00e5llna i Koberwitz vid Breslau, 1924. 1924, (This edition: 1966). Stockholm, Sweden: Kosmos.", "Steiner, R., Impulsi Scientifico-Spirituali per il Progresso dell' Agricoltura: Corso sull' Agricoltura. 1924, (First issue in Italian; published in 1973, tran: Ido Beni). Milano, Italy: Editrice Antroposofica", "Steiner, R., Bidrag til en fornyelse af landbruget p\u00e5 \u00e5ndsvidenskabeligt grundlag: en r\u00e6kke foredrag holdt i Koberwitz, 1924. 1924, (This edition: 1976). K\u00f8benhavn, Denmark: Antroposofisk Forlag.", "Steiner, R., Geesteswetenschappelijke grondslagen voor een vruchtbare ontwikkeling van de landbouw: acht voordrachten gehouden in Koberwitz bij Breslau, Pinksteren 1924. 1924, (This edition: 1977; trans: H. E. Caspar\u00e9t). The Hague, Netherlands: Nederlandse Vereniging tot bevordering der biologisch-dynamische landbouwmethode.", "Steiner, R., Curso sobre agricultura biol\u00f3gico-din\u00e1mica. 1924, Antroposofica: (This edition: 1988). Madrid, Spain.", "Steiner, R., \u05e9\u05de\u05d5\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e8\u05e6\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea\u05e0\u05d5 :\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d0\u05de\u05d9\u05ea -\u05d7\u05e7\u05dc\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05d9\u05d5 1924 \u05d9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9 7-16 \u05e9\u05dc\u05d6\u05d9\u05d4 \u05d1\u05ea\u05d0\u05e8\u05d9\u05db\u05d9\u05dd ,\u05d1\u05e7\u05d5\u05d1\u05e8\u05d5\u05d5\u05d9\u05e5 . 1924, [\u1e24a\u1e33la\u02bcut biyo-dinami] (This edition: 1989, trans: Tomer Rosen-Grace). Israel: \u05d4\u05d5\u05e6\u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05e8\u05db\u05d6 \u05dc\u05dc\u05d9\u05de\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05e0\u05ea\u05e8\u05d5\u05e4\u05d5\u05e1\u05d5\u05e4\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd . [Title trans: Biodynamic Agriculture: Eight Lectures Delivered in Koberwitz, Silesia, June 7-16, 1924. Publisher trans.: Centre for Anthroposophic Studies].", "Steiner, R., Landbrukskurset: \u00c5tte foredrag om idegrunnlaget for biologisk-dynamisk landbruk: Holdt i Koberwitz ved Breslau fra 7. til 16. juni 1924. 1924, (This edition: 1992). Oslo, Norway: Antropos.", "Steiner, R., Bazele spiritual-\u015ftiin\u0163ifice pentru prosperarea agriculturii curs de agricultur\u0103: opt conferin\u0163e, o alocu\u0163iune \u015fi r\u0103spunsuri la \u00eentreb\u0103ri Koberwitz, l\u00e2ng\u0103 Breslau, 7 - 16 iunie 1924 cu o conferin\u0163\u0103 introductiv\u0103, Dornach, 20 iunie 1924. 1924, (This edition: 1997, trans: Delia Popescu). Cluj-Napoca, Romania: Editura Triade.", "Steiner, R., \u0414\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b \u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0448\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430: C\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u041a\u0443\u0440\u0441, \u041a\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0446, \u0411\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0443, 1924. 1924, (This edition: 1997, trans. \u041c. \u041d. \u0416\u0435\u043c\u0447\u0443\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0434\u0440.). Kaluga, Russia: \u0414\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 [Spiritual Knowledge]. [Title trans.: Spiritual Foundations of Successful Agricultural Development: An Agricultural Course, Koberwitz, Breslau, 1924].", "Steiner, R., Poljoprivredni kurs Koberwitz, 1924. 1924, (This edition: 2004; trans: Anica Milovi\u0107). Zrenjanin, Serbia: S. Nikoli\u0107.", "Steiner, R., Fundamentos da agricultura biodin\u00e2mica: vida nova para a terra. 1924, (This edition: 2005; trans: Gerard Bannwart). S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil: Antropos\u00f3fica.", "Steiner, R., Kurs Rolniczy: Podstawy ca\u0142o\u015bciowego my\u015blenia w rolnictwie ekologicznym. 1924, Zielone \u015awi\u0105tki: (This edn: 2007; trans: Dieter Johannes Durich). Bielsko-Bia\u0142a, Poland.", "Steiner, R., Kurso agrikultura: 8 prelegoj, Koberwitz \u0109e Bresla\u016d (Vroclavo), 7. \u011dis 16. de junio 1924. 1924, Eldonita de la tradukinto: (This edition: 2009, trans: Willy N\u00fcesch). Berno, Czech Republic", "Paull, J., The secrets of Koberwitz: The diffusion of Rudolf Steiner's Agriculture Course and the founding of Biodynamic Agriculture. Journal of Social Research & Policy, 2011. 2 (1): p. 19-29.", "McKanan, D., Eco-Alchemy: Anthroposophy and the History and Future of Environmentalism. 2017, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Pfeiffer, E. E., New Directions in Agriculture, in Rudolf Steiner: Recollections by Some of his Pupils, A. Freeman and C. Waterman, Editors. 1958, The Golden Blade: London. p. 118-129.", "Pfeiffer, E. E., New Directions in Agriculture, in Rudolf Steiner: Recollections by Some of his Pupils, A. Freeman and C. Waterman, Editors. 1958, The Golden Blade: London. p. 118-129."]} The Agriculture Course of Dr Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925) is the seminal text of biodynamic farming and the organic agriculture movement. It has appeared in 16 languages. The Austrian New Age philosopher, Dr Rudolf Steiner, presented his Agriculture Course in the village of Koberwitz, Germany (now Kobierzyce, Poland) in the summer of 1924. The course of eight lectures laid the foundations for the emergence, over the following two decades, of biodynamic farming and organic agriculture. There were 111 attendees at the course at Koberwitz, many were farmers, all were Anthroposophists. The Agriculture Course was presented in German. It was one of the final lecture series that Rudolf Steiner conducted in his lifetime. It was a course of what Rudolf Steiner called “hints”, to be put to the test, not prescriptions nor dogmas. The Agriculture Course appeared in print in German in 1926. It was initially available only to members of the Experimental Circle of Anthroposophic Farmers and Gardeners (until some time after WW2). Members of the Experimental Circle agreed to test Rudolf Steiner’s ideas and to report the results back to Anthroposophy headquarters at Dornach (on the outskirts of Basel), Switzerland, with the view to the publication of the results. The first translation of the Agriculture Course appeared in English in 1929. That translation was by George Kaufmann (later known as George Adams) who brought to the task his years of masterfully and extemporaneously rendering into English Rudolf Steiner’s lectures in German for audiences. There have been at least two other translations into English (in 1938 and 1993). The Agriculture Course has been translated into a further 14 (at least) other languages: French (1943); Swedish (1966); Italian (1973); Danish (1976); Dutch (1977); Spanish (1988); Hebrew (1989); Norwegian (1992); Romanian (1997); Russian (1997); Serbian (2004); Portuguese (2005); Polish (2007); and Esperanto (2009). As organic agriculture continues to increasingly attract consumers, advocates, practitioners, and scholars, interest endures in the seminal text of biodynamics and the organics movement.

Helicoverpa spp. (heliothis) are a major insect pest of cotton, grains and horticulture in the Murray‐ Darling Basin. Climate change is likely to make conditions more favourable for heliothis. This could cause regional comparative advantages in irrigation systems to change as management costs increase and yields decrease. Irrigation in the Murray Darling Basin produces 12 percent of Australia’s total gross value of agricultural production. If producers fail to consider climate change impacts on heliothis they may misallocate resources.Adamson et al. (2007 and 2009) have used a state contingent approach to risk and uncertainty to illustrate how producers could allocate irrigation resources based on climate change impacts on water resources. This is achieved by separating environmental risks and uncertainties into defined states of nature to which the decision makers have a set of defined responses. This approach assumes that the decision makers can achieve optimal allocation of resources as they have perfect knowledge in how they should respond to each state of nature (i.e. producers know how to manage heliothis now). Climate change brings a set of new conditions for which existing state parameters (mean and variance) will alter. Consequently a decision maker will have incomplete information about the state description; and the relationship between state allocable inputs and the associated state dependent output, until they have experienced all possible outcomes. Therefore if producers ignore climate changes to heliothis they may lock in resources that may prove to be unprofitable in the long run. The purpose of this paper is to suggest a framework that could be used for determining climate change impacts of heliothis (i.e. density), illustrate that management costs rise as density increases and how a stochastic function could deal with incomplete knowledge in a state contingent framework.

This study was explorative in that it developed a methodological framework for the application of Industrial Ecology (IE) principles such as by-product synergy to enhance sustainability of human settlements. The framework was developed using Redland Shire, a local government area (LGA) in Southeast Queensland, Australia as a case study. By extending the IE framework beyond industrial systems to human settlements the study not only fills a critical gap in IE research, but is also a pioneering application of the IE framework to non-industrial sector in Australia. The study adopted the view that reduction in the flows of energy and materials through a region will enhance the region’s or human settlement’s sustainability. Redland Shire presents an ideal research context as it encompasses residential, commercial, industrial and service activity. It also has two relatively undisturbed regions of significant tourism potential, North Stradbroke Island and the Mt Cotton hinterland. There is growing economic pressure for development in these two regions. This presents the opportunity to undertake economic development in a responsible way that promotes and enhances the Shire’s clear existing commitment to sustainability principles, while continuing to emphasise the liveability of the region and hence its attraction for inward investment and sound economic growth. Further, due to its proximity to both Brisbane and the Gold Coast, there is significant movement in and out of the Shire of both the residential (e.g. commuter) and transient (e.g. tourism) population. The resource and waste fluxes this causes, while difficult to map, are likely to be significant. For the purpose of the study only the mainland of Redland Shire was used. The study is unique in that it combined IE and urban metabolism. IE principle of by-products synergy was used to reduce the energy and material flows within Redland Shire. To reduce the flow of energy and materials through a human settlement, it is important to identify and track the flow of energy and materials through the human settlement. The study used Resource Flow Analysis (RFA) to track and quantify significant materials and energy flows-the urban metabolism of Redland Shire. The metabolism data was then used in developing by-product synergies (BPS) within an IE framework. To keep the study manageable, only the commercial and industrial (C&I) sector of Redland Shire was used for collecting data on energy, materials and wastes. A unique aspect of this study was the development of a three-level metabolism model for comprehensively collecting data on energy and material flows. In this model, the metabolism at three levels of a human settlement-macro–metabolism at the regional level, meso–metabolism at suburb level, and micro–metabolism at the individual company level was developed. Data on energy, materials and waste flows were collected from the C&I sector during 2001-02. using a combination of self-answered questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. It is important to highlight that the study focused on developing a methodological framework of which data collection was only a part. In addition to data collection, the methodological framework also included a feedback mechanism whereby government could develop and implement policies to minimise resource use and improve resource efficiency. The metabolism data was used to identify potential by-product synergies. As part of the study, certain key performance indicators (KPIs) for sustainability were also identified. The study also identified the opportunities and constraints in the application of IE to human settlements. It was evident from the study that collection of primary data on energy and materials from the small and medium enterprises (SMEs) on a voluntary basis was problematic. A three-level metabolism model can be successfully used to collect comprehensive energy and materials flow data from the SMEs. To implement by-products synergies between SMEs, the study suggests clustering of similar businesses or businesses within a given geographical location. Clustering can provide economy of scales for wastes to be economically exploited through by-product synergies. The study also recommends a proactive role to be played by local governments in promoting IE and suggests initiatives that can be undertaken by the local governments. The IE framework developed as part of this study includes – a three-level metabolism model for comprehensive data collection, a hybrid front-end eco-efficiency program to collect energy and materials flow data from the SMEs, by-products synergies or waste exchange network to support and promote beneficial waste reuse and a ‘negative feedback’ mechanism to facilitate implementation of appropriate policies to promote IE principles such as by-products synergies.