• Energy Research
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Rapid urbanization combined with high economic growth, industrialization, and changes in socio-economic conditions increase the quantity of municipal solid waste. Cities located in South-Asia are facing serious issues due to waste, with countries like India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan top of the list of bad waste management. The increasing generation of solid waste and also the improper management of waste in Bangladesh leads to environmental degradation. Current waste management practice in Bangladesh is so weak that day by day it is harming the climate and creating a lot of unwanted situations. This research consists of an examination of the current administrative measures and presents another proposition for the executive cycle to decrease ecological contamination. The research study aims to decrease the amount of waste being dumped into municipal sanitary landfill sites & converting the waste into energy which is both financially and environmentally suitable by involving unemployed people in the management system. The results of this study will give an idea of how waste can be utilized as a resource and how this resource can be a capital good as well as how the local level problems can be solved by taking some strategies and making our environment suitable for future generations.

Bangladesh is currently hosting about 1.30 million Rohingya people in its southeastern region, the most persecuted ethnic minority of the world. The present semi structured living shelters mostly made of bamboo and plastic sheets, are not resistant to environmental disasters like- monsoon rain, cyclone, mudslide, and prone to cause vector borne diseases. This study developed plastic brick, where a waste 500 mL polyethylene terephthalate bottle was utilized which was manually compacted with air dried fine sand as the filler material. Cardboard frame was used to shape the brick like a normal clay brick. The filled bottle was placed at the central portion of the frame where hand blended mortar was used to cover the whole frame up to the marked dimensions. The prepared brick samples were subjected to compression test and the average strength obtained was 2.88 and 3.29 N/mm2 for 14- and 28-day crushing age samples, respectively and demonstrated a high potential for the bricks to be used in construction works. The hazard due to environmental disasters in the displacement camps along with managing plastic waste, utilization of plastic brick can be a low cost, useful, and sustainable way towards a safe and rigid living structure.

AbstractNumerical study of the influence of Prandtl number on free convection flow phenomena in a solar collector having glass cover plate and sinusoidal absorber is done. The working fluid is water-Al2O3 nanofluid. The cover plate has initially constant temperature Th, while bottom absorber is at temperature Tc, with Th > Tc. The remaining walls are considered adiabatic. By Penalty Finite Element Method the governing differential equations with boundary conditions are solved. The effect of the Prandtl number on the flow pattern and heat transfer has been depicted. Comprehensive average Nusselt number, average temperature and mean velocity inside the collector are presented as a function of the governing parameter mentioned above. The highest Pr causes the greatest heat transfer. The enhancing performance of heat transfer rate is more effective for the water-Al2O3 nanofluid than the base fluid.

Des expériences sur le terrain ont été menées à deux endroits (un sur un sol normal, BARI Gazipur et un autre sur un sol salin, ARS, Benarpota, Satkhira) pendant deux années consécutives (2014 et 2015) pour étudier les effets de l'irrigation déficitaire (DI) sur le rendement, la productivité de l'eau et l'économie sur la production de tournesol. La conception était RCB et les traitements d'irrigation étaient : FI-100 (T1), DI-80 (T2) et DI-60 (T3) aux stades végétatif, pré-floraison et de tête, FI-100 (T4), DI-80 (T5) et DI-60 (T6) aux stades végétatif et pré-floraison, et FI-100 (T7), DI-80 (T8) et DI-60 (T9) aux stades végétatif et de tête. Les résultats ont indiqué que les traitements par DI réduisaient considérablement les paramètres de croissance des plantes (couverture de la canopée et biomasse à l'exception de la densité de la longueur des racines), les attributs de rendement et le rendement en graines par rapport à l'irrigation complète (FI) (T1). L'étape de pré-floraison était l'étape critique de l'ID. Le DI-60 aux stades végétatif et pré-floraison (T6) a produit des rendements en graines de 2,18 et 2,53 t ha−1 en économisant 68,15 et 54,75 % d'eau aux sols normaux et salins. Ce traitement (T6) a également donné la productivité de l'eau, la productivité de l'eau d'irrigation et le rendement financier net les plus élevés. Les résultats seront utiles pour prendre des décisions politiques concernant l'irrigation efficace et la gestion de l'eau dans une situation de pénurie d'eau. Se realizaron experimentos de campo en dos ubicaciones (una en suelo normal, BARI Gazipur y otra en suelo salino, ARS, Benarpota, Satkhira) durante dos años consecutivos (2014 y 2015) para estudiar los efectos del riego deficitario (DI) en el rendimiento, la productividad del agua y la economía en la producción de girasol. El diseño fue RCB y los tratamientos de riego fueron: FI-100 (T1), DI-80 (T2) y DI-60 (T3) en las etapas vegetativa, pre-floración y rumbo, FI-100 (T4), DI-80 (T5) y DI-60 (T6) en las etapas vegetativa y pre-floración, y FI-100 (T7), DI-80 (T8) y DI-60 (T9) en las etapas vegetativa y de rumbo. Los resultados indicaron que los tratamientos DI redujeron significativamente los parámetros de crecimiento de las plantas (cobertura del dosel y biomasa excepto la densidad de longitud de la raíz), los atributos de rendimiento y el rendimiento de las semillas en comparación con el riego completo (FI) (T1). La etapa previa a la floración era la etapa crítica para la DI. DI-60 en las etapas vegetativa y pre-floración (T6) produjo 2.18 y 2.53 t ha−1 de rendimiento de semillas al ahorrar 68.15 y 54.75% de agua en suelo normal y en suelo salino. Este tratamiento (T6) también proporcionó la mayor productividad de agua, productividad de agua de riego y rendimiento financiero neto. Los resultados serán útiles para tomar decisiones políticas con respecto al riego eficiente y la gestión del agua en la situación actual de escasez de agua. Field experiments were conducted at two locations (one at normal soil, BARI Gazipur and another at saline soil, ARS, Benarpota, Satkhira) during two consecutive years (2014 and 2015) to study the effects of deficit irrigation (DI) on yield, water productivity and economics on sunflower production. Design was RCB and irrigation treatments were: FI-100 (T1), DI-80 (T2) and DI-60 (T3) at vegetative, pre-flowering and heading stages, FI-100 (T4), DI-80 (T5) and DI-60 (T6) at vegetative and pre-flowering stages, and FI-100 (T7), DI-80 (T8) and DI-60 (T9) at vegetative and heading stages. Results indicated that DI treatments significantly reduced plant growth parameters (canopy coverage, and biomass except root length density), yield attributes and seed yield compared to full irrigation (FI) (T1). Pre-flowering stage was the critical stage to DI. DI-60 at vegetative and pre-flowering stages (T6) produced 2.18 and 2.53 t ha−1 seed yields by saving 68.15 and 54.75% water at normal and at saline soil. This treatment (T6) also gave the highest water productivity, irrigation water productivity, and net financial return. The results will be helpful for taking policy decision regarding efficient irrigation and water management under prevailing water scarce situation. أجريت تجارب ميدانية في موقعين (أحدهما في التربة العادية، باري غازيبور والآخر في التربة المالحة، آرس، بيناربوتا، ساتخيرا) خلال عامين متتاليين (2014 و 2015) لدراسة آثار الري بالعجز (DI) على الغلة وإنتاجية المياه والاقتصاد على إنتاج عباد الشمس. كان التصميم عبارة عن RCB ومعالجات الري هي: FI -100 (T1) و DI -80 (T2) و DI -60 (T3) في المراحل النباتية وقبل الإزهار والتوجه، FI -100 (T4) و DI -80 (T5) و DI -60 (T6) في المراحل النباتية وقبل الإزهار، و FI -100 (T7) و DI -80 (T8) و DI -60 (T9) في المراحل النباتية والتوجه. أشارت النتائج إلى أن معالجات DI قللت بشكل كبير من معلمات نمو النبات (تغطية المظلة، والكتلة الحيوية باستثناء كثافة طول الجذر)، وسمات الغلة ومحصول البذور مقارنة بالري الكامل (FI) (T1). كانت مرحلة ما قبل الإزهار هي المرحلة الحرجة بالنسبة لـ DI. أنتج DI -60 في المراحل النباتية ومراحل ما قبل الإزهار (T6) 2.18 و 2.53 طن هكتار-1 من غلة البذور عن طريق توفير 68.15 و 54.75 ٪ من المياه في التربة العادية والمالحة. كما أعطت هذه المعالجة (T6) أعلى إنتاجية للمياه وإنتاجية مياه الري وصافي العائد المالي. ستكون النتائج مفيدة لاتخاذ قرار سياسي بشأن الري الفعال وإدارة المياه في ظل حالة ندرة المياه السائدة.

Environmental quality indicators are crucial for responsive and cost-effective policies. The objective of the study is to examine the relationship between environmental quality indicators and financial development in Malaysia. For this purpose, the number of environmental quality indicators has been used, i.e., air pollution measured by carbon dioxide emissions, population density per square kilometer of land area, agricultural production measured by cereal production and livestock production, and energy resources considered by energy use and fossil fuel energy consumption, which placed an impact on the financial development of the country. The study used four main financial indicators, i.e., broad money supply (M2), domestic credit provided by the financial sector (DCFS), domestic credit to the private sector (DCPC), and inflation (CPI), which each financial indicator separately estimated with the environmental quality indicators, over a period of 1975-2013. The study used the generalized method of moments (GMM) technique to minimize the simultaneity from the model. The results show that carbon dioxide emissions exert the positive correlation with the M2, DCFC, and DCPC, while there is a negative correlation with the CPI. However, these results have been evaporated from the GMM estimates, where carbon emissions have no significant relationship with any of the four financial indicators in Malaysia. The GMM results show that population density has a negative relationship with the all four financial indicators; however, in case of M2, this relationship is insignificant to explain their result. Cereal production has a positive relationship with the DCPC, while there is a negative relationship with the CPI. Livestock production exerts the positive relationship with the all four financial indicators; however, this relationship with the CPI has a more elastic relationship, while the remaining relationship is less elastic with the three financial indicators in a country. Energy resources comprise energy use and fossil fuel energy consumption, both have distinct results with the financial indicators, as energy demand have a positive and significant relationship with the DCFC, DCPC, and CPI, while fossil fuel energy consumption have a negative relationship with these three financial indicators. The results of the study are of value to both environmentalists and policy makers.

Coastal communities in the Coral Triangle are increasingly threatened by climate change. Sea-level rise (SLR) will result in biophysical and socioeconomic impacts that could increase the loss of livelihoods, cultural heritage and infrastructure. Effective adaptation requires a holistic approach that incorporates scientific knowledge together with local and traditional knowledge. Community-based adaptation built on local knowledge is of great value for environmental management, particularly when scientific data are lacking. This article reports a case study that integrated traditional and scientific knowledge using participatory three-dimensional modeling (P3DM) in BoeBoe village, Solomon Islands. P3DM is a process by which members of the local community build a physical terrain model and overlay it with the location of important resources such as protected areas or harvesting sites. Additionally, SLR inundation scenarios based on surveyed elevations were incorporated into a geographic information system (GIS), allowing for a real-time integration of science with local knowledge. Despite discrepancies in scales and accuracy, information from both the P3DM and GIS were complementary. The process, itself, provided a forum for discussion between many members of the village who would normally not be involved and highlighted the importance of community engagement when building capacity for adaptation to climate change.

En este trabajo, se ha investigado el impacto de seis capas diferentes de recubrimiento antirreflectante (ARC) utilizando el software de simulación PC1D. La simulación muestra que el rango de 500–700 nm sería adecuado para diseñar un ARCO. Diseñando un ARCO de nitruro de silicio de una sola capa (Si3N4) para una longitud de onda de 600 nm y con un espesor de 74.257 nm, se ha simulado una célula solar de silicio con una eficiencia del 20.35%. Le sigue muy de cerca una célula solar de silicio con una eficiencia del 20,34% con una capa de ARCO de óxido de zinc (ZnO) de 74,87 nm de espesor. Se ha observado un aumento significativo en la eficiencia al aplicar ARC con respecto a no aplicar ningún tipo de ARC. Después de un modelado eficiente de las células solares, se está logrando una eficiencia óptima del 20,67% mediante el uso de la pasivación superficial de SiO2 y la capa de ARCO de Si3N4. Los efectos sobre la tensión, la corriente, la eficiencia fotovoltaica, la reflectividad y la eficiencia cuántica externa debidos a los ARC también están representados en este trabajo. Dans ce travail, l'impact de six couches différentes de revêtement antireflet (ARC) a été étudié à l'aide du logiciel de simulation PC1D. La simulation montre que la plage de 500–700 nm serait appropriée pour concevoir un ARC. En concevant un ARC de nitrure de silicium monocouche (Si3N4) pour une longueur d'onde de 600 nm et une épaisseur de 74,257 nm, une cellule solaire en silicium avec une efficacité de 20,35% a été simulée. Très étroitement suivie par une cellule solaire en silicium à 20,34 % d'efficacité avec une couche d'ARC en oxyde de zinc (ZnO) de 74,87 nm d'épaisseur. Une augmentation significative de l'efficacité a été observée en appliquant L'ARC par rapport à l'absence d'application de tout type d'ARC. Après une modélisation efficace des cellules solaires, une efficacité optimale de 20,67 % est obtenue en utilisant la passivation de surface SiO2 et la couche D'ARC Si3N4. Les effets sur la tension, le courant, l'efficacité photovoltaïque, la réflectivité et l'efficacité quantique externe dus aux ARC sont également représentés dans ce travail. In this work, the impact of six different anti-reflection coating (ARC) layers has been investigated using PC1D simulation software. Simulation shows that the range of 500–700 nm would be suitable for designing an ARC. Designing a single-layer silicon nitride (Si3N4) ARC for 600 nm wavelength and with a thickness of 74.257 nm, a silicon solar cell with 20.35% efficiency has been simulated. Very closely followed by a 20.34% efficient silicon solar cell with 74.87 nm thick zinc oxide (ZnO) ARC layer. Significant increase in efficiency has been observed by applying ARC in respect to not applying any kind of ARC. After efficient solar cell modeling, optimum efficiency of 20.67% is being achieved by using SiO2 surface passivation and Si3N4 ARC layer. The effects on voltage, current, photovoltaic efficiency, reflectivity and external quantum efficiency due to ARCs are also represented in this work. في هذا العمل، تم التحقيق في تأثير ست طبقات مختلفة من الطلاء المضاد للانعكاس (ARC) باستخدام برنامج محاكاة PC1D. تظهر المحاكاة أن النطاق من 500–700 نانومتر سيكون مناسبًا لتصميم القوس. تصميم قوس نيتريد السيليكون أحادي الطبقة (Si3N4) بطول موجي 600 نانومتر وبسمك 74.257 نانومتر، تمت محاكاة خلية شمسية من السيليكون بكفاءة 20.35 ٪. تليها عن كثب خلية شمسية من السيليكون فعالة بنسبة 20.34 ٪ مع طبقة قوسية من أكسيد الزنك بسماكة 74.87 نانومتر (ZnO). لوحظت زيادة كبيرة في الكفاءة من خلال تطبيق القوس فيما يتعلق بعدم تطبيق أي نوع من القوس. بعد نمذجة الخلايا الشمسية بكفاءة، يتم تحقيق الكفاءة المثلى بنسبة 20.67 ٪ باستخدام تخميل سطح SiO2 وطبقة Si3N4 القوسية. يتم تمثيل التأثيرات على الجهد والتيار والكفاءة الكهروضوئية والانعكاسية والكفاءة الكمية الخارجية بسبب ARCs أيضًا في هذا العمل.

More and more renewable energy sources are integrated into power grids, leading to a power electronic-based low-inertia power system. The grid-forming (GFM) inverter is an effective method for improving the inertia of the system. However, with the increased GFM inverters in the system, how the multiple control parameters affect the frequency response is still not clear. In this study, first, the power-phase model of the power grid is established; then, a small-signal distributed frequency model of the GFM inverter-based power system is established associating with the power-phase model of the power grid and the power-frequency model of the GFM inverter. Based on the proposed model, the influence of the multiple parameters to the frequency response is analyzed. It is concluded that both the inertia and damping coefficient affect the settling time, overshoot, and oscillation of the frequency. Finally, the simulation results verify the proposed model and the conclusion.

This paper presents a finite control-set model predictive control (FCS-MPC) based technique to reduce the switching loss and frequency of the on-grid PV inverter by incorporating a switching frequency term in the cost function of the model predictive control (MPC). In the proposed MPC, the control objectives (current and switching frequency) select an optimal switching state for the inverter by minimizing a predefined cost function. The two control objectives are combined with a weighting factor. A trade-off between the switching frequency (average) and total harmonic distortion (THD) of the current was utilized to determine the value of the weighting factor. The switching, conduction, and harmonic losses were determined at the selected value of the weighting factor for both the proposed and conventional FCS-MPC and compared. The system was simulated in MATLAB/Simulink, and a small-scale hardware prototype was built to realize the system and verify the proposal. Considering only 0.25% more current THD, the switching frequency and loss per phase were reduced by 20.62% and 19.78%, respectively. The instantaneous overall power loss was also reduced by 2% due to the addition of a switching frequency term in the cost function which ensures a satisfactory empirical result for an on-grid PV inverter.

Ionic liquids (ILs) are molten salts that are entirely composed of ions and have melting temperatures below 100 °C. When immobilized in polymeric matrices by sol–gel or chemical polymerization, they generate gels known as ion gels, ionogels, ionic gels, and so on, which may be used for a variety of electrochemical applications. One of the most significant research domains for IL-based gels is the energy industry, notably for energy storage and conversion devices, due to rising demand for clean, sustainable, and greener energy. Due to characteristics such as nonvolatility, high thermal stability, and strong ionic conductivity, IL-based gels appear to meet the stringent demands/criteria of these diverse application domains. This article focuses on the synthesis pathways of IL-based gel polymer electrolytes/organic gel electrolytes and their applications in batteries (Li-ion and beyond), fuel cells, and supercapacitors. Furthermore, the limitations and future possibilities of IL-based gels in the aforementioned application domains are discussed to support the speedy evolution of these materials in the appropriate applicable sectors.