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# Reproductive data Fagus sylvatica: Widespread masting breakdown in beech [https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.qz612jmps](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.qz612jmps) This dataset, used in the Global Change Biology article "Widespread breakdown in masting in European beech due to rising summer temperatures", contains 50 time series of population-level annual reproductive data by European beech (*Fagus sylvatica*, L) across Europe. The dataset builds on the open-access dataset [MASTREE+](https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16130), and expands it for European beech. ## Description of the data The dataset column names follow that of MASTREE+. A description of MASTREE+ column names (Modified from Table 1 in the [MASTREE+ article)](https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16130): | *Columns* | *Description* | *Contains NA?* | | :-------------------- | :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------------- | | Alpha\_Number | Unique code associated with each original source of data, that is, the publication, report or thesis containing extracted data, or the previously unpublished data set included in MASTREE+. | No | | Segment | Temporal segment of a time-series containing gaps (note that years with no observations are not recorded). Individual timeseries can consist of multiple segments. | No | | Site\_number | Code to differentiate multiple sites from the same original source (Alpha\_Number/Study\_ID). | No | | Variable\_number | Code to differentiate multiple measures of reproductive output from the same species-site combination (e.g. where seeds and cones were recorded separately). | No | | Year | Year of observation. | No | | Species | Species identifier, standardised to The Plant List nomenclature. ‘spp.’ is used to indicate a record identified to the genus level only. ‘MIXED’ indicates a non-species-specific community-level estimate of annual reproductive effort. | No | | Species\_code | Six-character species identifier. | No | | Mono\_Poly | Monocarpic (semelparous) or Polycarpic (iteroparous) species. | No | | Value | The measured value of annual reproductive output. | No | | VarType | Continuous or ordinal data. Continuous time-series are recorded on a continuous scale. Ordinal series are recorded on an ordered categorical scale. All ordinal series are rescaled to start at 1 (lowest reproductive effort) and to contain only integer values. | No | | Max\_value | The unit of measurement, where VarType is continuous (otherwise: NA). | No | | Unit | The maximum value in a time-series. | No | | Variable | Categorical classification of the measured variable. Options limited to: cone, flower, fruit, seed, pollen, total reproduction organs. | No | | Collection\_method | Classification of the method used to measure reproductive effort. Options are limited to: cone count, cone scar count, flower count, fruit count, fruit scar sound, seed count, seed trap, pollen count, lake sediment pollen count, harvest record, visual crop assessment, other quantification, dendrochronological reconstruction. | No | | Latitude | Latitude of the record, in decimal degrees. | No | | Longitude | Longitude of the record, in decimal degrees. | No | | Coordinate\_flag | A flag to indicate the precision of the latitude and longitude. A = coordinates provided in the original source B = coordinates estimated by the compiler based on a map or other location information provided in the original source C = coordinates estimated by the compiler as the approximate centre point of the smallest clearly defined geographical unit provided in the original source (e.g. county, state, island), and potentially of low precision. | No | | Site | A site name or description, based on information in the original source. | No | | Country | The country where the observation was recorded. | No | | Elevation | The elevation of the sample site in metres above sea level, where provided in the original source (otherwise: NA). | Yes | | Spatial\_unit | Categorical classification of spatial scale represented by the record, estimated by the compiler based on information provided in the original source. stand = <100 ha, patch = 100–10,000 ha, region = 10,000–1,000,000 ha, super-region = >1,000,000 ha. | No | | No\_indivs | Either the number of monitored individual plants, or the number of litter traps. NA indicates no information in the original source, and 9999 indicates that while the number of monitored individuals was not specified, the source indicated to the compiler that the sample size was likely ≥10 individuals or litter traps. | No | | Start | The first year of observations for the complete time-series, including all segments. | No | | End | The final year of observations for the complete time-series, including all segments. | No | | Length | The number of years of observations. Note that may not be equal to the number of years between the Start and End of the time-series, due to gaps in the time-series. | No | | Reference | Identification for the original source of the data. | No | | Record\_type | Categorisation of the original source. Peer-reviewed = extracted from peer reviewed literature Grey = extracted from grey literature Unpublished = unpublished data. | No | | ID\_enterer | Identification of the original compiler of the data. AHP, Andrew Hacket-Pain; ES, Eliane Schermer; JVM, Jose Moris; XTT, Tingting Xue; TC, Thomas Caignard; DV, Davide Vecchio; DA, Davide Ascoli; IP, Ian Pearse; JL, Jalene LaMontagne; JVD, Joep van Dormolen. | No | | Date\_entry | Date of data entry into MASTREE+ in the format yyyy-mm-dd. | No | | Note on data location | Notes on the location of the data within the original source, such as page or figure number. If not provided, NA. | Yes | | Comments | Additional comments. If not provided, NA. | Yes | | Study\_ID | Unique code associated with each source of data. M\_ = series extracted from published literature; A\_ = series incorporated from Ascoli et al. (2020), Ascoli, Maringer, et al. (2017) and Ascoli, Vacchiano, et al. (2017); PLK\_ = series incorporated from Pearse et al. (2017); D\_ = unpublished data sets. NA is attributed if no study ID has been previously associated with this time-series in MASTREE+ v.1. | Yes | Note that the new beech reproductive data has been assigned an arbitrary Alpha_Number for the purpose of this study. Future MASTREE+ updates which incorporate this new data may alter the time series ID columns (e.g. Alpha_Number, Site_number, Variable_number). MASTREE+ updates can be found on [GITHUB](https://github.com/JJFoest/MASTREEplus). Climate change effects on tree reproduction are poorly understood even though the resilience of populations relies on sufficient regeneration to balance increasing rates of mortality. Forest-forming tree species often mast, i.e. reproduce through synchronised year-to-year variation in seed production, which improves pollination and reduces seed predation. Recent observations in European beech show, however, that current climate change can dampen interannual variation and synchrony of seed production, and that this masting breakdown drastically reduces the viability of seed crops. Importantly, it is unclear under which conditions masting breakdown occurs, and how widespread breakdown is in this pan-European species. Here, we analysed 50 long-term datasets of population-level seed production, sampled across the distribution of European beech, and identified increasing summer temperatures as the general driver of masting breakdown. Specifically, increases in site-specific mean maximum temperatures during June and July were observed across most of the species range, while the interannual variability of population-level seed production (CVp) decreased. The declines in CVp were greatest where temperatures increased most rapidly. Additionally, the occurrence of crop failures and low-seed years has decreased during the last four decades, signalling altered starvation effects of masting on seed predators. Notably, CVp did not vary among sites according to site mean summer temperature. Instead, masting breakdown occurs in response to warming local temperatures (i.e. increasing relative temperatures), such that the risk is not restricted to populations growing in warm average conditions. As lowered CVp can reduce viable seed production despite the overall increase in seed count, our results warn that a covert mechanism is underway that may hinder the regeneration potential of European beech under climate change, with great potential to alter forest functioning and community dynamics.

To reduce plastic waste generation from failed product batches during industrial injection molding, the sustainable production of representative prototypes is essential. Interesting is the more recent hybrid injection molding (HM) technique, in which a polymeric mold core and cavity are produced via additive manufacturing (AM) and are both placed in an overall metal housing for the final polymeric part production. HM requires less material waste and energy compared to conventional subtractive injection molding, at least if its process parameters are properly tuned. In the present work, several options of AM insert production are compared with full metal/steel mold inserts, selecting isotactic polypropylene as the injected polymer. These options are defined by both the AM method and the material considered and are evaluated with respect to the insert mechanical and conductive properties, also considering Moldex3D simulations. These simulations are conducted with inputted measured temperature-dependent AM material properties to identify in silico indicators for wear and to perform cooling cycle time minimization. It is shown that PolyJetted Digital acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) polymer and Multi jet fusioned (MJF) polyamide 11 (PA11) are the most promising. The former option has the best durability for thinner injection molded parts, and the latter option the best cooling cycle times at any thickness, highlighting the need to further develop AM options.

Digital Transformations (DT) play an increasingly important role in academia and business, yet their significant Environmental Footprint (EF) is often overlooked, sidelining their potential for Environmental Sustainability (ES). This paper bridges this gap by integrating ES into the discourse of DT, proposing Green Enterprise Architecture (GREAN) as a method for sustainable transformation. Utilizing a Design Science Research approach, we developed an artefact outlining a comprehensive strategy for embedding ES in DT across various layers of an organization. The tool’s need was validated via a systematic literature review (SLR), highlighting the significant research gap in Green Enterprise Architecture. The artefact provides concrete Courses of Action (CoAs) for incorporating ES into the organizational strategy, business, data, application, and technology layers and proposes relevant capabilities to address this. The paper further presents an ES-aware business capability modelling, an innovative business modelling approach that integrates environmental sustainability principles by using (in a novel way) the presentation and analysis methods that capability mapping offers. The proposed artefact serves as a starting point for environmentally sustainable DTs. Future research directions include in-depth exploration of each enterprise layer for ES, real-world validation of our proposed tools and concepts, and the expansion of these into a full framework.

This is the cleaned estimation dataset used to reproduce the results in Reichl et al., 2020. The data are contained in "ClimateCertaintyRaw.csv". The R file is the Bayesian estimation of the econometric model. The .txt file gives the Mplus 8.2 code for reproducing the psychometric structural equation model. The full survey text and programming instructions are included as a PDF for reference.

Analyses of ancient food webs reveal important paleoecological processes and responses to a range of perturbations throughout Earth’s history, such as climate change. These responses can inform our forecasts of future biotic responses to similar perturbations. However, previous analyses of ancient food webs rarely accounted for key differences between modern and ancient community data, particularly selective loss of soft-bodied taxa during fossilization. To consider how fossilization impacts inferences of ancient community structure we (1) analyzed node-level attributes to identify correlations between ecological roles and fossilization potential and (2) applied selective information loss procedures to food web data for extant systems. We found that selective loss of soft-bodied organisms has predictable effects on the trophic structure of “artificially fossilized” food webs, because these organisms occupy unique, consistent food web positions. Fossilized food webs misleadingly appear less stable (i.e., more prone to trophic cascades), with less predation and an overrepresentation of generalist consumers. We also found that ecological differences between soft- and hard-bodied taxa—indicated by distinct positions in modern food webs—are recorded in an Early Eocene web, but not in Cambrian webs. This suggests that ecological differences between the groups have existed for ≥ 48 million years. Our results indicate that accounting for soft-bodied taxa is vital for accurate depictions of ancient food webs. However, the consistency of information loss trends across the analyzed food webs means it is possible to predict how the selective loss of soft-bodied taxa affects food web metrics, which can permit better modeling of ancient communities. Repository Contents: Supplementary Information: Containing Supplementary Text, Figures, Tables, and Data descriptions. Supplementary Data 1: Food web data (adjacency matrices and metadata; see publication; see Related Works). Supplementary Data 2: Additional references consulted for preservation group assignments. Supplementary Data 3: Data and R scripts to recreate analyses from this study. S3_AllWebTaxonomy_updated_200903.csv: Taxonomy data for all food web nodes. S3_AnalysisOfTaxonomicRanks.csv: Lowest taxonomic rank for each node. S3_MainFigures_CaimanComparison.R: Compare the three food webs contained in (Roopnarine and Hertog 2013). S3_MainFigures_ComparisonFunctions.R: Functions for calculating metrics and generating trophic species webs. S3_MainFigures_FossilizationFunctions.R: Functions for artificially fossilizing networks. S3_MainFigures_Setup_200826.R: Setup to import food webs. S3_MainFigures_Code.R: Code to apply functions. S3_pbdb_data_200504.csv: Data from the Paleobiology Database, excluding Lagerstätten (see publication). S3_PresGrAssignments_updated_200902.csv: Preservation group assignments for all nodes. Fossil faunal lists were downloaded from the PBDB on 17th January 2020. Any data processing steps are shown in R Scripts and described in publication. Paleobiology Database is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 International License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. We analyzed food webs for four modern marine systems, one modern freshwater system, two ancient marine systems, and one ancient lake system from previous publications. All webs have similar, broad higher-rank taxonomic compositions and contain at least 85 nodes (the size of the smallest ancient network considered). For comparisons with ancient diversity, we downloaded fossil occurrences from the Paleobiology Database (PBDB) on 17th January 2020. 

# Long-term changes in taxonomic and functional composition of European marine fish communities The GitHub linked repository is here: [European_demersal_fish_assemblages (](https://github.com/auroreRECE/European_demersal_fish_assemblages)DOI [10.5281/zenodo.11190119](https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.11190119)) ## Overview This project is dedicated to studying the influence of environmental conditions and fishing on the functional and taxonomic structure of a demersal fish community in Europe. This GitHub repository provides the code of the Receveur et al. (2024) publication in Ecography. ## Data files description ### df\_MFA.csv This file contains the coordinates resulting from the Multiple Factor Analysis (MFA): * X : the row numbers ; * ID_unique : a unique ID number corresponding to the trawls ; * Dim.1 : the coordinate of each trawl on the first MFA dimension ; * Dim.2 : the coordinate of each trawl on the second MFA dimension ; * Dim.3 : the coordinate of each trawl on the third MFA dimension ; ### df\_PCA.csv This file contains the coordinates * X : the row numbers ; * ID_unique : a unique ID number corresponding to the trawls ; * Dim.1 : the coordinate of each trawl on the first PCA dimension ; * Dim.2 : the coordinate of each trawl on the second PCA dimension ; * Dim.3 : the coordinate of each trawl on the third PCA dimension ; ### df\_env.csv This file contains the following environmental parameters: * X : the row numbers ; * ID_unique : a unique ID number corresponding to the trawls ; * Year : the Year of each trawl ; * Quarter : the Quarter of each trawl ; * Ecoregion : the Ecoregion where each trawl has been done; * Survey : the name of the Survey ; * x_my_spatial_id : the longitude of the ICES rectangle where the trawl has been done ; * y_my_spatial_id : the latitude of the ICES rectangle where the trawl has been done ; * my_spatial_id : an ID for the ICES rectangle where the trawl has been done ; * depth : the bottom depth (meters) ; * depth_span : the bottom depth variability (maximum depth of the ICES cell - minimum depth) (meters) ; * chloro_mea: the mean chlorophyll-a concentration (mg/m³) ; * mlotst_mea : the mean mixed layer depth (meters) ; * oxy_bottom_mea : the mean bottom dissolved oxygen (umol/l) ; * oxy_surf_mea : the mean surface dissolved oxygen (umol/l) ; * temp_bottom_mea : the mean bottom temperature (°C) ; * temp_surf_mea : the mean surface temperature (°C) ; * curr_surf_mea : the mean surface current strength (m/s) ; * curr_bottom_mea : the mean bottom current strength (m/s) ; * sal_surf_mea : the mean surface salinity (PSU) ; * chloro_std : the standard deviation of chlorophyll-a concentration (mg/m³) ; * mlotst_std : the standard deviation of mixed layer depth (meters) ; * oxy_bottom_std : the standard deviation of bottom dissolved oxygen (umol/l) ; * oxy_surf_std : the standard deviation of surface dissolved oxygen (umol/l) ; * temp_bottom_std : the standard deviation of bottom temperature (°C) ; * temp_surf_std : the standard deviation of surface temperature (°C) ; * curr_surf_std : the standard deviation of surface current strength (m/s) ; * curr_bottom_std : the standard deviation of bottom current strength (m/s) ; * sal_surf_std : the standard deviation of surface salinity (PSU). ## Raw Data sources ### Biological data Trawls content is publicly available for the North East Atlantic (DATRAS database). Mediterranean data (MEDITS database) are available upon request to Maritime Affairs and Fisheries (MARE DATACOLLECTIONFRAMEWORK). The project uses the following surveys: | Survey Code | Survey name | Area | Period | References | | :---------- | :----------------------------------------------------- | :------------------------------------- | :-------: | :--------: | | BITS | Baltic International Trawl Survey | Baltic Sea | 1994-2019 | 4 | | BTS | Beam Trawl Survey | Celtic Sea; English Channel; North Sea | 1997-2019 | 7 | | BTS-VIII | Beam Trawl Survey – Bay of Biscay | Bay of Biscay | 2011-2019 | 7 | | DWS | Deepwater Survey | Irish Sea | 2006-2007 | 8 | | DYFS | Inshore Beam Trawl Survey | Southern North Sea | 2002-2019 | 7 | | EVHOE | French Southern Atlantic Bottom trawl Survey | Bay of Biscay and Celtic Sea | 2003-2019 | 1 | | FR-CGFS | French Channel ground Survey | English Channel | 1997-2019 | 2 | | IE-IAMS | Irish Anglerfish and megrim Survey | Scottish rockall and Irish Sea | 2016-2019 | 2 | | IE-IGFS | Irish Groundfish | Ireland Shelf Sea | 2003-2019 | 2 | | MEDITS | International bottom trawl survey in the Mediterranean | Mediterranean Sea | 1994-2018 | 9 | | NIGFS | Northern Ireland Groundfish Survey | Irish Sea | 2009-2019 | 2 | | NS-IBTS | North Sea International Bottom Trawl Survey | North Sea | 1997-2019 | 2 | | PT-IBTS | Portuguese International Bottom Trawl Survey | Portugal Shelf Sea | 2003-2017 | 2 | | ROCKALL | Scottish Rockall Survey (until 2010) | Rockall plateau | 2003-2009 | 2 | | SCOROC | Scottish Rockall Survey (from 2011) | Scottish plateau | 2011-2019 | 2 | | SCOWCGFS | Scottish West Coast Groundfish Survey | Scottish west coast | 2011-2019 | 2 | | SNS | Sole Net Survey | Southern North Sea | 2002-2019 | 7 | | SP-ARSA | Spanish Gulf of Cadiz Bottom Trawl Survey | Spain | 2003-2019 | 6 | | SP-NORTH | Spanish North Bottom Trawl Survey | North of Spain | 2003-2019 | 2 | | SP-PORC | Spanish Porcupine Bottom Trawl Survey | Irish Sea | 2003-2019 | 5 | | SWC-IBTS | Scottish West Coast International Bottom Trawl Survey | Scotland Shelf Sea | 1999-2010 | 2 | ### Trait data The complete traits data table is available upon request. It is a combination of the publicly available PANGAEA database, Fishbase information, and inference based on the FISHLIFE project. ### Environmental variables The data used are all publicly available on the Copernicus website. ### Fishing data The data used are all publicly available on the Global Fishing Watch website. ## Recommended Citation Please use the following citation: Receveur, A., Leprieur F., Ellingsen K., Keith D., Kleisner K., McLean M., Mérigot B., Mills K., Mouillot D., Rufino M., Trindade-Santos I., Van Hoey G., Albouy C., Auber A. Data for “Long-term changes in taxonomic and functional composition of European marine fish communities.” Dryad Digital Repository. (2024). doi.org/10.5061/dryad.x69p8czsj ## Acknowledgments This research is a product of the MAESTRO group funded by the synthesis center CESAB of the French Foundation for Research on Biodiversity (FRB). We thank France Filière Pêche (FFP) who founded the MAESTRO project. We also warmly thank all those who have contributed in any way to the scientific surveys and data collection/provision (European Institutions and scientists implicated in DATRAS-BTS, MEDITS, and DCF). ## References 1. ICES. The EVHOE survey (France). ICES Documents. (1997). Available at: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00036/14707/12013.pdf 2. ICES. Manual of the IBTS North Eastern Atlantic Surveys. Series of ICES Survey Protocols SISP 15 (2017). doi:10.17895/ices.pub.3519 3. ICES. Manual for the International Bottom Trawl Surveys Revision VIII. Series of ICES Survey Protocols SISP 10 - IBTS IX. (2015). 4. https://ices-library.figshare.com/articles/report/SISP_7_-*Manual_for_the_Baltic_International_Trawl_Surveys_BITS*/19050986 5. https://gis.ices.dk/geonetwork/srv/api/records/ce94a257-c8b3-44f7-9fd0-6bd7449ce073 6. http://ices.dk/sites/pub/CM%20Doccuments/2002/D/D0302A.pdf 7. https://ices-library.figshare.com/articles/report/SISP_14_-*Manual_for_the_Offshore_Beam_Trawl_Surveys_WGBEAM*/19051328 8. https://gis.ices.dk/geonetwork/srv/api/records/936b4fb7-9baa-4dbc-abd0-b1b7bda16406 9. https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00117/22783/20585.pdf Evidence of large-scale biodiversity degradation in marine ecosystems has been reported worldwide, yet most research has focused on few species of interest or on limited spatiotemporal scales. Here we assessed the spatial and temporal changes in the taxonomic and functional composition of fish communities in European seas over the last 25 years (1994-2019). We then explored how these community changes were linked to environmental gradients and fishing pressure. We show that the spatial variation in fish species composition is more than two times higher than the temporal variation, with a marked spatial continuum in taxonomic composition and a more homogenous pattern in functional composition. The regions warming the fastest are experiencing an increasing dominance and total abundance of r-strategy fish species (lower age of maturity). Conversely, regions warming more slowly show an increasing dominance and total abundance of K-strategy species (high trophic level and late reproduction). Among the considered environmental variables, sea surface temperature, surface salinity, and chlorophyll-a most consistently influenced communities’ spatial patterns, while bottom temperature and oxygen had the most consistent influence on temporal patterns. Changes in communities’ functional composition were more closely related to environmental conditions than taxonomic changes. Our study demonstrates the importance of integrating community-level species traits across multi-decadal scales and across a large region to better capture and understand ecosystem-wide responses and provides a different lens on community dynamics that could be used to support sustainable fisheries management.

Background. Impaired cardiorespiratory fitness, which is a major risk factor in the development of cardiorespiratory diseases, is frequently reported in stroke patients. The mean energy cost of walking, i.e. the amount of oxygen consumption in milliliter per kilogram of body-weight per meter, in stroke patients is almost twice as high compared to healthy subjects (resp. 0.27 ml/kg/m vs. 0.15 ml/kg/m). In the rehabilitation of stroke patients, the primary aim is to improve kinematic and functional gait-related parameters. However, due to the previously mentioned cardiorespiratory risks, it is important to be aware of the energy consumption and cardiorespiratory load of stroke patients during gait rehabilitation. In the past, gait training was mainly fulfilled by treadmill training, overground training and/or more conventional therapies, but in recent years, the implementation of robot-assistance in gait rehabilitation is increasing. However, what the influence is of robot-assistance on the cardiorespiratory load and energy consumption, and therefore also what potentially negative and/or positive side effects are for the cardiorespiratory system, is less investigated and unclear. Up to now, short walking durations of robot-assisted gait (up to 7 minutes) seem less energy consuming and cardiorespiratory stressful than walking without robot-assistance. However, what the influences are of longer walking durations is not clear. In addition, it is also unclear why possible differences between robot-assisted gait and walking without robot-assistance might exist. One possible explanation might be that differences in spatiotemporal gait parameters are responsible for differences in energy consumption and cardiorespiratory load. Patient recruitment. Stroke patients in the Rehabilitation Centre St. Ursula (Herk-de-Stad, Belgium) will receive verbal and written information on the aims and interventions of the study. Eligible stroke patients, who agree to participate in the study, will be recruited. Signed informed consent will be obtained from all participants. Sample size. Sample size calculation is based on previous investigations indicating large effect sizes between the effect of robot-assisted gait compared to walking without robot-assistance on energy consumption and cardiorespiratory load (based on a systematic review submitted for peer-review). To detect a large effect size (f = 0.40) of robot-assisted gait compared to overground and treadmill gait on energy consumption, cardiorespiratory load and perceived fatigue, in a repeated measures within subjects design (3 walking conditions and 4 measurements), with a significance level of 5% and a power level of 80%, a sample size of 21 subjects is needed (G*Power 3.1 for Mac). Sample size is inflated up to 24 subjects, so each walking order will be performed the same number of times. Intervention. Patients will be tested in 3 single walking sessions each on a separate day: walking in the Lokomat with 60% guidance force, walking on a treadmill and walking overground. Within subjects, all walking conditions will be performed at the same comfortable walking speed (CWS), with the same amount of body-weight support (BWS) (if necessary) during a total duration of maximum 30 minutes. The CWS (with a maximum of 3.2 kmph corresponding to the maximum Lokomat speed) and the amount of BWS (if necessary) will be individually determined on a separate day before the start of the study. Walking tests will be terminated early when relative or absolute indications are presented as reported by the American Heart Association or when patients are unable to continue walking. Patients will be asked to not consume food, alcohol, caffeine or nicotine at least 3 hours prior to the intervention, and not to perform additional strenuous activities at least 12 hours prior to the interventions. Walking sessions will be controlled for time of day. Before the start of the study, demographic and clinical characteristics will be collected and the CWS and the amount of BWS (if necessary) will be determined in a 10 minute walking test. At the start of each walking condition, a chest-carrying gas analysis system with mouth mask (Metamax 3B, Cortex, Germany), a heart rate belt (Polar H7) and 2 wearable foot sensors (Physiolog, Gait Up, Switzerland) will be applied. Patients will be seated for 5 minutes during which resting values (energy consumption, cardiorespiratory parameters and perceived fatigue) will be registered. After a resting period of 5 minutes, patients will walk for 30 minutes during which energy consumption, cardiorespiratory parameters, perceived fatigue and spatiotemporal parameters will be monitored continuously. Perceived fatigue will be registered every minute. Average values at rest, the beginning, middle and end of the walking sessions will be calculated offline. Randomization and Concealment. Walking sessions will be performed in a random order at 3 separate days. An independent investigator will assign the 24 patients (in 2 series of 12) at random to one of the 6 possible walking orders using a random sequence generator. Allocation will be concealed for the investigators using an excel file with blind and locked sections, to which only the independent investigator has access to. The random walking order of the patient will therefore only be available when the patient has been recruited and his name is entered in the excel sheet. This method will assure that the investigator does not know the walking order of the next participant. Dropout. In case subjects drop out, the subject will be replaced by a new participant who will perform all three trials in the same randomized order as the subject that dropped out. So, in case of drop out, additional patients will be tested until the data of 24 patients that participated in all three conditions are collected. Statistical analysis. Statistics will be performed using SPSS (IBM, Chicago, IL). Descriptive statistics will be calculated for baseline demographic and clinical patient characteristics. Repeated measures analyses of variance (ANOVA) with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons will be used to analyze differences in primary and secondary outcomes within and between walking conditions. Regression analysis will be performed to evaluate whether (changes in) spatiotemporal parameters are predictive for (changes in) energy consumption. The significance level will be set at 5%. The primary objective of the study is to investigate the energy consumption, cardiorespiratory load and perceived exertion, and how these parameters change, during walking with robot-assistance compared to walking on a treadmill and walking overground in stroke patients. A secondary objective is to investigate whether these changes or differences in energy consumption, cardiorespiratory load and perceived exertion during walking with and without robot-assistance in stroke patients are related to changes or differences spatiotemporal gait characteristics.

{"references": ["IPCC (2022). Summary for Policymakers. In P. R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. A. Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, & J. Malley (Eds.), Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157926.001"]} Repository reproducing plots and processing used in AR6 WG3 made by Zebedee Nicholls, Malte Meinshausen and Jared Lewis. For questions and comments, please contact Zebedee Nicholls (zebedee.nicholls@climate-energy-college.org), Jared Lewis (jared.lewis@climate-resource.com) and Malte Meinshausen (malte.meinshausen@unimelb.edu.au). For full details, please see https://gitlab.com/magicc/ar6-wg3-plots-and-processing.