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Urban environments provide opportunities for greater resource efficiency and the fostering of urban ecosystems. Brownfield areas are a typical example of underused land resources. Brownfield redevelopment projects that include green infrastructure allow for further ecosystems to be accommodated in urban environments. Green infrastructure also deliver important urban ecosystem services (UES) to local residents, which can greatly contribute to improving quality of life in cities. In this case study, we quantify and assess the economic value of five UES for a brownfield redevelopment project in Antwerp, Belgium. The assessment is carried out using the “Nature Value Explorer” modelling tool. The case includes three types of green infrastructure (green corridor,infiltration gullies and green roofs) primarily intended to connect nature reserves on the urban periphery and to avoid surface runoff. The green infrastructure also provides air filtration, climate regulation, carbon sequestration and recreation ecosystem services. The value of recreation far exceeds other values, including the value of avoided runoff. The case study raises crucial questions as to whether existing UES valuation approaches adequately account for the range of UES provided and whether such approaches can be improved to achieve more accurate and reliable value estimates in future analyses.

Sustainable agriculture leads today to important questions about the diversification of agricultural production and sources of income for farmers, the use of rural and arable land for food and non-food crops, the contribution of agriculture to climate change fighting and the supply of renewable energy. Bioenergy from agriculture is at the heart of these concerns, integrating sustainable development key components: environment and climate change, energy economics and energy supply, agriculture, rural and social development. The lack of primary and reliable data on bioenergy externalities from agriculture and the lack of decision-making tools are important non-technological barriers to the development of bioenergy from agriculture on a large scale, and, consequently, to the achievement of the national and regional objectives of sustainable development with respect to greenhouse gas mitigation, secure and diversified energy supply, rural development and employment and the future of agriculture. Furthermore, the recent worldwide controversies about transport biofuels, food shortages and increasing prices have demonstrated the urgent need for sustainability criteria applied to biofuels and bioenergy. Within this current sustainable development framework, a project entitled TEXBIAG integrating experts from 4 research institutions is financed by the Belgian Science Policy. The final objective of this project is to lead to an actual and significant contribution of bioenergy from agriculture to the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions, to a secure and diversified energy supply and to farmers' incomes and rural development. To reach this final objective, the project develops three specific tools: (1) a database of primary quantitative data related to environmental and socio-economic impacts of bioenergy from agriculture integrating biomass logistics; (2) a mathematical model monetizing bioenergy externalities from agriculture; and (3) a prediction tool assessing the impacts of political decisions made in the framework ofthe development of bioenergy from agriculture on different economic sectors (energy, agriculture, industry, and environment). An integrated interface tool will be programmed where access to and update of the three tools will be prepared. The project methodology will be conducted for a given number of scenarios with sensitivity analysis wherever possible. The three main target groups that will benefit from the project are: the government officials and policy makers in the field of agriculture, energy and environment in Belgium and its two main regions, the small, medium and large energy companies and the agricultural sector

Weather and climate extremes such its droughts and floods have far reaching impacts in Kenya. They have had implications on a variety of sectors including, agriculture, water resources, health, energy and disaster management among others. Lake Victoria and its catchment support millions of people and any impact onl its ability to support the livelihood of the communities in this region is of major concern. Thus, the main objective of this study was to assess the potential future climatic changes in the Nzoia catchment in the Lake Victoria basin and how they might affect streamflow The Soil and Water Assessment Tool was used to investigate the impact of climatic change on streamflow of the study area. The model was set up using readily available spatial and temporal data and calibrated against measured daily streamflow. Climate change. scenarios were obtained from general circulation models Results obtained showed increased amounts of annual rainfall for all the scenarios but with variations on a monthly basis. All - but 1 - global circulation models (GCMS) showed consistency in the monthly rainfall amounts. The analysis revealed important rainfall-runoff linear relationships for certain months that could be extrapolated to estimate amounts of streamflow under various scenarios of change in rainfall. Streamflow response was not sensitive to changes in temperature. If all other variables e.g. land cover, population growth etc, were held constant. a significant increase in streamflow may be expected in the coming decades as a consequence of increased rainfall amounts.

Abstract In April 2010, a large-scale Short Rotation Coppice (SRC) plantation was established with mainly poplar ( Populus spp.) on a former agricultural site (cropland and pasture) in Flanders. The 12 selected genotypes planted were assessed on establishment and production characteristics during the first two years of growth and were found highly productive, with a volume index ranging between 1.00 (±0.68) and 1.93 (±0.97) dm³ in growing season 1 (GS1) and between 2.75 (±1.70) and 11.91 (±6.33) dm³ in growing season 2 (GS2). Despite high survival rates of the cuttings after planting, competitive weeds and management operations increased tree mortality during the growing season from 3.4 % up to 18.2 % averaged over the entire plantation. Weed control therefore turned out to be the key factor in the establishment success. Only a minor influence of former land use was observed during GS1, which is explained by the non-limiting nutrient conditions on both former cropland and pasture, and which disappeared during GS2. These productive soils also explained the high growth rates, with an average tree height of 247 cm and 445 cm and stem diameter (at 22 cm height) of 25.21 mm and 40.73 mm after GS1 and GS2, respectively. Genotypic and parentage variations were found to be less pronounced during GS1, and increased during GS2 as expected. The maximum leaf area index and total leaf area duration were shown to be good indicators of production and growth performance. The results of this paper confirm the high potential of SRC with poplar on agricultural land for bio-energy purposes.

With the retreat of glaciers, new ponds and lakes are often formed. These are gradually colonised and become more productive as vegetation develops in their catchments, creating more complex food webs. Near the Jakobshavn Isbræ in West Greenland, we studied trophic structure and food web complexity using stable isotopes in 26 lakes belonging to two different age groups (19 new lakes and 7 nearby older (> 150 years) ones). The older lakes had significantly higher total nitrogen and pelagic chlorophyll-a concentrations, as well as a higher organic matter content in the surface sediment. The biomass and richness of cladocerans, copepods and rotifers were higher in the older lakes and so was the zooplankton:phytoplankton biomass ratio. Multivariate analyses showed a marked difference between the zooplankton communities of new and older lakes. Layman food web metrics indicated higher food chain length and width of invertebrates (zooplankton and benthic macroinvertebrates) in the older lakes, being significantly higher in lakes with fish. Our findings highlight a potential sequence of succession occurring in lakes created by glacial retreat in the Arctic, implying an increase in food web complexity and higher taxonomic (and likely also functional) diversity following ageing and increased nutrient state.

Since the 1990s, Common Cranes migrating in autumn through Italy have increased significantly both in number and in flock size. In the present study we provided a countrywide profile of autumn crane migration across Italy between 2001 and 2007 (486 records). To investigate the association of climatic characteristics with temporal and spatial migration patterns, we used weather data and climate anomalies over 60 years (1948-2007; NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis Project database). Autumn migration showed different phenological patterns along two main migratory routes: 1) a Southern Italy route and 2) a Northern Italy route. The Southern route, across the lower Adriatic Sea was only partially described before, and more inferred than documented, whereas the Northern route, across the Po River plain, resulted as a new flyway, never described before. Crane migrations along the Northern route occurred 7 to 14 days earlier than along the Southern one. Along both routes, we detected mass migration events concurring with particular weather conditions: the use of Southern route was associated with southward winds in the Balkans, the records along Northern route with high pressure and favourable westward winds in Central Europe and in the main stop-over site (Hortobagy) of likely origin. In the last 60 years, the occurrence of the latter weather configurations has slightly, but consistently, increased, suggesting that the Northern route may have recently established as an alternative route for the cranes migrating from Eastern Europe, joining the two traditional continental routes (the West-European, and the Baltic-Hungarian).

Remote sensing can be considered a key instrument for studies related to forests and their dynamics. At present, the increasing availability of multisensor acquisitions over the same areas offers the possibility to combine data from different sensors. In this study high resolution airborne hyperspectral and ALS data at 0.4m resolution were acquired during summer 2012 in a complex forest ecosystem in the Alps, characterized by different tree species and difficult morphology. Using tree crown polygons from ALS and classification map from hyperspectral images, a species-specific tree canopy map was obtained. Then, height distribution of dominant tree species in three habitat strata were analyzed. Our initial experiments show the potential of the mix-sensors approach for further forest biophysical parameters estimation which is a vital part of forest inventory.