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  • 13. Climate action
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Heral, Maurice; Razet, Daniel; Deslous-paoli, Jean-marc; Berthome, Jean-paul; +1 Authors

    Les grandes caractéristiques hydrobiologiques du bassin de Marennes-Oléron sont définies par quatre campagnes saisonnières de 120 prélèvements chacune effectuée-, en 15 stations en demi-cycle de marée. Les salinités y fluctuent de 10 '/rr. et ce secteur peut donc être assimilé à un vaste estuaire contrôlé principalement par les apports fluviaux de la Charente. La turbidité reste élevée souvent supérieure à 100 mg.I"', les teneurs en oxygène dissous montrent un déficit en amont de la Charente et de la Seudre de 4 mg.L1 tandis que les sels nutritifs sont apportés par la Charente pour les nitrates, phosphates et silicates. Ces derniers suivent les courbes de dilution théorique excepté lors des poussées phytoplanctoniques et lors des crues hivernales. Lors de ces crues, les nitrates semblent soit apportés par la Gironde, soit dus à une minéralisation organique. Au même moment, les phosphates pourraient être absorbés sur les particules et être piégés dans les sédiments. Les biomasses phytoplanctoniques exprimées par les teneurs en chlorophylle a sont supésieures à 30 f^-g.1 ' en amont des estuaires au printemps avec des teneurs en phéopigmenls pouvants dépasser 200 IUJ.1 . par contre, dans le bassin, les teneurs ne dépassent guère 10 fig.l ''. Les concentrations en ATP montrent que peu de phytoplancton est physiologiquement actif en particulier dans les estuaires, tandis que les dosages de protéines permettent de quantifier la part des apports allochtone - par rapport à la production autochtone des estuaires. Line analyse factorielle des correspondances définit le schéma général hydrobiologique du bassin estuarien en précisant que 'e rôle de la Charente ne se limite pas à l'apport en sels minéraux azotés et phosphatés, mais aussi à l'apport d'une biomasse phytoplanctonique d'eau douce en voie de dégénérescence. Les auteurs proposent qu'une nouvelle stratégie d'échantillonnage, mieux adaptée aux objectifs recherchés, soit suivie ultérieurement en assurant des prélèvements en cycle de marée mais avec une périodicité la plus élevée possible. Four seasonal compaigns providing a sampling of 15 stations each followed during half a tide cycle, i.e. 120 water samples permit the definition of the main hydrobiological features of Marennes-Oleron Bay: salinity and turbidity, phytoplanktonic biomasses, ATP concentrations. The authors suggest that a new way of adapted sampling to their objectives, will work out in the future by sampling during tidal cycles but as frequently as possible.

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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ ArchiMer - Instituti...arrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Gohin, Alexandre; Gohin, Alexandre;

    [Paper in French] The European public policy in favor of the biodiesel consumption is highly debated. Available estimates of the induced land use changes conclude that this policy is inefficient to reduce emissions of GreenHouse Gas. We show that the crop yield evolutions in these estimates are significantly lower than the observed and expected evolutions. This difference is directly related to biased calibration choice of behavioral parameters. We show using the GTAP-BIO framework that a consistent calibration of these parameters leads to a strong reduction (by around 80% in the long run) of the land use changes and induced emissions.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    External research report . 2013
    License: CC BY SA
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
    Other literature type . 2013
    Data sources: Datacite
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      ProdInra
      External research report . 2013
      License: CC BY SA
      Data sources: ProdInra
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
      Other literature type . 2013
      Data sources: Datacite
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Tamini, Lota D.; Clerkson, Frédérick; Doyon, Maurice; Debailleul, Guy; +4 Authors

    Climate change will affect agricultural production conditions, which will translate in impacts on yield and cost of production for Quebec farmers. This would likely affect the relative competitive position of Quebec in North America. Using the Delphi technique and partial budgets, climate change scenarios for the 2050 period were elaborated and their impact on relative competitiveness assessed for Quebec and its competitors in North America. Results indicate that Quebec competitive position would improve due to more favorable conditions for corn and apple production and due to worsen conditions for the competitors in maple syrup production.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Research Papers in E...arrow_drop_down
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
    Other literature type . 2014
    Data sources: Datacite
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Research Papers in E...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
      Other literature type . 2014
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Maestrini, S; Rochet, M; Legendre, L; Demers, S;

    Nutrient analyses were done in melted ice, frazil and sea water of the upper part of the water column, where as major constitutive elements of micro-algae were analysed. Measurements of nutrient uptake were carried out with frazil algae incubated at -1.5 degree C in a field incubator. Differential-enrichment bioassays and mean N/P ratio (5.9) demonstrated that actual growth of the cultures was nutrient-limited. Nitrogen governed the algal yield when illumination and grazing allowed the microalgae to grow. It concluded that the epontic dynamics is not only controlled from above, by the seasonal (climatic) changes in light intensity as generally assumed, but also from below, by the short-term (hydrodynamic) events of vertical mixing that replenish the ice-water interface in nutrients.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ ArchiMer - Instituti...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ ArchiMer - Instituti...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Koutou, Mahamoudou; Sangaré, Mamadou; Havard, Michel; Toillier, Aurélie; +3 Authors

    Income source and accompaniment needs of family farms in the cotton growing area of West Burkina Faso Description of the subject. In the western cotton growing area of Burkina Faso, the variability and the diversity of the income levels of family farms (EAFs) mean that these farms require suitable agronomic accompaniment. Objectives. This article gives an account of this diversity and the need for accompaniment according to the type of identified EAF.Method. The data were collected by the active method of participative research and by investigation of the practices of 120 farms in the commune of Koumbia. Principal component analyses with economic indicators of the EAF were applied, followed by an ascending hierarchical clustering. The structural characteristics, the agro-pastoral practices of production, and the perceptions of the EAF regarding the constraints and appropriateness of agricultural production were compared by variance analysis. Results. The results showed three types of farm: farms with a low-income culture (farmers with few animals), those with a high income culture (farmers with a large number of animals) and those deriving income from breeding (stockbreeders). Taking into account the structure of the farms, their production practices, their technico-economic performance and their appropriateness of agricultural production, the form of sustainable accompaniment needed may be identified in relation to several common or specific innovations of the identified farm types. Accompaniments in the case of farm stock management, and good practice in the management of soil fertility and of animals were common to the three types of EAF. The fodder culture, fattening on pasture and the method of dairy production were specific to the farmers with a large number of animals and to the stockbreeders. The improvement of the food value of culture residues and of some aspects of the maintenance of oxen were more appropriate to the farmers with few animals. Conclusions. In order to succeed, the process of accompaniment must take into account both these specificities and the concept of sustainability. Description du sujet. Dans la zone cotonnière ouest du Burkina Faso, la variabilité et la diversité des revenus des exploitations agricoles familiales (EAF) demandent pour ces dernières des accompagnements appropriés. Objectifs. Cet article rend compte de cette diversité et des besoins d’accompagnement selon les types d’EAF identifiés.Méthode. Les données ont été collectées par la méthode active de recherche participative et par enquête auprès d’un échantillon raisonné de 120 exploitations dans la commune de Koumbia. Une analyse en composante principale avec des indicateurs économiques de l’EAF suivie d’une classification ascendante hiérarchique ont été appliquées. Les caractéristiques structurelles, les pratiques de production agro-pastorales, les perceptions des chefs d’EAF sur les contraintes et opportunités de production agropastorale ont été comparées par une analyse de variance.Résultats. Les résultats montrent trois types d’exploitations : les exploitations à faible revenu culture (agriculteurs), à fort revenu culture (agro-éleveurs) et à revenu élevage (éleveurs). À la lumière de leurs structures, pratiques de production, performances technico-économiques et opportunités de production agricole, leur accompagnement peut porter sur plusieurs innovations durables communes ou spécifiques des types identifiés. Des accompagnements sur la gestion des ressources de l’exploitation, les bonnes pratiques de gestion de la fertilité des sols et des animaux sont communs aux trois types d’EAF. Les cultures fourragères, l’embouche et la production laitière sont spécifiques aux agro-éleveurs et éleveurs. L’amélioration de la valeur nutritive des résidus de cultures et l’entretien des bœufs de trait conviennent plus aux agriculteurs.Conclusions. Pour réussir, le processus d’accompagnement doit prendre en compte ces spécificités et la notion de durabilité.

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    Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: Crossref
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    Agritrop
    Article . 2016
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      Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement
      Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      Agritrop
      Article . 2016
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    Authors: Lacroix, Denis;

    L'aquaculture est l'une des composantes principales de l'apport en protéines dans le monde, surtout en Asie. Elle croît, alors que la pêche, qu'elle a dépassée en tonnage comme en valeur, décline. Selon les écosystèmes et les méthodes employées, elle peut contribuer à valoriser, mais aussi à dégrader les milieux aquatiques. Dans la zone côtière, espace riche et productif au plan biologique mais convoité, l'aquaculture conserve un potentiel de développement si sa mise en œuvre intègre les principes de la durabilité. Celle-ci peut être éclairée par la prospective avec des méthodes d'analyse adaptées à chaque projet. L'analyse de l'expérience de 33 ans en aquaculture de D. Lacroix est faite en trois temps. D'abord, il s'agit de vérifier la qualité de ses travaux de recherche scientifique menés dans des contextes et avec des responsabilités variés en suivant la grille d'analyse de référence d'un doctorat. Ensuite, l'analyse consiste à prendre un recul critique sur les bilans de réalisations majeures (Antilles, Guyane…) en mobilisant l'approche de M. Callon dont la théorie de la traduction permet de construire le réseau des acteurs et de le projeter dans la problématique. Cette grille d'analyse est complétée par l'étude des aspects de temporalité, légitimité et d'acceptabilité pour chaque réalisation. Ce travail sur diverses situations d'intervention permet de préparer une réflexion sur la proposition méthodologique qui suit et son adaptation à des conditions variables. Enfin, les connaissances acquises sont synthétisées afin de construire une méthode de prospective qui permettrait de gagner en temps, en efficacité et en moyens sur des projets à venir. Pour cela, l'analyse s'appuie sur la vision de R. Passet, qui structure les éléments de tout projet dans la hiérarchie des composantes de la durabilité. Le système dynamique qui en résulte peut être alors croisé avec divers scénarios afin d'en simuler les conséquences et donc d‟éclairer les choix. Cette méthode, dite Aster, est testée sur le cas « modèle » et bien documenté de l'élevage de la crevette Macrobrachium rosenbergii en Guyane française. Elle permet d'aboutir à des recommandations précises et argumentées en matière de recherche comme de développement pour tout décideur impliqué. Aquaculture is one of the main supply of protein in feed for mankind, notably in Asia. It increases and had exceeded the level of production of world fisheries, which is decreasing. According to sites and rearing methods, aquaculture contributes to add value but also in some cases to impact negatively the aquatic ecosystems. In the coastal area, a rich and productive zone, but also a place of conflicts, this activity presents a high potential for development if it takes into account the rules of sustainability. The conditions of this sustainability may be cleared with appropriate methods of foresight analysis applied for each development project. The analysis of the professional experience of D. Lacroix for 33 years in aquaculture is structured in three steps. Firstly, the work is to check the scientific value of the research conducted under his responsibility in various contexts and for different responsibilities. This study refers to the requirements of a PhD. In the second part of the work, the results of few major projects (French West Indies, French Guyana….) are analysed with the support of the theory of translation (Callon et al) which allows to build a network of actors and to project it into the context. This way of study includes a special attention to the aspects of time planning, legitimacy and acceptability. Finally, the author examines how this knowledge gained from experience could help building a method for foresight analysis aiming at a shorter planning, a better timing and less means for future projects. To achieve this goal the author integrates the vision of the economist R. Passet which structures any project in an ecosystemic framework, including criteria of sustainability. The mix of these two approaches (Callon & Passet) entails in a new tool for foresight analysis, called Aster, which originality is to offer the possibility to test various scenarios and related consequences to help decision -makers. This new method of foresight analysis, is then tested on the well known case study of the development of prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii in French Guyana. The test shows to be successful as it delivers precise and arguable recommendations about research and development for all stakeholders.

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    Authors: Ayitre Akpakouma; Macomba Bétidé Adjayi; Bériname Badjaré; Dabitora Koumantiga; +3 Authors

    Description du sujet. Au Nord-Togo, particulièrement en milieu rural, les populations utilisent des biens d’espèces ligneuses et des services écosystémiques pour satisfaire des besoins multiples. Dans un environnement marqué par une déforestation accrue, se développe une pression anthropique croissante avec une incidence sur la vulnérabilité et la valorisation de ces ressources. Objectifs. Cette étude sur la diversité et les usages des ligneux permet d’apprécier la richesse floristique des terroirs et d’évaluer, à partir de quatre paramètres, la vulnérabilité des espèces répertoriées et connues des populations en zone de savane sèche. Méthode. L’approche méthodologique est basée sur des enquêtes ethnobotaniques et socio-économiques menées auprès de 14 groupes ethniques par interview individuel et au sein de « focus groups ». Les analyses ont porté sur des calculs de fréquences et d’indices de valeurs d’usage et d’importance des espèces répertoriées. Résultats. Au total, 149 espèces ligneuses utiles ont été identifiées et réparties en 45 familles. Neuf principaux usages reconnus sont relevés : alimentaire (69 espèces), médicinal (91 espèces), bois-énergie (57 espèces), fourrager (57 espèces), artisanal (37 espèces), soins hygiéniques (36 espèces), bois de service (40 espèces), rituel ou magico-spirituel (35 espèces) et cosmétique (26 espèces). Ces usages portent essentiellement sur les feuilles, racines, fruits, graines, fleurs, bois et écorces. Sur l’ensemble des espèces répertoriées, 42 (28 %) présentent un risque élevé de vulnérabilité, celle-ci étant évaluée sur base de quatre paramètres : la fréquence de citation, le nombre d’usages différents, l’organe collecté et le mode de collecte. Conclusions. L’étude montre que l’utilisation des espèces ligneuses varie selon le milieu géographique et la valeur d’importance des espèces explique la vulnérabilité de celles-ci dans la savane sèche.

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    Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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      Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Brunel, Thomas;

    Le recrutement - nombre de jeunes individus issus de la reproduction qui contribuent annuellement au renouvellement des stocks de poissons exploités - est un facteur clé de la dynamique de ces stocks. La forte variabilité du recrutement de la plupart des populations est liée en grande partie à l'influence des facteurs de l'environnement sur la survie lors des premiers stades de développement. La compréhension du déterminisme de cette variabilité est primordiale pour une gestion efficace des stocks. Cette thèse avait pour objectif de généraliser un certain nombre de points concernant l'influence de l'environnement sur le recrutement, par l'utilisation d'une approche macroécologique portant sur l'ensemble des populations exploitées de l'Atlantique Nord-Est. Le premier chapitre de la thèse répertorie les différentes sources de données de recrutement disponibles, évalue leur cohérence et leur fiabilité. Les estimations du recrutement issues des modèles d'analyse de cohortes, concernant plus de 60 populations de 18 espèces, sont finalement retenues pour l'analyse de la variabilité du recrutement. Le second chapitre présente les concepts et les méthodes d'analyse de la variabilité du recrutement. La synthèse des grandes hypothèses du déterminisme du recrutement permet de préciser les influences respectives des facteurs environnementaux et des autres facteurs sur la variabilité du recrutement. Les relations stock/recrutement sont ensuite présentées, en partant du cas concret des populations considérées dans cette étude. Le chapitre se termine par la présentation des différentes voies d'étude de la variabilité du recrutement et la justification du choix d'une approche macroécologique. Le troisième chapitre analyse les corrélations des variations du recrutement entre les populations et met en évidence des ensembles de populations dont les variations du recrutement ont été synchrones. Ces synchronismes représentent des communautés de réponse du recrutement des populations à l'influence des facteurs environnementaux et témoignent donc du contrôle environnemental des variations du recrutement. Le quatrième chapitre analyse les différences de variabilité du recrutement entre les populations. Il est notamment montré que les populations situées près des limites Nord et Sud des aires de répartition géographique des espèces présentent une variabilité du recrutement plus forte que celles situées au centre de ces aires. Cette relation est cohérente avec les théories de la macroécologie, selon lesquelles les populations en limite de distribution seraient affectées de façon plus marquée par les fluctuations des conditions environnementales qu'elles rencontrent. Le cinquième chapitre examine la correspondance entre les variations à long terme du recrutement et les changements récents du climat dans l'Atlantique Nord. La tendance dominante du recrutement de 40 populations durant les trente dernières années est fortement corrélée au signal dominant des variations de la température de surface du Nord-Est Atlantique, lui-même corrélé à la cinétique globale du réchauffement climatique. Ce chapitre suggère également que la réponse des populations à ce réchauffement pourrait dépendre de leur position dans les aires de répartition des espèces. Recruitment - the number of young fishes that integrate each year the exploitable stock¿ has a central importance for stock dynamics. The high temporal variability in recruitment is a result of the environmental influence on survival during early life stages. Understanding the determinism of the influence of environment on recruitment remains one of the most important question in fisheries ecology. The present work aimed at answering some general questions about the influence of environment on fish recruitment using a macroecological approach. The study focused on the exploited fish populations of the Northeastern Atlantic. The first chapter of the thesis makes a review of the different methods used to estimate recruitment, compares recruitment estimates from these different methods, and discusses their reliability. Recruitment estimates from cohort analysis models, concerning more than 60 populations of 18 species, are finally retained to study recruitment variability. The second chapter presents the main concepts and the different approaches to the study of recruitment variability. A review of the major hypotheses concerning recruitment determinism is first made in order to detail the respective influence of environmental factors and of other factors on recruitment variability. The link between stock size and recruitment is then presented, based on the analysis of the data concerning the populations considered in this work. The chapter ends with a presentation of the different approaches used to study recruitment variability, and the justification of the choice of a macroecological approach. The third chapter analyses correlations in recruitment variations among Northeast Atlantic fish stocks, and shows the existence of groups of populations with synchronous recruitment variations. Such synchronies in recruitment correspond to similar responses of recruitment to environmental factors and hence indicate an environmental control of recruitment variations. The fourth chapter analyses the differences in recruitment variability among populations. Recruitment variability for populations living near the borders of species distribution ranges is higher than for populations living at the centre of these ranges. According to macroecological theories this pattern of recruitment variability within species geographical ranges suggests that populations on the border of species range are more strongly influenced by environmental variability than populations at the centre of the range. The fifth chapter investigates coherence between long term trends in recruitment and the changes in the North Atlantic climate during the last three decades. The dominant trend of recruitment variations for 40 populations, extracted by a principal component analysis, is strongly negatively correlated with the dominant signal in sea surface temperature in the North-East Atlantic, which is highly correlated to the global increase in temperature related to global warming. The chapter also suggests that the impact of the global warming on fish recruitment may depend on population position in species range.

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  • La macro��conomie keyn��sienne a connu depuis les ann��es 2000 des d��veloppements importants sur la th��matique du r��chauffement climatique et des contraintes environnementales pesant sur l�����conomie. L���objet de cet article est de r��aliser une synth��se des enseignements de ces principaux mod��les qui partent pour la plupart d���une critique radicale de l���approche n��oclassique sur la question ��cologique. Les post-keyn��siens mettent en ��vidence la n��cessit�� d���une intervention publique forte pour modifier notre mod��le de croissance actuel. Les autres keyn��siens soulignent la modification des effets des politiques ��conomiques lorsqu���elles sont coupl��es �� une politique climatique. Keynesian macroeconomics has known since the 2000s important developments on the theme of global warming and more broadly environmental constraints weighing on the economy. The purpose of this article is to synthesize the lessons learned from these main models which mostly start from a radical critique of the neoclassical approach on the ecological question. Post-Keynesians highlight the need for strong public intervention to modify our current growth model. The other Keynesians underline the modification of the effects of economic policies when they are coupled with a climate policy.

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    Authors: Paquotte, Philippe;

    Aquaculture is an economic activity which is characterised by a great dependence on environmental conditions. Therefore aquaculture development is subdued to institutional context which defines the rules for use and conservation of the environment. This paper analyses the impact of marine environment regulations on economic operating of aquaculture enterprises and on industrial dynamics. Because aquaculture enterprises use a collective good, an economic approach of aquaculture has to take into account not only the relations between enterprises and environment, but also the relations between the enterprises themselves, through production externalities. In this study, several economic tools are considered in order to incite enterprises to integrate pad of the cost of their effects on the environment. But these public policies have to take into account the youth of the activity, the specific economic situation of the enterprises and the place of aquaculture in global coastal management. [NOT CONTROLLED OCR] L'aquaculture est confrontée à un cadre institutionnel définissant les conditions d'accès d'utilisation et de protection du milieu marin. La réglementation sur l'environnement va avoir un impact sur le fonctionnement économique des entreprises et sur la dynamique sectorielle de l'aquaculture. A partir de l'étude de la nature des relations entre entreprises et milieu, on peut proposer un certain nombre d'outils économiques permettant de faire prendre en compte par les entreprises une partie du coût de leurs effets sur l'environnement. Dans le cas particulier de l'aquaculture marine, cette réglementation doit cependant tenir compte de la jeunesse de l'activité, de la situation économique des entreprises et de leur rôle dans une politique d'aménagement du littoral. [OCR NON CONTRÔLE]

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    Authors: Heral, Maurice; Razet, Daniel; Deslous-paoli, Jean-marc; Berthome, Jean-paul; +1 Authors

    Les grandes caractéristiques hydrobiologiques du bassin de Marennes-Oléron sont définies par quatre campagnes saisonnières de 120 prélèvements chacune effectuée-, en 15 stations en demi-cycle de marée. Les salinités y fluctuent de 10 '/rr. et ce secteur peut donc être assimilé à un vaste estuaire contrôlé principalement par les apports fluviaux de la Charente. La turbidité reste élevée souvent supérieure à 100 mg.I"', les teneurs en oxygène dissous montrent un déficit en amont de la Charente et de la Seudre de 4 mg.L1 tandis que les sels nutritifs sont apportés par la Charente pour les nitrates, phosphates et silicates. Ces derniers suivent les courbes de dilution théorique excepté lors des poussées phytoplanctoniques et lors des crues hivernales. Lors de ces crues, les nitrates semblent soit apportés par la Gironde, soit dus à une minéralisation organique. Au même moment, les phosphates pourraient être absorbés sur les particules et être piégés dans les sédiments. Les biomasses phytoplanctoniques exprimées par les teneurs en chlorophylle a sont supésieures à 30 f^-g.1 ' en amont des estuaires au printemps avec des teneurs en phéopigmenls pouvants dépasser 200 IUJ.1 . par contre, dans le bassin, les teneurs ne dépassent guère 10 fig.l ''. Les concentrations en ATP montrent que peu de phytoplancton est physiologiquement actif en particulier dans les estuaires, tandis que les dosages de protéines permettent de quantifier la part des apports allochtone - par rapport à la production autochtone des estuaires. Line analyse factorielle des correspondances définit le schéma général hydrobiologique du bassin estuarien en précisant que 'e rôle de la Charente ne se limite pas à l'apport en sels minéraux azotés et phosphatés, mais aussi à l'apport d'une biomasse phytoplanctonique d'eau douce en voie de dégénérescence. Les auteurs proposent qu'une nouvelle stratégie d'échantillonnage, mieux adaptée aux objectifs recherchés, soit suivie ultérieurement en assurant des prélèvements en cycle de marée mais avec une périodicité la plus élevée possible. Four seasonal compaigns providing a sampling of 15 stations each followed during half a tide cycle, i.e. 120 water samples permit the definition of the main hydrobiological features of Marennes-Oleron Bay: salinity and turbidity, phytoplanktonic biomasses, ATP concentrations. The authors suggest that a new way of adapted sampling to their objectives, will work out in the future by sampling during tidal cycles but as frequently as possible.

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    Authors: Gohin, Alexandre; Gohin, Alexandre;

    [Paper in French] The European public policy in favor of the biodiesel consumption is highly debated. Available estimates of the induced land use changes conclude that this policy is inefficient to reduce emissions of GreenHouse Gas. We show that the crop yield evolutions in these estimates are significantly lower than the observed and expected evolutions. This difference is directly related to biased calibration choice of behavioral parameters. We show using the GTAP-BIO framework that a consistent calibration of these parameters leads to a strong reduction (by around 80% in the long run) of the land use changes and induced emissions.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
    Other literature type . 2013
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
      Other literature type . 2013
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    Authors: Tamini, Lota D.; Clerkson, Frédérick; Doyon, Maurice; Debailleul, Guy; +4 Authors

    Climate change will affect agricultural production conditions, which will translate in impacts on yield and cost of production for Quebec farmers. This would likely affect the relative competitive position of Quebec in North America. Using the Delphi technique and partial budgets, climate change scenarios for the 2050 period were elaborated and their impact on relative competitiveness assessed for Quebec and its competitors in North America. Results indicate that Quebec competitive position would improve due to more favorable conditions for corn and apple production and due to worsen conditions for the competitors in maple syrup production.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
    Other literature type . 2014
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    Authors: Maestrini, S; Rochet, M; Legendre, L; Demers, S;

    Nutrient analyses were done in melted ice, frazil and sea water of the upper part of the water column, where as major constitutive elements of micro-algae were analysed. Measurements of nutrient uptake were carried out with frazil algae incubated at -1.5 degree C in a field incubator. Differential-enrichment bioassays and mean N/P ratio (5.9) demonstrated that actual growth of the cultures was nutrient-limited. Nitrogen governed the algal yield when illumination and grazing allowed the microalgae to grow. It concluded that the epontic dynamics is not only controlled from above, by the seasonal (climatic) changes in light intensity as generally assumed, but also from below, by the short-term (hydrodynamic) events of vertical mixing that replenish the ice-water interface in nutrients.

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    Authors: Koutou, Mahamoudou; Sangaré, Mamadou; Havard, Michel; Toillier, Aurélie; +3 Authors

    Income source and accompaniment needs of family farms in the cotton growing area of West Burkina Faso Description of the subject. In the western cotton growing area of Burkina Faso, the variability and the diversity of the income levels of family farms (EAFs) mean that these farms require suitable agronomic accompaniment. Objectives. This article gives an account of this diversity and the need for accompaniment according to the type of identified EAF.Method. The data were collected by the active method of participative research and by investigation of the practices of 120 farms in the commune of Koumbia. Principal component analyses with economic indicators of the EAF were applied, followed by an ascending hierarchical clustering. The structural characteristics, the agro-pastoral practices of production, and the perceptions of the EAF regarding the constraints and appropriateness of agricultural production were compared by variance analysis. Results. The results showed three types of farm: farms with a low-income culture (farmers with few animals), those with a high income culture (farmers with a large number of animals) and those deriving income from breeding (stockbreeders). Taking into account the structure of the farms, their production practices, their technico-economic performance and their appropriateness of agricultural production, the form of sustainable accompaniment needed may be identified in relation to several common or specific innovations of the identified farm types. Accompaniments in the case of farm stock management, and good practice in the management of soil fertility and of animals were common to the three types of EAF. The fodder culture, fattening on pasture and the method of dairy production were specific to the farmers with a large number of animals and to the stockbreeders. The improvement of the food value of culture residues and of some aspects of the maintenance of oxen were more appropriate to the farmers with few animals. Conclusions. In order to succeed, the process of accompaniment must take into account both these specificities and the concept of sustainability. Description du sujet. Dans la zone cotonnière ouest du Burkina Faso, la variabilité et la diversité des revenus des exploitations agricoles familiales (EAF) demandent pour ces dernières des accompagnements appropriés. Objectifs. Cet article rend compte de cette diversité et des besoins d’accompagnement selon les types d’EAF identifiés.Méthode. Les données ont été collectées par la méthode active de recherche participative et par enquête auprès d’un échantillon raisonné de 120 exploitations dans la commune de Koumbia. Une analyse en composante principale avec des indicateurs économiques de l’EAF suivie d’une classification ascendante hiérarchique ont été appliquées. Les caractéristiques structurelles, les pratiques de production agro-pastorales, les perceptions des chefs d’EAF sur les contraintes et opportunités de production agropastorale ont été comparées par une analyse de variance.Résultats. Les résultats montrent trois types d’exploitations : les exploitations à faible revenu culture (agriculteurs), à fort revenu culture (agro-éleveurs) et à revenu élevage (éleveurs). À la lumière de leurs structures, pratiques de production, performances technico-économiques et opportunités de production agricole, leur accompagnement peut porter sur plusieurs innovations durables communes ou spécifiques des types identifiés. Des accompagnements sur la gestion des ressources de l’exploitation, les bonnes pratiques de gestion de la fertilité des sols et des animaux sont communs aux trois types d’EAF. Les cultures fourragères, l’embouche et la production laitière sont spécifiques aux agro-éleveurs et éleveurs. L’amélioration de la valeur nutritive des résidus de cultures et l’entretien des bœufs de trait conviennent plus aux agriculteurs.Conclusions. Pour réussir, le processus d’accompagnement doit prendre en compte ces spécificités et la notion de durabilité.

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    Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Lacroix, Denis;

    L'aquaculture est l'une des composantes principales de l'apport en protéines dans le monde, surtout en Asie. Elle croît, alors que la pêche, qu'elle a dépassée en tonnage comme en valeur, décline. Selon les écosystèmes et les méthodes employées, elle peut contribuer à valoriser, mais aussi à dégrader les milieux aquatiques. Dans la zone côtière, espace riche et productif au plan biologique mais convoité, l'aquaculture conserve un potentiel de développement si sa mise en œuvre intègre les principes de la durabilité. Celle-ci peut être éclairée par la prospective avec des méthodes d'analyse adaptées à chaque projet. L'analyse de l'expérience de 33 ans en aquaculture de D. Lacroix est faite en trois temps. D'abord, il s'agit de vérifier la qualité de ses travaux de recherche scientifique menés dans des contextes et avec des responsabilités variés en suivant la grille d'analyse de référence d'un doctorat. Ensuite, l'analyse consiste à prendre un recul critique sur les bilans de réalisations majeures (Antilles, Guyane…) en mobilisant l'approche de M. Callon dont la théorie de la traduction permet de construire le réseau des acteurs et de le projeter dans la problématique. Cette grille d'analyse est complétée par l'étude des aspects de temporalité, légitimité et d'acceptabilité pour chaque réalisation. Ce travail sur diverses situations d'intervention permet de préparer une réflexion sur la proposition méthodologique qui suit et son adaptation à des conditions variables. Enfin, les connaissances acquises sont synthétisées afin de construire une méthode de prospective qui permettrait de gagner en temps, en efficacité et en moyens sur des projets à venir. Pour cela, l'analyse s'appuie sur la vision de R. Passet, qui structure les éléments de tout projet dans la hiérarchie des composantes de la durabilité. Le système dynamique qui en résulte peut être alors croisé avec divers scénarios afin d'en simuler les conséquences et donc d‟éclairer les choix. Cette méthode, dite Aster, est testée sur le cas « modèle » et bien documenté de l'élevage de la crevette Macrobrachium rosenbergii en Guyane française. Elle permet d'aboutir à des recommandations précises et argumentées en matière de recherche comme de développement pour tout décideur impliqué. Aquaculture is one of the main supply of protein in feed for mankind, notably in Asia. It increases and had exceeded the level of production of world fisheries, which is decreasing. According to sites and rearing methods, aquaculture contributes to add value but also in some cases to impact negatively the aquatic ecosystems. In the coastal area, a rich and productive zone, but also a place of conflicts, this activity presents a high potential for development if it takes into account the rules of sustainability. The conditions of this sustainability may be cleared with appropriate methods of foresight analysis applied for each development project. The analysis of the professional experience of D. Lacroix for 33 years in aquaculture is structured in three steps. Firstly, the work is to check the scientific value of the research conducted under his responsibility in various contexts and for different responsibilities. This study refers to the requirements of a PhD. In the second part of the work, the results of few major projects (French West Indies, French Guyana….) are analysed with the support of the theory of translation (Callon et al) which allows to build a network of actors and to project it into the context. This way of study includes a special attention to the aspects of time planning, legitimacy and acceptability. Finally, the author examines how this knowledge gained from experience could help building a method for foresight analysis aiming at a shorter planning, a better timing and less means for future projects. To achieve this goal the author integrates the vision of the economist R. Passet which structures any project in an ecosystemic framework, including criteria of sustainability. The mix of these two approaches (Callon & Passet) entails in a new tool for foresight analysis, called Aster, which originality is to offer the possibility to test various scenarios and related consequences to help decision -makers. This new method of foresight analysis, is then tested on the well known case study of the development of prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii in French Guyana. The test shows to be successful as it delivers precise and arguable recommendations about research and development for all stakeholders.

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    Authors: Ayitre Akpakouma; Macomba Bétidé Adjayi; Bériname Badjaré; Dabitora Koumantiga; +3 Authors

    Description du sujet. Au Nord-Togo, particulièrement en milieu rural, les populations utilisent des biens d’espèces ligneuses et des services écosystémiques pour satisfaire des besoins multiples. Dans un environnement marqué par une déforestation accrue, se développe une pression anthropique croissante avec une incidence sur la vulnérabilité et la valorisation de ces ressources. Objectifs. Cette étude sur la diversité et les usages des ligneux permet d’apprécier la richesse floristique des terroirs et d’évaluer, à partir de quatre paramètres, la vulnérabilité des espèces répertoriées et connues des populations en zone de savane sèche. Méthode. L’approche méthodologique est basée sur des enquêtes ethnobotaniques et socio-économiques menées auprès de 14 groupes ethniques par interview individuel et au sein de « focus groups ». Les analyses ont porté sur des calculs de fréquences et d’indices de valeurs d’usage et d’importance des espèces répertoriées. Résultats. Au total, 149 espèces ligneuses utiles ont été identifiées et réparties en 45 familles. Neuf principaux usages reconnus sont relevés : alimentaire (69 espèces), médicinal (91 espèces), bois-énergie (57 espèces), fourrager (57 espèces), artisanal (37 espèces), soins hygiéniques (36 espèces), bois de service (40 espèces), rituel ou magico-spirituel (35 espèces) et cosmétique (26 espèces). Ces usages portent essentiellement sur les feuilles, racines, fruits, graines, fleurs, bois et écorces. Sur l’ensemble des espèces répertoriées, 42 (28 %) présentent un risque élevé de vulnérabilité, celle-ci étant évaluée sur base de quatre paramètres : la fréquence de citation, le nombre d’usages différents, l’organe collecté et le mode de collecte. Conclusions. L’étude montre que l’utilisation des espèces ligneuses varie selon le milieu géographique et la valeur d’importance des espèces explique la vulnérabilité de celles-ci dans la savane sèche.

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    Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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      Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement
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    Authors: Brunel, Thomas;

    Le recrutement - nombre de jeunes individus issus de la reproduction qui contribuent annuellement au renouvellement des stocks de poissons exploités - est un facteur clé de la dynamique de ces stocks. La forte variabilité du recrutement de la plupart des populations est liée en grande partie à l'influence des facteurs de l'environnement sur la survie lors des premiers stades de développement. La compréhension du déterminisme de cette variabilité est primordiale pour une gestion efficace des stocks. Cette thèse avait pour objectif de généraliser un certain nombre de points concernant l'influence de l'environnement sur le recrutement, par l'utilisation d'une approche macroécologique portant sur l'ensemble des populations exploitées de l'Atlantique Nord-Est. Le premier chapitre de la thèse répertorie les différentes sources de données de recrutement disponibles, évalue leur cohérence et leur fiabilité. Les estimations du recrutement issues des modèles d'analyse de cohortes, concernant plus de 60 populations de 18 espèces, sont finalement retenues pour l'analyse de la variabilité du recrutement. Le second chapitre présente les concepts et les méthodes d'analyse de la variabilité du recrutement. La synthèse des grandes hypothèses du déterminisme du recrutement permet de préciser les influences respectives des facteurs environnementaux et des autres facteurs sur la variabilité du recrutement. Les relations stock/recrutement sont ensuite présentées, en partant du cas concret des populations considérées dans cette étude. Le chapitre se termine par la présentation des différentes voies d'étude de la variabilité du recrutement et la justification du choix d'une approche macroécologique. Le troisième chapitre analyse les corrélations des variations du recrutement entre les populations et met en évidence des ensembles de populations dont les variations du recrutement ont été synchrones. Ces synchronismes représentent des communautés de réponse du recrutement des populations à l'influence des facteurs environnementaux et témoignent donc du contrôle environnemental des variations du recrutement. Le quatrième chapitre analyse les différences de variabilité du recrutement entre les populations. Il est notamment montré que les populations situées près des limites Nord et Sud des aires de répartition géographique des espèces présentent une variabilité du recrutement plus forte que celles situées au centre de ces aires. Cette relation est cohérente avec les théories de la macroécologie, selon lesquelles les populations en limite de distribution seraient affectées de façon plus marquée par les fluctuations des conditions environnementales qu'elles rencontrent. Le cinquième chapitre examine la correspondance entre les variations à long terme du recrutement et les changements récents du climat dans l'Atlantique Nord. La tendance dominante du recrutement de 40 populations durant les trente dernières années est fortement corrélée au signal dominant des variations de la température de surface du Nord-Est Atlantique, lui-même corrélé à la cinétique globale du réchauffement climatique. Ce chapitre suggère également que la réponse des populations à ce réchauffement pourrait dépendre de leur position dans les aires de répartition des espèces. Recruitment - the number of young fishes that integrate each year the exploitable stock¿ has a central importance for stock dynamics. The high temporal variability in recruitment is a result of the environmental influence on survival during early life stages. Understanding the determinism of the influence of environment on recruitment remains one of the most important question in fisheries ecology. The present work aimed at answering some general questions about the influence of environment on fish recruitment using a macroecological approach. The study focused on the exploited fish populations of the Northeastern Atlantic. The first chapter of the thesis makes a review of the different methods used to estimate recruitment, compares recruitment estimates from these different methods, and discusses their reliability. Recruitment estimates from cohort analysis models, concerning more than 60 populations of 18 species, are finally retained to study recruitment variability. The second chapter presents the main concepts and the different approaches to the study of recruitment variability. A review of the major hypotheses concerning recruitment determinism is first made in order to detail the respective influence of environmental factors and of other factors on recruitment variability. The link between stock size and recruitment is then presented, based on the analysis of the data concerning the populations considered in this work. The chapter ends with a presentation of the different approaches used to study recruitment variability, and the justification of the choice of a macroecological approach. The third chapter analyses correlations in recruitment variations among Northeast Atlantic fish stocks, and shows the existence of groups of populations with synchronous recruitment variations. Such synchronies in recruitment correspond to similar responses of recruitment to environmental factors and hence indicate an environmental control of recruitment variations. The fourth chapter analyses the differences in recruitment variability among populations. Recruitment variability for populations living near the borders of species distribution ranges is higher than for populations living at the centre of these ranges. According to macroecological theories this pattern of recruitment variability within species geographical ranges suggests that populations on the border of species range are more strongly influenced by environmental variability than populations at the centre of the range. The fifth chapter investigates coherence between long term trends in recruitment and the changes in the North Atlantic climate during the last three decades. The dominant trend of recruitment variations for 40 populations, extracted by a principal component analysis, is strongly negatively correlated with the dominant signal in sea surface temperature in the North-East Atlantic, which is highly correlated to the global increase in temperature related to global warming. The chapter also suggests that the impact of the global warming on fish recruitment may depend on population position in species range.

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  • La macro��conomie keyn��sienne a connu depuis les ann��es 2000 des d��veloppements importants sur la th��matique du r��chauffement climatique et des contraintes environnementales pesant sur l�����conomie. L���objet de cet article est de r��aliser une synth��se des enseignements de ces principaux mod��les qui partent pour la plupart d���une critique radicale de l���approche n��oclassique sur la question ��cologique. Les post-keyn��siens mettent en ��vidence la n��cessit�� d���une intervention publique forte pour modifier notre mod��le de croissance actuel. Les autres keyn��siens soulignent la modification des effets des politiques ��conomiques lorsqu���elles sont coupl��es �� une politique climatique. Keynesian macroeconomics has known since the 2000s important developments on the theme of global warming and more broadly environmental constraints weighing on the economy. The purpose of this article is to synthesize the lessons learned from these main models which mostly start from a radical critique of the neoclassical approach on the ecological question. Post-Keynesians highlight the need for strong public intervention to modify our current growth model. The other Keynesians underline the modification of the effects of economic policies when they are coupled with a climate policy.

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    Authors: Paquotte, Philippe;

    Aquaculture is an economic activity which is characterised by a great dependence on environmental conditions. Therefore aquaculture development is subdued to institutional context which defines the rules for use and conservation of the environment. This paper analyses the impact of marine environment regulations on economic operating of aquaculture enterprises and on industrial dynamics. Because aquaculture enterprises use a collective good, an economic approach of aquaculture has to take into account not only the relations between enterprises and environment, but also the relations between the enterprises themselves, through production externalities. In this study, several economic tools are considered in order to incite enterprises to integrate pad of the cost of their effects on the environment. But these public policies have to take into account the youth of the activity, the specific economic situation of the enterprises and the place of aquaculture in global coastal management. [NOT CONTROLLED OCR] L'aquaculture est confrontée à un cadre institutionnel définissant les conditions d'accès d'utilisation et de protection du milieu marin. La réglementation sur l'environnement va avoir un impact sur le fonctionnement économique des entreprises et sur la dynamique sectorielle de l'aquaculture. A partir de l'étude de la nature des relations entre entreprises et milieu, on peut proposer un certain nombre d'outils économiques permettant de faire prendre en compte par les entreprises une partie du coût de leurs effets sur l'environnement. Dans le cas particulier de l'aquaculture marine, cette réglementation doit cependant tenir compte de la jeunesse de l'activité, de la situation économique des entreprises et de leur rôle dans une politique d'aménagement du littoral. [OCR NON CONTRÔLE]

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