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description Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis , Thesis 2011Embargo end date: 17 Oct 2011 GermanyPublisher:TUHH Universitätsbibliothek Authors: Banduch, Izabela;doi: 10.15480/882.1025
Since the establishment of the activited sludge process in everyday life, we are constantly in search of new solutions to optimize the biologic process of sewage purification in a sustinable and economic way. The application of ultrasonic sound, which is investigated in this thesis, manifests itself as a qualified technique. After the influence of ultrasound an optimal morphological modification in the flake structure is achieved and the microbial activity in the activated sludge is enhaced. Furthermore, we can observe a reduction of the excess biomass by pro-rata dissolution of the activated sludge. Seit der Etablierung des Belebtschlammverfahens im Alltag ist man auf der Suche nach neuen Lösungen um den biologischen Prozess der Abwasserreinigung nachhaltig und wirtschaftlich zu optimieren. Der in dieser Arbeit untersuchte Einsatz des Ultraschalls zeigte sich als geeignete Technik. Nach der Ultraschalleinwirkung werden optimale morphologische Veränderungen in der Flockenstruktur erreicht, infolge dessen wird die mikrobielle Aktivität im Belebtschlamm gesteigert. Darüber hinaus durch Auflösung eines Teils des Belebtschlammes wird eine Verringerung der überschüssigen Biomasse beobachtet.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article 2023Publisher:Zenodo Schmutz, S.; Jungwirth, M.; Ratschan, C.; Siemens M. V.; Guttmann, S.; Paintner, S.; Unfer, G.; Weiss, S.; Hanfland, S.; Schenekar, T.; Schubert, M.; Brunner, H.; Born, O.; Woschitz, G.; Gum, B.; Friedl, T.; Komposch, C.; Mühlbauer, M.; Honsig-Erlenburg, W.; Hackländer, K.; Haidvogl, G.; Eberstaller, J.; Friedrich, T.; Geist, J.; Gumpinger, C.; Graf, C.; Hofpointner, M.; Honsig-Erlenburg, G.; Latzer, D.; Pinter, K.; Rechberger, A.; Schähle, Z.; Schotzko, N.; Seliger, C.; Sutter, G.; Schröder, W.; Zauner, G.;Originally, the Danube salmon (Hucho hucho) occurred in Bavaria and Austria in more than 250 rivers occupying more than 7,400 km of rivers. Nowadays, populations in »very good« and »good« status exist in only 0.7 % and 7.1 % of the original distribution. Therefore, the Danube salmon is classified as an endangered species. Due to ongoing stock declines the Danube salmon is running the risk to become a critically endangered species soon. The main reasons for the declines are river channelization and hydropower development. In addition, climate change may further contribute to stock declines in lowland river sections due to exceedance of water temperature limits of this cold-water species. Furthermore, Danube salmon and prey fish populations have lost their resilience to cope with re-established populations of fish predators (cormorant, goosander, fish otter) leading to ongoing population declines. Effective protection against further degradations such as new hydropower developments is required to safeguard the Danube salmon remaining populations. Furthermore, degraded rivers need to be restored and fish predators have to be managed to allow recovery of Danube salmon and prey fish populations. Due to the precarious situation conservation and restoration actions have to be implemented immediately.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euapps Other research productkeyboard_double_arrow_right Other ORP type 2010 GermanyAuthors: Moser, Massimo; Trieb, Franz; Kern, Jürgen;add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis , Thesis 2017Embargo end date: 08 Mar 2017 GermanyPublisher:Universität Ulm Authors: Schropp, Daniel;doi: 10.18725/oparu-4265
In unserer konsumorientierten Überflussgesellschaft fallen organische Reststoffe in beträchtlichen Mengen sowohl in privaten Haushalten als auch in der lebensmittel-erzeugenden Industrie an. Diese Reststoffe müssen wie andere Reststoffe auch entweder vermieden oder ökologisch möglichst sinnvoll verwertet werden. Die Zielsetzung einer ökologisch sinnvollen Verwertung der organischen Reststoffe sollte die Schließung der Nährstoffkreisläufe beinhalten, aber auch gleichzeitig nur geringe Emissionen an Treibhausgasen verursachen. Die Erzeugung von Biogas aus Reststoffen zur Erzeugung von Elektrizität und Wärme und eine anschließende Verwertung des Gärrestes als Dünger stellen dabei die ökologischste Möglichkeit dar. Bislang wird der Großteil an organischen Reststoffen kompostiert bzw. thermisch verwertet, da der Einsatz in der anaeroben Vergärung als problematisch angesehen wird. Dies liegt vor allem an der Tatsache, dass es sich bei organischen Reststoffen meist um proteinreiches Substrat handelt, welches dadurch große Mengen an Stickstoff enthält. Durch den Abbau der proteinreichen Substrate kann es zu einer Akkumulation von Ammoniak (NH3) kommen. NH3 wirkt als Zellgift und kann dadurch die Mikroorganismen im Fermenter schädigen. Kohlenstoffdioxid (CO2) stellt zusammen mit Wasserstoff (H2) einen für die Methanogenese entscheidenden Ausgangsstoffe dar. Die Dynamik der CO2-Partialdrücke (pCO2) im Fermenterinhalt ist daher entscheidend für den Biogasprozess. Um die Potentiale bei der Vergärung von organischen Reststoffen zu untersuchen, wurden insgesamt vier Gärversuche mit 11 Fermentern im Labormaßstab durchgeführt. Bei den Reststoffen handelte es sich um organisches Material, welches während des Betriebsprozesses in einer Großschlachterei anfällt. Für die Betrachtung des pCO2 im Fermenterinhalt wurden fünf Versuche mit Speiseresten als Substrat ausgewertet. Die eingesetzten Substrate wiesen in ihrer strukturellen Zusammensetzung teils deutliche Schwankungen auf. Die Versuche zeigten niedrige Methanerträge und einen geringen Abbau der organischen Substanz, die durch eine Schädigung der mikrobiellen Gemeinschaft durch NH3 hervorgerufen wurde. Die Messung der Ammonium (NH4+) Konzentrationen erfolgte bisher nur selten über den gesamten Prozessverlauf. Unsere Messungen zeigten hohe NH4+ Konzentrationen und deutliche Schwankungen, die vor allem in der Dynamik des Gesamtprozesses begründet sind. Die gemessenen Nährstoffgehalte weisen den Gärrest als einen sehr guten Dünger aus. Vor allem die Konzentrationen an Stickstoff (N), Phosphor (P) und Kalium (K) im Gärrest sind deutlich höher als in Schweine- oder Rindergülle. Zudem besitzt der Gärrest durch den großen Anteil an organischer Substanz eine humusbildende Wirkung. Die Messungen des pCO2 zeigten einen Überschuss an CO2 bei nicht optimalem Prozessverlauf auf. Dies lässt darauf schließen, dass ausreichend CO2 für die Methanbildung vorhanden wäre, allerdings nicht optimal genutzt wird. Es zeigte sich, dass eine Monovergärung von Abfällen aus der lebensmittelproduzierenden Industrie grundsätzlich möglich ist. Allerdings muss bei der Vergärung hohen NH3-Konzentrationen entgegengewirkt werden. Die Analyse der Nährstoffgehalte der Gärreste ergab ein beträchtliches Potential für die Pflanzendüngung. Eine Nutzung der Gärreste als Pflanzendünger führt zu einem geschlossenen Nährstoffkreislauf, was letztlich klare ökologische Vorteile mit sich bringt. Die Ergebnisse aus der Analyse des pCO2 zeigen neue Möglichkeiten auf, um die Biogasqualität, beispielsweise durch Zugabe von H2, zu steigern. Eine Steigerung der Methanerträge ist dabei sowohl aus ökologischen als auch aus ökonomischen Gesichtspunkten wichtig, da dadurch eine höhere Energieausbeute erreicht werden könnte. In our consumption based affluent society, organic waste is mass produced in private households as well as in the food producing industries. These residual materials, as with other organic waste material either should be avoided or exploited in an ecologically worthwhile way. The aim of an ecological sound exploitation of organic waste should be the closing of nutrient cycles but also, at the same time, the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. The creation of biogas out of organic waste to produce electricity and heat combined with the use of the digestate as a fertilizer represents an ecological useful way to exploit organic waste material. To date, most of these organic residues is incinerated because the usage in anaerobic digestion is seen as problematic. This is due to the fact that organic waste materials are often rich in proteins and therefore rich in nitrogen. Through the degradation of protein-rich substrates there can occur an accumulation of ammonia (NH3). NH3 acts as a cellular toxine and can therefore destroy the microbial community in the digester. Carbon dioxide (CO2) together with hydrogen (H2) represents the main components for methanogenesis. The dynamics of the CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) in the liquid phase of the reactor is therefore an important component in the biogas process. To investigate the potentials of the anaerobic digestion of organic wastes, four lab scale experiments with 11 reactors were carried out. The organic waste materials were obtained from a slaughterhouse. To observe the dynamics of the pCO2, we analyzed five reactors feed with food leftovers as the main substrate. The used substrates differed clearly in their structural composition. The experiments showed low methane yields and a low degradation of the organic matter. This was due to the damage of the microbial community caused by NH3. There are nearly no publications measuring the ammonium (NH4+) concentration over the whole digestion period. Our measurements showed high amounts of NH4+ and in addition, a fluctuation of the NH4+ concentration during the digestion process caused by the dynamics of the anaerobic digestion. The measurement of the nutrient content identified the digestate as a good fertilizer. In particular, the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were considerably higher than in liquid manure from pigs or cattle. Additionally the digestate comprised high amounts of organic carbon, which can be used for humus production. The evaluation of the pCO2 in the reactor slurry showed an oversaturation in CO2 at a suboptimal process. This leads to the conclusion that there was surplus CO2 available for methanogenesis, which cannot be utilized. It becomes apparent that it is possible to use organic wastes from food producing industries for anaerobic digestion. However, it is necessary to counter the high NH3 concentrations for an optimal process performance. The nutrient analysis of the digestate demonstrated its high potential as a fertilizer. If the digestate is used as a fertilizer, it brings the ecological advantage of a closed nutrient cycle. The results of the pCO2 evaluation showed new possibilities to enhance biogas quality, e.g. in addition of H2. An increase in the methane yield to generate a higher energy amount is not only important in the viewpoint of ecology, it is also important in an economical way.
Open Access Reposito... arrow_drop_down Open Access Repository of Ulm UniversityDoctoral thesis . 2017Data sources: Open Access Repository of Ulm Universityadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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more_vert Open Access Reposito... arrow_drop_down Open Access Repository of Ulm UniversityDoctoral thesis . 2017Data sources: Open Access Repository of Ulm Universityadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis 2023 GermanyPublisher:Rheinland-Pfälzische Technische Universität Kaiserslautern-Landau doi: 10.26204/kluedo/7515
Der Klimawandel erfordert den Ausbau urbaner blau-grüner Infrastrukturen, was jedoch mit einem erheblichen Mehrbedarf an Wasser einhergeht. Zentrale Abwasserinfrastrukturen genügen nicht den Ansprüchen der Ressourceneffizienz und Nachhaltigkeit. Daher ist ein neuer Umgang mit Wasser im städtischen Kontext notwendig. Die getrennte Erfassung von schwach belastetem Grauwasser aus Duschen und Handwaschbecken bietet eine nahezu kontinuierliche, wenig verschmutzte Wasserressource zur Wiederverwendung. Naturnahe Verfahren wie Bodenfilter können zur Grauwasseraufbereitung eingesetzt werden; der hohe Flächenbedarf beschränkte jedoch bisher den Einsatz in dicht besiedelten Gebieten. In dieser Arbeit werden technologiebasierte und konzeptionelle Ansätze vorgestellt. Dabei wurden acht vertikal durchströmte Bodenfilter zur nutzungsorientierten Grauwasseraufbereitung im kleintechnischen und Pilotmaßstab untersucht und zusätzlich ein Excel-basiertes Instrument entwickelt, das die Auswirkungen der Grauwasserseparation auf konventionelle zentrale Kläranlagen bewertet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen schwankende Zusammensetzungen und Mengen von Grauwasser. Aufgrund begrenzter Datenverfügbarkeit in der Fachliteratur wird empfohlen, die hier ermittelten 85-Perzentilwerte von 13 g CSB (chemischer Sauerstoffbedarf) pro Einwohner (E) und Tag sowie 55 L/(E·d) für die Bemessung von Anlagen zur Behandlung von gesiebtem, schwach belastetem Grauwasser heranzuziehen. Die ermittelten Stickstofffrachten und -konzentrationen waren aufgrund von Urinkontamination um 60 – 130 % höher als bisher angenommen, während die Phosphorkonzentrationen gesetzlich bedingt um ca. 60 % niedriger lagen. Alle Vertikalfilter wiesen im Ablauf meist < 2,0 mg/l abfiltrierbare Stoffe (AFS) bzw. < 10 mg/l CSB auf (also Eliminationen von überwiegend > 98 % AFS bzw. > 97 % CSB). Der aufgeständerte Rheinsandfilter zeigte bei < 12°C eine eingeschränkte Nitrifikation, während der Lavasandfilter bei > 5°C vollständig nitrifizierte. Die Vertikalfilter entfernten bis zu 50 – 70 % Stickstoff bei Drainageeinstau und Nitratrückführung. Der Lavasandfilter hielt Phosphor weitestgehend zurück. Die Reduktion von Escherichia coli, Enterokokken und Gesamtcoliformen betrug > 3 log-Stufen, während organische Spurenstoffe meist zu > 85 % entfernt wurden. Durch gezielte Anpassungen im Aufbau und Betrieb wurden für verschiedene Nutzungszwecke (Bewässerung, Versickerung und Toilettenspülung) geeignete Qualitäten erreicht. Der erforderliche Flächenbedarf für Bodenfilter zur Behandlung von schwach belastetem Grauwasser wurde zu 0,4 m2/E bestimmt (bezogen auf 85-Perzentilwerte). Dem liegen eine CSB-Flächenbelastung von 32 g/(m2·d) und eine hydraulische Flächenbelastung von 130 L/(m2·d) zugrunde. Die Anwendung von Lavasandfiltern in aufgeständerter Bauweise erwies sich als praxistauglich. Damit wird die Ausweitung des Bodenfilterverfahrens auf den urbanen Raum gefördert. Die Bilanzierungen zeigen, dass die Abtrennung von bis zu 17 % des an die Kläranlage angeschlossenen Grauwassers förderlich für den Kläranlagenbetrieb ist. Bei höheren Abtrennungsraten könnte jedoch eine Stickstoffrückgewinnung/-entfernung aus stickstoffreichen Schlammströmen erforderlich werden. Die Trennung bzw. dezentrale Aufbereitung von Grauwasser hat Vorteile wie Verdunstungskühlung und Wasserwiederverwendung und unterstützt zentral die Transition zu ressourcenorientierten Sanitärsystemen. Insgesamt können betrieblich und baulich angepasste Bodenfilter eine wichtige Rolle in dieser Umstellung spielen und einen deutlichen Beitrag zum nachhaltigen Umgang mit Wasser im städtischen Bereich leisten. Climate change requires the strengthening of urban blue-green infrastructure, which, however, is associated with a significant increase in water demand. Concurrently, centralized wastewater infrastructures are inadequate to meet the criteria for resource efficiency and sustainability, as mixed wastewater discharge persists. Therefore, a new approach to water management is imperative in urban contexts. Source-separation of light greywater, such as from showers and hand wash basins, provides a nearly permanent, low-polluted water resource for reuse. Nature-based solutions like constructed wetlands can be employed for greywater treatment; however, the substantial area requirements have so far limited their implementation in highly urbanized areas. This study presents technology-based and conceptual approaches, involving the investigation of eight vertical-flow constructed wetlands for on-demand greywater treatment at small and pilot scales. Additionally, an Excel-based tool was developed to assess the impact of greywater separation on the operation of conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). The findings reveal varying compositions and volumes of the investigated greywater. Due to limited data availability in existing literature, it is recommended to utilize the 85th percentiles derived from this study for the design of constructed wetlands treating light greywater, amounting to 13 g COD (chemical oxygen demand) per person (P) and day and 55 L/(P·d). Total nitrogen loads and concentrations were 60 – 130% higher than previously assumed due to urine contamination, while total phosphorus concentrations were about 60% lower due to legal regulations. In all wetland systems investigated, the effluent showed < 2.0 mg/L of total suspended solids and < 10 mg/L of COD, corresponding to eliminations mostly > 98% and > 97%, respectively. The elevated Rhine sand wetland showed limited nitrification at < 12°C, while the lava sand wetland showed complete nitrification at > 5°C. The investigated wetlands removed up to 50 – 70% of nitrogen by impounding the drainage layer and returning nitrate-rich effluent to the wetland surface. The lava sand wetland retained phosphorus extensively. Reduction of Escherichia coli, Enterococci, and total coliforms exceeded > 3 log levels, while organic micropollutants were predominantly removed by > 85%. Through adjustments in design and operation, suitable qualities were achieved for different reuses (irrigation, infiltration, and toilet flushing). The necessary surface area requirement for constructed wetlands treating light greywater was determined to be 0.4 m²/P (based on 85th percentile values). This value is derived from a COD surface load of 32 g/(m²·d) and a hydraulic surface load of 130 L/(m²·d). The deployment of elevated lava sand wetlands proved to be viable in practice. Overall, these findings promote the expansion of constructed wetlands to urbanized areas. Mass and volume flow balances indicate that the separation of up to 17% of the greywater connected to the WWTP benefits its operation. However, at higher separation rates, TN recovery/removal from nitrogen-rich sludge streams may be required. The separation/decentralized treatment of greywater offers manifold advantages such as evaporation cooling and water reuse, and significantly supports the transition towards resource-oriented sanitation systems. Adapted constructed wetlands can play an important role in this transformation process and can significantly contribute to a more sustainable water management in urban areas. Schriftenreihe Wasser Infrastruktur Ressourcen; 12
KLUEDO - Publication... arrow_drop_down KLUEDO - Publication Server of University of Kaiserslautern-Landau (RPTU)Doctoral thesis . 2023License: CC BY NC NDData sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)Kaiserslauterer uniweiter elektronischer DokumentenserverDoctoral thesis . 2023License: CC BY NC NDadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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more_vert KLUEDO - Publication... arrow_drop_down KLUEDO - Publication Server of University of Kaiserslautern-Landau (RPTU)Doctoral thesis . 2023License: CC BY NC NDData sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)Kaiserslauterer uniweiter elektronischer DokumentenserverDoctoral thesis . 2023License: CC BY NC NDadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euapps Other research productkeyboard_double_arrow_right Other ORP type 2010 GermanyMoser, Massimo; Trieb, Franz; Kern, Jürgen; Allal, Houda; Cottret, Nicolas; Scharfe, Jürgen; Tomasek, Marie-Luise; Savoldi, Enrico;add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis , Thesis 2010Embargo end date: 02 Jun 2010 GermanyPublisher:Technische Universität Berlin Authors: Nettmann, Edith;Die Produktion von Biogas aus landwirtschaftlichen Primärprodukten oder Reststoffen stellt einen we-sentlichen Beitrag zur Reduktion des CO2-Ausstoßes sowie zur Entwicklung einer nachhaltigen Landbewirtschaftung dar. Gegenwärtig stehen im Fokus der Forschung die Entwicklung und Optimierung von Biogasreaktoren und Betriebstechniken sowie die Optimierung der Substratbereitstellung. Über die Zusammensetzung der an der Biogasbildung beteiligten mikrobiellen Lebensgemeinschaften in landwirt-schaftlichen Biogasanlagen gibt es jedoch bis heute nur wenige Informationen. Im Rahmen dieser Studie wurde die Struktur der methanogenen Biozönose in zehn landwirtschaftlichen Biogasanlagen, welche auf Basis von Nachwachsenden Rohstoffen (NawaRo) betrieben wurden, unter-sucht. Hierzu wurde ein polyphasischer Ansatz mit verschiedenen kultivierungsunabhängigen, molekularen Verfahren gewählt. Primär wurde eine PCR-RFLP Analyse der Nukleotidsequenz der 16S rDNA sowie des mcrA Gens durchgeführt. Die Bestimmung der relativen Häufigkeit der Methan bil-denden Mikroorganismen in den Proben erfolgte mittels quantitativer real-time PCR (Q-PCR) auf Basis gruppenspezifischer Primer für das 16S rDNA Gen. Für ausgewählte Biogasreaktoren wurde ergänzend eine mikroskopische Quantifizierung mittels Fluoreszenz in situ Hybridisierung (FISH) durchgeführt. Für die FISH wurden spezifische Sonden für die Domänen Bacteria (EUB338) und Archaea (ARCH915) so-wie für die Ordnungen Methanomicrobiales (MG1200), Methanobacteriales (MB311 und MB1174) und den Familien Methanosarcinaceae (Ms821) und Methanosaetaceae (Mx825) verwendet. Die Ergebnisse der Analysen zeigten, dass in neun der zehn untersuchten Biogasanlagen die hydroge-notrophen Methanogenen, repräsentiert durch Vertreter der Ordnungen Methanomicrobiales und Methanobacteriales, vorherrschend waren. In diesen Biogasreaktoren wurde die Gattung Methanoculleus (Ordnung Methanomicrobiales) als dominierende Gattung nachgewiesen. Nennenswerte Anteile an ace-toklastischen Methanbildnern, insbesondere der Gattung Methanosaeta, konnten für sechs der untersuchten zehn Anlagen nachgewiesen werden. Jedoch wurde nur in einer Biogasanlage diese Gattung als die dominierende Gruppe von Methanbildnern nachgewiesen. Diese Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass in 90 % der untersuchten Biogasanlagen die hydrogenotrophe Methanogenese der vorrangige Stoff-wechselweg für die Methanproduktion ist. In dieser Studie konnte kein Zusammenhang zwischen den jeweils zur Biogasgewinnung eingesetzten Substraten und der Struktur der Archaea-Biozönose beobachtet werden. Ebenso wenig scheinen unter-schiedliche Verweilzeiten der Substrate sowie die Raumbelastung der Reaktoren einen Einfluss auf die methanogenen Archaea zu haben. Jedoch ließ sich ein negativer Einfluss hoher Ammonium- bzw. Am-moniakkonzentrationen auf das Wachstum acetoklastischer Methanbildner, insbesondere Methanosaeta spp., in den untersuchten landwirtschaftlichen Biogasanlagen feststellen. Die aus dieser Studie gewonnenen Erkenntnisse dienen dem grundlegenden Verständnis der methanoge-nen Lebensgemeinschaft in landwirtschaftlichen Biogasanlagen, und sollen somit zur weiteren Optimierung der Biogasgewinnung beitragen. Biogas production from agricultural main products or remnants provides a substantial contribution to the reduction of CO2 emissions but also to the development of a sustainable agriculture. Currently, the re-search focuses on development and optimization of biogas reactors and reactor performance as well as optimization of substrate eligibility. However, the knowledge of the structure and dynamics of microbial communities which are involved in the biogas production is still insufficient. Within this study, the structures of methanogenic biocoenosis in ten agricultural biogas plants which are operated on basis of renewable raw materials were analyzed. Therefore a polyphasic approach with differ-ent culture independent molecular genetic techniques was chosen. First, PCR-RFLP analyses of 16S rDNA and mcrA genes were conducted. For determination of the relative abundance of methane pro-ducing microorganisms in the samples a quantitative real-time PCR (Q-PCR) on basis of 16S rDNA group-specific primers was applied. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was carried out for direct quantification of methanogenic cells in reactor contents of six of the ten biogas plants. FISH was carried out with specific probes for the domains Bacteria (EUB338) and Archaea (ARCH915), the orders Metha-nomicrobiales (MG1200) and Methanobacteriales (MB311 and MB1174) and the families Methanosarcinaceae (Ms821) and Methanosaetaceae (Mx825). The results of the analyses showed, that in nine of the ten biogas plants the hydrogenotrophic methano-gens, represented by the orders Methanomicrobiales and Methanobacteriales, were prevalent. The genus Methanoculleus (Methanomicrobiales) was the predominating genus in these biogas plants. Acetoclastic methanogens such as organisms of the genus Methanosaeta were found only in six of the ten analyzed biogas plants. However, in one biogas plant Methanosaeta was determined as the predominant methano-genic group. These results indicate that the hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis was the major metabolic pathway for methane production in 90 % of the analyzed biogas plants. In this study, no correlation between used substrates for biogas production and the structure of Archaea biocoenosis could be observed. Also, the retention time of substrates and the organic loading rate of reac-tors seemed to have no obvious effect on the methanogenic Archaea. However, in the analyzed biogas plants a negative influence of high ammonium and ammonia concentrations, respectively, on the growth of acetoclastic methanogens in particular Methanosaeta spp. was determined. The results of this study serve the basic understanding of the methanogen community in agricultural bio-gas plants and are to contribute to further optimization of biogas production.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Research , Other literature type 2000Embargo end date: 23 Oct 2000 GermanyPublisher:Universität Stuttgart Marheineke, Torsten; Krewitt, Wolfram; Neubarth, Jürgen; Friedrich, Rainer; Voß, Alfred;doi: 10.18419/opus-1506
Energy and material flows caused by human activities have essential influence on human beings and the environment. These impacts should be taken into consideration in case of evaluating technologies with regard to a sustainable development. Therefore, it was goal of the project to quantify the impacts caused by different technologies of electricity and heat supply and to consider not only the process of energy transformation, but also the up- and downstream processes as fuel supply, waste disposal, the construction and dismantling of the power plant etc. The work carried out includes the development of methods for life cycle assessment, the compilation of a database, the develop-ment of an appropriate software tool for life cycle assessment and finally the assessments of various energy supply technologies itself. Besides the calculation of greenhouse gas emissions and the extraction of raw materials, results are quantified for the cumulated energy demand as well as the impact categories acidification and eutrophication of ecosystems, impacts on human health and damages on materials and plants. Finally, the monetary evaluation is used to quantify damages costs for the impact categories human health, material and plant damages, and avoidance costs für the impact categories acidification and eutrophication of ecosystems and the greenhause effect. Anthropogen umgesetzte Energie- und Stoffströme können mit wesentlichen Auswirkungen für Mensch und Umwelt verbunden sein. Um diese Auswirkungen bei der Beurteilung von Energieversorgungstechniken berücksichtigen zu können, werden in dem vorliegenden Bericht für verschiedene Techniken zur Strom- und Wärmebereitstellung die Stoff- und Energieströme über den gesamten Lebensweg quantifiziert und die aus ihnen resultierenden Auswirkungen auf Mensch und Umwelt abgeschätzt. Berücksichtigte Wirkungskategorien sind der Treibhauseffekt, die Versauerung und Eutrophierung von Böden und Gewässern, Risiken für die menschliche Gesundheit, Ressourcenverzehr, Materialschäden und die Schädigung von Nutzpflanzen.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis 2022 GermanyPublisher:DuEPublico: Duisburg-Essen Publications online, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany Authors: Höcker, Oliver;Capillary electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry (CE-MS) is a powerful technique in many fields of analytical chemistry, especially for the separation of charged molecules. However, the widespread standard sheath liquid interface lacks sensitivity which is why many studies and inventions have attempted improvement. Based upon two novel principles, a porous tip interface and nanoflow sheath liquid interface were developed to systematically study their performance compared to the standard sheath liquid interface. Both nanoflow interfaces showed similar improvements in sensitivity of 13 to 114 times over the standard interface for organic acids, peptides, and monoclonal antibodies. In these experiments, the nanoflow sheath liquid interface demonstrated higher versatility and easier manufacturing compared to the sheathless porous tip approach. Therefore, it was chosen for further technical improvement and application for trace analysis of drinking water and non-targeted metabolomics analysis. The characterization of its electrical current flows and resistances disproved the misconception that electroosmosis is the main driving force for the sheath liquid flow, as found in the literature. Improvements in handling and robustness were achieved by introducing a second capillary into the emitter for sheath liquid supply with a switching function for both capillaries. The resulting valve mechanism enabled a conditioning mode and separation mode. By this means, not only emitter lifetime and usability were strongly improved but also unique functions added, such as a divert to waste function for exclusion of MS interfering matrix components, online preconditioning with MS incompatible cleaning/coating agents, and the potential of online capillary isoelectric focusing with MS detection (CIEF-MS). This two-capillary nanoflow sheath liquid interface prototype was then applied for enrichment-free trace analysis and quantification of anionic micropollutants in drinking water. A CE-Orbitrap method with nanoflow interfacing was developed to enable the quantification of halogenated acetic acids down to the ng/L range, required to meet the strict WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. Seven drinking water samples from various production plants in Germany were analyzed and the quantitative results (0.1 to 6.2 ��g/L) verified by a validated liquid chromatography-MS (LC-MS) method, which emphasizes the strength of CE-MS as an alternative technique for the analysis of highly polar and ionic compounds in water. A subsequent suspect screening indicated the presence of halogenated methanesulfonic acids, which were identified and quantified by standard compounds (0.2 to 2.6 ��g/L). Reviewing the data, a screening revealed around 20 additional anionic suspects such as sweeteners, organic sulfonates, and sulfates as well as inorganic ions, which shows the perspective for non-targeted analysis and discovery of contaminants. Non-targeted screening can be used as an exploratory tool in many fields of application. In this context, of a workflow for the discovery of metabolites by LC- and CE-MS in bioreactors was implemented. Substrate samples of biogas plants for methane production were analyzed to uncover the differences in metabolite concentration in varying process conditions. This work strongly focused on evaluating the influence of different separation techniques, mass spectrometer instruments and data processing software on the outcome of a non-targeted analysis. The samples were separated by both capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and reversed phase LC (RPLC) coupled to time-of-flight (TOF) and Orbitrap mass spectrometers. The non-targeted data were processed with mzMine and XCMS and the resulting features prioritized by partial least square regression (PLSR), which enabled the distinction between high and low gas yield reactor conditions with ranking by Variable Importance in Projection (VIP). As expected, RPLC-MS and CZE-MS delivered complementary information but also good correlation between 10% of the commonly detected features regarding fold change and importance for the PLSR model. Unexpectedly, strong differences between data sets were observed between TOF and Orbitrap (<50% common features), which suggest a major influence on the discovery of biomarkers if different MS instrumentation is used. Between MZmine and XCMS, significant differences in the total number of features were found (<57% common features), despite having a good overlap for features which were prioritized by the VIP ranking (up to 95% common features). This indicates a comparable performance for finding true positive features, but also highlights the drawbacks of automated data processing tools which generate high numbers of false positive features. This work underlined the high complexity of non-targeted workflows, and it was clearly shown that different approaches and slight variations can have a strong impact on the final outcome. Overall, next generation nanoflow electrospray interfaces for CE-MS coupling offers a strong potential to establish new fields of application, by combining its strength for the separation of ionic compounds with high sensitivity detection. Yet, automation, affordable instrument parts and broad instrument compatibility are key to stimulate a broader use of CE-MS in the future. Hopefully, this thesis supports CE-MS as a technique on its way to become a more widely accepted technique, next to chromatography.
University of Duisbu... arrow_drop_down University of Duisburg-Essen: DuEPublico2 (Duisburg Essen Publications online)Doctoral thesis . 2022Full-Text: https://doi.org/10.17185/duepublico/75388Data sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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more_vert University of Duisbu... arrow_drop_down University of Duisburg-Essen: DuEPublico2 (Duisburg Essen Publications online)Doctoral thesis . 2022Full-Text: https://doi.org/10.17185/duepublico/75388Data sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis , Thesis 2012Embargo end date: 24 Jul 2012 GermanyPublisher:Technische Universität Berlin Authors: Kleyböcker, A.;Als Beitrag zur Prozessoptimierung der Co-Vergärung wurden Untersuchungen zur Steigerung der Raum-Zeit-Ausbeute von Biogasreaktoren durchgeführt. Das Ziel hierbei war einen Frühwarnindikator für die Prozessstörung „Übersäuerung“ zu entwickeln, um den Prozess der Biogasbildung gezielt zu steuern. Es wurden verschieden Maßnahmen wie die Reduzierung der Raumbelastung und der Einsatz von Additiven wie Natronlauge (NaOH) und Calciumoxid (CaO) untersucht, um den Prozess der Biogasbildung zu stabilisieren. Hierbei zeigte sich, dass CaO besser als NaOH für die Entsäuerung geeignet war. Insbesondere beim Einsatz von CaO konnte eine Aggregatbildung beobachtet werden. Das Calcium, das durch das CaO zugeführt wurde, verursachte Ausfällungen mit langkettigen organischen Säuren (LCFA) und mit Phosphat, das von phosphatspeichernden Organismen (PAO) rückgelöst wurde. Zusätzlich wurde die Abnahme der organischen Säuren in der flüssigen Phase vermutlich durch Adsorption der organischen Säuren an die Ausfällungen, durch die Säureaufnahme der PAO und durch einen Säureabbau in den Aggregaten aufgrund vorteilhafter Milieubedingungen ermöglicht. Aufgrund der besonderen Rolle des Calciums hinsichtlich der Prozessstabilisierung, wurde es auf die Eignung als Parameter zur Prozesssteuerung untersucht. Hierbei stellte sich heraus, dass der Quotient aus der Konzentration an organischen Säuren zur Calciumkonzentration (FWI) sensitiver hinsichtlich einer Prozessstörung war als die untersuchten typischen Prozessüberwachungsparameter. Experimentelle Untersuchungen zeigten, dass der FWI zwischen 3 und 7 Tagen vor dem Eintreten einer Übersäuerung durch signifikante Änderungen in seinem Verlauf warnte. Dieser Zeitraum war für die Einleitung von Maßnahmen zur Stabilisierung des Biogasprozesses ausreichend. Zur Steigerung der Raum-Zeit-Ausbeute wurde die Raumbelastung über den FWI gesteuert erhöht. Hierbei stellte sich heraus, dass ein Zeitintervall von 8 Tagen zwischen zwei Erhöhungen der Substratfracht nicht unterschritten werden sollte. Der Betrieb bei Raumbelastungen von 6,0 und 9,5 kg oTS m-3 d-1 mit Fettanteilen von bis zu 87 % und bei Methanausbeuten von 0,9 m³ (kg oTS)-1 war mit dem Einsatz von CaO als Additiv erfolgreich. As a contribution to the optimization of co-digestion, investigations to increase the space-time-yield of digesters were accomplished. The aim was to develop an early warning indicator in terms of over-acidification to control the process of biogas formation. Different counter measures were undertaken to stabilize the process of biogas formation, including the reduction of the organic loading rate, the addition of sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and the introduction of calcium oxide (CaO). The results showed that CaO was more capable of stabilizing the process than NaOH. The formation of aggregates was observed particularly when CaO was used as the additive. The cal-cium, which was charged by the CaO addition, formed insoluble salts with long chain fatty acids (LCFAs), and caused the precipitation of calcium phosphate compounds. Additionally, the decrease in the amount of accumulated acids in the liquid phase was likely enabled by the adsorption of VFAs by the precipitates, the acid uptake by the PAOs and the degradation of VFAs in the aggregates containing favorable milieu conditions. Due to the special role of calcium in terms of process stabilization, its applicability as control parameter was investigated. The ratio of the concentration of organic acids to the calcium concentration (EWI) was found to be more sensitive in terms of process failures than the investigated typical monitoring parameters. The EWI warned be-tween 3 to 7 days before a process failure took place. Experiments showed that this period was long enough to take action successfully in counter measures to stabilize the process. The EWI was applied to increase the organic loading rate (OLR). The experiments showed that a time interval of 8 days between two increases of the OLR was found to be adequate. At OLRs of 6.0 and 9.5 kg VS m-3 d-1 including up to 87 % of fat, the operation of the biogas formation process with additions of CaO was successful. Although the OLR was as high, the methane yield reached almost its expected range with 0.9 m³ (kg VS)-1.
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