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Abstract The urgency for climate action is recognized by international government and healthcare organizations, including the United Nations (UN) and World Health Organization (WHO). Climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution negatively impact all life on earth. All populations are impacted but not equally; the most vulnerable are at the highest risk, an inequity further exacerbated by differences in access to healthcare globally. The delivery of healthcare exacerbates the planetary health crisis through greenhouse gas emissions, largely due to combustion of fossil fuels for medical equipment production and operation, creation of medical and non-medical waste, and contamination of water supplies. As representatives of radiology societies from across the globe who work closely with industry, and both governmental and non-governmental leaders in multiple capacities, we advocate together for urgent, impactful, and measurable changes to the way we deliver care by further engaging our members, policymakers, industry partners, and our patients. Simultaneous challenges, including global health disparities, resource allocation, and access to care, must inform these efforts. Climate literacy should be increasingly added to radiology training programs. More research is required to understand and measure the environmental impact of radiological services and inform mitigation, adaptation and monitoring efforts. Deeper collaboration with industry partners is necessary to support innovations in the supply chain, energy utilization, and circular economy. Many solutions have been proposed and are already available, but we must understand and address barriers to the implementation of current and future sustainable innovations. Finally, there is a compelling need to partner with patients, to ensure that trust in the excellence of clinical care is maintained during the transition to sustainable radiology. By fostering a culture of global cooperation and rapid sharing of solutions amongst the broader imaging community, we can transform radiological practice to mitigate its environmental impact, adapt and develop resilience to current and future climate and environmental threats, and simultaneously improve access to care. Key Points Question What actions can professional societies take to improve the environmental sustainability of radiology? Findings Better understanding of resource usage in radiology is needed; action is required to address regional and global disparities in access to care which stand to be exacerbated by climate change. Clinical relevance Radiological societies need to advocate for urgent, impactful, and measurable changes to mitigate the environmental impact of radiological practice. Research and education, as well as adaptation and resilience to current and future climate and environmental threats, must be prioritized while simultaneously improving access to care. Graphical Abstract

Over the past billion years, the fungal kingdom has diversified to more than two million species, with over 95% still undescribed. Beyond the well-known macroscopic mushrooms and microscopic yeast, fungi are heterotrophs that feed on almost any organic carbon, recycling nutrients through the decay of dead plants and animals and sequestering carbon into Earth's ecosystems. Human-directed applications of fungi extend from leavened bread, alcoholic beverages and biofuels to pharmaceuticals, including antibiotics and psychoactive compounds. Conversely, fungal infections pose risks to ecosystems ranging from crops to wildlife to humans; these risks are driven, in part, by human and animal movement, and might be accelerating with climate change. Genomic surveys are expanding our knowledge of the true biodiversity of the fungal kingdom, and genome-editing tools make it possible to imagine harnessing these organisms to fuel the bioeconomy. Here, we examine the fungal threats facing civilization and investigate opportunities to use fungi to combat these threats.

We report three novel donor-acceptor (D-A) copolymers sharing a common fused donor unit (CDTT) but differing in the functionalization of the benzothiadiazole (BT) acceptor unit. Acceptors bearing two cyano groups (DCNBT) are compared to novel acceptors bearing one cyano and one fluorine group (FCNBT) or one nitro and one fluoro group (NO2FBT). The choice of the acceptor has a significant effect on the optoelectronic properties of the resulting polymers. In organic field-effect transistor (OFET) devices, PCDTT-DCNBT exhibited moderate performance with an electron mobility of 0.031 cm2 V-1 s-1, whereas PCDTT-FCNBT demonstrated significantly improved electron mobility (0.4 cm2 V-1 s-1). The improved performance is attributed to increased backbone linearity combined with a more coplanar backbone and high thin-film crystallinity. In comparison, the presence of the nitro group is shown to have a detrimental impact, with a blue-shifted absorption and a 0.2 eV increase in band gap compared to the cyanated polymers. Steric effects are shown to limit the nitro group's π-accepting capability and result in reduced device performance, with an electron mobility of 0.024 cm2 V-1 s-1. This study introduces a new BT building block and highlights that substituent tuning via cyano and fluorine groups is an effective approach for modulating polymer morphology and electron transport.

This paper summarizes the technical endeavors undertaken by the Task Force (TF) on Cyber-Physical Interdependence for Power System Operation and Control. The TF was established to investigate the cyber-physical interdependence of critical power system elements and their influence on the operation and control of energy systems. State-of-the-art analysis techniques, including co-simulation and digital twin technologies, are employed to address various layers of interdependence between cyber and physical systems, facilitating the identification of potential threats and vulnerabilities. The paper examines prospective trajectories for resilient cyber-physical systems and outlines the educational and workforce training imperatives for addressing cybersecurity threats in contemporary power systems. Furthermore, concluding remarks and future recommendations are provided to mitigate the inherent vulnerabilities within the extensively interoperable grid infrastructure.

Climate change, along with infectious diseasespathogens notably Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), B. salamandrivorans (Bsal), Ranavirus, and PerkinseaPerkinsus, continue to devastate global amphibian populations, contributing to the greatest vertebrate extinctions of the Anthropocene. These pathogens, primarily favoring cooler, subtropical conditions, demonstrate a significant overlap in their climatic niches, thus affecting a broad range species. Here, we aim to explore the role of global warming and other climatic factors in the dispersal and evolution of these pathogens and to predict the future implications for amphibian populations worldwide. Given the limitations of data availability We conducted a thorough analysis of the climatic niche conservatism (NC) and evolution (CNE) of these pathogens using the currently available distributional data, including our own. We used , We engaged in a comprehensive analysis of the climatic niche conservatism (NC) and evolution (CNE) of these pathogens, utilizing predictive models to anticipate potential shifts in their future distribution and evaluate the capacity for CNE in response to climate change. We show that Bd and Bsal are likely to experience a total reduction in their current potential distributions by 2040, while Ranavirus and PerkinseaPerkinsus may expand their distributions. Interestingly, CNE has played a significant role in influencing the climatic niches of Bd and Bsal, with lineage dependent variations. However, there was no strong correlation found between virulence of Bd and its climatic niche. On the contrary, ranaviruses Ranaviruses and PerkinseaPerkinsus showed evidence of sporadic and recent CNE. Moreover, the emergence of lineages adapted to warmer climates suggests an ongoing CNE and a potential evolutionary response to climate change. With increased infection risk, particularly for Asian amphibians (from Ranavirus and PerkinseaPerkinsus), and the vulnerability of the southern hemisphere (except Bsal) due to limited prior exposure, this study underscores the urgent need for close monitoring and preventive measures, including stringent biosecurity protocols such as risk analysis and pre-border pathogen screening. Our study provides a critical framework for international collaboration and guideline development for amphibian trade, while contributing to the deeper dialogue on mitigating impacts of climate change on wildlife diseases.

An increasing proportion of the world’s population lives in urban settings that have limited greenspace. Urbanization puts pressure on existing greenspace and reduces its access. Climate impacts, including increased temperature and extreme weather events, challenge the maintenance of urban vegetation, reducing its ecosystem services and benefits for human health. Although urban greenspace has been positively associated with numerous health indicators, the evidence for allergies and respiratory health is much less clear and mixed. To address these uncertainties, a workshop with 20 global participants was held in Munich, Germany, in May 2024, focusing on the impact of greenspace-related co-exposures on allergies and respiratory health. This narrative review captures key insights from the workshop, including the roles of urban greenspace in (1) climate change mitigation, (2) interactions with pollen, and (3) emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds and their byproducts, such as ozone. Additionally, it presents research and stakeholder recommendations from the workshop. Future studies that integrate advanced greenspace exposure assessments and consider the interplay of greenspace with pollen and biogenic volatile organic compounds, along with their relevant byproducts are needed. Increased public awareness and policy actions will also be essential for developing urban greenspace that maximizes health benefits, minimizes risks, and ensures resilience amid a changing climate and rapid urbanization.

AbstractWe assessed hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk associated with smoking and alcohol consumption and their interactions, using both questionnaire data and objective serum biomarkers. Information on smoking and alcohol consumption was collected at baseline from 450,112 participants of the EPIC cohort, among whom 255 developed HCC after a median follow‐up of 14 years. In a nested case–control subset of 108 HCC cases and 108 matched controls, known biomarkers of smoking (cotinine, nicotine) and habitual alcohol consumption (2‐hydroxy‐3‐methylbutyric acid) were annotated from untargeted metabolomics features. Multivariable‐adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) or odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed, and multiplicative and additive interaction parameters were calculated. Compared to never smokers, current smokers had a higher HCC risk (HR = 2.46, 95% CI = 1.77–3.43) dose‐dependently with the number of cigarettes smoked per day (Ptrend <.001). Compared to light drinkers, HCC risk was higher in former (HR = 3.20, 95% CI = 1.70–6.03), periodically heavy (HR = 1.98, 95% CI = 1.11–3.54), and always heavy (HR = 5.51, 95% CI = 2.39–12.7) drinkers. Higher HCC risk was also observed in the highest versus the lowest tertiles of cotinine (OR = 4.88, 95% CI = 1.52–15.70), nicotine (OR = 5.80, 95% CI = 1.33–25.30) and 2‐hydroxy‐3‐methylbutyric acid (OR = 5.89, 95% CI = 1.33–26.12). Questionnaire‐assessed smoking and alcohol exposures did not demonstrate an HCC risk interaction at the multiplicative (MI = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.40–1.96) or additive (RERI = 0.71, 95% CI = −10.1 to 23.6; attributable proportion = 0.17, 95% CI = −0.52 to 1.16; synergy index = 1.27, 95% CI = 0.98–1.66) scales. Similar analyses with cotinine, nicotine, and 2‐hydroxy‐3‐methylbutyric acid also did not show interactions between smoking and alcohol consumption on HCC risk. Smoking and alcohol consumption are strong independent risk factors for HCC and do not appear to synergistically impact its risk, but larger studies are needed.