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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: orcid Silvio Marta;
    Silvio Marta
    ORCID
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    Silvio Marta in OpenAIRE
    orcid Roberto Sergio Azzoni;
    Roberto Sergio Azzoni
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    Roberto Sergio Azzoni in OpenAIRE
    orcid Davide Fugazza;
    Davide Fugazza
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    Davide Fugazza in OpenAIRE
    orcid Levan Tielidze;
    Levan Tielidze
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Levan Tielidze in OpenAIRE
    +41 Authors

    Most of the world’s mountain glaciers have been retreating for more than a century in response to climate change. Glacier retreat is evident on all continents, and the rate of retreat has accelerated during recent decades. Accurate, spatially explicit information on the position of glacier margins over time is useful for analyzing patterns of glacier retreat and measuring reductions in glacier surface area. This information is also essential for evaluating how mountain ecosystems are evolving due to climate warming and the attendant glacier retreat. Here, we present a non-comprehensive spatially explicit dataset showing multiple positions of glacier fronts since the Little Ice Age (LIA) maxima, including many data from the pre-satellite era. The dataset is based on multiple historical archival records including topographical maps; repeated photographs, paintings, and aerial or satellite images with a supplement of geochronology; and own field data. We provide ESRI shapefiles showing 728 past positions of 94 glacier fronts from all continents, except Antarctica, covering the period between the Little Ice Age maxima and the present. On average, the time series span the past 190 years. From 2 to 46 past positions per glacier are depicted (on average: 7.8).

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: orcid Silvio Marta;
    Silvio Marta
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Silvio Marta in OpenAIRE
    orcid Roberto Sergio Azzoni;
    Roberto Sergio Azzoni
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Roberto Sergio Azzoni in OpenAIRE
    orcid Davide Fugazza;
    Davide Fugazza
    ORCID
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    Davide Fugazza in OpenAIRE
    orcid Levan Tielidze;
    Levan Tielidze
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Levan Tielidze in OpenAIRE
    +41 Authors

    Most of the world’s mountain glaciers have been retreating for more than a century in response to climate change. Glacier retreat is evident on all continents, and the rate of retreat has accelerated during recent decades. Accurate, spatially explicit information on the position of glacier margins over time is useful for analyzing patterns of glacier retreat and measuring reductions in glacier surface area. This information is also essential for evaluating how mountain ecosystems are evolving due to climate warming and the attendant glacier retreat. Here, we present a non-comprehensive spatially explicit dataset showing multiple positions of glacier fronts since the Little Ice Age (LIA) maxima, including many data from the pre-satellite era. The dataset is based on multiple historical archival records including topographical maps; repeated photographs, paintings, and aerial or satellite images with a supplement of geochronology; and own field data. We provide ESRI shapefiles showing 728 past positions of 94 glacier fronts from all continents, except Antarctica, covering the period between the Little Ice Age maxima and the present. On average, the time series span the past 190 years. From 2 to 46 past positions per glacier are depicted (on average: 7.8).

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Archivio Istituziona...arrow_drop_down
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    Authors: orcid bw Fachuang Lu;
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    La production industrielle d'huile de palme génère simultanément une quantité substantielle de fibres de grappe de fruits vides (EFB) qui pourraient être utilisées comme matière première dans une bioraffinerie à base de lignocellulose. Les sous-produits de la lignine générés par ce processus peuvent offrir des possibilités d'isolation des produits à valeur ajoutée, tels que le p-hydroxybenzoate (pBz), pour aider à compenser les coûts d'exploitation. L'analyse de la lignine EFB par spectroscopie de résonance magnétique nucléaire (RMN) a clairement révélé la présence d'acétate lié et de pBz, la saponification révélant que 1,1 % en poids de l'EFB était du pBz ; avec une teneur en lignine de 22,7 %, 4,8 % de la lignine est du pBz qui peut être obtenu comme composant pur pour être utilisé comme charge chimique. L'analyse de la lignine EFB par RMN et dérivatisation suivie d'un clivage réducteur (DFRC) a montré que le pBz acylate sélectivement le groupe γ-hydroxyle des unités S. Cette sélectivité suggère que le pBz, de manière analogue à l'acétate dans le kénaf, le p-coumarate dans les graminées et le ferrate dans un peuplier transgénique augmenté d'une féruloyl-CoA monolignol transférase (FMT), est incorporé dans la chaîne de lignine en croissance via son conjugué monolignol γ-p-hydroxybenzoylé. L'implication de tels conjugués dans la lignification des palmiers est prouvée par l'observation de nouvelles unités couplées au β-β non résinol p-hydroxybenzoylé dans les lignines. Ensemble, les données impliquent l'existence de p-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA :monolignol transférases qui sont impliquées dans la lignification chez les différents saules (Salix spp.), peupliers et peupliers faux-trembles (Populus spp., famille des Salicacées) et palmiers (famille des Arecacées) qui ont des lignines p-hydroxybenzoylées. Même sans augmenter les niveaux par la sélection ou le génie génétique, les « déchets » actuels de l'EFB d'huile de palme devraient être en mesure de générer un flux important d'acide p-hydroxybenzoïque qui offre des opportunités pour le développement de produits à valeur ajoutée dérivés de l'industrie du palmier à huile. La producción industrial de aceite de palma genera simultáneamente una cantidad sustancial de fibras de racimo de frutas vacías (EFB) que podrían utilizarse como materia prima en una biorrefinería a base de lignocelulosa. Los subproductos de lignina generados por este proceso pueden ofrecer oportunidades para el aislamiento de productos de valor agregado, como el p-hidroxibenzoato (pBz), para ayudar a compensar los costos operativos. El análisis de la lignina EFB por espectroscopía de resonancia magnética nuclear (RMN) reveló claramente la presencia de acetato unido y pBz, y la saponificación reveló que el 1,1% en peso del EFB era pBz; con un contenido de lignina del 22,7 %, el 4,8 % de la lignina es pBz que se puede obtener como un componente puro para su uso como materia prima química. El análisis de la lignina EFB por RMN y la derivatización seguida de escisión reductora (DFRC) mostró que pBz acila selectivamente el grupo γ-hidroxilo de las unidades S. Esta selectividad sugiere que pBz, análogamente con acetato en kenaf, p-cumarato en gramíneas y ferular en un álamo transgénico aumentado con una feruloil-CoA monolignol transferasa (FMT), se incorpora a la cadena de lignina en crecimiento a través de su conjugado de monolignol γ-p-hidroxibenzoilado. La participación de dichos conjugados en la lignificación de la palma se demuestra al observar nuevas unidades no acopladas a β-β-resinol p-hidroxibenzoiladas en las ligninas. Juntos, los datos implican la existencia de p-hidroxibenzoil-CoA:monolignol transferasas que participan en la lignificación en los diversos sauces (Salix spp.), álamos y álamo temblón (Populus spp., familia Salicaceae) y palmeras (familia Arecaceae) que tienen ligninas p-hidroxibenzoiladas. Incluso sin mejorar los niveles mediante mejoramiento o ingeniería genética, los 'desechos' actuales de aceite de palma EFB deberían ser capaces de generar una corriente considerable de ácido p-hidroxibenzoico que ofrezca oportunidades para el desarrollo de productos de valor agregado derivados de la industria de la palma aceitera. The industrial production of palm oil concurrently generates a substantial amount of empty fruit bunch (EFB) fibers that could be used as a feedstock in a lignocellulose-based biorefinery. Lignin byproducts generated by this process may offer opportunities for the isolation of value-added products, such as p-hydroxybenzoate (pBz), to help offset operating costs. Analysis of the EFB lignin by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy clearly revealed the presence of bound acetate and pBz, with saponification revealing that 1.1 wt% of the EFB was pBz; with a lignin content of 22.7 %, 4.8 % of the lignin is pBz that can be obtained as a pure component for use as a chemical feedstock. Analysis of EFB lignin by NMR and derivatization followed by reductive cleavage (DFRC) showed that pBz selectively acylates the γ-hydroxyl group of S units. This selectivity suggests that pBz, analogously with acetate in kenaf, p-coumarate in grasses, and ferulate in a transgenic poplar augmented with a feruloyl-CoA monolignol transferase (FMT), is incorporated into the growing lignin chain via its γ-p-hydroxybenzoylated monolignol conjugate. Involvement of such conjugates in palm lignification is proven by the observation of novel p-hydroxybenzoylated non-resinol β–β-coupled units in the lignins. Together, the data implicate the existence of p-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA:monolignol transferases that are involved in lignification in the various willows (Salix spp.), poplars and aspen (Populus spp., family Salicaceae), and palms (family Arecaceae) that have p-hydroxybenzoylated lignins. Even without enhancing the levels by breeding or genetic engineering, current palm oil EFB 'wastes' should be able to generate a sizeable stream of p-hydroxybenzoic acid that offers opportunities for the development of value-added products derived from the oil palm industry. ينتج الإنتاج الصناعي لزيت النخيل في الوقت نفسه كمية كبيرة من ألياف مجموعة الفاكهة الفارغة (EFB) التي يمكن استخدامها كمادة وسيطة في مصفاة حيوية تعتمد على اللجينوسليلوز. قد توفر المنتجات الثانوية لليجنين الناتجة عن هذه العملية فرصًا لعزل المنتجات ذات القيمة المضافة، مثل p - hydroxybenzoate (pBz)، للمساعدة في تعويض تكاليف التشغيل. كشف تحليل اللجنين EFB بواسطة مطياف الرنين المغناطيسي النووي (NMR) بوضوح عن وجود أسيتات مرتبطة و pBz، مع كشف التصبن أن 1.1 ٪ بالوزن من EFB كان pBz ؛ مع محتوى اللجنين بنسبة 22.7 ٪، 4.8 ٪ من اللجنين عبارة عن pBz يمكن الحصول عليه كمكون نقي للاستخدام كمادة وسيطة كيميائية. أظهر تحليل اللجنين EFB بواسطة NMR والاشتقاق متبوعًا بالانقسام الاختزالي (DFRC) أن pBz يعمل بشكل انتقائي على أسيتيل مجموعة γ - hydroxyl من وحدات S. تشير هذه الانتقائية إلى أن pBz، بالتناظر مع الأسيتات في الكناف، و p - comarate في الأعشاب، و ferulate في حور معدّل وراثيًا معززًا بـ feruloyl - CoA monolignol transferase (FMT)، يتم دمجه في سلسلة اللجنين المتنامية عبر γ - p - hydroxybenzoylated monolignol conjugate. ثبت تورط مثل هذه المترافقات في ترصيع النخيل من خلال ملاحظة وحدات p - hydroxybenzoylated غير الراتينول β - β المقترنة في اللجنين. معا، تشير البيانات إلى وجود p - hydroxybenzoyl - CoA: monolignol transferases التي تشارك في تبييض في الصفصاف المختلفة (Salix spp.)، الحور والحور (Populus spp.، عائلة Salicaceae)، والنخيل (عائلة Arecaceae) التي تحتوي على p - hydroxybenzoylated lignins. حتى من دون تعزيز المستويات عن طريق التكاثر أو الهندسة الوراثية، يجب أن تكون "نفايات" زيت النخيل الحالية قادرة على توليد تيار كبير من حمض p - hydroxybenzoic الذي يوفر فرصًا لتطوير منتجات ذات قيمة مضافة مشتقة من صناعة نخيل الزيت.

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    Authors: orcid bw Fachuang Lu;
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    Fachuang Lu in OpenAIRE
    orcid Steven D. Karlen;
    Steven D. Karlen
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Steven D. Karlen in OpenAIRE
    orcid bw Matt Regner;
    Matt Regner
    ORCID
    Derived by OpenAIRE algorithms or harvested from 3rd party repositories

    Matt Regner in OpenAIRE
    orcid Hoon Kim;
    Hoon Kim
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Hoon Kim in OpenAIRE
    +15 Authors

    La production industrielle d'huile de palme génère simultanément une quantité substantielle de fibres de grappe de fruits vides (EFB) qui pourraient être utilisées comme matière première dans une bioraffinerie à base de lignocellulose. Les sous-produits de la lignine générés par ce processus peuvent offrir des possibilités d'isolation des produits à valeur ajoutée, tels que le p-hydroxybenzoate (pBz), pour aider à compenser les coûts d'exploitation. L'analyse de la lignine EFB par spectroscopie de résonance magnétique nucléaire (RMN) a clairement révélé la présence d'acétate lié et de pBz, la saponification révélant que 1,1 % en poids de l'EFB était du pBz ; avec une teneur en lignine de 22,7 %, 4,8 % de la lignine est du pBz qui peut être obtenu comme composant pur pour être utilisé comme charge chimique. L'analyse de la lignine EFB par RMN et dérivatisation suivie d'un clivage réducteur (DFRC) a montré que le pBz acylate sélectivement le groupe γ-hydroxyle des unités S. Cette sélectivité suggère que le pBz, de manière analogue à l'acétate dans le kénaf, le p-coumarate dans les graminées et le ferrate dans un peuplier transgénique augmenté d'une féruloyl-CoA monolignol transférase (FMT), est incorporé dans la chaîne de lignine en croissance via son conjugué monolignol γ-p-hydroxybenzoylé. L'implication de tels conjugués dans la lignification des palmiers est prouvée par l'observation de nouvelles unités couplées au β-β non résinol p-hydroxybenzoylé dans les lignines. Ensemble, les données impliquent l'existence de p-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA :monolignol transférases qui sont impliquées dans la lignification chez les différents saules (Salix spp.), peupliers et peupliers faux-trembles (Populus spp., famille des Salicacées) et palmiers (famille des Arecacées) qui ont des lignines p-hydroxybenzoylées. Même sans augmenter les niveaux par la sélection ou le génie génétique, les « déchets » actuels de l'EFB d'huile de palme devraient être en mesure de générer un flux important d'acide p-hydroxybenzoïque qui offre des opportunités pour le développement de produits à valeur ajoutée dérivés de l'industrie du palmier à huile. La producción industrial de aceite de palma genera simultáneamente una cantidad sustancial de fibras de racimo de frutas vacías (EFB) que podrían utilizarse como materia prima en una biorrefinería a base de lignocelulosa. Los subproductos de lignina generados por este proceso pueden ofrecer oportunidades para el aislamiento de productos de valor agregado, como el p-hidroxibenzoato (pBz), para ayudar a compensar los costos operativos. El análisis de la lignina EFB por espectroscopía de resonancia magnética nuclear (RMN) reveló claramente la presencia de acetato unido y pBz, y la saponificación reveló que el 1,1% en peso del EFB era pBz; con un contenido de lignina del 22,7 %, el 4,8 % de la lignina es pBz que se puede obtener como un componente puro para su uso como materia prima química. El análisis de la lignina EFB por RMN y la derivatización seguida de escisión reductora (DFRC) mostró que pBz acila selectivamente el grupo γ-hidroxilo de las unidades S. Esta selectividad sugiere que pBz, análogamente con acetato en kenaf, p-cumarato en gramíneas y ferular en un álamo transgénico aumentado con una feruloil-CoA monolignol transferasa (FMT), se incorpora a la cadena de lignina en crecimiento a través de su conjugado de monolignol γ-p-hidroxibenzoilado. La participación de dichos conjugados en la lignificación de la palma se demuestra al observar nuevas unidades no acopladas a β-β-resinol p-hidroxibenzoiladas en las ligninas. Juntos, los datos implican la existencia de p-hidroxibenzoil-CoA:monolignol transferasas que participan en la lignificación en los diversos sauces (Salix spp.), álamos y álamo temblón (Populus spp., familia Salicaceae) y palmeras (familia Arecaceae) que tienen ligninas p-hidroxibenzoiladas. Incluso sin mejorar los niveles mediante mejoramiento o ingeniería genética, los 'desechos' actuales de aceite de palma EFB deberían ser capaces de generar una corriente considerable de ácido p-hidroxibenzoico que ofrezca oportunidades para el desarrollo de productos de valor agregado derivados de la industria de la palma aceitera. The industrial production of palm oil concurrently generates a substantial amount of empty fruit bunch (EFB) fibers that could be used as a feedstock in a lignocellulose-based biorefinery. Lignin byproducts generated by this process may offer opportunities for the isolation of value-added products, such as p-hydroxybenzoate (pBz), to help offset operating costs. Analysis of the EFB lignin by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy clearly revealed the presence of bound acetate and pBz, with saponification revealing that 1.1 wt% of the EFB was pBz; with a lignin content of 22.7 %, 4.8 % of the lignin is pBz that can be obtained as a pure component for use as a chemical feedstock. Analysis of EFB lignin by NMR and derivatization followed by reductive cleavage (DFRC) showed that pBz selectively acylates the γ-hydroxyl group of S units. This selectivity suggests that pBz, analogously with acetate in kenaf, p-coumarate in grasses, and ferulate in a transgenic poplar augmented with a feruloyl-CoA monolignol transferase (FMT), is incorporated into the growing lignin chain via its γ-p-hydroxybenzoylated monolignol conjugate. Involvement of such conjugates in palm lignification is proven by the observation of novel p-hydroxybenzoylated non-resinol β–β-coupled units in the lignins. Together, the data implicate the existence of p-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA:monolignol transferases that are involved in lignification in the various willows (Salix spp.), poplars and aspen (Populus spp., family Salicaceae), and palms (family Arecaceae) that have p-hydroxybenzoylated lignins. Even without enhancing the levels by breeding or genetic engineering, current palm oil EFB 'wastes' should be able to generate a sizeable stream of p-hydroxybenzoic acid that offers opportunities for the development of value-added products derived from the oil palm industry. ينتج الإنتاج الصناعي لزيت النخيل في الوقت نفسه كمية كبيرة من ألياف مجموعة الفاكهة الفارغة (EFB) التي يمكن استخدامها كمادة وسيطة في مصفاة حيوية تعتمد على اللجينوسليلوز. قد توفر المنتجات الثانوية لليجنين الناتجة عن هذه العملية فرصًا لعزل المنتجات ذات القيمة المضافة، مثل p - hydroxybenzoate (pBz)، للمساعدة في تعويض تكاليف التشغيل. كشف تحليل اللجنين EFB بواسطة مطياف الرنين المغناطيسي النووي (NMR) بوضوح عن وجود أسيتات مرتبطة و pBz، مع كشف التصبن أن 1.1 ٪ بالوزن من EFB كان pBz ؛ مع محتوى اللجنين بنسبة 22.7 ٪، 4.8 ٪ من اللجنين عبارة عن pBz يمكن الحصول عليه كمكون نقي للاستخدام كمادة وسيطة كيميائية. أظهر تحليل اللجنين EFB بواسطة NMR والاشتقاق متبوعًا بالانقسام الاختزالي (DFRC) أن pBz يعمل بشكل انتقائي على أسيتيل مجموعة γ - hydroxyl من وحدات S. تشير هذه الانتقائية إلى أن pBz، بالتناظر مع الأسيتات في الكناف، و p - comarate في الأعشاب، و ferulate في حور معدّل وراثيًا معززًا بـ feruloyl - CoA monolignol transferase (FMT)، يتم دمجه في سلسلة اللجنين المتنامية عبر γ - p - hydroxybenzoylated monolignol conjugate. ثبت تورط مثل هذه المترافقات في ترصيع النخيل من خلال ملاحظة وحدات p - hydroxybenzoylated غير الراتينول β - β المقترنة في اللجنين. معا، تشير البيانات إلى وجود p - hydroxybenzoyl - CoA: monolignol transferases التي تشارك في تبييض في الصفصاف المختلفة (Salix spp.)، الحور والحور (Populus spp.، عائلة Salicaceae)، والنخيل (عائلة Arecaceae) التي تحتوي على p - hydroxybenzoylated lignins. حتى من دون تعزيز المستويات عن طريق التكاثر أو الهندسة الوراثية، يجب أن تكون "نفايات" زيت النخيل الحالية قادرة على توليد تيار كبير من حمض p - hydroxybenzoic الذي يوفر فرصًا لتطوير منتجات ذات قيمة مضافة مشتقة من صناعة نخيل الزيت.

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    Authors: orcid William A. Anderson;
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    William A. Anderson in OpenAIRE
    M. Moo-Young; F.W. Bai; F.W. Bai; +1 Authors

    AbstractA bioreactor system composed of a stirred tank and three tubular bioreactors in series was established, and continuous ethanol fermentation was carried out using a general Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain and a very high gravity medium containing 280 g L−1 glucose, supplemented with 5 g L−1 yeast extract and 3 g L−1 peptone. Sustainable oscillations of glucose, ethanol, and biomass were observed when the tank was operated at the dilution rate of 0.027 h−1, which significantly affected ethanol fermentation performance of the system. After the tubular bioreactors were packed with 1/2″ Intalox ceramic saddles, the oscillations were attenuated and quasi‐steady states were achieved. Residence time distributions were studied for the packed bioreactors by the step input response technique using xylose as a tracer, which was added into the medium at a concentration of 20 g L−1, indicating that the backmixing alleviation assumed for the packed tubular bioreactors could not be established, and its contribution to the oscillation attenuation could not be verified. Furthermore, the role of the packing's yeast cell immobilization in the oscillation attenuation was investigated by packing the tubular bioreactors with packings with significant difference in yeast cell immobilization effects, and the experimental results revealed that only the Intalox ceramic saddles and wood chips with moderate yeast cell immobilization effects could attenuate the oscillations, and correspondingly, improved the ethanol fermentation performance of the system, while the porous polyurethane particles with good yeast cell immobilization effect could not. And the viability analysis for the immobilized yeast cells illustrated that the extremely lower yeast cell viability within the tubular bioreactors packed with the porous polyurethane particles could be the reason for their inefficiency, while the yeast cells loosely immobilized onto the surfaces of the Intalox ceramic saddles and wood chips could be renewed during the fermentation, guaranteeing their viability and making them more efficient in attenuating the oscillations. The packing Raschig rings without yeast cell immobilization effect did not affect the oscillatory behavior of the tubular bioreactors, further supporting the role of the yeast cell immobilization in the oscillation attenuation. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009;102: 113–121. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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    Authors: orcid William A. Anderson;
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    William A. Anderson in OpenAIRE
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    AbstractA bioreactor system composed of a stirred tank and three tubular bioreactors in series was established, and continuous ethanol fermentation was carried out using a general Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain and a very high gravity medium containing 280 g L−1 glucose, supplemented with 5 g L−1 yeast extract and 3 g L−1 peptone. Sustainable oscillations of glucose, ethanol, and biomass were observed when the tank was operated at the dilution rate of 0.027 h−1, which significantly affected ethanol fermentation performance of the system. After the tubular bioreactors were packed with 1/2″ Intalox ceramic saddles, the oscillations were attenuated and quasi‐steady states were achieved. Residence time distributions were studied for the packed bioreactors by the step input response technique using xylose as a tracer, which was added into the medium at a concentration of 20 g L−1, indicating that the backmixing alleviation assumed for the packed tubular bioreactors could not be established, and its contribution to the oscillation attenuation could not be verified. Furthermore, the role of the packing's yeast cell immobilization in the oscillation attenuation was investigated by packing the tubular bioreactors with packings with significant difference in yeast cell immobilization effects, and the experimental results revealed that only the Intalox ceramic saddles and wood chips with moderate yeast cell immobilization effects could attenuate the oscillations, and correspondingly, improved the ethanol fermentation performance of the system, while the porous polyurethane particles with good yeast cell immobilization effect could not. And the viability analysis for the immobilized yeast cells illustrated that the extremely lower yeast cell viability within the tubular bioreactors packed with the porous polyurethane particles could be the reason for their inefficiency, while the yeast cells loosely immobilized onto the surfaces of the Intalox ceramic saddles and wood chips could be renewed during the fermentation, guaranteeing their viability and making them more efficient in attenuating the oscillations. The packing Raschig rings without yeast cell immobilization effect did not affect the oscillatory behavior of the tubular bioreactors, further supporting the role of the yeast cell immobilization in the oscillation attenuation. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009;102: 113–121. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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    Authors: Susan A. Dudley; Mudra V. Bhatt; Aditi Khandelwal;

    • Recent studies have demonstrated sibling vs stranger differences in group root allocation in plants, suggesting that plants have the potential for kin discrimination in competition. However, morphology differences could potentially be generated by competition-based mechanisms. Here, we tested these hypotheses for the sibling vs stranger differences in root allocation in Cakile edentula. • Seeds were planted in pairs of either kin (siblings) or strangers, from all combinations of eight families, to give eight kin (sibling) and 28 stranger pair identities. Because the species has a seed dimorphism, the 10 replicates of each pair identity included both seed types. Root allocation, size inequality between seedlings in a pair, and competitive ability were derived from measures of biomass and height. • Cakile edentula seedlings demonstrated the same kin recognition response previously observed in juvenile plants, with lower root allocation in kin pairs than stranger pairs. The seed dimorphism was not associated with root allocation. • The two competitive mechanisms, genetic differences in competitive ability and increased size inequality in stranger groups, did not explain the root allocation differences in these seedlings. Kin recognition offered the most probable explanation for the differences in root allocation between sibling and stranger pairs.

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    Authors: Susan A. Dudley; Mudra V. Bhatt; Aditi Khandelwal;

    • Recent studies have demonstrated sibling vs stranger differences in group root allocation in plants, suggesting that plants have the potential for kin discrimination in competition. However, morphology differences could potentially be generated by competition-based mechanisms. Here, we tested these hypotheses for the sibling vs stranger differences in root allocation in Cakile edentula. • Seeds were planted in pairs of either kin (siblings) or strangers, from all combinations of eight families, to give eight kin (sibling) and 28 stranger pair identities. Because the species has a seed dimorphism, the 10 replicates of each pair identity included both seed types. Root allocation, size inequality between seedlings in a pair, and competitive ability were derived from measures of biomass and height. • Cakile edentula seedlings demonstrated the same kin recognition response previously observed in juvenile plants, with lower root allocation in kin pairs than stranger pairs. The seed dimorphism was not associated with root allocation. • The two competitive mechanisms, genetic differences in competitive ability and increased size inequality in stranger groups, did not explain the root allocation differences in these seedlings. Kin recognition offered the most probable explanation for the differences in root allocation between sibling and stranger pairs.

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    New Phytologist
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      New Phytologist
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    Authors: Takaro, Tim K.; Henderson, Sarah B.;

    Climate change is already affecting the cardiorespiratory health of populations around the world, and these impacts are expected to increase. The present overview serves as a primer for respirologists who are concerned about how these profound environmental changes may affect their patients. The authors consider recent peer‐reviewed literature with a focus on climate interactions with air pollution. They do not discuss in detail cardiorespiratory health effects for which the potential link to climate change is poorly understood. For example, pneumonia and influenza, which affect >500 million people per year, are not addressed, although clear seasonal variation suggests climate‐related effects. Additionally, large global health impacts in low‐resource countries, including migration precipitated by environmental change, are omitted. The major cardiorespiratory health impacts addressed are due to heat, air pollution and wildfires, shifts in allergens and infectious diseases along with respiratory impacts from flooding. Personal and societal choices about carbon use and fossil energy infrastructure should be informed by their impacts on health, and respirologists can play an important role in this discussion.

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    Canadian Respiratory Journal
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    Authors: Takaro, Tim K.; Henderson, Sarah B.;

    Climate change is already affecting the cardiorespiratory health of populations around the world, and these impacts are expected to increase. The present overview serves as a primer for respirologists who are concerned about how these profound environmental changes may affect their patients. The authors consider recent peer‐reviewed literature with a focus on climate interactions with air pollution. They do not discuss in detail cardiorespiratory health effects for which the potential link to climate change is poorly understood. For example, pneumonia and influenza, which affect >500 million people per year, are not addressed, although clear seasonal variation suggests climate‐related effects. Additionally, large global health impacts in low‐resource countries, including migration precipitated by environmental change, are omitted. The major cardiorespiratory health impacts addressed are due to heat, air pollution and wildfires, shifts in allergens and infectious diseases along with respiratory impacts from flooding. Personal and societal choices about carbon use and fossil energy infrastructure should be informed by their impacts on health, and respirologists can play an important role in this discussion.

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    Canadian Respiratory Journal
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    Canadian Respiratory Journal
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    Authors: Andrew M. Kropinski; L A MacDonald; M Linseman; Joseph S. Lam; +1 Authors

    The general properties of the heat shock response in Pseudomonas aeruginosa were characterized. The transfer of cells from 30 to 45 degrees C repressed the synthesis of many cellular proteins and led to the enhanced production of 17 proteins. With antibodies raised against the Escherichia coli proteins, two polypeptides of P. aeruginosa with apparent molecular weights of 76,000 and 61,000 (76K and 61K proteins) were shown to be analogous to the DnaK and GroEL heat shock proteins of E. coli due to their immunologic cross-reactivity. The major sigma factor (sigma 87) of P. aeruginosa was shown to be a heat shock protein that was immunologically related to the sigma 70 of E. coli by using polyclonal antisera. A hybridoma was produced, and the monoclonal antibody MP-S-1 was specific for the sigma 87 and did not cross-react with sigma 70 of E. coli. A smaller 40K protein was immunoprecipitated with RNA polymerase antisera from cells that had been heat shocked. The 40K protein was also associated with RNA polymerase which had been purified from heat-shocked cells and may be the heat shock sigma factor of P. aeruginosa. Exposure to ethanol resulted in the production of seven new proteins, three of which appeared to be heat shock proteins.

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    Journal of Bacteriology
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    Authors: Andrew M. Kropinski; L A MacDonald; M Linseman; Joseph S. Lam; +1 Authors

    The general properties of the heat shock response in Pseudomonas aeruginosa were characterized. The transfer of cells from 30 to 45 degrees C repressed the synthesis of many cellular proteins and led to the enhanced production of 17 proteins. With antibodies raised against the Escherichia coli proteins, two polypeptides of P. aeruginosa with apparent molecular weights of 76,000 and 61,000 (76K and 61K proteins) were shown to be analogous to the DnaK and GroEL heat shock proteins of E. coli due to their immunologic cross-reactivity. The major sigma factor (sigma 87) of P. aeruginosa was shown to be a heat shock protein that was immunologically related to the sigma 70 of E. coli by using polyclonal antisera. A hybridoma was produced, and the monoclonal antibody MP-S-1 was specific for the sigma 87 and did not cross-react with sigma 70 of E. coli. A smaller 40K protein was immunoprecipitated with RNA polymerase antisera from cells that had been heat shocked. The 40K protein was also associated with RNA polymerase which had been purified from heat-shocked cells and may be the heat shock sigma factor of P. aeruginosa. Exposure to ethanol resulted in the production of seven new proteins, three of which appeared to be heat shock proteins.

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    Authors: Shu Zhang; orcid Xiuquan Wang;
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    Pelin Kinay; orcid Quan Dau;
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    In this study, we present a comprehensive literature review of the potential impacts of climate change on potato storage. Potato preservation can help reduce food loss and waste while increasing long-term food security, as potatoes are one of the most important crops worldwide. The review’s results suggest climate change can negatively affect potato storage, especially tuber sprouting and diseases in storage chambers. Lower Sielianinov coefficient values (indicating dry and hot conditions) during the vegetative season of potato growing can lead to earlier sprouting. For instance, a decrease of 0.05 in the Sielianinov coefficient during the growing season results in tubers stored at 3 °C sprouting 25 days earlier and tubers stored at 5 °C experiencing a 15-day reduction in dormancy. This is due to the fact that the dry and hot climate conditions during the vegetation period of potato planting tend to shorten potato tubers’ natural dormancy, which further leads to earlier sprouting during storage. Furthermore, high Sielianinov coefficient values may lead to worse disease situations. The results also suggest that research about the impacts of climate change on potato storage is very limited at the current stage, and further studies are needed to address the key knowledge gaps identified in this study.

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    Authors: Shu Zhang; orcid Xiuquan Wang;
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    Pelin Kinay; orcid Quan Dau;
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    Quan Dau in OpenAIRE

    In this study, we present a comprehensive literature review of the potential impacts of climate change on potato storage. Potato preservation can help reduce food loss and waste while increasing long-term food security, as potatoes are one of the most important crops worldwide. The review’s results suggest climate change can negatively affect potato storage, especially tuber sprouting and diseases in storage chambers. Lower Sielianinov coefficient values (indicating dry and hot conditions) during the vegetative season of potato growing can lead to earlier sprouting. For instance, a decrease of 0.05 in the Sielianinov coefficient during the growing season results in tubers stored at 3 °C sprouting 25 days earlier and tubers stored at 5 °C experiencing a 15-day reduction in dormancy. This is due to the fact that the dry and hot climate conditions during the vegetation period of potato planting tend to shorten potato tubers’ natural dormancy, which further leads to earlier sprouting during storage. Furthermore, high Sielianinov coefficient values may lead to worse disease situations. The results also suggest that research about the impacts of climate change on potato storage is very limited at the current stage, and further studies are needed to address the key knowledge gaps identified in this study.

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    Authors: A. Yagminas; Victor E. Valli; Wayne J. Bowers; Raymond Poon; +3 Authors

    The inhalation toxicity of an ethanol-gasoline mixture was investigated in rats. Groups of 15 male and 15 female rats were exposed by inhalation to 6130 ppm ethanol, 500 ppm gasoline or a mixture of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline (by volume, 6130 ppm ethanol and 500 ppm gasoline), 6 h a day, 5 days per week for 4 weeks. Control rats of both genders received HEPA/charcoal-filtered room air. Ten males and ten females from each group were killed after 4 weeks of treatment and the remaining rats were exposed to filtered room air for an additional 4 weeks to determine the reversibility of toxic injuries. Female rats treated with the mixture showed growth suppression, which was reversed after 4 weeks of recovery. Increased kidney weight and elevated liver microsomal ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity, urinary ascorbic acid, hippuric acid and blood lymphocytes were observed and most of the effects were associated with gasoline exposure. Combined exposure to ethanol and gasoline appeared to exert an additive effect on growth suppression. Inflammation of the upper respiratory tract was observed only in the ethanol-gasoline mixture groups, and exposure to either ethanol and gasoline had no effect on the organ, suggesting that an irritating effect was produced when the two liquids were mixed. Morphology in the adrenal gland was characterized by vacuolation of the cortical area. Although histological changes were generally mild in male and female rats and were reversed after 4 weeks, the changes tended to be more severe in male rats. Brain biogenic amine levels were altered in ethanol- and gasoline-treated groups; their levels varied with respect to gender and brain region. Although no general interactions were observed in the brain neurotransmitters, gasoline appeared to suppress dopamine concentrations in the nucleus accumbens region co-exposed to ethanol. It was concluded that treatment with ethanol and gasoline, at the levels studied, produced mild, reversible biochemical hematological and histological effects, with some indications of interactions when they were co-administered.

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    Journal of Applied Toxicology
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    Authors: A. Yagminas; Victor E. Valli; Wayne J. Bowers; Raymond Poon; +3 Authors

    The inhalation toxicity of an ethanol-gasoline mixture was investigated in rats. Groups of 15 male and 15 female rats were exposed by inhalation to 6130 ppm ethanol, 500 ppm gasoline or a mixture of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline (by volume, 6130 ppm ethanol and 500 ppm gasoline), 6 h a day, 5 days per week for 4 weeks. Control rats of both genders received HEPA/charcoal-filtered room air. Ten males and ten females from each group were killed after 4 weeks of treatment and the remaining rats were exposed to filtered room air for an additional 4 weeks to determine the reversibility of toxic injuries. Female rats treated with the mixture showed growth suppression, which was reversed after 4 weeks of recovery. Increased kidney weight and elevated liver microsomal ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity, urinary ascorbic acid, hippuric acid and blood lymphocytes were observed and most of the effects were associated with gasoline exposure. Combined exposure to ethanol and gasoline appeared to exert an additive effect on growth suppression. Inflammation of the upper respiratory tract was observed only in the ethanol-gasoline mixture groups, and exposure to either ethanol and gasoline had no effect on the organ, suggesting that an irritating effect was produced when the two liquids were mixed. Morphology in the adrenal gland was characterized by vacuolation of the cortical area. Although histological changes were generally mild in male and female rats and were reversed after 4 weeks, the changes tended to be more severe in male rats. Brain biogenic amine levels were altered in ethanol- and gasoline-treated groups; their levels varied with respect to gender and brain region. Although no general interactions were observed in the brain neurotransmitters, gasoline appeared to suppress dopamine concentrations in the nucleus accumbens region co-exposed to ethanol. It was concluded that treatment with ethanol and gasoline, at the levels studied, produced mild, reversible biochemical hematological and histological effects, with some indications of interactions when they were co-administered.

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    Authors: Ajit Singh; Harwant Singh; Harwant Singh;

    Abstract Radiation damage in biological systems is initiated by free radicals and progresses with time through a variety of mechanisms. The time-scale and details of these mechanisms are briefly reviewed. Because of the variety of mechanisms of radio-biological damage, any single radio-protective or therapeutic agent can be only partially effective. The potential of and need for simultaneously using several radio-protective and therapeutic agents, including sulfhydryl compounds, superoxide dismutase, antioxidant proteins, and DNA repair enzymes, are examined, based on a priori considerations of the consequences of radiation exposure.

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    Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology
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    Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology
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      Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology
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    Authors: Ajit Singh; Harwant Singh; Harwant Singh;

    Abstract Radiation damage in biological systems is initiated by free radicals and progresses with time through a variety of mechanisms. The time-scale and details of these mechanisms are briefly reviewed. Because of the variety of mechanisms of radio-biological damage, any single radio-protective or therapeutic agent can be only partially effective. The potential of and need for simultaneously using several radio-protective and therapeutic agents, including sulfhydryl compounds, superoxide dismutase, antioxidant proteins, and DNA repair enzymes, are examined, based on a priori considerations of the consequences of radiation exposure.

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      Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Karen Spivak; Zalman Amit; Carlos M.G. Aragon;

    The role of peripherally and centrally acting acetaldehyde in ethanol‐induced conditioned taste aversion (CTA) was investigated using various enzyme manipulations. Cyanamide, an aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor (ALDH) elevates blood acetaldehyde levels in the presence of ethanol. Concurrent administration with 4‐methylpyrazole (4MP), an alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor, prevents peripheral accumulation of acetaldehyde by cyanamide. Under both treatment conditions brain and liver ALDH activity is inhibited. Water‐deprived rats were pretreated 4 hr prior to fluid presentation with intraperitoneal injections of saline (S+S), 4‐methylpyrazole (4MP+S), cyanamide (S+C), or 4‐methylpyrazole + cyanamide (4MP+C). Subsequently, animals were presented with a novel saccharin solution followed immediately by intraperitoneal injection of one of three doses of ethanol (0.4, 0.8, or 1.2 g/kg) or saline vehicle on four occasions. Results suggested that animals pretreated with cyanamide (groups S+C and 4MP+C) drank significantly less saccharin after conditioning with a subthreshold dose of ethanol (0.4 g/kg) in comparison to groups S+S and 4MP+S. Moreover, at the conditioning dose of 1.2 g/kg, cyanamide‐treated animals demonstrated an attenuation of CTA compared to the other two groups. These effects cannot be attributed to elevated blood acetaldehyde levels since pretreatment with 4MP+C prevented peripheral acetaldehyde accumulation. A characteristic common to both cyanamide‐treated groups was the inhibition of brain ALDH. It is therefore suggested that brain ALDH may play a role in the mediation of ethanol‐induced CTAs. It is conceivable that ALDH plays this role by regulating the levels of acetaldehyde in brain.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Alcoholism Clinical ...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research
    Article . 1987 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Wiley Online Library User Agreement
    Data sources: Crossref
    addClaim
    21
    citations21
    popularityAverage
    influenceTop 10%
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Alcoholism Clinical ...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research
      Article . 1987 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Wiley Online Library User Agreement
      Data sources: Crossref
      addClaim
  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Karen Spivak; Zalman Amit; Carlos M.G. Aragon;

    The role of peripherally and centrally acting acetaldehyde in ethanol‐induced conditioned taste aversion (CTA) was investigated using various enzyme manipulations. Cyanamide, an aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor (ALDH) elevates blood acetaldehyde levels in the presence of ethanol. Concurrent administration with 4‐methylpyrazole (4MP), an alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor, prevents peripheral accumulation of acetaldehyde by cyanamide. Under both treatment conditions brain and liver ALDH activity is inhibited. Water‐deprived rats were pretreated 4 hr prior to fluid presentation with intraperitoneal injections of saline (S+S), 4‐methylpyrazole (4MP+S), cyanamide (S+C), or 4‐methylpyrazole + cyanamide (4MP+C). Subsequently, animals were presented with a novel saccharin solution followed immediately by intraperitoneal injection of one of three doses of ethanol (0.4, 0.8, or 1.2 g/kg) or saline vehicle on four occasions. Results suggested that animals pretreated with cyanamide (groups S+C and 4MP+C) drank significantly less saccharin after conditioning with a subthreshold dose of ethanol (0.4 g/kg) in comparison to groups S+S and 4MP+S. Moreover, at the conditioning dose of 1.2 g/kg, cyanamide‐treated animals demonstrated an attenuation of CTA compared to the other two groups. These effects cannot be attributed to elevated blood acetaldehyde levels since pretreatment with 4MP+C prevented peripheral acetaldehyde accumulation. A characteristic common to both cyanamide‐treated groups was the inhibition of brain ALDH. It is therefore suggested that brain ALDH may play a role in the mediation of ethanol‐induced CTAs. It is conceivable that ALDH plays this role by regulating the levels of acetaldehyde in brain.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Alcoholism Clinical ...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research
    Article . 1987 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Wiley Online Library User Agreement
    Data sources: Crossref
    addClaim
    21
    citations21
    popularityAverage
    influenceTop 10%
    impulseAverage
    BIP!Powered by BIP!
    more_vert
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Alcoholism Clinical ...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research
      Article . 1987 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Wiley Online Library User Agreement
      Data sources: Crossref
      addClaim
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