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Ce jeu de données contient le rapport d'expédition complet, la carte de l'expédition ainsi qu'une liste des stations et les types d'échantillonnage. Le rapport décrit l'expédition scientifique menée dans l'Arctique canadien entre le 16 juillet et 27 octobre 2020. Le rapport d'expédition 2020 est une collection de tous les rapports de croisière produits par les équipes de recherche participant à l'expédition estivale 2020 du NGCC à Amundsen et rassemblés par les scientifiques en chef au bout des Leg 1, Leg 2 (a, b and c) et Leg 3. Les différent programme de recherche participant à l'expédition sont présenté également. Le rapport d'expédition 2020 est divisé en deux parties : La première partie donne un aperçu de l'expédition, ainsi que la trajectoire du navire, les stations visitées et un synopsis des opérations menées. La deuxième partie contient les rapports soumis par les équipes scientifiques ou les chercheurs participants, avec des détails sur les objectifs spécifiques de leur projet, les opérations de terrain menées et la méthodologie utilisée, et dans certains cas, les résultats préliminaires. Lorsque les résultats sont présentés, ils présentent les données telles qu'elles ont été soumises à la fin des étapes en 2020. Les données présentées dans le rapport sont fournies à titre indicatif uniquement et n'ont pas fait l'objet d'un contrôle de qualité. Par conséquent, les parties intéressées par les résultats doivent contacter le responsable du projet ou les chercheurs qui ont collecté les données. Les sections de la partie II décrivant chaque projet sont organisées sous forme de rapport multidisciplinaires. Les sections suivantes couvrent les échantillonnages biologiques, propriété de la colonne d'eau, échantillonnage de benthos avec le ROV et enfin la cartographie des fond marins. Le rapport d'expédition 2020 comprend également quatre annexes couvrant les caractéristiques des échantillonnage menées à chacune des stations visitées et la liste des participants à bord pour chaque étape. Les principales données océanographiques générées par les opérations du CTD-Rosette, ainsi que les informations météorologiques (AVOS, Environnement Canada) et les données collectées à l'aide du Moving Vessel Profiler (MVP), du compteur de courant embarqué (SM-ADCP) et du thermosalinographe (TSG) sont disponibles dans le [**catalogue de données polaires (PDC)**](https://www.polardata.ca/pdcsearch/?doi_id=12713). Il est possible de consulter une [**carte interactive**](https://data.amundsen.ulaval.ca/) comprenant toutes les années d'expéditions et les différents trajectoires (LEG) qui y sont associées. This dataset contains the complete expedition report, the expedition map as well as a list of stations and sampling types. The 2020 Expedition Report describes scientific expedition carried out on the CCGS Amundsen in the Canadian Arctic between July 16 and October 27, 2020. The report is a collection of all the participating research teams’ Cruise reports assembled by the Chief Scientists at the end of Leg 1, Leg 2 (a, b and c) and Leg 3 of the CCGS Amundsen Expedition. The 2020 Expedition Report is divided into two parts: Part I gives an overview of the expedition, shows the cruise track and the stations visited and provides a synopsis of operations conducted during each of the three legs. Part II contains the reports submitted by participating science teams or researchers, with details on the specific objectives of their project, the field operations conducted and methodology used, and in some cases, preliminary results. When results are presented, they show the data as they were submitted at the end of the legs in 2020. The data presented in the report are illustrative only and have not been quality checked, thus parties interested in the results should contact the project leader or the researchers who collected the data. The sections in Part II describing each project are organized with multidisciplinary project reports. Subsequent sections cover Biological sampling, water column properties, benthos sampling from the ROV and seabed mapping. The four Appendices provide details on the locations and type of sampling performed at each station visited by the ship, as well as a list of science participants onboard during each leg. The core oceanographic data generated by the CTD-Rosette operations, as well as meteorological information (AVOS) and data collected using the Moving Vessel Profiler (MVP), the ship-mounted current meter (SM-ADCP) and the thermosalinograph (TSG) are available in the [**Polar Data Catalogue (PDC)**](https://www.polardata.ca/pdcsearch/?doi_id=12713) It is possible to consult an [**interactive map**](https://data.amundsen.ulaval.ca/) including all the years of expeditions and the different trajectories (LEG) associated with them.

This essay explores the issue of climate change in the Asia-Pacific region, particularly focusing on the forestry sector. Following an overview of forest resources in the region, it describes current and projected trends in climate. Potential impacts of climate change on forests are then discussed. A few scientific models that have been utilized to predict climate change patterns are also introduced. The essay then reviews few suggested improvements on adaptation strategies. It concludes with some national policies aimed at combating climate changes, and typical challenges that are faced by many tropical countries in the region.

The thesis aims to uncover and challenge the prevailing assumptions related to transnational networks in the field of climate change (TNCCs). TNCCs are often seen as promoters of a more horizontal model for global climate governance. Throughout the chapters, the thesis challenges this common conception. Focusing on the relation between the C40 cities network and two Latin American cities, Lima and Mexico City, I argue that transnational networks are actors facilitating access to cities by transnational companies instead of solely promoting the sharing of experiences and the support for a more inclusive global climate governance model. Put differently, based on the empirical evidence, the thesis claims that transnational climate networks work as an instrument for the transnational capitalist class (TCC, see Carroll, 2010) promoting market-based solutions and economic hegemony in climate politics. Empirically, the thesis shows how the C40 operates as a facilitator to transnational corporate investment in a range of infrastructures in cities from the global South. In particular, the study focuses on the intervention in urban policies related to Low Carbon Emissions Public Transportation (LCEPT) infrastructures. Both directly and indirectly – through other Western Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) (e.g., WRI, ITDP) - the C40 creates channels for transnational corporate actors to gain access to local policy-makers and, in that way, gain access to such transnational investments. As a result, these interventions impact the type of urban climate politics promoted in southern cities (a constant struggle between mitigation vs. adaptation policies) and the actors who benefits from these policies (private companies or the population). The chapters in the first part help us to fill the gap in the conceptualization of the role of transnational networks in urban public policy. The literature survey shows that governance is conceptualized, for the most part, with an institutionalist framework undermined by the evidence given in the case studies. The theoretical chapters also reveal the misconceptions in the literature related to transnational networks, not as promoters of horizontal collaboration, but as facilitators for transnational companies and the private sector, promoting transnational corporate (TNC) developed solutions to climate change. Differing from the conceptions in the literature, transnational networks do not always promote an exchange of information and practices among its members. The transnational networks that have the support of philanthropic organizations or multimillionaire companies such as C40, prioritize the creation of public/private partnerships, as well as the endorsement of technical and TNC-developed responses when addressing climate change. Likewise, like the C40, transnational networks encourage a transfer of climate policies from IOs (mainly from the global north), multinational and philanthropic foundations that involve technological and market-based solutions with a top-bottom approach. As shown in the empirical chapters, legislation in both cases – Mexico City and Lima - promotes private actors. Nonetheless, access to the design and decision-making process of climate politics for local NGOs and civil society in general, is not the same as for transnational NGOs and wealthy philanthropies. What transnational networks have brought to cities in the global South is the expansion and the reinforcement of economic links among the TCC. As a result, these transnational actors have included cities in Latin America in the last decades, utilizing business relations and infrastructure projects aligned to this TCC network. In other words, transnational networks promote economic relations and economic globalization at the city level. The present study reflects the dominance of Northern corporations and think-tanks in the ‘green sector’ as part of climate colonialism (Bachram, 2004; Katz-Rosene & Paterson, 2018; P. J. Newell & Paterson, 2010), indicating the way this transnational class drives the 'solutions' in urban climate politics. The empirical section of the study shows the result from interviews performed between March 2017 and March 2018, and the analysis of the empirical evidence from official documents, legislation, and governmental programs until September 2018. The second part aims to illustrate the complexity of transnational governance through the observation, interpretation, and analysis of two representative cities in Latin America. The main goal is to show the how of transnational climate change relations in Latin American cities. For instance, how does the network C40 facilitate access to urban climate politics for other actors, and how do they work as intermediaries between multinational corporations and cities? The study further demonstrates this argument by analyzing the influence of transnational actors in Lima and Mexico City, who working within the network C40 promote the implementation of a Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system in each city. The chapter on LCEPT describes how transnational actors influence public transportation policies mainly in two ways: by offering technical solutions or contacting those who have technical solutions with city officers. These transnational actors contribute to shaping different cities' strategies in the public transportation sector. Throughout the rest of the chapters, the study demonstrates where the most substantial influence comes from. By observing urban climate policies in each city, the thesis shows the level of influence from transnational actors in LCEPT politics.

West African region has abundant second generation biomass resources consisting of agricultural residues, forest resources; municipal solid wastes; and animal wastes that could be harnessed to produce liquid biofuels. A number of countries in the region have developed energy policies to foster bioenergy production. Despite the national intent expressed in various countries’ bioenergy policies, development of bioenergy facilities and liquid biofuels production from cellulosic sources in the region are essentially at the research and development stage. This study, through comprehensive reviews of various bioenergy policies, news reports, related journal articles and development reports, examined the reasons for the delay in the development of biorefineries in the region. The study then articulated feasible solutions to address the challenges. Among the discovered causes of the delay are over-dependence on fossil fuels and defective energy policy implementation manifesting in the form of lack of continuity. Other issues include poor private sector’s involvement and inadequate incentives necessary for private investors’ participation. This study concludes that boosting liquid biofuels production in West Africa would require public-private collaboration that is built from bottom-up. Successful bioenergy facilities’ development in the region would need to be community level scaled rather than being mega projects, and it would need to involve participation of communities as collaborators. In addition, to ensure sustainable production, it would be necessary to incorporate public enlightenment, and grant tax incentives to investors. Moreover, it would need to include a sustainable technology training package that would empower local engineers and technicians to not only develop bioenergy facilities that are suitable for the locality but also to maintain and improve them. Furthermore, Continuity and consistency in policy implementation and financing prioritization are essential to boosting liquid biofuel production in the West African region and to enable West African region to occupy its rightful place in the global bioeconomy.

Researchers, technical experts and practitioners argue that both coupling energy and the environment in the decision making process and incorporating the public’s preferences are critical if we are to develop effective strategies for mitigating climate change. However, these types of decisions are especially complex, foreign and value-laden, and when asked to participate people struggle making choices that are consistent with and account for their most important concerns and objectives. This dissertation investigates how the application of structured decision-making (SDM) may increase the internal consistency of people’s choices (the degree to which those choices align with people’s values, concerns and objectives) and helps them to create real, resource-constrained, regional-scale, climate-energy strategies. The first study examines three preference elicitation methods, two that are specific to SDM, and assesses whether these methods result in internally consistent results. Based on this work, and decades of behavioral decision research that shows individuals often make intuitive, affective evaluations, neglect values and construct preferences in especially complex or foreign decision-making contexts, an SDM framework was developed along with an interactive energy system model that allowed participants to construct their own alternative energy portfolios. This framework was successfully deployed at Michigan State University in 2012 and resulted in significantly more knowledgeable participants regarding coupled climate-energy systems—particularly when participants built their own portfolios, as well as high self-reported satisfaction and low difficulty engaging with the framework. Despite these positive results, this manner of energy strategy development is considered by some to be too cognitively demanding and expensive in terms of cost, time and technical expertise to deploy quickly and incorporate large numbers of stakeholders. Thus an additional framework was developed to examine these arguments. It was deployed online, across a much larger sample and for the first time in SDM entirely lacking active facilitation. The framework returned similarly high knowledge gains and high self-reported levels of satisfaction. Internal consistency, based on an empirical measure, was found to be lower than expected and desired across both frameworks; however, these levels of consistency were similar to those found in the initial study of elicitation methods, as well as previous research, and are shown to respond positively to the decision-aiding techniques described here.

Climate change is a type of prisoner’s dilemma. Reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are a public good and are costly to provide. Consequently, nation-states generally have done little to curb their emissions. Countries could be encouraged to reduce their emissions if the international community of states were to sanction, or the world were to shame, states that did not act. However, financial and technological aid is more likely to induce states to impose tougher restrictions on GHG emissions. In order for Copenhagen to precipitate major action on climate change the treaty must either compel countries to fulfill their obligations or assist states in transitioning their economies away from fossil fuels toward alternative energy sources. If the treaty fails to do both of these things then we can only hope that the largest producers of greenhouse gases either take steps to reduce their emissions voluntarily or are forced to take action in response to domestic pressure from their citizens and/or sub-national governments. Otherwise, we will have no choice but to adapt to an increasingly warmer planet and the consequences thereof.

There is scientific consensus that anthropogenic climate change is occurring and that it has had and will continue to have profoundly negative social, economic, and environmental consequences. The US government has not taken sufficient action to mitigate the threat of dangerous climate change. Frustrated by the lack of action in the legislative and executive branches, climate advocates have turned to the judicial branch and litigation to advance their cause. Litigation is important not only for its ability to create substantive legal change, but also for its power to generate media coverage and shape public and political discourse. There is growing recognition of the important contributions psychology can make to the study and practice of law. Research in psychology helps illuminate why the US public has had trouble engaging with the science of climate change, understanding the risks posed by climate change, and feeling motivated to take corrective action. Research also shows that how a public health issue is framed powerfully shapes the public debate and policy prescriptions for that issue. This thesis examines how climate advocates can construct their litigation messaging in light of insights from psychological and framing theories to most effectively advance the climate movement in the US. I chose to analyze three climate change litigation strategies that might present an opportunity of overcoming the public’s psychological hurdles to engaging with climate change and offer a narrative on climate change that would resonate with the public. In conducting my analysis, I found that, if used effectively, the medium of litigation offers a unique opportunity to reframe climate change and overcome the public’s cognitive hurdles to perceiving the true dangers of climate change. The structure of litigation, which requires plaintiffs to trace their injuries—including economic, social, and health-related injuries—to the actions of defendants, allows climate advocates to leverage insights from framing and psychology to make their climate change narratives as salient as possible.

Climatic variables and environmental conditions such as precipitation, sunlight, and soil are all important to the longevity of a species, but cold winter temperatures are one of the most limiting factors of species range. Pacific dogwood (Cornus nuttallii) is a beautiful tree found along most of the west coast of North America, from British Columbia to southern California. Despite its long range, previous studies have reported low local adaptation. In order to determine the population variation in cold hardiness, twigs were sampled in November 2008 and January 2009 from nine populations of Pacific dogwood planted in a common garden. Samples were analyzed for their Index of Injury at -18°C and -25°C, using the electrolyte leakage method (Hannerz et al., 1999). Statistical analyses showed that there was some population variation at -18°C in November, but no population variation at any of the other test temperatures or dates. This suggests that Pacific dogwood is not very locally adapted in its level of cold hardiness. This may be the result of high gene flow among populations due to seed dispersal by birds, as well as low genetic diversity caused by a population bottleneck during the Pleistocene glaciation. Therefore, this tree may not be well equipped to handle the environmental changes coming with climate change, but could perhaps be a candidate for facilitated migration.

Ce jeu de données contient le rapport d'expédition complet, la carte de l'expédition ainsi qu'une liste des stations et les types d'échantillonnage. Le rapport décrit l'expédition scientifique menée dans l'Arctique canadien entre le 05 août et 26 octobre 2005. Le rapport d'expédition 2005 est une collection de tous les rapports de croisière produits par les équipes de recherche participant à l'expédition estivale 2005 du NGCC à Amundsen et rassemblés par les scientifiques en chef au bout de leurs étapes. Le rapport d'expédition 2005 est divisé en deux parties : La première partie donne un aperçu de l'expédition, ainsi que la trajectoire du navire, les stations visitées et un synopsis des opérations menées durant chaque Leg. La deuxième partie contient les rapports soumis par les équipes scientifiques ou les chercheurs participants, avec des détails sur les objectifs spécifiques de leur projet, les opérations de terrain menées et la méthodologie utilisée, et dans certains cas, les résultats préliminaires. Lorsque les résultats sont présentés, ils présentent les données telles qu'elles ont été soumises à la fin des étapes en 2005. Les données présentées dans le rapport sont fournies à titre indicatif uniquement et n'ont pas fait l'objet d'un contrôle de qualité. Par conséquent, les parties intéressées par les résultats doivent contacter le responsable du projet ou les chercheurs qui ont collecté les données ou la personne responsable des données chez Amundsen Science (amundsen.data@as.ulaval.ca). Le rapport d'expédition 2005 comprend également quatre annexes : 1) la liste des stations échantillonnées, 2) le journal scientifique des activités menées, 3) une copie du journal de bord du CTD et 4) la liste des participants à bord pour chaque étape. Les principales données océanographiques générées par les opérations du CTD-Rosette, ainsi que les informations météorologiques (AVOS, Environnement Canada) et les données collectées à l'aide du Moving Vessel Profiler (MVP), du compteur de courant embarqué (SM-ADCP) et du thermosalinographe (TSG) sont disponibles dans le catalogue de données polaires (PDC) à l'adresse www.polardata.ca This dataset contains the complete report, the expedition map as well as a list of stations and sampling types. The 2005 Expedition Report describes the scientific expedition carried out in the Canadian Arctic between August 05 and October 26, 2005. The report is a collection of all the participating research teams’ Cruise Reports provided to the Chief Scientists at the end of each Legs of the 2005 CCGS Amundsen Expedition. The 2005 Expedition Report is divided into two parts: Part I provides an overview of the expedition, the cruise track and the stations visited, and a synopsis of operations conducted during each Leg. Part II contains the reports submitted by participating science teams or researchers, with details on the specific objectives of their project, the field operations conducted and methodology used, and in some cases, preliminary results. When results are presented, they show the data as they were submitted at the end of the Legs in 2005. The data presented in this report are illustrative only and have not been quality checked, thus parties interested in the results should contact the project leader or the researchers who collected the data or the data coordinator at Amundsen Science (amundsen.data@as.ulaval.ca). The 2005 Expedition Report includes four appendices: 1) the list of stations sampled, 2) the scientific log of activities conducted, 3) a copy of the CTD logbook and 4) the list of participants on board during each leg. The core oceanographic data generated by the CTD-Rosette operations, as well as meteorological information (AVOS) and data collected using the Moving Vessel Profiler (MVP), the ship-mounted current meter (SM-ADCP) and the thermosalinograph (TSG) are available in the Polar Data Catalogue (PDC) at www.polardata.ca.

The purpose of this research was to quantify feedstock supply risk over the lifetime of an agricultural residue-based (straw and chaff) biorefinery and to determine the range of delivered prices. The Peace River region of Alberta was used as a case study for analysis, with a geographic information system utilized for data analysis. Inter-year availability of crop residues was highly variable over the 20 year period under study, which created significant differences in the delivered price of feedstock between minimum, average, and maximum availability scenarios. At the four primary study sites (Fahler, Grimshaw, Peace River, and Sexsmith), the range was from double the average availability for the maximum scenario to zero biomass available for the minimum scenario. Biomass availability is a function of grain yield, the biomass to grain ratio, the cropping frequency, and residue retention rate used to ensure future crop productivity. Using minimum, average, and maximum supply scenarios, delivered price was determined using the dynamic (time-dependent) Integrated Biomass Supply Analysis and Logistics (IBSAL) simulation model. Five biorefinery capacities, ranging from 50,000 to 500,000 tonnes of feedstock per year, were analyzed. Since no biomass was available to model in true minimum years, a simulated minimum of half the average availability was used. Delivered cost, including harvest and transportation, for the 50,000 t plant ranged from $24.01 t-1 for the maximum availability scenario at the Sexsmith site to $42.63 t-1 for the simulated minimum scenario at the Fahler site. The range for the 500,000 t plant at the Sexsmith site was $41.78 for the maximum availability and $70.98 for the simulated minimum availability. As no biomass is available (and hence the true cost is unknown) in some years, storage strategies must be implemented and alternate feedstock sources identified to supply biorefineries in low-yield years. Since feedstock cost is a large component of total operating cost of a biorefinery, feedstock supply variability and delivered cost inconsistency should be primary decision criteria for any future biorefinery projects.