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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Adami, Salah-Eddine;

    Les progrès réalisés durant ces dernières années dans le domaine de la microélectronique et notamment vis-à-vis de l'augmentation exponentielle de la densité d'intégration des composants et des systèmes a participé activement à l'apparition et au développement de systèmes portables communicants de plus en plus performants et polyvalents. La R&D dans les technologies de stockage d'énergie n'a pas suivi cette tendance d'évolution très rapide ; ce qui constitue un handicap majeur dans les évolutions futures des systèmes portables. La transmission d'énergie sans fils sur des distances considérables (plusieurs dizaines de mètres) grâce aux microondes constitue une solution très prometteuse pour pallier aux problèmes d'autonomie dans le cas des systèmes sans fils communicants. De plus, du fait de l'omniprésence des ondes électromagnétiques dans notre environnement avec des niveaux plus ou moins importants, la récupération et l'exploitation de cette énergie libre est également possible. La rectenna (Rectifying Antenna) est le dispositif permettant de capter et de convertir une onde électromagnétique en une tension continue. Plusieurs travaux de thèse axés sur l'étude et l'optimisation de la rectenna ont été réalisés au sein du laboratoire. Ces travaux avaient montré que pour des faibles niveaux de champs les tensions délivrées par la rectenna sont généralement très faibles et inexploitables. Aussi, comme la majorité des micro-sources d'énergie et à cause de son impédance interne, les performances de la rectenna dépendent fortement de sa charge de sortie. Ainsi, le développement d'un système d'interfaçage de la rectenna est nécessaire afin de pallier ces manquements inhérents du convertisseur RF/DC. Ce genre de système d'interfaçage est généralement absent dans la littérature à cause des faibles niveaux de puissance exploités. Par conséquent, la rectenna est très souvent utilisée tel quelle ; ce qui limite fortement le champ applicatif. Dans ce projet de recherche, un système de gestion énergétique de la rectenna complètement autonome a été conçu, développé et optimisé afin de garantir les performances optimales de la rectenna quelques soient les fluctuations de la puissance d'entrée et celles de la charge de sortie. Le circuit d'interfaçage permet également de fournir à la charge des niveaux de tension utilisables. Le système réalisé est basé tout d'abord sur l'utilisation d'un convertisseur DC/DC résonant pouvant fonctionner d'une manière complètement autonome à partir de niveaux très bas de la tension et de la puissance de la source. Ce convertisseur permet donc de garantir l'autonomie du système en éliminant la nécessité d'une source d'énergie auxiliaire. A cause de ses faibles performances énergétiques, ce convertisseur ne sera utilisé que durant la phase de démarrage. L'efficacité du système en termes de rendement énergétique et d'adaptation d'impédance est garantie grâce à l'utilisation d'un convertisseur Flyback fonctionnant dans son régime de conduction discontinu. Ainsi, une adaptation d'impédance très efficace est réalisée entre la rectenna et la charge de sortie. Ce convertisseur principal fonctionnera durant le régime permanent. Les deux convertisseurs ont été optimisés pour des niveaux de tension et de puissance aussi bas que quelques centaines de mV et quelques μW respectivement. Des mesures expérimentales réalisées sur plusieurs prototypes ont démontré le bon fonctionnement et les excellentes performances prédites par la procédure de conception ; ce qui nous permet de valider notre approche. De plus, les performances obtenues se distinguent parfaitement vis-à-vis de l'état de l'art. Enfin, en fonction de l'application désirée, plusieurs synoptiques d'association des deux structures sont proposés. Ceci inclut également la gestion énergétique de la charge de sortie.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ INRIA a CCSD electro...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ INRIA a CCSD electro...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/

    RESUME :Le but de cet article est d'étudier comment la naissance et la croissance d'une économie estsusceptible d'affecter le fonctionnement de son environnement modélisé sous la forme d'uncycle naturel. Afin de mettre en évidence les facteurs qui stabilisent le système formé par lecycle naturel et l'économie et ceux qui au contraire sont susceptibles de le déstabiliser et de leconduire à l'effondrement, différents cas de figure sont envisagés selon la nature (i) des coûtsmarginaux d'extraction d'une ressource renouvelable faisant partie du cycle et (ii) des impactsde la pollution sur l'environnement. ABSTRACT:The aim of this article is to study how the birth and growth of an economy could affect itsenvironment modelled as a natural cycle. In order to underline the factors that stabilises thesystem formed by the natural cycle and the economy and those that are likely to destabilise andlead it to collapse, we study different cases depending on the form of (i) the marginal extractioncosts of a renewable resource included in the cycle and (ii) the impact of pollution on theenvironment. info:eu-repo/semantics/published

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ INRIA a CCSD electro...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    DI-fusion
    Article . 2012
    Data sources: DI-fusion
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ INRIA a CCSD electro...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      DI-fusion
      Article . 2012
      Data sources: DI-fusion
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Godier, Patrice; Tapie, Guy; Lacroix, Guillaume; Matthey, Laurent;

    Ce texte publié dans le numéro anniversaire des Cahiers Ramau organise la rencontre de trois générations de chercheurs qui se sont intéressés à la question de l'interprofessionnalité et des compétences dans la fabrication de la ville. Leurs regards croisés permet de renseigner les évolutions en cours des métiers de la ville.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Archive ouverte UNIG...arrow_drop_down
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    Hyper Article en Ligne
    Part of book or chapter of book . 2019
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Archive ouverte UNIG...arrow_drop_down
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      Hyper Article en Ligne
      Part of book or chapter of book . 2019
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Authors: Degremont, Marie;

    Our work focuses on energy transition policies launched by French local authorities through a historical perspective. We analyze renewable energy and energy efficiency local policies as well as grid modernization, especially since their development in the mid-2000s. They are embedded in a process where historical principles guiding public policies in the energy sector are being challenged, especially as regards electricity.This offers opportunities to actors contesting these organizational principles, who promote alternatives they crafted for a few decades.Thanks to policy entrepreneurs mobilizing resources acquired over the course of their career, an alternative territorialized energy model is emerging. Gradually, it gains ground through the development of local production systems, mostly controlled by regional councils and large urban centers. These processes bring about a number of changes, most of them being incremental. However, we identify accelerating periods that can lead to changes of energy systems on a wider scale. They introduce differentiation from the French energy system, organized and controlled at a national scale. These alternatives are standardized, and it makes them more powerful to confront strong path dependency in this area. Since energy policy has been central in the crafting of the French modern state, these transitions could have consequences on public policies in general and on the state itself.; Notre thèse interroge les processus de transition énergétique engagés dans les collectivités territoriales françaises, en les inscrivant dans une perspective historique. Nous analysons les politiques territoriales de développement des énergies renouvelables, de maîtrise de la demande et de modernisation des réseaux d’énergie, qui se développent depuis le milieu des années 2000. Elles se déploient dans un contexte de remise en cause des logiques historiques gouvernant les politiques publiques françaises dans le domaine de l’énergie, et en particulier le secteur de l’électricité. Cela offre des opportunités à un ensemble d’acteurs en contestant les principes d’organisation, mettant en avant des logiques alternatives, qu’ils construisent et étayent depuis plusieurs décennies. A la faveur de l’action d’entrepreneurs politiques, qui mobilisent des ressources acquises au cours de leur carrière, un modèle énergétique alternatif se construit à l’échelle territoriale. Progressivement, il se traduit par l’émergence de systèmes productifs locaux, principalement pilotés par les conseils régionaux et les métropoles. Ces processus entraînent des changements, la plupart du temps incrémentaux, mais qui connaissent des phases d’accélération et peuvent entraîner de profondes transformations des systèmes énergétiques. Ils introduisent une différenciation au sein de l’organisation nationale du secteur de l’énergie, d’autant plus puissante qu’elle est portée de manière standardisée. Au vu de l’importance de l’énergie dans la structuration de l’Etat, ces transitions pourraient avoir des effets sur l’action publique et sur l’Etat lui-même.

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    Authors: Allirot, Xavier;

    This thesis project consists in studying the effects of eating smaller more frequent meals, with no change in energy intake, on appetite and energy balance in normal weight and obese subjects. The first objective was methodological: we proposed and validated an original methodology for studying appetite, based on the duplication of the same protocol in two different research centers, and the use of an experimental restaurant, reproducing an ecological meal situation. This methodology enables to answer two methodological issues. Firstly, it allows an integrated approach of appetite, associating subjective (hunger and satiety feelings), physiological (biomarkers of appetite: ghrelin and GLP -1) and behavioral (food intake, choices and eating rhythms) measurements. Secondly, the ecological character of the eating situation we proposed, ensure a good external validity of the results. The second objective was to assess, thanks to this methodology, the short term consequences of eating smaller more frequent meals on subjective appetite, on hormones that regulates appetite, on eating behaviors during the subsequent meal, and on metabolic orientations. In normal weight subjects, subjective, physiological and behavioral approaches showed a decrease in appetite after eating smaller more frequent meals, while in obese subjects we did not obtain the same beneficial behaviors: obese subjects did not consume less energy during the subsequent meal. Metabolic results showed the same effects in both normal weight and obese subjects: insulin concentrations were maintained above their basal level, leading to an extended inhibition of lipolysis, characterized by a decrease in plasmatic concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids. Eating smaller more frequent meals also decreased energy expenditure via diet induced thermogenesis. This work highlights the fact that eating smaller more frequent meals may be beneficial in normal weight individuals in order to better control appetite, but it does not seem to be an adequate strategy in obese individuals. The effects on energy expenditure and metabolic orientations, potentially negative, should be studied over a longer period Fractionner son alimentation consiste à augmenter la fréquence de ses prises alimentaires, sans modifier la quantité totale d’énergie ingérée. Dans ce travail de thèse, nous avons étudié les effets du fractionnement alimentaire sur l’appétit et la balance énergétique chez des sujets de poids normal et obèses. Le premier objectif était d’ordre méthodologique : nous avons proposé et validé un dispositif original d’étude de l’appétit, basé sur la duplication du même protocole dans deux lieux de recherche différents et sur l’utilisation d’un restaurant expérimental, en reproduisant une situation écologique de repas. Ce dispositif permet de répondre à deux enjeux méthodologiques. D’une part, il permet une approche intégrée de l’appétit, grâce à l’association de mesures subjectives (sensations de faim et de satiété), physiologiques (biomarqueurs de l’appétit : ghréline et GLP-1) et comportementales (consommations, choix et rythmes alimentaires). D’autre part, le caractère écologique de la situation de repas proposée assure une bonne validité externe des résultats. Le second objectif était d’étudier, grâce à cette méthodologie, les conséquences à court terme du fractionnement alimentaire sur les sensations de faim, les hormones qui régulent l’appétit, le comportement au cours du repas qui suit le fractionnement, ainsi que sur les orientations métaboliques. Chez des sujets de poids normal, les approches subjectives, physiologiques et comportementales ont toutes montré une diminution de l’appétit en réponse au fractionnement. En revanche, nous n’avons pas obtenu les mêmes bénéfices comportementaux chez les obèses, chez qui le fractionnement n’a pas induit de baisse des apports énergétiques au cours du repas suivant. Sur le plan métabolique, nous avons montré les mêmes effets dans les deux populations, à savoir une insulinémie maintenue au-dessus de son niveau basal, entraînant une inhibition prolongée de la lipolyse, elle-même caractérisée par une baisse des concentrations plasmatiques en acides gras non estérifiés. Le fractionnement a également entrainé une diminution de la dépense énergétique via la thermogénèse alimentaire. Ce travail met en évidence les bénéfices possibles du fractionnement alimentaire chez les personnes de poids normal pour mieux contrôler leur appétit. En revanche, cette stratégie ne semble pas adaptée pour des personnes obèses. Les effets sur la dépense énergétique et les orientations métaboliques, potentiellement négatifs, doivent être étudiés sur de plus longues périodes

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    Authors: Plénet, Daniel; Jeannequin, Benoit; Chauvin, Jean-Eric;

    National audience; The fruit, vegetable and potato (FLP) sectors are characterised by a high structural diversity linked to the many species and varieties cultivated and to very varied production and marketing structures. The very strong competition imposed by the long distribution and import-export channels has gradually led, for reasons of economic rationality, to a specialisation of the production basins and part of the farms with standardisation of production means and products, but also the disappearance of many small farms. Overall, these changes have resulted in an erosion of surfaces and a decrease in the volumes produced for the majority of sectors with the exception of potatoes and certain nuts. Nevertheless, the dynamism of certain "product" sectors has led to a revival of competitiveness and/or a better Plénet D. et al. 80 Innovations Agronomiques 68 (2018), 79-105 development of the offer thanks to approaches relating to the development of high-tech systems, the reduction in the use of synthetic products, segmentation and commercial differentiation, and the creation of quality signs. In addition, the renewal of short and local circuits has recently made it possible to develop a very diversified network of farms in all regions. The emergence of high expectations for organic farming products and for healthy and sustainable agro-food systems offers new opportunities today. To benefit from them, the FLP sectors will have to develop coherent strategies to strengthen complementarities and synergies between different production, processing and marketing systems. These diversity enhancement strategies will contribute to increasing the economic and environmentalrobustness of the FLP sectors.; Les filières fruits, légumes et pomme de terre (FLP) se caractérisent par une diversité structurelle importante liée aux nombreuses espèces et variétés cultivées et à des structures de production et de commercialisation très variées. La très forte concurrence imposée par les circuits longs de la grande distribution et de l’import-export a progressivement entrainé pour des raisons de rationalité économique une spécialisation des bassins de production et d’une partie des exploitations avec une standardisation des moyens de production et des produits, mais aussi la disparition de nombreuses petites exploitations. Globalement, ces évolutions se sont traduites par une érosion des surfaces et une diminution des volumes produits pour la majorité des filières à l’exception de la pomme de terre et de certains fruits à coque. Néanmoins, le dynamisme de certaines filières « produit » a entrainé un regain de compétitivité et/ou une meilleure valorisation de l’offre grâce à des démarches portant sur le développement de systèmes à haute technicité, la réduction d’utilisation des produits de synthèse, la segmentation et la différenciation commerciale, et la création de signes de qualité. Par ailleurs, le renouveau des circuits courts et de proximité permet depuis peu de développer dans toutes les régions un tissu d’exploitations très diversifiées. L’émergence d’une forte attente pour les produits de l’agriculture biologique et pour des systèmes agro-alimentaires sains et durables offre aujourd’hui de nouvelles opportunités. Pour en bénéficier, les filières FLP devront élaborer des stratégies cohérentes afin de renforcer les complémentarités et les synergies entre différents systèmes de production, de transformation et de commercialisation. Ces stratégies de valorisation de la diversité contribueront à accroitre la robustesse économique et environnementale des filières FLP.

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    Authors: Lebert, A.; Chevalier, Jérome; Lasvaux, S.; Schiopu, N.; +22 Authors

    37 p. Le projet Elodie 2.0 a contribué à mettre à la disposition du secteur de la construction des méthodes et des outils pour concevoir et évaluer les bâtiments dans une approche performancielle. Pour donner à chacun des acteurs une vision globale sur l'ensemble du cycle de vie du bâtiment, le projet Elodie 2.0 s'est intéressé aux outils " métier ", ainsi qu'aux chaines de valeurs aboutissant à des critères globaux à l'échelle du bâtiment. Le tableau de bord en construction intègre donc les aspects énergétiques et environnementaux (approche Analyse de cycle de vie autour de l'outil logiciel Elodie), mais également les aspects de confort (outils Acoubat et Phanie), de santé (qualité de l'air intérieur) et de coût global. // The Elodie 2.0 project has contributed to provide to the construction sector methods and tools for designing and evaluating buildings, in a performance approach. To give each stakeholder an overall vision of the entire life cycle of the building, the Elodie 2.0 project considered expert's tools, as well as value chains leading to comprehensive and wide criteria, at the building scale. The building project scoreboard includes energy and environmental aspects (life cycle assessment through Elodie software tool), but also aspects of comfort (Acoubat Phanie), health (indoor air quality) and overall cost.

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    Authors: Thiry, Geraldine; Sebastien, Léa; Bauler, Thomas;

    L’objectif d’un « au-delà du PIB » mobilise de nombreux acteurs, aux statuts, objectifs et visions très différents. La diversité, souvent diffuse, d’échelles institutionnelles, d’approches théoriques et de positionnements normatifs vis-à-vis de l’opportunité et des motifs d’un « au-delà du PIB » rend les débats confus, les positionnements peu clairs, et les rapports de force difficilement identifiables. Mais de quoi les débats actuels sont-ils le signe ? Aller « au-delà du PIB » serait-il un objectif rhétorique par défaut, en l’absence de stratégie crédible de sortie de crise ? Constitue-t-il une fenêtre d’opportunité à la mise en débat de questions de société difficilement abordables par ailleurs, et non une fin en soi ? Ou au contraire cristallise-t-il un volontarisme militant, désireux d’amorcer un véritable changement paradigmatique ? Nous tentons de répondre à cette question par l’analyse de discours d’acteurs officiels (politiques, techniciens et administratifs) impliqués et non-impliqués dans la poursuite d’un « au-delà du PIB ». Il ressort qu’au niveau des sphères officielles, les débats sur « un-delà du PIB », s’ils font entrer en ligne de compte de nouveaux enjeux comme le bien-être ou la soutenabilité, ne participent pas à éroder la centralité de la « croissance du PIB». Les débats s’avèrent dominés par une certaine forme de pragmatisme, les intérêts dominants étant centrés sur des contraintes et objectifs de court-terme, dont la croissance économique semble toujours considérée comme un élément indispensable. L’intérêt des acteurs pour de nouveaux indicateurs relève donc plus d’une volonté et/ou d’une nécessité d’adapter les modalités de gestion publique et/ou les politiques publiques à de nouvelles contraintes que d’une remise en question plus fondamentale du modèle productiviste sur lequel les économies sont bâties depuis plus de soixante ans. The idea of going « beyond GDP » attracts more and more actors, whose status, objectives and visions are very different. The diversity of institutional scales, theoretical approaches, and normative positions regarding the opportunity and motives of going “beyond GDP” makes hard to clearly identify the stances of the actors and the power balances dominating the debates. We therefore ask: What do the current debates mean to their actors? Are they a new rhetoric liable to elude a confrontation with the structural problems resulting from the crisis? Are they an opportunity window for launching again societal debates that are hardly raised elsewhere? Or are they a real trigger toward a paradigmatic change, deeply questioning productivism? We try to answer that question by analysing the discourses of official actors (politics, administration, technicians) involved and not involved in “beyond-GDP” initiatives. We show that, at the official level, beyond GDP debates, while they raise new societal issues, do not contribute to erode the central role of economic growth. The debates are dominated by pragmatism, in that dominant interests are focused on short-term constraints and objectives, where GDP growth remains pivotal. The involvement of actors in beyond-GDP debates reveals more a need and/or the willingness to adapt public management and policies to new constraints rather than a critical reflexion on the productivist model on which our economies have been built for more than sixty years.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Adami, Salah-Eddine;

    Les progrès réalisés durant ces dernières années dans le domaine de la microélectronique et notamment vis-à-vis de l'augmentation exponentielle de la densité d'intégration des composants et des systèmes a participé activement à l'apparition et au développement de systèmes portables communicants de plus en plus performants et polyvalents. La R&D dans les technologies de stockage d'énergie n'a pas suivi cette tendance d'évolution très rapide ; ce qui constitue un handicap majeur dans les évolutions futures des systèmes portables. La transmission d'énergie sans fils sur des distances considérables (plusieurs dizaines de mètres) grâce aux microondes constitue une solution très prometteuse pour pallier aux problèmes d'autonomie dans le cas des systèmes sans fils communicants. De plus, du fait de l'omniprésence des ondes électromagnétiques dans notre environnement avec des niveaux plus ou moins importants, la récupération et l'exploitation de cette énergie libre est également possible. La rectenna (Rectifying Antenna) est le dispositif permettant de capter et de convertir une onde électromagnétique en une tension continue. Plusieurs travaux de thèse axés sur l'étude et l'optimisation de la rectenna ont été réalisés au sein du laboratoire. Ces travaux avaient montré que pour des faibles niveaux de champs les tensions délivrées par la rectenna sont généralement très faibles et inexploitables. Aussi, comme la majorité des micro-sources d'énergie et à cause de son impédance interne, les performances de la rectenna dépendent fortement de sa charge de sortie. Ainsi, le développement d'un système d'interfaçage de la rectenna est nécessaire afin de pallier ces manquements inhérents du convertisseur RF/DC. Ce genre de système d'interfaçage est généralement absent dans la littérature à cause des faibles niveaux de puissance exploités. Par conséquent, la rectenna est très souvent utilisée tel quelle ; ce qui limite fortement le champ applicatif. Dans ce projet de recherche, un système de gestion énergétique de la rectenna complètement autonome a été conçu, développé et optimisé afin de garantir les performances optimales de la rectenna quelques soient les fluctuations de la puissance d'entrée et celles de la charge de sortie. Le circuit d'interfaçage permet également de fournir à la charge des niveaux de tension utilisables. Le système réalisé est basé tout d'abord sur l'utilisation d'un convertisseur DC/DC résonant pouvant fonctionner d'une manière complètement autonome à partir de niveaux très bas de la tension et de la puissance de la source. Ce convertisseur permet donc de garantir l'autonomie du système en éliminant la nécessité d'une source d'énergie auxiliaire. A cause de ses faibles performances énergétiques, ce convertisseur ne sera utilisé que durant la phase de démarrage. L'efficacité du système en termes de rendement énergétique et d'adaptation d'impédance est garantie grâce à l'utilisation d'un convertisseur Flyback fonctionnant dans son régime de conduction discontinu. Ainsi, une adaptation d'impédance très efficace est réalisée entre la rectenna et la charge de sortie. Ce convertisseur principal fonctionnera durant le régime permanent. Les deux convertisseurs ont été optimisés pour des niveaux de tension et de puissance aussi bas que quelques centaines de mV et quelques μW respectivement. Des mesures expérimentales réalisées sur plusieurs prototypes ont démontré le bon fonctionnement et les excellentes performances prédites par la procédure de conception ; ce qui nous permet de valider notre approche. De plus, les performances obtenues se distinguent parfaitement vis-à-vis de l'état de l'art. Enfin, en fonction de l'application désirée, plusieurs synoptiques d'association des deux structures sont proposés. Ceci inclut également la gestion énergétique de la charge de sortie.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ INRIA a CCSD electro...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/

    RESUME :Le but de cet article est d'étudier comment la naissance et la croissance d'une économie estsusceptible d'affecter le fonctionnement de son environnement modélisé sous la forme d'uncycle naturel. Afin de mettre en évidence les facteurs qui stabilisent le système formé par lecycle naturel et l'économie et ceux qui au contraire sont susceptibles de le déstabiliser et de leconduire à l'effondrement, différents cas de figure sont envisagés selon la nature (i) des coûtsmarginaux d'extraction d'une ressource renouvelable faisant partie du cycle et (ii) des impactsde la pollution sur l'environnement. ABSTRACT:The aim of this article is to study how the birth and growth of an economy could affect itsenvironment modelled as a natural cycle. In order to underline the factors that stabilises thesystem formed by the natural cycle and the economy and those that are likely to destabilise andlead it to collapse, we study different cases depending on the form of (i) the marginal extractioncosts of a renewable resource included in the cycle and (ii) the impact of pollution on theenvironment. info:eu-repo/semantics/published

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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    DI-fusion
    Article . 2012
    Data sources: DI-fusion
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ INRIA a CCSD electro...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      DI-fusion
      Article . 2012
      Data sources: DI-fusion
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Godier, Patrice; Tapie, Guy; Lacroix, Guillaume; Matthey, Laurent;

    Ce texte publié dans le numéro anniversaire des Cahiers Ramau organise la rencontre de trois générations de chercheurs qui se sont intéressés à la question de l'interprofessionnalité et des compétences dans la fabrication de la ville. Leurs regards croisés permet de renseigner les évolutions en cours des métiers de la ville.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Archive ouverte UNIG...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Hyper Article en Ligne
    Part of book or chapter of book . 2019
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Archive ouverte UNIG...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Hyper Article en Ligne
      Part of book or chapter of book . 2019
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Authors: Degremont, Marie;

    Our work focuses on energy transition policies launched by French local authorities through a historical perspective. We analyze renewable energy and energy efficiency local policies as well as grid modernization, especially since their development in the mid-2000s. They are embedded in a process where historical principles guiding public policies in the energy sector are being challenged, especially as regards electricity.This offers opportunities to actors contesting these organizational principles, who promote alternatives they crafted for a few decades.Thanks to policy entrepreneurs mobilizing resources acquired over the course of their career, an alternative territorialized energy model is emerging. Gradually, it gains ground through the development of local production systems, mostly controlled by regional councils and large urban centers. These processes bring about a number of changes, most of them being incremental. However, we identify accelerating periods that can lead to changes of energy systems on a wider scale. They introduce differentiation from the French energy system, organized and controlled at a national scale. These alternatives are standardized, and it makes them more powerful to confront strong path dependency in this area. Since energy policy has been central in the crafting of the French modern state, these transitions could have consequences on public policies in general and on the state itself.; Notre thèse interroge les processus de transition énergétique engagés dans les collectivités territoriales françaises, en les inscrivant dans une perspective historique. Nous analysons les politiques territoriales de développement des énergies renouvelables, de maîtrise de la demande et de modernisation des réseaux d’énergie, qui se développent depuis le milieu des années 2000. Elles se déploient dans un contexte de remise en cause des logiques historiques gouvernant les politiques publiques françaises dans le domaine de l’énergie, et en particulier le secteur de l’électricité. Cela offre des opportunités à un ensemble d’acteurs en contestant les principes d’organisation, mettant en avant des logiques alternatives, qu’ils construisent et étayent depuis plusieurs décennies. A la faveur de l’action d’entrepreneurs politiques, qui mobilisent des ressources acquises au cours de leur carrière, un modèle énergétique alternatif se construit à l’échelle territoriale. Progressivement, il se traduit par l’émergence de systèmes productifs locaux, principalement pilotés par les conseils régionaux et les métropoles. Ces processus entraînent des changements, la plupart du temps incrémentaux, mais qui connaissent des phases d’accélération et peuvent entraîner de profondes transformations des systèmes énergétiques. Ils introduisent une différenciation au sein de l’organisation nationale du secteur de l’énergie, d’autant plus puissante qu’elle est portée de manière standardisée. Au vu de l’importance de l’énergie dans la structuration de l’Etat, ces transitions pourraient avoir des effets sur l’action publique et sur l’Etat lui-même.

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    Authors: Allirot, Xavier;

    This thesis project consists in studying the effects of eating smaller more frequent meals, with no change in energy intake, on appetite and energy balance in normal weight and obese subjects. The first objective was methodological: we proposed and validated an original methodology for studying appetite, based on the duplication of the same protocol in two different research centers, and the use of an experimental restaurant, reproducing an ecological meal situation. This methodology enables to answer two methodological issues. Firstly, it allows an integrated approach of appetite, associating subjective (hunger and satiety feelings), physiological (biomarkers of appetite: ghrelin and GLP -1) and behavioral (food intake, choices and eating rhythms) measurements. Secondly, the ecological character of the eating situation we proposed, ensure a good external validity of the results. The second objective was to assess, thanks to this methodology, the short term consequences of eating smaller more frequent meals on subjective appetite, on hormones that regulates appetite, on eating behaviors during the subsequent meal, and on metabolic orientations. In normal weight subjects, subjective, physiological and behavioral approaches showed a decrease in appetite after eating smaller more frequent meals, while in obese subjects we did not obtain the same beneficial behaviors: obese subjects did not consume less energy during the subsequent meal. Metabolic results showed the same effects in both normal weight and obese subjects: insulin concentrations were maintained above their basal level, leading to an extended inhibition of lipolysis, characterized by a decrease in plasmatic concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids. Eating smaller more frequent meals also decreased energy expenditure via diet induced thermogenesis. This work highlights the fact that eating smaller more frequent meals may be beneficial in normal weight individuals in order to better control appetite, but it does not seem to be an adequate strategy in obese individuals. The effects on energy expenditure and metabolic orientations, potentially negative, should be studied over a longer period Fractionner son alimentation consiste à augmenter la fréquence de ses prises alimentaires, sans modifier la quantité totale d’énergie ingérée. Dans ce travail de thèse, nous avons étudié les effets du fractionnement alimentaire sur l’appétit et la balance énergétique chez des sujets de poids normal et obèses. Le premier objectif était d’ordre méthodologique : nous avons proposé et validé un dispositif original d’étude de l’appétit, basé sur la duplication du même protocole dans deux lieux de recherche différents et sur l’utilisation d’un restaurant expérimental, en reproduisant une situation écologique de repas. Ce dispositif permet de répondre à deux enjeux méthodologiques. D’une part, il permet une approche intégrée de l’appétit, grâce à l’association de mesures subjectives (sensations de faim et de satiété), physiologiques (biomarqueurs de l’appétit : ghréline et GLP-1) et comportementales (consommations, choix et rythmes alimentaires). D’autre part, le caractère écologique de la situation de repas proposée assure une bonne validité externe des résultats. Le second objectif était d’étudier, grâce à cette méthodologie, les conséquences à court terme du fractionnement alimentaire sur les sensations de faim, les hormones qui régulent l’appétit, le comportement au cours du repas qui suit le fractionnement, ainsi que sur les orientations métaboliques. Chez des sujets de poids normal, les approches subjectives, physiologiques et comportementales ont toutes montré une diminution de l’appétit en réponse au fractionnement. En revanche, nous n’avons pas obtenu les mêmes bénéfices comportementaux chez les obèses, chez qui le fractionnement n’a pas induit de baisse des apports énergétiques au cours du repas suivant. Sur le plan métabolique, nous avons montré les mêmes effets dans les deux populations, à savoir une insulinémie maintenue au-dessus de son niveau basal, entraînant une inhibition prolongée de la lipolyse, elle-même caractérisée par une baisse des concentrations plasmatiques en acides gras non estérifiés. Le fractionnement a également entrainé une diminution de la dépense énergétique via la thermogénèse alimentaire. Ce travail met en évidence les bénéfices possibles du fractionnement alimentaire chez les personnes de poids normal pour mieux contrôler leur appétit. En revanche, cette stratégie ne semble pas adaptée pour des personnes obèses. Les effets sur la dépense énergétique et les orientations métaboliques, potentiellement négatifs, doivent être étudiés sur de plus longues périodes

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    Authors: Plénet, Daniel; Jeannequin, Benoit; Chauvin, Jean-Eric;

    National audience; The fruit, vegetable and potato (FLP) sectors are characterised by a high structural diversity linked to the many species and varieties cultivated and to very varied production and marketing structures. The very strong competition imposed by the long distribution and import-export channels has gradually led, for reasons of economic rationality, to a specialisation of the production basins and part of the farms with standardisation of production means and products, but also the disappearance of many small farms. Overall, these changes have resulted in an erosion of surfaces and a decrease in the volumes produced for the majority of sectors with the exception of potatoes and certain nuts. Nevertheless, the dynamism of certain "product" sectors has led to a revival of competitiveness and/or a better Plénet D. et al. 80 Innovations Agronomiques 68 (2018), 79-105 development of the offer thanks to approaches relating to the development of high-tech systems, the reduction in the use of synthetic products, segmentation and commercial differentiation, and the creation of quality signs. In addition, the renewal of short and local circuits has recently made it possible to develop a very diversified network of farms in all regions. The emergence of high expectations for organic farming products and for healthy and sustainable agro-food systems offers new opportunities today. To benefit from them, the FLP sectors will have to develop coherent strategies to strengthen complementarities and synergies between different production, processing and marketing systems. These diversity enhancement strategies will contribute to increasing the economic and environmentalrobustness of the FLP sectors.; Les filières fruits, légumes et pomme de terre (FLP) se caractérisent par une diversité structurelle importante liée aux nombreuses espèces et variétés cultivées et à des structures de production et de commercialisation très variées. La très forte concurrence imposée par les circuits longs de la grande distribution et de l’import-export a progressivement entrainé pour des raisons de rationalité économique une spécialisation des bassins de production et d’une partie des exploitations avec une standardisation des moyens de production et des produits, mais aussi la disparition de nombreuses petites exploitations. Globalement, ces évolutions se sont traduites par une érosion des surfaces et une diminution des volumes produits pour la majorité des filières à l’exception de la pomme de terre et de certains fruits à coque. Néanmoins, le dynamisme de certaines filières « produit » a entrainé un regain de compétitivité et/ou une meilleure valorisation de l’offre grâce à des démarches portant sur le développement de systèmes à haute technicité, la réduction d’utilisation des produits de synthèse, la segmentation et la différenciation commerciale, et la création de signes de qualité. Par ailleurs, le renouveau des circuits courts et de proximité permet depuis peu de développer dans toutes les régions un tissu d’exploitations très diversifiées. L’émergence d’une forte attente pour les produits de l’agriculture biologique et pour des systèmes agro-alimentaires sains et durables offre aujourd’hui de nouvelles opportunités. Pour en bénéficier, les filières FLP devront élaborer des stratégies cohérentes afin de renforcer les complémentarités et les synergies entre différents systèmes de production, de transformation et de commercialisation. Ces stratégies de valorisation de la diversité contribueront à accroitre la robustesse économique et environnementale des filières FLP.

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    Authors: Lebert, A.; Chevalier, Jérome; Lasvaux, S.; Schiopu, N.; +22 Authors

    37 p. Le projet Elodie 2.0 a contribué à mettre à la disposition du secteur de la construction des méthodes et des outils pour concevoir et évaluer les bâtiments dans une approche performancielle. Pour donner à chacun des acteurs une vision globale sur l'ensemble du cycle de vie du bâtiment, le projet Elodie 2.0 s'est intéressé aux outils " métier ", ainsi qu'aux chaines de valeurs aboutissant à des critères globaux à l'échelle du bâtiment. Le tableau de bord en construction intègre donc les aspects énergétiques et environnementaux (approche Analyse de cycle de vie autour de l'outil logiciel Elodie), mais également les aspects de confort (outils Acoubat et Phanie), de santé (qualité de l'air intérieur) et de coût global. // The Elodie 2.0 project has contributed to provide to the construction sector methods and tools for designing and evaluating buildings, in a performance approach. To give each stakeholder an overall vision of the entire life cycle of the building, the Elodie 2.0 project considered expert's tools, as well as value chains leading to comprehensive and wide criteria, at the building scale. The building project scoreboard includes energy and environmental aspects (life cycle assessment through Elodie software tool), but also aspects of comfort (Acoubat Phanie), health (indoor air quality) and overall cost.

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    Authors: Thiry, Geraldine; Sebastien, Léa; Bauler, Thomas;

    L’objectif d’un « au-delà du PIB » mobilise de nombreux acteurs, aux statuts, objectifs et visions très différents. La diversité, souvent diffuse, d’échelles institutionnelles, d’approches théoriques et de positionnements normatifs vis-à-vis de l’opportunité et des motifs d’un « au-delà du PIB » rend les débats confus, les positionnements peu clairs, et les rapports de force difficilement identifiables. Mais de quoi les débats actuels sont-ils le signe ? Aller « au-delà du PIB » serait-il un objectif rhétorique par défaut, en l’absence de stratégie crédible de sortie de crise ? Constitue-t-il une fenêtre d’opportunité à la mise en débat de questions de société difficilement abordables par ailleurs, et non une fin en soi ? Ou au contraire cristallise-t-il un volontarisme militant, désireux d’amorcer un véritable changement paradigmatique ? Nous tentons de répondre à cette question par l’analyse de discours d’acteurs officiels (politiques, techniciens et administratifs) impliqués et non-impliqués dans la poursuite d’un « au-delà du PIB ». Il ressort qu’au niveau des sphères officielles, les débats sur « un-delà du PIB », s’ils font entrer en ligne de compte de nouveaux enjeux comme le bien-être ou la soutenabilité, ne participent pas à éroder la centralité de la « croissance du PIB». Les débats s’avèrent dominés par une certaine forme de pragmatisme, les intérêts dominants étant centrés sur des contraintes et objectifs de court-terme, dont la croissance économique semble toujours considérée comme un élément indispensable. L’intérêt des acteurs pour de nouveaux indicateurs relève donc plus d’une volonté et/ou d’une nécessité d’adapter les modalités de gestion publique et/ou les politiques publiques à de nouvelles contraintes que d’une remise en question plus fondamentale du modèle productiviste sur lequel les économies sont bâties depuis plus de soixante ans. The idea of going « beyond GDP » attracts more and more actors, whose status, objectives and visions are very different. The diversity of institutional scales, theoretical approaches, and normative positions regarding the opportunity and motives of going “beyond GDP” makes hard to clearly identify the stances of the actors and the power balances dominating the debates. We therefore ask: What do the current debates mean to their actors? Are they a new rhetoric liable to elude a confrontation with the structural problems resulting from the crisis? Are they an opportunity window for launching again societal debates that are hardly raised elsewhere? Or are they a real trigger toward a paradigmatic change, deeply questioning productivism? We try to answer that question by analysing the discourses of official actors (politics, administration, technicians) involved and not involved in “beyond-GDP” initiatives. We show that, at the official level, beyond GDP debates, while they raise new societal issues, do not contribute to erode the central role of economic growth. The debates are dominated by pragmatism, in that dominant interests are focused on short-term constraints and objectives, where GDP growth remains pivotal. The involvement of actors in beyond-GDP debates reveals more a need and/or the willingness to adapt public management and policies to new constraints rather than a critical reflexion on the productivist model on which our economies have been built for more than sixty years.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ INRIA a CCSD electro...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ INRIA a CCSD electro...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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