• Energy Research
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Abstract Compared with other traditional energy sources, renewable energy, which results the less pollution and has numerous resources, is a significant factor in addressing the current issues of the serious environmental pollution and the resource depletion. Large-scale renewable energy integrated to the grid could bring change in both morphological structure and operation modes of energy transmission. Therefore, it is necessary to research the evolution mechanism of the future transmission network with a high proportion of the renewable energy. In this paper, an evolution framework of power system with high proportion of renewable energy is proposed. Firstly, a network equivalence and simplification based on power transfer distribution factors (PTDFs) is proposed, which can effectively simplify the decision-making process of evolution of large-scale power system. Then, an annual production simulation (8760 h) which takes into account renewable energy and load fluctuations is used to find out the bottleneck of the power grid. Based on the above methods, evolution strategy of power system with high proportion of renewable energy is studied for finding out optimal expansion strategy. A real power system of Zhejiang province is used as a test system. Test results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed evolution framework.

Six corrosion protection systems for offshore wind power constructions have been subjected to offshore conditions on a test site in the North Sea in three different exposure zones, namely splash zone, intermediate zone, and underwater zone. The systems included single- and multiple-layered organic coatings, metal-spray coatings, and duplex coatings. Special testing specimens were designed and manufactured and exposed to an offshore environment for three years in order to characterize particular constructive details for different corrosivity zones. The following target parameters were investigated: intensity of fouling, anti-corrosive effect, coating adhesion, coating integrity, flange corrosion, coating performance over welds, and condition of screw connections. Fouling was an issue in the underwater zone and in the intermediate zone, but it did not affect the coating corrosion protection capacity. It was found that duplex systems, consisting of Zn/Al spray metallization, intermediate particle-reinforced epoxy coating, and polyurethane top layer, provided the highest anti-corrosive effect. Mechanical damage to the coatings initiated coating delamination and substrate corrosion. Effective coating systems should be either very resistant to impact or able to compensate for corrosion of the steel. Flange connections were found to be critical structural parts in the splash zone in terms of corrosion. Notable crevice corrosion was observed at places. Except for one coating system, welds have been protected well. Welds, however, affected the corrosion of the steel inside the uncoated internal sections in the underwater samples. Coating integrity on difficult-to-coat structural parts was satisfactory for all systems.

Abstract For the first time the electrical conductivity of bamboo biographite-based material reported a ground-breaking milestone of 4.4 × 104 (S/m). This reported conductivity by far exceeded all previous reported conductivity measurements obtained from renewable carbon. Controlled high-temperature thermal carbonization of biomass, notably Asian bamboo, at extended residence times elicited surprising growth of nano-layered biographitic structures with a layer-to-layer distance of less than 0.3440 nm. Moreover, thermodynamically dispersed bamboo and pine biographitic nano-layered carbon-based lightweight composites in a polyamide matrix were found to be intrinsically conductive both thermally and electrically. Electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding device made from bamboo renewable carbon/cellulose nanofiber (CNF) composites possesses EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) of ∼23 dB. These results constitute a new advancement in the materials science of nano-layered graphites from renewables and their applications as EMI filtering devices and as electrode materials in air cathodes, electronics, supercapacitors in energy storage devices, and thermal management of batteries and sensors.

Abstract To ensure techno-economically suitable installation of ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems, thermal and hydrogeological properties of the subsoil need to be investigated. In this paper, the geothermal potential for three types of GSHP installations in the urban area of Wuhan city is assessed based on preliminary geological investigations. The potential for shallow geothermal energy is evaluated for surface water heat pump systems (SWHP), groundwater heat pump systems (GWHP) and ground coupled heat exchanger heat pump systems (GCHP). The mapped shallow geothermal potentials provide essential information for the installation of GSHPs and for the management of geothermal resources of Wuhan city. Furthermore, the heat transfer rates for some typical configured borehole heat exchanger (BHE) are tested by field Thermal Response Tests (TRT). In order to understand the techno-economic feasibility of the GSHPs, different types of the installed systems are measured and analyzed.

Feed in tariff (FiT) is one of the most efficient ways that many governments throughout the world use to stimulate investment in renewable energies (REs) technology. For governments, financial management of the policy is very challenging as that it needs a considerable amount of budget to support RE producers during the long remuneration period. In this paper, we illuminate that the early growth of REs capacity could be a temporary boost and the system elements would backlash the policy if financial circumstances are not handled well. To show this, we chose Iran as the case, which is in the infancy period of FiT implementation. Iran started the implementation of FiT policy in 2015 aiming to achieve 5 GW of renewable capacity until 2021. Analyses show that the probable financial crisis will not only lead to inefficient REs development after the target time (2021), but may also cause the existing plants to fail. Social tolerance for paying REs tax and potential investors trust emanated from budget related mechanisms are taken into consideration in the system dynamics model developed in this research to reflect those financial effects, which have rarely been considered in the previous researches. To prevent the financial crisis of the FiT funding and to maintain the stable growth in long term, three policy scenarios are analyzed: continuation of the current program with higher FiT rates, adjusting the FiT rates based on the budget status, and adjusting the tax on electricity consumption for the development of REs based on the budget status. The results demonstrate that adjusting the tax on electricity consumption for the development of REs based on budget status leads to the best policy result for a desired installed capacity development without any negative social effects and financial crises.

Abstract Ever-growing energy demands and unacceptable emissions from fossil fuel combustion are major driving forces for expanding alternative, green energy sources. Hydro-power is one promising ecological alternative to meet these energy requirements. Such systems do not require any weir or dam and, thus, can be employed with minimum ecological impact. However, available designs are not yet suitable as efficient water energy converters, in particular for conditions corresponding to low water speeds (as mostly found in practice), due to low power output. Savonius turbines are particularly robust and cost-efficient, but show a poor efficiency. This article aims at maximizing the output power of a hydraulic Savonius turbine by modifying the blade profile. The main difference in this work compared to previous studies is that the blade shape of the concave and convex sides evolve independently from each other (no constant blade thickness). Twelve geometrical parameters are involved during shape optimization. To obtain optimal conditions, many transient computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are performed using the industrial flow simulation code Star-CCM+, driven by the in-house optimization library OPAL++ relying on evolutionary algorithms. The optimization process takes into account the output power coefficient ( C p ) as a target function. Compared to the traditional Savonius turbine, a relative increase of C p by almost 12% is obtained at a tip speed ratio of 1.1. The performance of the optimal geometry was compared to the standard design over the whole range of operation. This comparison revealed additionally that the performance was improved by almost 15% at a tip speed ratio of 1.2. The performance of the optimal design is superior for the whole range of operation, particularly at a tip speed ratio exceeding 0.8. Finally, it was checked that the optimal design is still self-starting.

Access to a reliable source of electricity is a basic need for any community as it can improve the living standards characterized via the improvement of healthcare, education, and the local economy at large. There are two key factors to consider when assessing the appropriateness of a micro-grid system, the cost-effectiveness of the system and the quality of service. The tradeoff between cost and reliability of the system is a major compromise in designing hybrid systems. In this way, optimization of a Hybrid Micro-Grid System (HMGS) is investigated. A hybrid wind/PV system with battery storage and diesel generator is used for this purpose. The power management algorithm is applied to the load, and the Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) method is used to find the best configuration of the system and for sizing the components. A set of recent hourly wind speed data from three meteorological stations in Iran, namely: Nahavand, Rafsanjan, and Khash, are selected and tested for the optimization of HMGS. Despite design complexity of the aforementioned systems, the results show that the MOPSO optimization model produces appropriate sizing of the components for each location. It is also suggested that the use of HMGS can be considered as a good alternative to promote electrification projects and enhance energy access within remote Iranian areas or other developing countries enjoying the same or similar climatic conditions.

Abstract For the future energy system it becomes increasingly important that biogas plants produce electricity in a demand-oriented way to compensate electricity production from fluctuating sources like wind power and photovoltaics. Flexibilisation concepts provide a coordinated feeding management, which consider different gas production kinetics of used substrates to adjust the biogas production. To enable the generation of a prospective timetable, suitable forecast models for power demand were evaluated. The resulting 48-h forecasts of power demand of a “real-world laboratory” demonstrated that the four selected models achieve comparably good results with a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) between 13 and 16%. Further evaluation showed that forecasts over longer periods of up to 14 days are advantageous as they are possible without compromising forecast quality.