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  • Energy Research
  • 15. Life on land
  • 2. Zero hunger
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  • Authors: Lothar, M.; Winfried, B.; Winfried, S.; Vladimir, R.; +21 Authors

    Исследование ландшафтов всегда было традиционным научным направлением географии. В России подобная направленность исследований остаётся актуальной, несмотря на то, что термины «геоэкология» и «ландшафтная экология» сегодня более распространены в англоязычном научном сообществе. Наш краткий обзор показывает значительное ускорение антропогенных ландшафтных изменений в Европе, Центральной Азии и азиатской части России за последние пять десятилетий. Ландшафтные исследования в антропоцене должны быть направлены на достижение и сохранение устойчивости ландшафта при его высокой производительности, что включает в себя прекращение деградации ландшафтов, развитие культурных и сохранение природных ландшафтов. Чистая вода и чистый воздух, плодородные и здоровые почвы для производства продуктов питания и других экосистемных услуг, а также биологически разнообразная зеленая среда являются атрибутами ландшафтов, обеспечивающих выживание и благополучие населения. Дисциплинарные и междисциплинарные исследования должны генерировать знания, инновации и правила принятия действенных решений. Генерация знаний в глобализованном мире основана на сборе больших массивов данных и моделировании сценариев. Международные длительные полевые опыты и системы агроэкологического мониторинга будут предоставлять данные для экосистемных моделей и систем поддержки принимаемых решений. Landscape research has been a traditional scientific discipline of geography. This is still the case in Russia, whilst the terms geo-ecology and landscape ecology have become established in the English speaking scientific community. Our short review reveals huge and accelerating anthropogenic landscape transformations in Europe, Central Asia and Asian Russia since the end the 1960s. Landscape research in the Anthropocene has to focus on achieving landscape sustainability at high productivity. This includes halting landscape degradation, developing cultural landscapes, and maintaining semi-natural landscapes. Clean water and air, fertile and healthy soils for food and other ecosystem services and a green and bio-diverse environment are attributes of landscapes for the survival and well-being of humans. Research has to generate knowledge, innovations and decision rules by disciplinary, interdisciplinary and trans-disciplinary work. Knowledge generation in a globalized world is based on big data gathering and scenario modelling. International long-term experiments and agri-environmental monitoring systems will deliver data for ecosystem models and decision support systems.

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  • Authors: Lothar, M.; Winfried, B.; Winfried, S.; Vladimir, R.; +21 Authors

    Исследование ландшафтов всегда было традиционным научным направлением географии. В России подобная направленность исследований остаётся актуальной, несмотря на то, что термины «геоэкология» и «ландшафтная экология» сегодня более распространены в англоязычном научном сообществе. Наш краткий обзор показывает значительное ускорение антропогенных ландшафтных изменений в Европе, Центральной Азии и азиатской части России за последние пять десятилетий. Ландшафтные исследования в антропоцене должны быть направлены на достижение и сохранение устойчивости ландшафта при его высокой производительности, что включает в себя прекращение деградации ландшафтов, развитие культурных и сохранение природных ландшафтов. Чистая вода и чистый воздух, плодородные и здоровые почвы для производства продуктов питания и других экосистемных услуг, а также биологически разнообразная зеленая среда являются атрибутами ландшафтов, обеспечивающих выживание и благополучие населения. Дисциплинарные и междисциплинарные исследования должны генерировать знания, инновации и правила принятия действенных решений. Генерация знаний в глобализованном мире основана на сборе больших массивов данных и моделировании сценариев. Международные длительные полевые опыты и системы агроэкологического мониторинга будут предоставлять данные для экосистемных моделей и систем поддержки принимаемых решений. Landscape research has been a traditional scientific discipline of geography. This is still the case in Russia, whilst the terms geo-ecology and landscape ecology have become established in the English speaking scientific community. Our short review reveals huge and accelerating anthropogenic landscape transformations in Europe, Central Asia and Asian Russia since the end the 1960s. Landscape research in the Anthropocene has to focus on achieving landscape sustainability at high productivity. This includes halting landscape degradation, developing cultural landscapes, and maintaining semi-natural landscapes. Clean water and air, fertile and healthy soils for food and other ecosystem services and a green and bio-diverse environment are attributes of landscapes for the survival and well-being of humans. Research has to generate knowledge, innovations and decision rules by disciplinary, interdisciplinary and trans-disciplinary work. Knowledge generation in a globalized world is based on big data gathering and scenario modelling. International long-term experiments and agri-environmental monitoring systems will deliver data for ecosystem models and decision support systems.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Dalton, C.; O Dwyer, B.; Taylor, D.; DeEyto, E.; +5 Authors

    Oligotrophic catchments with short spatey streams, upland lakes and peaty soils characterise northwest European Atlantic coastal regions. These catchments are important biodiversity refuges, particularly for sensitive diadromous fish populations but are subject to changes in land use and land management practices associated with afforestation, agriculture and rural development. Quantification of the degree of catchment degradation resulting from such anthropogenic impacts is often limited by a lack of long-term baseline data in what are generally relatively isolated, poorly studied catchments. This research uses a combination of palaeolimnological (radiometrically-dated variations in sedimentary geochemical elements, pollen, diatoms and remains of cladocera), census, and instrumental data, along with hindcast estimates to quantify environmental changes and their aquatic impacts since the late 19th century. The most likely drivers of any change are also identified. Results confirm an aquatic biotic response (phyto- and zooplankton) to soil erosion and nutrient enrichment associated with the onset of commercial conifer afforestation, effects that were subsequently enhanced as a result of increased overgrazing in the catchment and, possibly, climate warming. The implications for the health of aquatic resources in the catchment are discussed Environmental Protection Agency in Ireland (ILLUMINATE 2005-W-MS-40, P.McGinnity was supported by the Beaufort Marine Research Award in Fish Population Genetics funded by the Irish Government under the Sea Change Programme.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Marine Institute Ope...arrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Dalton, C.; O Dwyer, B.; Taylor, D.; DeEyto, E.; +5 Authors

    Oligotrophic catchments with short spatey streams, upland lakes and peaty soils characterise northwest European Atlantic coastal regions. These catchments are important biodiversity refuges, particularly for sensitive diadromous fish populations but are subject to changes in land use and land management practices associated with afforestation, agriculture and rural development. Quantification of the degree of catchment degradation resulting from such anthropogenic impacts is often limited by a lack of long-term baseline data in what are generally relatively isolated, poorly studied catchments. This research uses a combination of palaeolimnological (radiometrically-dated variations in sedimentary geochemical elements, pollen, diatoms and remains of cladocera), census, and instrumental data, along with hindcast estimates to quantify environmental changes and their aquatic impacts since the late 19th century. The most likely drivers of any change are also identified. Results confirm an aquatic biotic response (phyto- and zooplankton) to soil erosion and nutrient enrichment associated with the onset of commercial conifer afforestation, effects that were subsequently enhanced as a result of increased overgrazing in the catchment and, possibly, climate warming. The implications for the health of aquatic resources in the catchment are discussed Environmental Protection Agency in Ireland (ILLUMINATE 2005-W-MS-40, P.McGinnity was supported by the Beaufort Marine Research Award in Fish Population Genetics funded by the Irish Government under the Sea Change Programme.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Marine Institute Ope...arrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Chopart, Jean-Louis; Bonnal, Laurent; Martiné, Jean-François; Sabatier, Daniel;

    Two studies conducted in Guadeloupe (West Indies) and Réunion (Indian Ocean) islands were designed to investigate the benefits of producing sugarcane as an energy crop and to assess the influence of agroclimatic factors on energy efficiency, respectively. In this context, it is essential to know the low heating value of the dry above-ground biomass (LHVd, MJ/kg) and its energy yield (EY, MJ/m2) in order to select the best varieties and set up a payment method for growers. Eighteen Poaceae (sugarcane and Erianthus) cultivars were compared under wet tropical environmental conditions in Guadeloupe. Three sugarcane cultivars were studied in four contrasting environments in Réunion. The partition sampling and biomass measurement procedures were identical at both locations. Low heating value (LHV) predictions were achieved using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) after specific calibration (Guadeloupe), or arithmetically after lignocellulosic compound prediction (Réunion). In both studies, LHV variability was very low and slightly dependent on the site, cultivar and above-ground biomass components (millable stalks and tops, and green and dead leaves). Considering the overall dry above-ground biomass (DAB, kg/m2), the LHVd was calculated by averaging 159 samples (mean 16.65 MJ/kg) in Guadeloupe and 315 samples (mean 16.45 MJ/kg) for Réunion. An excellent linear relationship between the DAB and its EY, regardless of cultivar, age and environment, was found (n = 474 and R² = 0.99). Sugarcane energy content assessment could thus be simplified by measuring the DAB, while enabling development of a faster method of payment for growers based on the DAB measurement and the correlation between DAB and EY. Finally, the findings of this study should allow growers to rapidly determine the commercial value of their sugarcane crops, and also enable purchasers to assess the amount of recoverable energy. (Résumé d'auteur)

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Agritroparrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Agritrop
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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    Authors: Chopart, Jean-Louis; Bonnal, Laurent; Martiné, Jean-François; Sabatier, Daniel;

    Two studies conducted in Guadeloupe (West Indies) and Réunion (Indian Ocean) islands were designed to investigate the benefits of producing sugarcane as an energy crop and to assess the influence of agroclimatic factors on energy efficiency, respectively. In this context, it is essential to know the low heating value of the dry above-ground biomass (LHVd, MJ/kg) and its energy yield (EY, MJ/m2) in order to select the best varieties and set up a payment method for growers. Eighteen Poaceae (sugarcane and Erianthus) cultivars were compared under wet tropical environmental conditions in Guadeloupe. Three sugarcane cultivars were studied in four contrasting environments in Réunion. The partition sampling and biomass measurement procedures were identical at both locations. Low heating value (LHV) predictions were achieved using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) after specific calibration (Guadeloupe), or arithmetically after lignocellulosic compound prediction (Réunion). In both studies, LHV variability was very low and slightly dependent on the site, cultivar and above-ground biomass components (millable stalks and tops, and green and dead leaves). Considering the overall dry above-ground biomass (DAB, kg/m2), the LHVd was calculated by averaging 159 samples (mean 16.65 MJ/kg) in Guadeloupe and 315 samples (mean 16.45 MJ/kg) for Réunion. An excellent linear relationship between the DAB and its EY, regardless of cultivar, age and environment, was found (n = 474 and R² = 0.99). Sugarcane energy content assessment could thus be simplified by measuring the DAB, while enabling development of a faster method of payment for growers based on the DAB measurement and the correlation between DAB and EY. Finally, the findings of this study should allow growers to rapidly determine the commercial value of their sugarcane crops, and also enable purchasers to assess the amount of recoverable energy. (Résumé d'auteur)

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Agritroparrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Wagner, Klaus; Neuwirth, Julia; Janetschek, Hubert; Wagner, Klaus; +2 Authors

    Recent extreme weather events have resulted in an ongoing discussion on the issues of land use and compensation payments within Austrian agriculture. Building on a functional evaluation system for agricultural lands as developed within the Interreg IIIB project “ILUP”, the national project “Agriculture and Flooding” has as its goal to classify the flood-protection contribution and flood sensitivity of agricultural lands. This, in turn, enables the recommendation of targeted measures for potentially improving flood situations, as well as an estimate of their implementation costs. In addition to the digital soil map, other fundamental sources used for the project are the digital flood risk map, IACS land-use data and works by the Institute for Land and Water Management Research. Reference values and marginal returns sourced from the Federal Institute of Agricultural Economics also flow into the cost estimates for the recommended combination. The results will contribute to an understanding of the multifunctionality of agricultural lands and to the setting of priorities on a regional scale regarding packaged flood-prevention and damage-minimization. However, the results at hand can only serve as one step toward regional flood protection projects, whose development will require the cooperation of all interest groups.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
    Other literature type . 2009
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
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    Authors: Wagner, Klaus; Neuwirth, Julia; Janetschek, Hubert; Wagner, Klaus; +2 Authors

    Recent extreme weather events have resulted in an ongoing discussion on the issues of land use and compensation payments within Austrian agriculture. Building on a functional evaluation system for agricultural lands as developed within the Interreg IIIB project “ILUP”, the national project “Agriculture and Flooding” has as its goal to classify the flood-protection contribution and flood sensitivity of agricultural lands. This, in turn, enables the recommendation of targeted measures for potentially improving flood situations, as well as an estimate of their implementation costs. In addition to the digital soil map, other fundamental sources used for the project are the digital flood risk map, IACS land-use data and works by the Institute for Land and Water Management Research. Reference values and marginal returns sourced from the Federal Institute of Agricultural Economics also flow into the cost estimates for the recommended combination. The results will contribute to an understanding of the multifunctionality of agricultural lands and to the setting of priorities on a regional scale regarding packaged flood-prevention and damage-minimization. However, the results at hand can only serve as one step toward regional flood protection projects, whose development will require the cooperation of all interest groups.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
    Other literature type . 2009
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    Authors: Calcagno, Vincenzo; Meenakshisundaram, Shruthi; Ceballos, Claire; Fayeulle, Antoine; +7 Authors

    Lignocellulosic biomass is a very attractive substrate for biogas production via anaerobic digestion. Among all, straw represents a very interesting and worldwide diffused agricultural by-product. However, due to the intrinsically complex structure of lignocellulosic biomass, straw has low biodegradability which results in low biogas yield. To increase the biogas production, chemical and physical pretreatments have been performed – i.e., size reduction, autoclave, and oxidation. The pretreatment conditions have been mitigated, in order to reduce their economic impact on the overall process and to make such pretreatments attractive at industrial level. The effects of the biomass pretreatments have been evaluated both by assessing the biomethane productivity in an anaerobic bioreactor and, in parallel, by characterizing the biomass at different levels – elemental content, functional groups, structural changes, and surface morphology. Results show a poor correlation between biogas production and the structural and chemical biomass changes. These findings confirm a more general issue: the difficulty of using biomass characterization alone to explain and predict the biogas production enhancement and of using such information to further improve biomass pretreatments.

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    Authors: Calcagno, Vincenzo; Meenakshisundaram, Shruthi; Ceballos, Claire; Fayeulle, Antoine; +7 Authors

    Lignocellulosic biomass is a very attractive substrate for biogas production via anaerobic digestion. Among all, straw represents a very interesting and worldwide diffused agricultural by-product. However, due to the intrinsically complex structure of lignocellulosic biomass, straw has low biodegradability which results in low biogas yield. To increase the biogas production, chemical and physical pretreatments have been performed – i.e., size reduction, autoclave, and oxidation. The pretreatment conditions have been mitigated, in order to reduce their economic impact on the overall process and to make such pretreatments attractive at industrial level. The effects of the biomass pretreatments have been evaluated both by assessing the biomethane productivity in an anaerobic bioreactor and, in parallel, by characterizing the biomass at different levels – elemental content, functional groups, structural changes, and surface morphology. Results show a poor correlation between biogas production and the structural and chemical biomass changes. These findings confirm a more general issue: the difficulty of using biomass characterization alone to explain and predict the biogas production enhancement and of using such information to further improve biomass pretreatments.

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    Authors: Harrison, Steve; Emtage, Nick; Herbohn, John; Venn, Tyron; +4 Authors

    This paper describes experiences in the development and testing of three distinct financial models to support farm forestry decisions involving non-traditional tree species in northern Australia and in the Philippines. A variety of options were examined with respect to model design, yield prediction, computing platform, forestry performance criteria and other features. Two of the models focus on the forestry enterprise in isolation, while the third evaluates forestry within the context of the overall farm business. It is found that choice of model design depends on the particular type of application intended and availability of financial data for this application. Some complementarities were gained in replicating features when progressing from one model to the next. Model construction and testing were challenging tasks requiring considerable funds and for two of the models proceeding over a number of years. Validation involved the gradual gaining of confidence in a model as it progressed through various versions. For the more complex models, greater effort in development of the user interface was found to be warranted. The models have proved more suitable for use by extension agents than individual landholders. Even with major resource inputs into model development, a number of desirable additional features can be identified.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
    Other literature type . 2004
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    Authors: Harrison, Steve; Emtage, Nick; Herbohn, John; Venn, Tyron; +4 Authors

    This paper describes experiences in the development and testing of three distinct financial models to support farm forestry decisions involving non-traditional tree species in northern Australia and in the Philippines. A variety of options were examined with respect to model design, yield prediction, computing platform, forestry performance criteria and other features. Two of the models focus on the forestry enterprise in isolation, while the third evaluates forestry within the context of the overall farm business. It is found that choice of model design depends on the particular type of application intended and availability of financial data for this application. Some complementarities were gained in replicating features when progressing from one model to the next. Model construction and testing were challenging tasks requiring considerable funds and for two of the models proceeding over a number of years. Validation involved the gradual gaining of confidence in a model as it progressed through various versions. For the more complex models, greater effort in development of the user interface was found to be warranted. The models have proved more suitable for use by extension agents than individual landholders. Even with major resource inputs into model development, a number of desirable additional features can be identified.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
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    Authors: Rossi, Sergio|||0000-0003-4402-3418; Isla, Enrique; Bosch Belmar, Mar; Galli, Giovanni; +13 Authors

    Climate change is already transforming the seascapes of our oceans by changing the energy availability and the metabolic rates of the organisms. Among the ecosystem-engineering species that structure the seascape, marine animal forests (MAFs) are the most widespread. These habitats, mainly composed of suspension feeding organisms, provide structural complexity to the sea floor, analogous to terrestrial forests. Because primary and secondary productivity is responding to different impacts, in particular to the rapid ongoing environmental changes driven by climate change, this paper presents some directions about what could happen to different MAFs depending on these fast changes. Climate change could modify the resistance or resilience of MAFs, potentially making them more sensitive to impacts from anthropic activities (i.e. fisheries and coastal management), and vice versa, direct impacts may amplify climate change constraints in MAFs. Such changes will have knock-on effects on the energy budgets of active and passive suspension feeding organisms, as well as on their phenology, larval nutritional condition, and population viability. How the future seascape will be shaped by the new energy fluxes is a crucial question that has to be urgently addressed to mitigate and adapt to the diverse impacts on natural systems.

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    Authors: Rossi, Sergio|||0000-0003-4402-3418; Isla, Enrique; Bosch Belmar, Mar; Galli, Giovanni; +13 Authors

    Climate change is already transforming the seascapes of our oceans by changing the energy availability and the metabolic rates of the organisms. Among the ecosystem-engineering species that structure the seascape, marine animal forests (MAFs) are the most widespread. These habitats, mainly composed of suspension feeding organisms, provide structural complexity to the sea floor, analogous to terrestrial forests. Because primary and secondary productivity is responding to different impacts, in particular to the rapid ongoing environmental changes driven by climate change, this paper presents some directions about what could happen to different MAFs depending on these fast changes. Climate change could modify the resistance or resilience of MAFs, potentially making them more sensitive to impacts from anthropic activities (i.e. fisheries and coastal management), and vice versa, direct impacts may amplify climate change constraints in MAFs. Such changes will have knock-on effects on the energy budgets of active and passive suspension feeding organisms, as well as on their phenology, larval nutritional condition, and population viability. How the future seascape will be shaped by the new energy fluxes is a crucial question that has to be urgently addressed to mitigate and adapt to the diverse impacts on natural systems.

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  • Authors: Moulin, Vincent; Aubert, Michaël; Vincenot, Lucie;

    Climate change is characterised by changes in local temperature and precipitation. Hence, present tree species face in a near future the risk of living out of their optimal ecologic range. This would aggravate forest dieback and also impact forest ecosystem services. In order to adapt forests, forest managers are changing they practices, thus impacting current biodiversity for instance in forest soils hosting complex multi-taxonomic networks. Among new adaptative practices, managing new tree species to ensure forest sustainability appears as one of the best solutions. While the impact of tree species substitution was studied for the substitution of a broadleaf species to a resinous one or the reverse, we have fewer information for broadleaf to broadleaf or resinous to resinous substitution. Thus, the aims of this study were to address changes in soil fungi communities with tree substitution and the underlying mechanisms behind these changes. We focused on tree substitution in the same tree category (broadleaf or resinous). Four types of tree species substitution in five forests of northern France were selected. Two substitutions involved deciduous trees: from mature Fagus sylvatica L. towards young Quercus sp. with either an even aged or uneven aged management. The two others were substitutions from mature Pinus sylvestris L. to young Pinus nigra var. corsicana Poir. or Quercus rubra L. . Soil (0-15cm) and litter were sampled in 5 points over 69 forest stands to monitor soil fungal community composition by metabarcoding with the COI and ITS loci, respectively. Using the UNITE databases taxonomical identity was assigned to sequences using PIPITS. Soil parameters (C stock, N stock and humus forms), botanical surveys, trees basal area and canopy openness were assessed in order to explain soil communities’ variations. We identified the impacts of substitution on soil fungi using common descriptors of community diversity (richness and Jaccard distance). Also, community composition data were used along functional traits and trophic information retrieved from FUNGUILD to highlight what ecological functions can be gained or lost with those practices of climate change-adapted forestry. First results show that Fagus sylvatica and Quercus sp canopies were more closed than the Pinus sylvestris L., Pinus nigra var. corsicana Poir. and Quercus rubra L. ones and then canopy closure correlate with both the Morteriellomycota and the herbaceous layer richness. Ascomycota richness and Basidiomycota richness in soils were correlated to the tree layer richness. However, only Ascomycota richness in litter was correlated to the tree layer richness. Finally, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and Morteriellomycota richness were more important in litter than in soil. International audience

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  • Authors: Moulin, Vincent; Aubert, Michaël; Vincenot, Lucie;

    Climate change is characterised by changes in local temperature and precipitation. Hence, present tree species face in a near future the risk of living out of their optimal ecologic range. This would aggravate forest dieback and also impact forest ecosystem services. In order to adapt forests, forest managers are changing they practices, thus impacting current biodiversity for instance in forest soils hosting complex multi-taxonomic networks. Among new adaptative practices, managing new tree species to ensure forest sustainability appears as one of the best solutions. While the impact of tree species substitution was studied for the substitution of a broadleaf species to a resinous one or the reverse, we have fewer information for broadleaf to broadleaf or resinous to resinous substitution. Thus, the aims of this study were to address changes in soil fungi communities with tree substitution and the underlying mechanisms behind these changes. We focused on tree substitution in the same tree category (broadleaf or resinous). Four types of tree species substitution in five forests of northern France were selected. Two substitutions involved deciduous trees: from mature Fagus sylvatica L. towards young Quercus sp. with either an even aged or uneven aged management. The two others were substitutions from mature Pinus sylvestris L. to young Pinus nigra var. corsicana Poir. or Quercus rubra L. . Soil (0-15cm) and litter were sampled in 5 points over 69 forest stands to monitor soil fungal community composition by metabarcoding with the COI and ITS loci, respectively. Using the UNITE databases taxonomical identity was assigned to sequences using PIPITS. Soil parameters (C stock, N stock and humus forms), botanical surveys, trees basal area and canopy openness were assessed in order to explain soil communities’ variations. We identified the impacts of substitution on soil fungi using common descriptors of community diversity (richness and Jaccard distance). Also, community composition data were used along functional traits and trophic information retrieved from FUNGUILD to highlight what ecological functions can be gained or lost with those practices of climate change-adapted forestry. First results show that Fagus sylvatica and Quercus sp canopies were more closed than the Pinus sylvestris L., Pinus nigra var. corsicana Poir. and Quercus rubra L. ones and then canopy closure correlate with both the Morteriellomycota and the herbaceous layer richness. Ascomycota richness and Basidiomycota richness in soils were correlated to the tree layer richness. However, only Ascomycota richness in litter was correlated to the tree layer richness. Finally, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and Morteriellomycota richness were more important in litter than in soil. International audience

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Glithero, N. J.; Ramsden, S. J.; Wilson, P.; Glithero, N. J.; +2 Authors

    Meeting the EU renewable fuel targets for 2020 will require a large increase in bioenergy feedstocks. To date, first generation biofuels have been the major response to meeting these targets. However, second generation biofuels from dedicated energy crops (e.g. miscanthus) or crop residues (e.g. straw) offer potential. Based on an on-farm survey of Farm Business Survey arable farmers in England and aggregated to national levels, we estimate that 5.27 Mt of cereal straw is produced annually on these farm types, of which farmers indicated that they would be willing to sell 2.5 Mt for bioenergy purposes, provided appropriate contractual conditions meet their needs. However, only 555Kt-840Kt would be obtained from straw currently incorporated into the soil. Timeliness of crop operations and benefits to soil were cited as key reasons for incorporating straw. A ‘good price’ represents the key incentive to encourage straw baling. With respect to dedicated energy crops, 81.6% (87.7%) would not consider growing miscanthus (SRC), while respectively, 17.2% (11.9%) would consider growing and 1.2% (0.4%) were currently growing these crops. Assuming 9.29% (average percentage of arable land set-aside between 1996-2005) of their utilised agricultural area to these crops, 89,900 ha (50,700 ha) of miscanthus (SRC) would be grown on English arable farms. Land quality issues, profitability and committing land for a long period of time were cited as both negative and positive reasons for farmer decisions about their level of willingness to grow these crops. Food and fuel policies must increasingly be integrated in order to meet societal goals without generating unintended consequences.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Research Papers in E...arrow_drop_down
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
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    Authors: Glithero, N. J.; Ramsden, S. J.; Wilson, P.; Glithero, N. J.; +2 Authors

    Meeting the EU renewable fuel targets for 2020 will require a large increase in bioenergy feedstocks. To date, first generation biofuels have been the major response to meeting these targets. However, second generation biofuels from dedicated energy crops (e.g. miscanthus) or crop residues (e.g. straw) offer potential. Based on an on-farm survey of Farm Business Survey arable farmers in England and aggregated to national levels, we estimate that 5.27 Mt of cereal straw is produced annually on these farm types, of which farmers indicated that they would be willing to sell 2.5 Mt for bioenergy purposes, provided appropriate contractual conditions meet their needs. However, only 555Kt-840Kt would be obtained from straw currently incorporated into the soil. Timeliness of crop operations and benefits to soil were cited as key reasons for incorporating straw. A ‘good price’ represents the key incentive to encourage straw baling. With respect to dedicated energy crops, 81.6% (87.7%) would not consider growing miscanthus (SRC), while respectively, 17.2% (11.9%) would consider growing and 1.2% (0.4%) were currently growing these crops. Assuming 9.29% (average percentage of arable land set-aside between 1996-2005) of their utilised agricultural area to these crops, 89,900 ha (50,700 ha) of miscanthus (SRC) would be grown on English arable farms. Land quality issues, profitability and committing land for a long period of time were cited as both negative and positive reasons for farmer decisions about their level of willingness to grow these crops. Food and fuel policies must increasingly be integrated in order to meet societal goals without generating unintended consequences.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Research Papers in E...arrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Estiarte, M.; Penuelas, J.; Sardans, J.; Emmett, B. A.; +9 Authors

    Root-surface phosphatase activities were measured in natural and semi-natural shrublands across an European climatic gradient of temperature and rainfall including Wales (WL), Denmark (DK), Netherlands (NL), Hungary (HU), Italy (IT) and Spain (SP). In each site a warming experiment was conducted since 1999 or 2001 by means of passive night-time warming using reflective curtains that covered the vegetation at night. The treatments increased yearly average soil temperatures around 0.8 o C in most of sites. Root-surface phosphatase activity values ranged between 56 mg PNP g -1 h -1 in IT and 3.5 mg PNP g -1 h -1 in HU. Warming had no effect on root-surface phosphatase acti vity across the sites and only in Hungary a slight increase was detected. Plants at Mediterranean sites (IT, SP) showed a higher root-surface phosphatase activity than plants at temperate sites (WL, NL, DK). We suggest it might be an adaptation of plant species evolved under Mediterranean climate that allows them a) to compensate in wet period for the decrease in phosphatase activity, and thus P uptake, during drought periods, and/or b) to benefit from soluble organic P flushes following the frequent drying-rewetting episodes experienced by soils in Mediterranean ecosystems This research was funded by EU under the VULCAN project (Contract EVK2-CT-2000-00094). We also thank partial funding by Spanish Government grants REN2003-04871/GLO and CGL2004- 01402/BOS, Catalan government grant SGR2005-00312, the EC Integrated FP6 ALARM (GOCE-CT-2003-506675) Project, and a Fundación BBVA 2004 grant. Marc Estiarte acknowledges support from “Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia” (Ramón y Cajal contract) 5 páginas, 1 figura, 1 tabla. Peer reviewed

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    Authors: Estiarte, M.; Penuelas, J.; Sardans, J.; Emmett, B. A.; +9 Authors

    Root-surface phosphatase activities were measured in natural and semi-natural shrublands across an European climatic gradient of temperature and rainfall including Wales (WL), Denmark (DK), Netherlands (NL), Hungary (HU), Italy (IT) and Spain (SP). In each site a warming experiment was conducted since 1999 or 2001 by means of passive night-time warming using reflective curtains that covered the vegetation at night. The treatments increased yearly average soil temperatures around 0.8 o C in most of sites. Root-surface phosphatase activity values ranged between 56 mg PNP g -1 h -1 in IT and 3.5 mg PNP g -1 h -1 in HU. Warming had no effect on root-surface phosphatase acti vity across the sites and only in Hungary a slight increase was detected. Plants at Mediterranean sites (IT, SP) showed a higher root-surface phosphatase activity than plants at temperate sites (WL, NL, DK). We suggest it might be an adaptation of plant species evolved under Mediterranean climate that allows them a) to compensate in wet period for the decrease in phosphatase activity, and thus P uptake, during drought periods, and/or b) to benefit from soluble organic P flushes following the frequent drying-rewetting episodes experienced by soils in Mediterranean ecosystems This research was funded by EU under the VULCAN project (Contract EVK2-CT-2000-00094). We also thank partial funding by Spanish Government grants REN2003-04871/GLO and CGL2004- 01402/BOS, Catalan government grant SGR2005-00312, the EC Integrated FP6 ALARM (GOCE-CT-2003-506675) Project, and a Fundación BBVA 2004 grant. Marc Estiarte acknowledges support from “Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia” (Ramón y Cajal contract) 5 páginas, 1 figura, 1 tabla. Peer reviewed

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  • Authors: Lothar, M.; Winfried, B.; Winfried, S.; Vladimir, R.; +21 Authors

    Исследование ландшафтов всегда было традиционным научным направлением географии. В России подобная направленность исследований остаётся актуальной, несмотря на то, что термины «геоэкология» и «ландшафтная экология» сегодня более распространены в англоязычном научном сообществе. Наш краткий обзор показывает значительное ускорение антропогенных ландшафтных изменений в Европе, Центральной Азии и азиатской части России за последние пять десятилетий. Ландшафтные исследования в антропоцене должны быть направлены на достижение и сохранение устойчивости ландшафта при его высокой производительности, что включает в себя прекращение деградации ландшафтов, развитие культурных и сохранение природных ландшафтов. Чистая вода и чистый воздух, плодородные и здоровые почвы для производства продуктов питания и других экосистемных услуг, а также биологически разнообразная зеленая среда являются атрибутами ландшафтов, обеспечивающих выживание и благополучие населения. Дисциплинарные и междисциплинарные исследования должны генерировать знания, инновации и правила принятия действенных решений. Генерация знаний в глобализованном мире основана на сборе больших массивов данных и моделировании сценариев. Международные длительные полевые опыты и системы агроэкологического мониторинга будут предоставлять данные для экосистемных моделей и систем поддержки принимаемых решений. Landscape research has been a traditional scientific discipline of geography. This is still the case in Russia, whilst the terms geo-ecology and landscape ecology have become established in the English speaking scientific community. Our short review reveals huge and accelerating anthropogenic landscape transformations in Europe, Central Asia and Asian Russia since the end the 1960s. Landscape research in the Anthropocene has to focus on achieving landscape sustainability at high productivity. This includes halting landscape degradation, developing cultural landscapes, and maintaining semi-natural landscapes. Clean water and air, fertile and healthy soils for food and other ecosystem services and a green and bio-diverse environment are attributes of landscapes for the survival and well-being of humans. Research has to generate knowledge, innovations and decision rules by disciplinary, interdisciplinary and trans-disciplinary work. Knowledge generation in a globalized world is based on big data gathering and scenario modelling. International long-term experiments and agri-environmental monitoring systems will deliver data for ecosystem models and decision support systems.

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  • Authors: Lothar, M.; Winfried, B.; Winfried, S.; Vladimir, R.; +21 Authors

    Исследование ландшафтов всегда было традиционным научным направлением географии. В России подобная направленность исследований остаётся актуальной, несмотря на то, что термины «геоэкология» и «ландшафтная экология» сегодня более распространены в англоязычном научном сообществе. Наш краткий обзор показывает значительное ускорение антропогенных ландшафтных изменений в Европе, Центральной Азии и азиатской части России за последние пять десятилетий. Ландшафтные исследования в антропоцене должны быть направлены на достижение и сохранение устойчивости ландшафта при его высокой производительности, что включает в себя прекращение деградации ландшафтов, развитие культурных и сохранение природных ландшафтов. Чистая вода и чистый воздух, плодородные и здоровые почвы для производства продуктов питания и других экосистемных услуг, а также биологически разнообразная зеленая среда являются атрибутами ландшафтов, обеспечивающих выживание и благополучие населения. Дисциплинарные и междисциплинарные исследования должны генерировать знания, инновации и правила принятия действенных решений. Генерация знаний в глобализованном мире основана на сборе больших массивов данных и моделировании сценариев. Международные длительные полевые опыты и системы агроэкологического мониторинга будут предоставлять данные для экосистемных моделей и систем поддержки принимаемых решений. Landscape research has been a traditional scientific discipline of geography. This is still the case in Russia, whilst the terms geo-ecology and landscape ecology have become established in the English speaking scientific community. Our short review reveals huge and accelerating anthropogenic landscape transformations in Europe, Central Asia and Asian Russia since the end the 1960s. Landscape research in the Anthropocene has to focus on achieving landscape sustainability at high productivity. This includes halting landscape degradation, developing cultural landscapes, and maintaining semi-natural landscapes. Clean water and air, fertile and healthy soils for food and other ecosystem services and a green and bio-diverse environment are attributes of landscapes for the survival and well-being of humans. Research has to generate knowledge, innovations and decision rules by disciplinary, interdisciplinary and trans-disciplinary work. Knowledge generation in a globalized world is based on big data gathering and scenario modelling. International long-term experiments and agri-environmental monitoring systems will deliver data for ecosystem models and decision support systems.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Dalton, C.; O Dwyer, B.; Taylor, D.; DeEyto, E.; +5 Authors

    Oligotrophic catchments with short spatey streams, upland lakes and peaty soils characterise northwest European Atlantic coastal regions. These catchments are important biodiversity refuges, particularly for sensitive diadromous fish populations but are subject to changes in land use and land management practices associated with afforestation, agriculture and rural development. Quantification of the degree of catchment degradation resulting from such anthropogenic impacts is often limited by a lack of long-term baseline data in what are generally relatively isolated, poorly studied catchments. This research uses a combination of palaeolimnological (radiometrically-dated variations in sedimentary geochemical elements, pollen, diatoms and remains of cladocera), census, and instrumental data, along with hindcast estimates to quantify environmental changes and their aquatic impacts since the late 19th century. The most likely drivers of any change are also identified. Results confirm an aquatic biotic response (phyto- and zooplankton) to soil erosion and nutrient enrichment associated with the onset of commercial conifer afforestation, effects that were subsequently enhanced as a result of increased overgrazing in the catchment and, possibly, climate warming. The implications for the health of aquatic resources in the catchment are discussed Environmental Protection Agency in Ireland (ILLUMINATE 2005-W-MS-40, P.McGinnity was supported by the Beaufort Marine Research Award in Fish Population Genetics funded by the Irish Government under the Sea Change Programme.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Marine Institute Ope...arrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Dalton, C.; O Dwyer, B.; Taylor, D.; DeEyto, E.; +5 Authors

    Oligotrophic catchments with short spatey streams, upland lakes and peaty soils characterise northwest European Atlantic coastal regions. These catchments are important biodiversity refuges, particularly for sensitive diadromous fish populations but are subject to changes in land use and land management practices associated with afforestation, agriculture and rural development. Quantification of the degree of catchment degradation resulting from such anthropogenic impacts is often limited by a lack of long-term baseline data in what are generally relatively isolated, poorly studied catchments. This research uses a combination of palaeolimnological (radiometrically-dated variations in sedimentary geochemical elements, pollen, diatoms and remains of cladocera), census, and instrumental data, along with hindcast estimates to quantify environmental changes and their aquatic impacts since the late 19th century. The most likely drivers of any change are also identified. Results confirm an aquatic biotic response (phyto- and zooplankton) to soil erosion and nutrient enrichment associated with the onset of commercial conifer afforestation, effects that were subsequently enhanced as a result of increased overgrazing in the catchment and, possibly, climate warming. The implications for the health of aquatic resources in the catchment are discussed Environmental Protection Agency in Ireland (ILLUMINATE 2005-W-MS-40, P.McGinnity was supported by the Beaufort Marine Research Award in Fish Population Genetics funded by the Irish Government under the Sea Change Programme.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Marine Institute Ope...arrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Chopart, Jean-Louis; Bonnal, Laurent; Martiné, Jean-François; Sabatier, Daniel;

    Two studies conducted in Guadeloupe (West Indies) and Réunion (Indian Ocean) islands were designed to investigate the benefits of producing sugarcane as an energy crop and to assess the influence of agroclimatic factors on energy efficiency, respectively. In this context, it is essential to know the low heating value of the dry above-ground biomass (LHVd, MJ/kg) and its energy yield (EY, MJ/m2) in order to select the best varieties and set up a payment method for growers. Eighteen Poaceae (sugarcane and Erianthus) cultivars were compared under wet tropical environmental conditions in Guadeloupe. Three sugarcane cultivars were studied in four contrasting environments in Réunion. The partition sampling and biomass measurement procedures were identical at both locations. Low heating value (LHV) predictions were achieved using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) after specific calibration (Guadeloupe), or arithmetically after lignocellulosic compound prediction (Réunion). In both studies, LHV variability was very low and slightly dependent on the site, cultivar and above-ground biomass components (millable stalks and tops, and green and dead leaves). Considering the overall dry above-ground biomass (DAB, kg/m2), the LHVd was calculated by averaging 159 samples (mean 16.65 MJ/kg) in Guadeloupe and 315 samples (mean 16.45 MJ/kg) for Réunion. An excellent linear relationship between the DAB and its EY, regardless of cultivar, age and environment, was found (n = 474 and R² = 0.99). Sugarcane energy content assessment could thus be simplified by measuring the DAB, while enabling development of a faster method of payment for growers based on the DAB measurement and the correlation between DAB and EY. Finally, the findings of this study should allow growers to rapidly determine the commercial value of their sugarcane crops, and also enable purchasers to assess the amount of recoverable energy. (Résumé d'auteur)

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Agritroparrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Chopart, Jean-Louis; Bonnal, Laurent; Martiné, Jean-François; Sabatier, Daniel;

    Two studies conducted in Guadeloupe (West Indies) and Réunion (Indian Ocean) islands were designed to investigate the benefits of producing sugarcane as an energy crop and to assess the influence of agroclimatic factors on energy efficiency, respectively. In this context, it is essential to know the low heating value of the dry above-ground biomass (LHVd, MJ/kg) and its energy yield (EY, MJ/m2) in order to select the best varieties and set up a payment method for growers. Eighteen Poaceae (sugarcane and Erianthus) cultivars were compared under wet tropical environmental conditions in Guadeloupe. Three sugarcane cultivars were studied in four contrasting environments in Réunion. The partition sampling and biomass measurement procedures were identical at both locations. Low heating value (LHV) predictions were achieved using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) after specific calibration (Guadeloupe), or arithmetically after lignocellulosic compound prediction (Réunion). In both studies, LHV variability was very low and slightly dependent on the site, cultivar and above-ground biomass components (millable stalks and tops, and green and dead leaves). Considering the overall dry above-ground biomass (DAB, kg/m2), the LHVd was calculated by averaging 159 samples (mean 16.65 MJ/kg) in Guadeloupe and 315 samples (mean 16.45 MJ/kg) for Réunion. An excellent linear relationship between the DAB and its EY, regardless of cultivar, age and environment, was found (n = 474 and R² = 0.99). Sugarcane energy content assessment could thus be simplified by measuring the DAB, while enabling development of a faster method of payment for growers based on the DAB measurement and the correlation between DAB and EY. Finally, the findings of this study should allow growers to rapidly determine the commercial value of their sugarcane crops, and also enable purchasers to assess the amount of recoverable energy. (Résumé d'auteur)

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Agritroparrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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    Authors: Wagner, Klaus; Neuwirth, Julia; Janetschek, Hubert; Wagner, Klaus; +2 Authors

    Recent extreme weather events have resulted in an ongoing discussion on the issues of land use and compensation payments within Austrian agriculture. Building on a functional evaluation system for agricultural lands as developed within the Interreg IIIB project “ILUP”, the national project “Agriculture and Flooding” has as its goal to classify the flood-protection contribution and flood sensitivity of agricultural lands. This, in turn, enables the recommendation of targeted measures for potentially improving flood situations, as well as an estimate of their implementation costs. In addition to the digital soil map, other fundamental sources used for the project are the digital flood risk map, IACS land-use data and works by the Institute for Land and Water Management Research. Reference values and marginal returns sourced from the Federal Institute of Agricultural Economics also flow into the cost estimates for the recommended combination. The results will contribute to an understanding of the multifunctionality of agricultural lands and to the setting of priorities on a regional scale regarding packaged flood-prevention and damage-minimization. However, the results at hand can only serve as one step toward regional flood protection projects, whose development will require the cooperation of all interest groups.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
    Other literature type . 2009
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
      Other literature type . 2009
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    Authors: Wagner, Klaus; Neuwirth, Julia; Janetschek, Hubert; Wagner, Klaus; +2 Authors

    Recent extreme weather events have resulted in an ongoing discussion on the issues of land use and compensation payments within Austrian agriculture. Building on a functional evaluation system for agricultural lands as developed within the Interreg IIIB project “ILUP”, the national project “Agriculture and Flooding” has as its goal to classify the flood-protection contribution and flood sensitivity of agricultural lands. This, in turn, enables the recommendation of targeted measures for potentially improving flood situations, as well as an estimate of their implementation costs. In addition to the digital soil map, other fundamental sources used for the project are the digital flood risk map, IACS land-use data and works by the Institute for Land and Water Management Research. Reference values and marginal returns sourced from the Federal Institute of Agricultural Economics also flow into the cost estimates for the recommended combination. The results will contribute to an understanding of the multifunctionality of agricultural lands and to the setting of priorities on a regional scale regarding packaged flood-prevention and damage-minimization. However, the results at hand can only serve as one step toward regional flood protection projects, whose development will require the cooperation of all interest groups.

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    Other literature type . 2009
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    Authors: Calcagno, Vincenzo; Meenakshisundaram, Shruthi; Ceballos, Claire; Fayeulle, Antoine; +7 Authors

    Lignocellulosic biomass is a very attractive substrate for biogas production via anaerobic digestion. Among all, straw represents a very interesting and worldwide diffused agricultural by-product. However, due to the intrinsically complex structure of lignocellulosic biomass, straw has low biodegradability which results in low biogas yield. To increase the biogas production, chemical and physical pretreatments have been performed – i.e., size reduction, autoclave, and oxidation. The pretreatment conditions have been mitigated, in order to reduce their economic impact on the overall process and to make such pretreatments attractive at industrial level. The effects of the biomass pretreatments have been evaluated both by assessing the biomethane productivity in an anaerobic bioreactor and, in parallel, by characterizing the biomass at different levels – elemental content, functional groups, structural changes, and surface morphology. Results show a poor correlation between biogas production and the structural and chemical biomass changes. These findings confirm a more general issue: the difficulty of using biomass characterization alone to explain and predict the biogas production enhancement and of using such information to further improve biomass pretreatments.

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    Authors: Calcagno, Vincenzo; Meenakshisundaram, Shruthi; Ceballos, Claire; Fayeulle, Antoine; +7 Authors

    Lignocellulosic biomass is a very attractive substrate for biogas production via anaerobic digestion. Among all, straw represents a very interesting and worldwide diffused agricultural by-product. However, due to the intrinsically complex structure of lignocellulosic biomass, straw has low biodegradability which results in low biogas yield. To increase the biogas production, chemical and physical pretreatments have been performed – i.e., size reduction, autoclave, and oxidation. The pretreatment conditions have been mitigated, in order to reduce their economic impact on the overall process and to make such pretreatments attractive at industrial level. The effects of the biomass pretreatments have been evaluated both by assessing the biomethane productivity in an anaerobic bioreactor and, in parallel, by characterizing the biomass at different levels – elemental content, functional groups, structural changes, and surface morphology. Results show a poor correlation between biogas production and the structural and chemical biomass changes. These findings confirm a more general issue: the difficulty of using biomass characterization alone to explain and predict the biogas production enhancement and of using such information to further improve biomass pretreatments.

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    Authors: Harrison, Steve; Emtage, Nick; Herbohn, John; Venn, Tyron; +4 Authors

    This paper describes experiences in the development and testing of three distinct financial models to support farm forestry decisions involving non-traditional tree species in northern Australia and in the Philippines. A variety of options were examined with respect to model design, yield prediction, computing platform, forestry performance criteria and other features. Two of the models focus on the forestry enterprise in isolation, while the third evaluates forestry within the context of the overall farm business. It is found that choice of model design depends on the particular type of application intended and availability of financial data for this application. Some complementarities were gained in replicating features when progressing from one model to the next. Model construction and testing were challenging tasks requiring considerable funds and for two of the models proceeding over a number of years. Validation involved the gradual gaining of confidence in a model as it progressed through various versions. For the more complex models, greater effort in development of the user interface was found to be warranted. The models have proved more suitable for use by extension agents than individual landholders. Even with major resource inputs into model development, a number of desirable additional features can be identified.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
    Other literature type . 2004
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    Authors: Harrison, Steve; Emtage, Nick; Herbohn, John; Venn, Tyron; +4 Authors

    This paper describes experiences in the development and testing of three distinct financial models to support farm forestry decisions involving non-traditional tree species in northern Australia and in the Philippines. A variety of options were examined with respect to model design, yield prediction, computing platform, forestry performance criteria and other features. Two of the models focus on the forestry enterprise in isolation, while the third evaluates forestry within the context of the overall farm business. It is found that choice of model design depends on the particular type of application intended and availability of financial data for this application. Some complementarities were gained in replicating features when progressing from one model to the next. Model construction and testing were challenging tasks requiring considerable funds and for two of the models proceeding over a number of years. Validation involved the gradual gaining of confidence in a model as it progressed through various versions. For the more complex models, greater effort in development of the user interface was found to be warranted. The models have proved more suitable for use by extension agents than individual landholders. Even with major resource inputs into model development, a number of desirable additional features can be identified.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
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    Authors: Rossi, Sergio|||0000-0003-4402-3418; Isla, Enrique; Bosch Belmar, Mar; Galli, Giovanni; +13 Authors

    Climate change is already transforming the seascapes of our oceans by changing the energy availability and the metabolic rates of the organisms. Among the ecosystem-engineering species that structure the seascape, marine animal forests (MAFs) are the most widespread. These habitats, mainly composed of suspension feeding organisms, provide structural complexity to the sea floor, analogous to terrestrial forests. Because primary and secondary productivity is responding to different impacts, in particular to the rapid ongoing environmental changes driven by climate change, this paper presents some directions about what could happen to different MAFs depending on these fast changes. Climate change could modify the resistance or resilience of MAFs, potentially making them more sensitive to impacts from anthropic activities (i.e. fisheries and coastal management), and vice versa, direct impacts may amplify climate change constraints in MAFs. Such changes will have knock-on effects on the energy budgets of active and passive suspension feeding organisms, as well as on their phenology, larval nutritional condition, and population viability. How the future seascape will be shaped by the new energy fluxes is a crucial question that has to be urgently addressed to mitigate and adapt to the diverse impacts on natural systems.

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    Authors: Rossi, Sergio|||0000-0003-4402-3418; Isla, Enrique; Bosch Belmar, Mar; Galli, Giovanni; +13 Authors

    Climate change is already transforming the seascapes of our oceans by changing the energy availability and the metabolic rates of the organisms. Among the ecosystem-engineering species that structure the seascape, marine animal forests (MAFs) are the most widespread. These habitats, mainly composed of suspension feeding organisms, provide structural complexity to the sea floor, analogous to terrestrial forests. Because primary and secondary productivity is responding to different impacts, in particular to the rapid ongoing environmental changes driven by climate change, this paper presents some directions about what could happen to different MAFs depending on these fast changes. Climate change could modify the resistance or resilience of MAFs, potentially making them more sensitive to impacts from anthropic activities (i.e. fisheries and coastal management), and vice versa, direct impacts may amplify climate change constraints in MAFs. Such changes will have knock-on effects on the energy budgets of active and passive suspension feeding organisms, as well as on their phenology, larval nutritional condition, and population viability. How the future seascape will be shaped by the new energy fluxes is a crucial question that has to be urgently addressed to mitigate and adapt to the diverse impacts on natural systems.

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  • Authors: Moulin, Vincent; Aubert, Michaël; Vincenot, Lucie;

    Climate change is characterised by changes in local temperature and precipitation. Hence, present tree species face in a near future the risk of living out of their optimal ecologic range. This would aggravate forest dieback and also impact forest ecosystem services. In order to adapt forests, forest managers are changing they practices, thus impacting current biodiversity for instance in forest soils hosting complex multi-taxonomic networks. Among new adaptative practices, managing new tree species to ensure forest sustainability appears as one of the best solutions. While the impact of tree species substitution was studied for the substitution of a broadleaf species to a resinous one or the reverse, we have fewer information for broadleaf to broadleaf or resinous to resinous substitution. Thus, the aims of this study were to address changes in soil fungi communities with tree substitution and the underlying mechanisms behind these changes. We focused on tree substitution in the same tree category (broadleaf or resinous). Four types of tree species substitution in five forests of northern France were selected. Two substitutions involved deciduous trees: from mature Fagus sylvatica L. towards young Quercus sp. with either an even aged or uneven aged management. The two others were substitutions from mature Pinus sylvestris L. to young Pinus nigra var. corsicana Poir. or Quercus rubra L. . Soil (0-15cm) and litter were sampled in 5 points over 69 forest stands to monitor soil fungal community composition by metabarcoding with the COI and ITS loci, respectively. Using the UNITE databases taxonomical identity was assigned to sequences using PIPITS. Soil parameters (C stock, N stock and humus forms), botanical surveys, trees basal area and canopy openness were assessed in order to explain soil communities’ variations. We identified the impacts of substitution on soil fungi using common descriptors of community diversity (richness and Jaccard distance). Also, community composition data were used along functional traits and trophic information retrieved from FUNGUILD to highlight what ecological functions can be gained or lost with those practices of climate change-adapted forestry. First results show that Fagus sylvatica and Quercus sp canopies were more closed than the Pinus sylvestris L., Pinus nigra var. corsicana Poir. and Quercus rubra L. ones and then canopy closure correlate with both the Morteriellomycota and the herbaceous layer richness. Ascomycota richness and Basidiomycota richness in soils were correlated to the tree layer richness. However, only Ascomycota richness in litter was correlated to the tree layer richness. Finally, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and Morteriellomycota richness were more important in litter than in soil. International audience

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  • Authors: Moulin, Vincent; Aubert, Michaël; Vincenot, Lucie;

    Climate change is characterised by changes in local temperature and precipitation. Hence, present tree species face in a near future the risk of living out of their optimal ecologic range. This would aggravate forest dieback and also impact forest ecosystem services. In order to adapt forests, forest managers are changing they practices, thus impacting current biodiversity for instance in forest soils hosting complex multi-taxonomic networks. Among new adaptative practices, managing new tree species to ensure forest sustainability appears as one of the best solutions. While the impact of tree species substitution was studied for the substitution of a broadleaf species to a resinous one or the reverse, we have fewer information for broadleaf to broadleaf or resinous to resinous substitution. Thus, the aims of this study were to address changes in soil fungi communities with tree substitution and the underlying mechanisms behind these changes. We focused on tree substitution in the same tree category (broadleaf or resinous). Four types of tree species substitution in five forests of northern France were selected. Two substitutions involved deciduous trees: from mature Fagus sylvatica L. towards young Quercus sp. with either an even aged or uneven aged management. The two others were substitutions from mature Pinus sylvestris L. to young Pinus nigra var. corsicana Poir. or Quercus rubra L. . Soil (0-15cm) and litter were sampled in 5 points over 69 forest stands to monitor soil fungal community composition by metabarcoding with the COI and ITS loci, respectively. Using the UNITE databases taxonomical identity was assigned to sequences using PIPITS. Soil parameters (C stock, N stock and humus forms), botanical surveys, trees basal area and canopy openness were assessed in order to explain soil communities’ variations. We identified the impacts of substitution on soil fungi using common descriptors of community diversity (richness and Jaccard distance). Also, community composition data were used along functional traits and trophic information retrieved from FUNGUILD to highlight what ecological functions can be gained or lost with those practices of climate change-adapted forestry. First results show that Fagus sylvatica and Quercus sp canopies were more closed than the Pinus sylvestris L., Pinus nigra var. corsicana Poir. and Quercus rubra L. ones and then canopy closure correlate with both the Morteriellomycota and the herbaceous layer richness. Ascomycota richness and Basidiomycota richness in soils were correlated to the tree layer richness. However, only Ascomycota richness in litter was correlated to the tree layer richness. Finally, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and Morteriellomycota richness were more important in litter than in soil. International audience

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    Authors: Glithero, N. J.; Ramsden, S. J.; Wilson, P.; Glithero, N. J.; +2 Authors

    Meeting the EU renewable fuel targets for 2020 will require a large increase in bioenergy feedstocks. To date, first generation biofuels have been the major response to meeting these targets. However, second generation biofuels from dedicated energy crops (e.g. miscanthus) or crop residues (e.g. straw) offer potential. Based on an on-farm survey of Farm Business Survey arable farmers in England and aggregated to national levels, we estimate that 5.27 Mt of cereal straw is produced annually on these farm types, of which farmers indicated that they would be willing to sell 2.5 Mt for bioenergy purposes, provided appropriate contractual conditions meet their needs. However, only 555Kt-840Kt would be obtained from straw currently incorporated into the soil. Timeliness of crop operations and benefits to soil were cited as key reasons for incorporating straw. A ‘good price’ represents the key incentive to encourage straw baling. With respect to dedicated energy crops, 81.6% (87.7%) would not consider growing miscanthus (SRC), while respectively, 17.2% (11.9%) would consider growing and 1.2% (0.4%) were currently growing these crops. Assuming 9.29% (average percentage of arable land set-aside between 1996-2005) of their utilised agricultural area to these crops, 89,900 ha (50,700 ha) of miscanthus (SRC) would be grown on English arable farms. Land quality issues, profitability and committing land for a long period of time were cited as both negative and positive reasons for farmer decisions about their level of willingness to grow these crops. Food and fuel policies must increasingly be integrated in order to meet societal goals without generating unintended consequences.

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    Authors: Glithero, N. J.; Ramsden, S. J.; Wilson, P.; Glithero, N. J.; +2 Authors

    Meeting the EU renewable fuel targets for 2020 will require a large increase in bioenergy feedstocks. To date, first generation biofuels have been the major response to meeting these targets. However, second generation biofuels from dedicated energy crops (e.g. miscanthus) or crop residues (e.g. straw) offer potential. Based on an on-farm survey of Farm Business Survey arable farmers in England and aggregated to national levels, we estimate that 5.27 Mt of cereal straw is produced annually on these farm types, of which farmers indicated that they would be willing to sell 2.5 Mt for bioenergy purposes, provided appropriate contractual conditions meet their needs. However, only 555Kt-840Kt would be obtained from straw currently incorporated into the soil. Timeliness of crop operations and benefits to soil were cited as key reasons for incorporating straw. A ‘good price’ represents the key incentive to encourage straw baling. With respect to dedicated energy crops, 81.6% (87.7%) would not consider growing miscanthus (SRC), while respectively, 17.2% (11.9%) would consider growing and 1.2% (0.4%) were currently growing these crops. Assuming 9.29% (average percentage of arable land set-aside between 1996-2005) of their utilised agricultural area to these crops, 89,900 ha (50,700 ha) of miscanthus (SRC) would be grown on English arable farms. Land quality issues, profitability and committing land for a long period of time were cited as both negative and positive reasons for farmer decisions about their level of willingness to grow these crops. Food and fuel policies must increasingly be integrated in order to meet societal goals without generating unintended consequences.

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    Authors: Estiarte, M.; Penuelas, J.; Sardans, J.; Emmett, B. A.; +9 Authors

    Root-surface phosphatase activities were measured in natural and semi-natural shrublands across an European climatic gradient of temperature and rainfall including Wales (WL), Denmark (DK), Netherlands (NL), Hungary (HU), Italy (IT) and Spain (SP). In each site a warming experiment was conducted since 1999 or 2001 by means of passive night-time warming using reflective curtains that covered the vegetation at night. The treatments increased yearly average soil temperatures around 0.8 o C in most of sites. Root-surface phosphatase activity values ranged between 56 mg PNP g -1 h -1 in IT and 3.5 mg PNP g -1 h -1 in HU. Warming had no effect on root-surface phosphatase acti vity across the sites and only in Hungary a slight increase was detected. Plants at Mediterranean sites (IT, SP) showed a higher root-surface phosphatase activity than plants at temperate sites (WL, NL, DK). We suggest it might be an adaptation of plant species evolved under Mediterranean climate that allows them a) to compensate in wet period for the decrease in phosphatase activity, and thus P uptake, during drought periods, and/or b) to benefit from soluble organic P flushes following the frequent drying-rewetting episodes experienced by soils in Mediterranean ecosystems This research was funded by EU under the VULCAN project (Contract EVK2-CT-2000-00094). We also thank partial funding by Spanish Government grants REN2003-04871/GLO and CGL2004- 01402/BOS, Catalan government grant SGR2005-00312, the EC Integrated FP6 ALARM (GOCE-CT-2003-506675) Project, and a Fundación BBVA 2004 grant. Marc Estiarte acknowledges support from “Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia” (Ramón y Cajal contract) 5 páginas, 1 figura, 1 tabla. Peer reviewed

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    Authors: Estiarte, M.; Penuelas, J.; Sardans, J.; Emmett, B. A.; +9 Authors

    Root-surface phosphatase activities were measured in natural and semi-natural shrublands across an European climatic gradient of temperature and rainfall including Wales (WL), Denmark (DK), Netherlands (NL), Hungary (HU), Italy (IT) and Spain (SP). In each site a warming experiment was conducted since 1999 or 2001 by means of passive night-time warming using reflective curtains that covered the vegetation at night. The treatments increased yearly average soil temperatures around 0.8 o C in most of sites. Root-surface phosphatase activity values ranged between 56 mg PNP g -1 h -1 in IT and 3.5 mg PNP g -1 h -1 in HU. Warming had no effect on root-surface phosphatase acti vity across the sites and only in Hungary a slight increase was detected. Plants at Mediterranean sites (IT, SP) showed a higher root-surface phosphatase activity than plants at temperate sites (WL, NL, DK). We suggest it might be an adaptation of plant species evolved under Mediterranean climate that allows them a) to compensate in wet period for the decrease in phosphatase activity, and thus P uptake, during drought periods, and/or b) to benefit from soluble organic P flushes following the frequent drying-rewetting episodes experienced by soils in Mediterranean ecosystems This research was funded by EU under the VULCAN project (Contract EVK2-CT-2000-00094). We also thank partial funding by Spanish Government grants REN2003-04871/GLO and CGL2004- 01402/BOS, Catalan government grant SGR2005-00312, the EC Integrated FP6 ALARM (GOCE-CT-2003-506675) Project, and a Fundación BBVA 2004 grant. Marc Estiarte acknowledges support from “Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia” (Ramón y Cajal contract) 5 páginas, 1 figura, 1 tabla. Peer reviewed

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Journal of Environme...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Journal of Environme...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Digital.CSIC
      Article . 2008 . Peer-reviewed
      Data sources: Digital.CSIC
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