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description Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Journal 2005 FinlandPublisher:LANDTECHNIK Authors: Schäfer, Winfried; Teye, Frederick; Evers, Lars;Die vorgestellte zweiphasige Biogasanlage vergärt Festmist von 65 GV Milchkühen mit Nachzucht sowie organische Abfälle des Betriebes und der umliegenden Lebensmittelindustrie mit einem Trockensubstanzgehalt von 18,6 ± 1 %. Eine neue Technologie zur automatischen kontinuierlichen Beschickung und Entleerung des Biogasreaktors wird dokumentiert. Zwischen November 2003 und Mai 2004 produzierte die Biogasanlage durchschnittlich 52 m3 Biogas d-1. Maximal wurden 91 m3 d-1 Biogas oder 170 l Methan kg-1 oTS erzeugt. Im Durchschnitt wurden 76,3 % des Methans für die Prozesswärme benötigt. Maximal standen 305,5 kWh d-1 oder 56,2 % der erzeugten Energie für die Wohnraumheizung zur Verfügung. LANDTECHNIK, Bd. 60 Nr. 6 (2005)
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess Routesgold 0 citations 0 popularity Average influence Average impulse Average Powered by BIP!
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Other literature type 2004 Australia, Australia, GermanyPublisher:Universität Potsdam, Berlin-Brandenburgischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Authors: Weigl, E.;doi: 10.18443/54
handle: 2440/18213
Zusammenfassung Früh setzte in Europa die Wahrnehmung der Veränderung des regionalen Klimas durch Waldrodungen ein. Als erster widmete Theophrastus (372-288 v. Chr.) dem Thema des menschlichen Einflusses auf die Temperatur und die Qualität der Luft einer Region ausführliche Überlegungen. Mit ihm beginnt ein Diskurs, der durch die Entdeckung und Kolonisierung Amerikas einen enormen Aufschwung erfuhr und im letzten Drittel des 19. Jahrhunderts auf globaler Ebene seinen Höhepunkt erreichte, um dann nach der Jahrhundertwende in Vergessenheit zu geraten. Alexander von Humboldt legte in seinem Amerika-Werk durch seine Fallstudie zum See von Valencia (1799) die ersten wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen für die systematische Untersuchung der Frage nach dem durch Menschen verursachten Veränderungen des Klimas. Die Fortsetzung dieser Studien in Lateinamerika durch Jean Baptist Boussingault erregten weltweites Aufsehen und wurden für die frühe Umweltbewegung (George Marsh) zum zentralen Argument bei der Verteidigung der Wälder in Europa, in den U.S.A. und in den Kolonien. Dem Klimaeinfluss des Waldes wuchs immer mehr eine mythische Grösse zu, sodass bei der Erschliessung regenarmer Regionen (in Australien und in den U.S.A.) umfangreiche Aufforstungsprogramme die Niederschlagsmenge erhöhen sollten. Nach dem Scheitern dieser Programme war generell die Befürchtung erwarteter anthropogener Klimakatastrophen durch die Zerstörung der Wälder diskreditiert. Abstract The perception that regional climate might be influenced by deforestation started early in Europe. The first to consider human influence on regional temperature and air quality was Theophrastus (372-288 AD). He started a discourse that intensified when Europeans discovered and colonized America, peaked at the end of the 19th century and then fell into oblivion at the beginning of the 20th century. In his case study on the Valencia Lake in Venezuela (1799) Alexander von Humboldt laid the scientific foundations to systematically examine the question whether changes in climate could be human induced. The follow-up studies undertaken by Jean Baptist Boussingault on the same lake and on others in Latin America caused a sensation world-wide and his arguments were taken up by the early environmental movement (e.g. George Marsh) in defence of forests in Europe, the U.S. and in the colonies. The positive influence on climate ascribed to forests reached mythical dimention, leading to extensive reforestation programs to increase rainfall in areas with low precipitation. When these programs failed, the fear that the destruction of forests could lead to human induced climatic catastrophes was generally discredited. HiN - Alexander von Humboldt im Netz Internationale Zeitschrift für Humboldt-Studien, Bd. 5, Nr. 09 (2004)
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article 1878 United StatesPublisher:Wien, Faesy & Frick, K. K. Hofbuchhandlung Authors: Höfer von Heimhalt, Hans, 1843-; Pošepný, František, 1836-1895.;"Die Eisenlagerstätten von Missouri. Von F. Pošepný": p. [197]-216. ; Mode of access: Internet.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article 1865 United StatesPublisher:München, Oldenbourg Authors: Geinitz, Hanns Bruno.; Hartig, Ernst, 1836-1900.; Fleck, H.;handle: 2027/umn.31951000931920l
Mode of access: Internet.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eu0 citations 0 popularity Average influence Average impulse Average Powered by BIP!
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article 2009 United StatesPublisher:eScholarship, University of California Authors: Luedeling, Eike; Blanke, Michael; Gebauer, Jens;To quantify the effects of climate change on fruit production in Germany, this study aimed at determining long-term trends in winter chill, as calculated with the Chilling Hours and Dynamic Models (Chill Portions). An idealized daily temperature curve was used to convert daily temperature records from 43 weather stations, taken throughout the twentieth and late nineteenth centuries, into an hourly dataset, which was then converted to units of winter chill. Besides exposing temporal trends in winter chill, the data could be spatially interpolated, yielding contiguous maps of typical winter chill in Germany around 2010, as well as chilling losses since 1950. Throughout Germany, winter chill varied between 1700 and 3000 Chilling Hours or 125 and 150 Chill Portions. The areas of highest winter chill were located in the northern parts of the country. For the whole of Germany, there were no significant temporal trends. The extent of interregional variation in winter chill depended on the chilling model used. While the Chilling Hours Model showed strong declines in winter chill for the areas around Dresden and Leipzig, as well as for the Lake Constance region, the Dynamic Model did not detect such dramatic changes. More than a decline in winter chill, increased heat during the winter months might become a challenge to German fruit growers. As already experienced during the extraordinarily warm winter of 2006/07, warm temperatures during the winter can cause fruit trees that fulfill their chilling requirements relatively early to bloom prematurely. This can then lead to elevated risk of frost damage and hamper the homogeneity of flowering.
eScholarship - Unive... arrow_drop_down eScholarship - University of CaliforniaArticle . 2009Data sources: eScholarship - University of Californiaadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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more_vert eScholarship - Unive... arrow_drop_down eScholarship - University of CaliforniaArticle . 2009Data sources: eScholarship - University of Californiaadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Part of book or chapter of book 2008 AustraliaPublisher:Scientific Publishers Berlin (WVB) Authors: Klose, S. M.; Tauer, S.;add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eu0 citations 0 popularity Average influence Average impulse Average Powered by BIP!
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You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euapps Other research productkeyboard_double_arrow_right Other ORP type , Other literature type 2021Publisher:Diskussionsbeiträge der Scientists for Future Gerhards, Christoph; Weber, Urban; Klafka, Peter; Golla, Stefan; Hagedorn, Gregor; Baumann, Franz; Brendel, Heiko; Breyer, Christian; Clausen, Jens; Creutzig, Felix; Daub, Claus-Heinrich; Helgenberger, Sebastian; Hentschel, Karl-Martin; Hirschhausen, Christian von; Jordan, Ulrike; Kemfert, Claudia; Krause, Harald; Linow, Sven; Oei, Pao-Yu; Pehnt, Martin; Pfennig, Andreas; Präger, Fabian; Quaschning, Volker; Schneider, Jens; Spindler, Uli; Stelzer, Volker; Sterner, Michael; Wagener-Lohse, Georg; Weinsziehr, Theresa;Publiziert als Diskussionsbeiträge der Scientists for Future 7, 1–55. Die Erstveröffentlichung erfolgte 2021-04-22. Zitationsvorschlag/Suggested citation: Gerhards, C.; Weber, U.; Klafka, P.; Golla, S.; Hagedorn, G. et al. (2021). Klimaverträgliche Energieversorgung für Deutschland. 16 Orientierungspunkte (Version 1.0, Deutsch). Diskussionsbeiträge der Scientists for Future, 7, 55 pp. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.4409334. GERMAN SUMMARY (English Summary further below): Als fairer Beitrag Deutschlands zur Einhaltung der globalen 1,5-Grad-Grenze werden 16 Orientierungspunkte für eine klimaverträgliche Energieversorgung vorgestellt. Es wird davon ausgegangen, dass hierfür die deutschen energiebedingten CO2-Emissionen in etwa 15 Jahren weitgehend auf Null sinken müssen. Energieeinsparung hilft, den notwendigen Ausbau von regenerativen Erzeugungskapazitäten zu verringern. Der Verkehrssektor kann ebenso wie die Bereiche Prozess- und Gebäudewärme hierzu wesentlich beitragen. Die Kernenergie ist mit großen Risiken belastet und kann nicht hinreichend schnell aufgebaut werden. Biomasse in Form von Energiepflanzen zu nutzen, ist ineffizient und steht im Konflikt mit anderen Arten der Landnutzung. Importe klimaneutral erzeugter Energieträger in sehr großem Umfang erfordern extrem große Investitionen im Ausland. Sie sind eine ungesicherte Option auf die Zukunft. Entscheidend ist daher der ausreichend schnelle Ausbau von Photovoltaik (PV) und Windkraft in Deutschland. Schätzungsweise kann der Elektrizitätsbedarf im Jahr 2030 z. B. durch den Ausbau auf ca. 350 GW PV und ca. 150 GW Windkraft nahezu vollständig regenerativ gedeckt werden. Damit ließe sich eine zum großen Teil elektrifizierte Mobilität und Wärmeversorgung betreiben und ein Teil des benötigten „grünen“ Wasserstoffs in Deutschland bereitstellen. Hierfür ist ein jährlicher Zubau von durchschnittlich ca. 30 GW PV und ca. 9 GW Windkraft nötig. Dies ist ca. sechs- (PV) bzw. dreimal (Wind) so hoch wie bisher vorgesehen und verlangt eine gesellschaftliche Kraftanstrengung. Ein weiter verzögerter Ausbau müsste mit noch deutlich größeren gesellschaftlichen Anstrengungen für drastische Energieeinsparungen oder Importe erneuerbarer Energie ausgeglichen werden. Insgesamt könnte dies noch deutlich schwieriger zu realisieren sein, als ein ambitionierter Ausbau. Da der Aufbau der Kapazitäten mehrere Jahre erfordert, ist es möglich nachzusteuern, z. B. wenn erkennbar wird, dass sich ein ausreichend großer globaler Markt für Importe entwickelt. Bis dahin ist es aus Verantwortung gegenüber der Zukunft und im Sinne des Pariser Vertrages empfehlenswert, die hier genannten Ausbauziele zu verfolgen. Grüner, also aus erneuerbaren Energien hergestellter Wasserstoff und daraus abgeleitete Syntheseprodukte sind für die Dekarbonisierung von Industrieprozessen, den Flug- und Schiffsverkehr sowie für die Absicherung der Energieversorgung bei Dunkelflauten nötig. Ohne die genannten Ausbauziele für Wind und Solar noch drastisch weiter zu erhöhen, stehen diese Produkte für Straßenverkehr und Wärmeversorgung jedoch nicht in ausreichenden Mengen zur Verfügung. Techniken zum Ausgleich zwischen Elektrizitätsangebot und -nachfrage sind verfügbar und sollten rechtzeitig auf- bzw. ausgebaut werden. Hierzu gehören: Stromaustausch mit den Nachbarländern, Flexibilisierung des Verbrauchs und Energiespeicherung. Für deren Integration sowie den Ausbau der Netze sollten zügig verbesserte rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen geschaffen werden. Die Kosten eines klimaverträglichen Energiesystems sind mittel- bis langfristig nicht höher als im derzeitigen System. Gleichzeitig entstehen Arbeitsplätze und Exportchancen durch Aufbau, Betrieb und Wartung einer regenerativen Energieversorgung in Deutschland und die energetische Gebäudesanierung. Die politischen Rahmenbedingungen entscheiden, ob eine klimaverträgliche Energieversorgung Deutschlands gelingt. ENGLISH SUMMARY: As Germany's equitable contribution to meeting the global 1.5-degree limit, 16 points of orientation for a climate-compatible energy supply system are presented. It is assumed that for this to be realized, German energy-related CO2 emissions will have to decline to zero within about 15 years. Energy conservation reduces the need for an expansion of renewable power generation capacities. The transport sector, redesigned industrial processes and building retrofits can significantly contribute to this. Nuclear energy is fraught with major risks. Besides, it cannot be scaled up sufficiently quickly. Using biomass as energy crops is inefficient and in conflict with other types of land use. Importing large amounts of carbon-neutral energy requires huge investments abroad. It is an unreliable option for the future. Therefore, the rapid expansion of photovoltaics (PV) and wind power in Germany is crucial. It is estimated that the electricity demand in 2030 can almost completely be met by renewables, if the capacities are expanded to about 350 GW of PV and about 150 GW of wind power. This expansion would enable supplying largely electrified mobility and heating systems as well as providing part of the required “green” hydrogen in Germany. An average annual increase of around 30 GW of PV and around 9 GW of wind power will be required. This is about six times (PV) or three times (wind) as much as previously planned and will necessitate a significant societal effort. Delaying this expansion further would have to be compensated by even greater efforts in terms of drastic energy savings or imports of renewable energy. Overall, a delayed expansion of renewables would entail more difficulties than an ambitious expansion. Since it takes years to build capacity, it is possible to recalibrate efforts, for example, when it becomes apparent that a sufficiently large global import market is developing. Until then, out of responsibility for the future and in the spirit of the Paris Agreement, it is advisable to pursue the expansion targets outlined here. Green hydrogen (i.e. hydrogen produced from renewable energies) and derived synthesis products are necessary for the decarbonization of industrial processes, air transport and shipping as well as for securing energy supply for periods when solar and wind power generation is very low. However, without drastically raising the above-mentioned expansion targets for wind and solar even higher, these products will not be available in sufficient quantities for road transport and heat supply. Techniques to balance electricity supply and demand are available and should be speedily developed and expanded. These include electricity exchange with neighboring countries, demand management and energy storage. It is advisable to quickly create improved legal frameworks, to integrate these technologies, and to expand electricity grids. In the medium to long term, the costs of a climate-compatible energy system are no higher than currently. At the same time, employment and export opportunities are generated in Germany through the development, operation and maintenance of a renewable-based energy system and the energy-efficient retrofitting of buildings. The political framework will determine whether Germany's climate-compatible energy supply system succeeds. Dies ist Ausgabe 7 der "Diskussionsbeiträge der Scientists for Future"
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eu3 citations 3 popularity Top 10% influence Average impulse Average Powered by BIP!
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description Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Journal 2005 FinlandPublisher:LANDTECHNIK Authors: Schäfer, Winfried; Teye, Frederick; Evers, Lars;Die vorgestellte zweiphasige Biogasanlage vergärt Festmist von 65 GV Milchkühen mit Nachzucht sowie organische Abfälle des Betriebes und der umliegenden Lebensmittelindustrie mit einem Trockensubstanzgehalt von 18,6 ± 1 %. Eine neue Technologie zur automatischen kontinuierlichen Beschickung und Entleerung des Biogasreaktors wird dokumentiert. Zwischen November 2003 und Mai 2004 produzierte die Biogasanlage durchschnittlich 52 m3 Biogas d-1. Maximal wurden 91 m3 d-1 Biogas oder 170 l Methan kg-1 oTS erzeugt. Im Durchschnitt wurden 76,3 % des Methans für die Prozesswärme benötigt. Maximal standen 305,5 kWh d-1 oder 56,2 % der erzeugten Energie für die Wohnraumheizung zur Verfügung. LANDTECHNIK, Bd. 60 Nr. 6 (2005)
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess Routesgold 0 citations 0 popularity Average influence Average impulse Average Powered by BIP!
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Other literature type 2004 Australia, Australia, GermanyPublisher:Universität Potsdam, Berlin-Brandenburgischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Authors: Weigl, E.;doi: 10.18443/54
handle: 2440/18213
Zusammenfassung Früh setzte in Europa die Wahrnehmung der Veränderung des regionalen Klimas durch Waldrodungen ein. Als erster widmete Theophrastus (372-288 v. Chr.) dem Thema des menschlichen Einflusses auf die Temperatur und die Qualität der Luft einer Region ausführliche Überlegungen. Mit ihm beginnt ein Diskurs, der durch die Entdeckung und Kolonisierung Amerikas einen enormen Aufschwung erfuhr und im letzten Drittel des 19. Jahrhunderts auf globaler Ebene seinen Höhepunkt erreichte, um dann nach der Jahrhundertwende in Vergessenheit zu geraten. Alexander von Humboldt legte in seinem Amerika-Werk durch seine Fallstudie zum See von Valencia (1799) die ersten wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen für die systematische Untersuchung der Frage nach dem durch Menschen verursachten Veränderungen des Klimas. Die Fortsetzung dieser Studien in Lateinamerika durch Jean Baptist Boussingault erregten weltweites Aufsehen und wurden für die frühe Umweltbewegung (George Marsh) zum zentralen Argument bei der Verteidigung der Wälder in Europa, in den U.S.A. und in den Kolonien. Dem Klimaeinfluss des Waldes wuchs immer mehr eine mythische Grösse zu, sodass bei der Erschliessung regenarmer Regionen (in Australien und in den U.S.A.) umfangreiche Aufforstungsprogramme die Niederschlagsmenge erhöhen sollten. Nach dem Scheitern dieser Programme war generell die Befürchtung erwarteter anthropogener Klimakatastrophen durch die Zerstörung der Wälder diskreditiert. Abstract The perception that regional climate might be influenced by deforestation started early in Europe. The first to consider human influence on regional temperature and air quality was Theophrastus (372-288 AD). He started a discourse that intensified when Europeans discovered and colonized America, peaked at the end of the 19th century and then fell into oblivion at the beginning of the 20th century. In his case study on the Valencia Lake in Venezuela (1799) Alexander von Humboldt laid the scientific foundations to systematically examine the question whether changes in climate could be human induced. The follow-up studies undertaken by Jean Baptist Boussingault on the same lake and on others in Latin America caused a sensation world-wide and his arguments were taken up by the early environmental movement (e.g. George Marsh) in defence of forests in Europe, the U.S. and in the colonies. The positive influence on climate ascribed to forests reached mythical dimention, leading to extensive reforestation programs to increase rainfall in areas with low precipitation. When these programs failed, the fear that the destruction of forests could lead to human induced climatic catastrophes was generally discredited. HiN - Alexander von Humboldt im Netz Internationale Zeitschrift für Humboldt-Studien, Bd. 5, Nr. 09 (2004)
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess RoutesGreen gold 2 citations 2 popularity Average influence Average impulse Average Powered by BIP!
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article 1878 United StatesPublisher:Wien, Faesy & Frick, K. K. Hofbuchhandlung Authors: Höfer von Heimhalt, Hans, 1843-; Pošepný, František, 1836-1895.;"Die Eisenlagerstätten von Missouri. Von F. Pošepný": p. [197]-216. ; Mode of access: Internet.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article 1865 United StatesPublisher:München, Oldenbourg Authors: Geinitz, Hanns Bruno.; Hartig, Ernst, 1836-1900.; Fleck, H.;handle: 2027/umn.31951000931920l
Mode of access: Internet.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article 2009 United StatesPublisher:eScholarship, University of California Authors: Luedeling, Eike; Blanke, Michael; Gebauer, Jens;To quantify the effects of climate change on fruit production in Germany, this study aimed at determining long-term trends in winter chill, as calculated with the Chilling Hours and Dynamic Models (Chill Portions). An idealized daily temperature curve was used to convert daily temperature records from 43 weather stations, taken throughout the twentieth and late nineteenth centuries, into an hourly dataset, which was then converted to units of winter chill. Besides exposing temporal trends in winter chill, the data could be spatially interpolated, yielding contiguous maps of typical winter chill in Germany around 2010, as well as chilling losses since 1950. Throughout Germany, winter chill varied between 1700 and 3000 Chilling Hours or 125 and 150 Chill Portions. The areas of highest winter chill were located in the northern parts of the country. For the whole of Germany, there were no significant temporal trends. The extent of interregional variation in winter chill depended on the chilling model used. While the Chilling Hours Model showed strong declines in winter chill for the areas around Dresden and Leipzig, as well as for the Lake Constance region, the Dynamic Model did not detect such dramatic changes. More than a decline in winter chill, increased heat during the winter months might become a challenge to German fruit growers. As already experienced during the extraordinarily warm winter of 2006/07, warm temperatures during the winter can cause fruit trees that fulfill their chilling requirements relatively early to bloom prematurely. This can then lead to elevated risk of frost damage and hamper the homogeneity of flowering.
eScholarship - Unive... arrow_drop_down eScholarship - University of CaliforniaArticle . 2009Data sources: eScholarship - University of Californiaadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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more_vert eScholarship - Unive... arrow_drop_down eScholarship - University of CaliforniaArticle . 2009Data sources: eScholarship - University of Californiaadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Part of book or chapter of book 2008 AustraliaPublisher:Scientific Publishers Berlin (WVB) Authors: Klose, S. M.; Tauer, S.;add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eu0 citations 0 popularity Average influence Average impulse Average Powered by BIP!
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euapps Other research productkeyboard_double_arrow_right Other ORP type , Other literature type 2021Publisher:Diskussionsbeiträge der Scientists for Future Gerhards, Christoph; Weber, Urban; Klafka, Peter; Golla, Stefan; Hagedorn, Gregor; Baumann, Franz; Brendel, Heiko; Breyer, Christian; Clausen, Jens; Creutzig, Felix; Daub, Claus-Heinrich; Helgenberger, Sebastian; Hentschel, Karl-Martin; Hirschhausen, Christian von; Jordan, Ulrike; Kemfert, Claudia; Krause, Harald; Linow, Sven; Oei, Pao-Yu; Pehnt, Martin; Pfennig, Andreas; Präger, Fabian; Quaschning, Volker; Schneider, Jens; Spindler, Uli; Stelzer, Volker; Sterner, Michael; Wagener-Lohse, Georg; Weinsziehr, Theresa;Publiziert als Diskussionsbeiträge der Scientists for Future 7, 1–55. Die Erstveröffentlichung erfolgte 2021-04-22. Zitationsvorschlag/Suggested citation: Gerhards, C.; Weber, U.; Klafka, P.; Golla, S.; Hagedorn, G. et al. (2021). Klimaverträgliche Energieversorgung für Deutschland. 16 Orientierungspunkte (Version 1.0, Deutsch). Diskussionsbeiträge der Scientists for Future, 7, 55 pp. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.4409334. GERMAN SUMMARY (English Summary further below): Als fairer Beitrag Deutschlands zur Einhaltung der globalen 1,5-Grad-Grenze werden 16 Orientierungspunkte für eine klimaverträgliche Energieversorgung vorgestellt. Es wird davon ausgegangen, dass hierfür die deutschen energiebedingten CO2-Emissionen in etwa 15 Jahren weitgehend auf Null sinken müssen. Energieeinsparung hilft, den notwendigen Ausbau von regenerativen Erzeugungskapazitäten zu verringern. Der Verkehrssektor kann ebenso wie die Bereiche Prozess- und Gebäudewärme hierzu wesentlich beitragen. Die Kernenergie ist mit großen Risiken belastet und kann nicht hinreichend schnell aufgebaut werden. Biomasse in Form von Energiepflanzen zu nutzen, ist ineffizient und steht im Konflikt mit anderen Arten der Landnutzung. Importe klimaneutral erzeugter Energieträger in sehr großem Umfang erfordern extrem große Investitionen im Ausland. Sie sind eine ungesicherte Option auf die Zukunft. Entscheidend ist daher der ausreichend schnelle Ausbau von Photovoltaik (PV) und Windkraft in Deutschland. Schätzungsweise kann der Elektrizitätsbedarf im Jahr 2030 z. B. durch den Ausbau auf ca. 350 GW PV und ca. 150 GW Windkraft nahezu vollständig regenerativ gedeckt werden. Damit ließe sich eine zum großen Teil elektrifizierte Mobilität und Wärmeversorgung betreiben und ein Teil des benötigten „grünen“ Wasserstoffs in Deutschland bereitstellen. Hierfür ist ein jährlicher Zubau von durchschnittlich ca. 30 GW PV und ca. 9 GW Windkraft nötig. Dies ist ca. sechs- (PV) bzw. dreimal (Wind) so hoch wie bisher vorgesehen und verlangt eine gesellschaftliche Kraftanstrengung. Ein weiter verzögerter Ausbau müsste mit noch deutlich größeren gesellschaftlichen Anstrengungen für drastische Energieeinsparungen oder Importe erneuerbarer Energie ausgeglichen werden. Insgesamt könnte dies noch deutlich schwieriger zu realisieren sein, als ein ambitionierter Ausbau. Da der Aufbau der Kapazitäten mehrere Jahre erfordert, ist es möglich nachzusteuern, z. B. wenn erkennbar wird, dass sich ein ausreichend großer globaler Markt für Importe entwickelt. Bis dahin ist es aus Verantwortung gegenüber der Zukunft und im Sinne des Pariser Vertrages empfehlenswert, die hier genannten Ausbauziele zu verfolgen. Grüner, also aus erneuerbaren Energien hergestellter Wasserstoff und daraus abgeleitete Syntheseprodukte sind für die Dekarbonisierung von Industrieprozessen, den Flug- und Schiffsverkehr sowie für die Absicherung der Energieversorgung bei Dunkelflauten nötig. Ohne die genannten Ausbauziele für Wind und Solar noch drastisch weiter zu erhöhen, stehen diese Produkte für Straßenverkehr und Wärmeversorgung jedoch nicht in ausreichenden Mengen zur Verfügung. Techniken zum Ausgleich zwischen Elektrizitätsangebot und -nachfrage sind verfügbar und sollten rechtzeitig auf- bzw. ausgebaut werden. Hierzu gehören: Stromaustausch mit den Nachbarländern, Flexibilisierung des Verbrauchs und Energiespeicherung. Für deren Integration sowie den Ausbau der Netze sollten zügig verbesserte rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen geschaffen werden. Die Kosten eines klimaverträglichen Energiesystems sind mittel- bis langfristig nicht höher als im derzeitigen System. Gleichzeitig entstehen Arbeitsplätze und Exportchancen durch Aufbau, Betrieb und Wartung einer regenerativen Energieversorgung in Deutschland und die energetische Gebäudesanierung. Die politischen Rahmenbedingungen entscheiden, ob eine klimaverträgliche Energieversorgung Deutschlands gelingt. ENGLISH SUMMARY: As Germany's equitable contribution to meeting the global 1.5-degree limit, 16 points of orientation for a climate-compatible energy supply system are presented. It is assumed that for this to be realized, German energy-related CO2 emissions will have to decline to zero within about 15 years. Energy conservation reduces the need for an expansion of renewable power generation capacities. The transport sector, redesigned industrial processes and building retrofits can significantly contribute to this. Nuclear energy is fraught with major risks. Besides, it cannot be scaled up sufficiently quickly. Using biomass as energy crops is inefficient and in conflict with other types of land use. Importing large amounts of carbon-neutral energy requires huge investments abroad. It is an unreliable option for the future. Therefore, the rapid expansion of photovoltaics (PV) and wind power in Germany is crucial. It is estimated that the electricity demand in 2030 can almost completely be met by renewables, if the capacities are expanded to about 350 GW of PV and about 150 GW of wind power. This expansion would enable supplying largely electrified mobility and heating systems as well as providing part of the required “green” hydrogen in Germany. An average annual increase of around 30 GW of PV and around 9 GW of wind power will be required. This is about six times (PV) or three times (wind) as much as previously planned and will necessitate a significant societal effort. Delaying this expansion further would have to be compensated by even greater efforts in terms of drastic energy savings or imports of renewable energy. Overall, a delayed expansion of renewables would entail more difficulties than an ambitious expansion. Since it takes years to build capacity, it is possible to recalibrate efforts, for example, when it becomes apparent that a sufficiently large global import market is developing. Until then, out of responsibility for the future and in the spirit of the Paris Agreement, it is advisable to pursue the expansion targets outlined here. Green hydrogen (i.e. hydrogen produced from renewable energies) and derived synthesis products are necessary for the decarbonization of industrial processes, air transport and shipping as well as for securing energy supply for periods when solar and wind power generation is very low. However, without drastically raising the above-mentioned expansion targets for wind and solar even higher, these products will not be available in sufficient quantities for road transport and heat supply. Techniques to balance electricity supply and demand are available and should be speedily developed and expanded. These include electricity exchange with neighboring countries, demand management and energy storage. It is advisable to quickly create improved legal frameworks, to integrate these technologies, and to expand electricity grids. In the medium to long term, the costs of a climate-compatible energy system are no higher than currently. At the same time, employment and export opportunities are generated in Germany through the development, operation and maintenance of a renewable-based energy system and the energy-efficient retrofitting of buildings. The political framework will determine whether Germany's climate-compatible energy supply system succeeds. Dies ist Ausgabe 7 der "Diskussionsbeiträge der Scientists for Future"
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eu3 citations 3 popularity Top 10% influence Average impulse Average Powered by BIP!
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