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SummaryCoulomb Counting (CC) method plays an important role in the state of charge (SOC) estimation theory of lithium‐ion batteries, and a lot of improvement and optimization strategies are based on it. With the increasing demand for precise management of lithium‐ion battery systems, the performance of the traditional CC method is no longer suitable for more complex working conditions. First, the battery aging, extreme temperature, and high‐rate discharging were considered as the main influencing factors which limit the SOC estimation accuracy of the CC method, and the performance degradation mechanism of the traditional CC method under the influence of the above factors are experimentally analyzed, especially the change of battery total dischargeable capacity after aging, and the change rules of key parameters in the CC equation are analyzed. Then the initial SOC and the total dischargeable capacity of the CC method are modified and estimated respectively to realize the accurate estimation of SOC under complex working conditions, especially the accurate SOC estimation during the whole life cycle of lithium‐ion batteries. The experimental results show that the improved CC method can effectively deal with complex working conditions, and the comprehensive estimation accuracy of SOC is within 3.6%.

The goal of the blue economy model is to shift society from scarcity to abundance. Based on what you have and in new ways to start solving problems that further cause problems in the environment. The concept of the blue economy has been increasingly mentioned recently but the clarity of definitions and implementation steps remains unclear. The blue economy has various components, including established sectors that include fisheries, aquaculture, coastal tourism, port activities, shipbuilding, maritime transport, and offshore oil and gas exploitation. Traditional shipbuilding and offshore oil and gas industries are declining, while offshore wind farms can now be considered an established sector. Other promising sectors include ocean energy and "blue" biotechnology, while the removal of salt water is becoming increasingly important due to the growing shortage of fresh water in dry regions. The idea of a blue economy has recognized the seas and oceans as major drivers of economic development with great potential for innovation and growth. There is a need for an integrated national maritime policy. There is a need to increase awareness and knowledge among decision makers, as well as the general public and capacity building through public-private partnerships Cilj modela plave ekonomije je prebaciti društvo s oskudice na obilje. Na temelju onoga što se ima te na nove načine započeti rješavanje problema koji dalje uzrokuju probleme u okolišu. Koncept plave ekonomije sve se više spominje u zadnje vrijeme ali jasnost definicija i koraka provedbe ostaje nejasna. Plava ekonomija ima različite sastavnice, uključujući uspostavljene sektore koji uključuju ribarstvo, akvakulturu, obalni turizam, lučke djelatnosti, brodogradnju, pomorski transport i morsku eksploataciju nafte i plina. Tradicionalni sektori brodogradnje i industrije nafte i plina u priobalju opadaju, dok se vjetroelektrane na moru u nastajanju sada može smatrati etabliranim sektorom. Ostali perspektivni sektori uključuju oceansku energiju i „plavu“ biotehnologiju, dok je uklanjanje slane vode sve važnije zbog sve većeg nedostatka slatke vode u suhim regijama. Ideja plave ekonomije prepoznala je mora i oceane kao glavne pokretače gospodarskog razvoja s velikim potencijalom za inovacije i rast. Postoji potreba za integriranom nacionalnom pomorskom politikom. Potrebno je povećati svijest i znanje između donositelja odluka, kao i šire javnosti i jačanja kapaciteta kroz javno-privatna partnerstva.

This paper investigates the interactive relationships between oil price shocks and Chinese stock market using multivariate vector auto-regression. Oil price shocks do not show statistically significant impact on the real stock returns of most Chinese stock market indices, except for manufacturing index and some oil companies. Some "important" oil price shocks depress oil company stock prices. Increase in oil volatility may increase the speculations in mining index and petrochemicals index, which raise their stock returns. Both the world oil price shocks and China oil price shocks can explain much more than interest rates for manufacturing index.

Energy has a signifcant function in the sustainable development strategy of every country. Over the last three decades, scholars have attempted to examine energy– growth nexus in diferent countries and country groups using various explanatory variables. Trade openness based on the volume of trade has been commonly utilized in these estimations. However, recently, some scholars have highlighted the importance of export quality in the economic growth of nations, but there is no empirical evidence to support this claim. In this context, this empirical research intends to expand the energy–growth nexus by using export quality as an explanatory variable instead of trade openness in the sample of 10 newly industrialized countries (NICs). The empirical results verifed that export quality has a positive and crucial role in the economic growth of NICs. Based on these novel fndings, the study discussed policy implications to enhance export quality for achieving sustainable growth. WOS:000767018600001

Climate changes are one of the greatest problems and challenges of today. The goal of this paper is to show the growing impact of climate change on the environment, tourism and also people, who are as well one of the biggest culprits of global warming and more frequent storms that cause large-scale floods and rising sea levels. In order to preserve the environment, ecological diversity and natural resources for future generations, it is necessary to use environmentally friendly measures and also to adapt to climate changes through environmental protection. To successfully achieve these measures, various strategies have been formed and adapted that seek to preserve the environment as much as possible and mitigate the effects of climate change, which are unfortunately becoming more pronounced. Changes in climate and atmosphere greatly affect tourism and its seasonality, but at the same time, tourism has great impact on climate change with the rapid development of mass tourism, so it is necessary to implement sustainable tourism development and reduce environmental pollution. Klimatske promjene jedan su od najvećih problema i izazova današnjice. Cilj ovog rada je prikazati sve veći utjecaj klimatskih promjena na okoliš, turizam, ali i ljude koji su ujedno jedan od većih krivaca globalnog zatopljenja i sve češćih nevremena i oluja koji uzrokuju poplave velikih razmjera te podizanje razine mora. Kako bi se očuvao okoliš, ekološka raznolikost i prirodni resursi za nadolazeće generacije, potrebno je koristiti ekološki prihvatljive mjere te se također prilagođavati klimatskim promjenama kroz očuvanje okoliša. Za postizanje tih mjera donesene su razne strategije koje u što većoj mjeri žele očuvati okoliš te ublažiti učinke klimatskih promjena koje nažalost postaju sve izraženije. Promjene u klimi i atmosferi također uvelike utječu na turizam i njegovu sezonalnost. Istovremeno, turizam ima velik utjecaj na klimatske promjene naglim razvojem masovnog turizma pa je stoga potrebna implementacija održivog razvoja turizma i smanjivanje onečišćenja okoliša.

This paper investigates the long run relationship between the impact of electricity consumption on the economic growth. The aim is to determine whether there is a long run cointegration and long run balance between the variables. Indicators of energy efficiency and the level of technological development enable us for the assessment of energy and the development of strategies implementation. The increased electricity consumption in the Republic of Croatia has a positive impact on the development of the electricity sector. The investments in the electricity sector were most intensive during the energy transition in the Republic of Croatia. Renewable energy technologies provide an opportunity to develop new industry. Energy intensity is one of the indicators of energy efficiency, and the high energy intensity of electricity indicates the impact of electricity consumption on the economic growth. The Republic of Croatia is making efforts to increase its energy efficiency, but this may limit its economic growth, in effect. Investmensts in new technologies, optimization and improvement of production processes achieve energy savings. The strong relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth means that the country is in the development phase and that the reasons for its high energy intensity of electricity are linked to an insufficient level of technological development. Idling in technological processes, obsolete equipment and machines, reactive energy and inefficient energy transformation in industrial production create an increase in production costs and load on the electricity network. The Republic of Croatia is one of the developed countries, but more investment is needed/necessary to reach the rank of the leading developed countries. U radu se istražuje dugoročna veza utjecaja potrošnje električne energije na gospodarski rast. Cilj je utvrditi postoji li dugoročna kointegracija, odnosno dugoročna ravnoteža među tim dvjema varijablama. Pokazatelji energetske učinkovitosti i stupnja tehnološkog razvoja omogućavaju ocjenu uspješnosti provođenja energetskih i razvojnih strategija. Potrošnja električne energije u Republici Hrvatskoj je u porastu, što dovodi do razvoja elektroenergetskog sektora. Ulaganja u elektroenergetski sektor bila su najintenzivnija u vrijeme energetske tranzicije Republike Hrvatske. Tehnologije obnovljivih izvora energije pružaju mogućnosti za razvoj nove industrije. Energetska intenzivnost jedan je od pokazatelja energetske učinkovitosti, a visoka energetska intenzivnost električne energije ukazuje na utjecaj potrošnje električne energije na gospodarski rast. Republika Hrvatska ulaže napore u to da poveća energetsku učinkovitost, ali to može ograničiti gospodarski rast. Ulaganjem u nove tehnologije, optimizaciju i unaprjeđenje procesa u proizvodnji ostvaruju se uštede energije. Jaka veza između potrošnje električne energije i gospodarskog rasta znači da je država u fazi razvoja te da su razlozi njene visoke energetske intenzivnosti električne energije na nedovoljnom stupnju tehnološkog razvoja. Prazni hod u tehnološkim procesima, zastarjela oprema i strojevi, jalova energija i neučinkovita transformacija energije u industrijskoj proizvodnji stvaraju povećanje troškova proizvodnje i opterećenje elektroenergetske mreže. Republika Hrvatska spada u razvijene zemlje, ali su joj potrebna daljnja ulaganja kako bi postala jedna od vođa među razvijenim zemljama.

The challenges the world is facing are becoming increasingly problematic. They are reflected in the environmental and energy crisis, climate change and economic development. The need to turn towards sustainability resulted in the emergence of the sustainable development paradigm. Sustainable development is a concept that aims to establish and achieve sustainable economic development, build a fair society and protect the environment. Ensuring sustainable forms of consumption and production, that is, sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources is one of the goals of the sustainable development program. Energy efficiency is the most effective way to achieve the above and it implies responsible use of energy, that is, the use of a sufficient amount of energy needed to complete an activity. Considering its solar potential, Croatia has an enviable predisposition for harnessing solar energy, contributing to energy independence, pollution reduction and environmental protection. The Wüstenrot housing savings bank offers a product designed to achieve energy efficiency by installing solar panels. Conducted research results indicate a strong interest in this way of utilizing solar energy. However, familiarity with the offer aimed at achieving energy efficiency has not been confirmed. Izazovi s kojima se svijet suočava ogledaju se u ekološkoj i energetskoj krizi, klimatskim promjenama te gospodarskom razvoju koji sve više postaje problematičan. Potreba ka zaokretu prema održivosti rezultirala je pojavom paradigme održivi razvoj. Održivi razvoj koncept je koji teži uspostavi i postizanju održivog gospodarskog razvoja, izgradnji pravičnog društva i zaštiti okoliša. Osiguravanje održivih oblika potrošnje i proizvodnje odnosno održivo upravljanje i učinkovito korištenje prirodnih resursa jedan je od ciljeva programa održivog razvoja. Energetska učinkovitost predstavlja najdjelotvorniji način postizanja navedenog, a podrazumijeva odgovornu upotrebu energije odnosno korištenje dostatne količine energenata potrebnih za obavljanje neke radnje. S obzirom na svoj solarni potencijal, Hrvatska ima zavidne predispozicije za iskorištavanje energije Sunca koja doprinosi energetskoj neovisnosti, smanjenju zagađenja te zaštiti okoliša. Proizvod Wüstenrot stambene štedionice namijenjen je postizanju energetske učinkovitosti ugradnjom solarnih panela. Rezultati provedenog istraživanja ukazuju na izrazitu zainteresiranost za ovakvim načinom iskorištavanja sunčeve energije međutim upoznatost s ponudom namijenjenom postizanju energetske učinkovitosti nije potvrđena.

The installed capacity of renewable energy sources in Croatia is on the rise, and the targets of the European Union will result in an even greater number of renewable energy sources projects in Croatia. The main support mechanism in Croatia is the feed-in premium incentive model through auctions and the guaranteed purchase price. Croatia had industrial production in certain renewable energy sectors, such as producing wind turbines and photovoltaic panels. Currently, the average share of the local content in renewable energy projects is between 40% and 60%. In addition, renewable energy sources pay a large number of taxes and levies, while the fees for industrial consumers are among the lowest in the European Union, especially for large industrial consumers. The synergy of industry, entrepreneurship and renewable energy sources through energy industrial zones is a strong model which contributes that energy intensive industry implements in a faster way green energy transition, as well as integrate additional renewable energy sources. Since this model does not exist in Croatia, the launch of the first such zone in Croatia, in the area of the Municipality of Jasenice, is analysed. In comparison with the examples of eco industrial parks or industrial zones in other countries, the model that is proposed in Croatia is focused purely on the development of energy industrial zones where there is an infrastructure that offers strong supply of renewable energy sources. Instalirani kapaciteti obnovljivih izvora energije u Hrvatskoj su u porastu, a ciljevi Europske unije će rezultirati još većem broju projekata obnovljivih izvora energije u Hrvatskoj. Glavni mehanizam potpore u Hrvatskoj je premijski model poticanja kroz natječaje i zajamčenu otkupnu cijenu. Hrvatska je u određenim sektorima obnovljivih izvora energije imala industrijsku proizvodnju, kao što su vjetroagregati i fotonaponski paneli. Trenutno je prosječni udio domaće komponente u projektima obnovljivih izvora energije između 40% do 60%. Osim toga, obnovljivi izvori energije plaćaju veliki broj poreza i davanja, dok su naknade za industrijske potrošače među nižima u Europskoj uniji, prije svega za velike industrijske potrošače. Sinergija industrije, poduzetništva i obnovljivih izvora energije kroz energetsko-industrijske zone je novi i snažan model koji omogućava da energetski intenzivna industrija provede brže zelenu energetsku tranziciju, kao i integraciju dodatnih obnovljivih izvora energije. Kako ovakav model sinergije energetike i industrije ne postoji u Hrvatskoj, analizirano je pokretanje prve takve zone, na području Općine Jasenice. Za razliku od uvida u slične primjere eko-industrijskih parkova ili industrijskih zona u drugim zemljama, novi model koji se predlaže u Hrvatskoj se fokusira isključivo na razvoj energetsko- industrijske zone gdje se nalazi infrastruktura za mogućnost jake energetske opskrbe obnovljivim izvorima energije.

Istraživanje i suzbijanje energetskog siromaštva u Europskoj uniji u posljednjih dvadesetak godina privuklo je veliku pažnju europskih institucija i vlada država članica. Energetsko siromaštvo je uglavnom definirano stanjem u kojem pojedinci odnosno kućanstva ne mogu adekvatno zagrijati svoje domove, te koji prema različitim kriterijima nemaju dovoljno raspoloživog dohotka kojim bi osigurali dovoljno energije za svoje potrebe. Uzroci energetskog siromaštva nalaze se prije svega u nedovoljnim prihodima kućanstava, a utjecaj na energetsko siromaštvo ima i kvaliteta stambenih jedinica, dostupnost energenata na određenom području te njihove cijene. Posljedice su višak smrti u zimskom periodu, narušeno mentalno zdravlje i društvena isključenost stanovništva i posebice djece koja odrastaju u energetski siromašnim kućanstvima. Vršeći usporedbe između država članica temeljem BDP-a p/c, stope nezaposlenosti, neto prihoda i dovodeći ih u vezu s razinom energetskog siromaštva primjenom kriterija nemogućnosti zagrijavanja domova i kašnjenja u plaćanju komunalnih usluga razina energetskog siromaštva najviše je izražena u državama istoka Europe (Bugarska, Litva, Mađarska), te dijelom juga Europe (Cipar, Portugal i Grčka). Porezna politika značajno utječe na cijene energenata. Paradoks je da nerazvijene zemlje europskog istoka koje imaju visoki udio energetski siromašnih kućanstava ustraju na visokim stopama poreza na dodanu vrijednost na isporuku električne energije kućanstvima, dok razvijenije zapadne zemlje primjenjuju nulte ili smanjene stope. Tehničkim mjerama energetske obnove stambenog fonda obnovom fasada, zamjenom vrata i prozora te zamjenom ili unaprjeđenjem sustava grijanja i hlađenja dolazi se do povećanja energetske učinkovitosti i ušteda u potrošnji energije što izravno utječe na smanjenje energetskog siromaštva. Povećanje energetske učinkovitosti financira se putem europskih i nacionalnih fondova. Poseban izvor financiranja odnosno rezerva postoji u poreznoj politici na način da se energenti oporezuju nižim stopama poreza na dodanu vrijednost, te da se smanje ili ukinu trošarine za isporuku određenih energenata kućanstvima. Najbolje mjere za suzbijanje energetskog siromaštva su povećanje gospodarskih aktivnosti, smanjenje nezaposlenosti i povećanje prihoda stanovništva uz osiguranje dostupnosti energenata po razumnim cijenama. Europska unija je i dalje izložena uvozu plina koji se koristi za grijanje i industriju i još uvijek u značajnom udjelu za proizvodnju električne energije. Geopolitički odnosi EU, Ruske federacije, SAD-a i Kine su složeni i znatno utječu na kretanje cijena energenata. Tranzicija s fosilne na zelenu energiju zahtijeva ogromna financijska sredstva. Suzbijanje energetskog siromaštva zasigurno ostaje veliki izazov u sljedećim godinama ispred nas, međutim istraživanje potvrđuje hipotezu da je donošenjem kvalitetnih zakonskih mjera i osiguravanjem izvora financiranja za njihovo provođenje uz sveobuhvatne mjere za podizanje energetske učinkovitosti, rasta BDP-a i zapošljavanja moguće značajno smanjiti energetsko siromaštvo u Europskoj uniji. During the last 20 years, the European institutions and governments of member states have paid a lot of attention to researching and fighting energy poverty. Energy poverty is primarily defined as a condition in which individuals and/or households cannot heat their homes in an adequate manner, meaning that they, according to various criteria, do not have sufficient disposable income to satisfy their energy needs. Energy poverty is primarily caused by insufficient household income but is impacted by the quality of housing, as well as the geographic availability of energy sources and energy prices. The consequences are excess of deaths during winter, mental health problems and social exclusion of the population, especially of the children growing up in households affected by energy poverty. When the member states are compared on the basis of their GDP per capita, unemployment rate and net income and correlated with the level of energy poverty based on the criterion of the inability to keep home warm, energy poverty is the most prominent in the Eastern European countries (Bulgaria, Lithuania, Hungary) and in parts of Southern Europe (Cyprus, Portugal and Greece). Tax policies have a significant impact on the energy prices. The Eastern European countries, which have a high share of households stricken by energy poverty, paradoxically insist on high VAT rates on the electricity distribution services, while more developed Western countries apply the zero rate or reduced rates. Technical measures of energy-efficient building renovation as well as the replacement and improvement of heating and cooling systems lead to improved energy efficiency and energy savings, which directly reduces energy poverty. Improving energy efficiency is financed with both European and national funds. Tax policies may serve as special sources of funding by reducing VAT on energy, as well as by reducing or abolishing duties on distribution of certain types of energy to households. The best measures for tackling energy poverty are increasing economic activities, reducing unemployment and increasing individual incomes while ensuring the availability of reasonably priced energy. The European Union is still forced to import the gas for heating and industry and, to a significant extent, for generating electricity. Complex geopolitical relations between the EU, the Russian Federation, the USA and China significantly impact the energy prices fluctuation. The transition from the fossil energy to the green energy requires enormous financial investments. Tackling energy poverty will most certainly remain a major challenge in the years to come, but the research confirms the hypothesis that adopting quality legislation and finding funding for their implementation complimented by comprehensive measures for energy efficiency improvement, GDP growth and higher employment rates can significantly reduce energy poverty in the European Union.

Rad istražuje važnost efikasnost upravljanja troškovima u postizanju uspješnosti poduzeća. Analizira se uloga troškova u poslovanju, različite metode upravljanja troškovima te utjecaj kvalitetnog upravljanja na konkurentske prednosti. Naglasak je stavljen na identifikaciju i smanjenje nepotrebnih troškova, implementaciju strategija troškovne učinkovitosti te integraciju upravljanja troškovima u poslovne strategije. Kroz primjere uspješnih poduzeća, istražuje se kako efikasno upravljanje troškovima može stvoriti temelj za dugoročnu održivu uspješnost. The paper explores the significance of efficient cost management in achieving business success. It analyzes the role of costs in operations, various cost management methods, and the impact of quality management on competitive advantages. The emphasis is on identifying and reducing unnecessary costs, implementing cost efficiency strategies, and integrating cost management into business strategies. Through examples of successful enterprises, the study investigates how effective cost management can create a foundation for long-term sustainable success.