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The IPCC stresses the importance of achieving net-zero CO2 emissions worldwide by 2050 and natural climate solutions, particularly carbon farming, can play a significant role in this goal. However, current markets do not account for environmental externalities, which creates a mismatch between individual costs and societal benefits. Payment systems linked to carbon farming practices could help bridge this gap. Research is essential to develop effective agricultural carbon markets, and this study focuses on the opportunities and challenges faced by smallholder farmers in these markets. The research examines four areas: agricultural markets as a funding source for carbon farming, payments for carbon sequestration, opportunities for smallholder farmers, and cost-effective monitoring and verification of carbon stocks. Further research is needed to monitor carbon sequestration accurately, reduce GHG emissions, and develop institutional arrangements to promote sustainable production methods in Africa.

In the last two decades, studies that analyse the political economy of sustainable energy transitions have increasingly become available. Yet very few attempts have been made to synthesize the factors discussed in the growing literature. This paper reviews the extant empirical literature on the political economy of sustainable energy transitions. Using a well-defined search strategy, a total of 36 empirical contributions covering the period 2008 to 2022 are reviewed full text. Overall, the findings highlight the role of vested interest, advocacy coalitions and green constituencies, path dependency, external shocks, policy and institutional environment, political institutions and fossil fuel resource endowments as major political economy factors influencing sustainable energy transitions across both high income countries, and low and middle income countries. In addition, the paper highlights and discusses some critical knowledge gaps in the existing literature and provides suggestions for a future research agenda. IZNE Working Paper Series; Nr. 23/3

Alcohol has potential deleterious effects on donor heart function. This study was conducted in rats to determine whether long-term alcohol ingestion produces impaired hemodynamic performance while maintaining a normal left ventricular ejection fraction in donor hearts before transplantation and whether donor cardiac function is affected after heart transplantation.Rats fed 30% alcohol in their drinking water for 12 weeks were compared with rats fed a normal diet. Left ventricular ejection fraction was measured by echocardiography with Simpson and single plane Dodge formulas in living sedated rats after 10 and 12 weeks of alcohol feeding. Explanted heart function was assessed before and 3 days after heterotopic heart transplantation (no immunosuppression) with a Langendorff preparation.Blood ethanol levels at 4 and 8 weeks were 0.08 +/- 0.04 and 0.08 +/- 0.09 gm/dl. Left ventricular ejection fraction was similar in the group fed an alcohol diet for 12 weeks when compared with the control group (65.4% +/- 1.6% vs. 66.5% +/- 2.9%, p = 0.33). Explanted alcohol-fed hearts before transplantation had significantly lower maximum and developed pressures and had a blunted response to 0.1 ml 10(-9) mol/L isoproterenol. After transplantation alcohol-fed hearts had significantly lower maximum and developed pressures and decreased maximum rates of pressure rise and pressure decline. Allografts (ACI to Lewis) exhibited decreased function in comparison with isografts (ACI to ACI).Alcohol feeding for 12 weeks in rats does not affect pretransplantation left ventricular ejection fraction, but it impairs explanted heart function, both before and after transplantation, resulting in a subclinical cardiomyopathy that is worsened by the presence of allograft rejection. Long-term alcohol exposure and rejection have independent, additive detrimental effects on left ventricular performance of the transplanted heart. Alcohol-exposed hearts may not be suitable donors.

In light of the escalating economic influence of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs), the intricate interplay of sustainability, innovation, and export performance assumes paramount significance. This study focuses on French SMEs in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes (ARA) region, exploring the relatively uncharted territory of a synergistic approach to sustainability and innovation. Through a 2022-2023 field survey of 290 SMEs, employing Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Two-Stage Least Squares (2SLS) regression models, the research investigates the potential enhancement of export performance through this synergistic approach. The study reveals a positive impact, emphasizing the significance of sustainability certifications (EUR 24,416 additional export turnover per certification), R&D investment (EUR 1.38 boost per euro invested), and environmental patents (EUR 64,439 per patent). Qualitative insights enrich the understanding of challenges and opportunities, especially in terms of environmental footprint reduction. The findings underscore the need for prioritizing sustainability and innovation by French SMEs to thrive in export markets, with implications for policymakers in designing initiatives. In conclusion, this research offers a comprehensive framework for understanding the dynamics between sustainability, innovation, and export performance, providing practical guidance for SMEs and a methodological foundation for future regional research.

Increasing demand for clean, globally available energy, provokes the development of alternative or nonconventional energy storage sources with higher energy density and power delivery. Therefore, supercapacitors have received great attention in both academic and industrial research. In addition, supercapacitors are promising new sources of energy in the future energy technology. Hence, rapid progress has been made to understand their fundamentals and applicable aspects. Supercapacitors, also known as ultracapacitors, bridge the gap between batteries and con- ventional capacitors, which means that supercapacitors can accept and deliver charge much faster than batteries, and can store 10 to 100 times more energy per unit volume than fuel cells. Su- percapacitors are well known not only because of their huge energy density, but also due to their long shelf and good cyclic ability. The particular properties of supercapacitors are due to utiliza- tion of electrode materials with very high porosity, and also the specific mechanism of charge storage. In general, there are two fundamental chemical and physical mechanisms for energy storage. In chemical mechanism the charges are released through oxidation-reduction reaction. However, in the physical mechanism the electrical energy is stored physically with electrostatic interaction, while no chemical and phase changes occur. Hence, according to theses charge storage mechanisms supercapacitors are divided into three main groups: electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs), pseudocapacitors and hybrid capacitors. Each of these supercapacitors has its own ad- vantages and disadvantages. These three different kind of supercacaitors are distinguished by their charge storage mechanism and also their electrode materials. Electrical double layer capacitors store the charge based on physical mechanism, and also various types of carbon are used as electrode material. Pseudocapacitors save energy via electro- chemical redox reactions. Besides, these capacitors utilize metal oxides and conducting polymers as electrode material. Hybrid capacitors are another class of supercapacitors, which are constructed of two different types of electrode materials. Therefore, the mechanism of energy storage is a com- bination of both chemical and physical mechanisms. The most used electrode materials in these supercapacitors are a composition of carbon-based materials with either conducting polymers or metal oxide materials. In this work electrical double layer capacitors have captured our attention because of both their interesting energy storage mechanism and also their electrode materials. Electrode material is one of the most important factors in the performance of an electro- chemical energy storage device. Therefore, innovation of new electrode materials is one of the most attractive topics in recent investigations. Especially carbon based electrodes such as carbon nanofibers, activated carbon, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) etc. with their porous structure can pro- vide very huge surface area, consequently immense capacity. Among the examined carbon based materials carbon nanotubes are one of the most interesting because of their unique physical and chemical properties. In fact, special properties of carbon nanotubes such as individual tubular structure, very high chemical stability, low resistivity, high thermal and electrical conductivity and enormous surface area make them good candidates for electrode material in electrical double layer capacitors. Carbon nanotubes are divided into three main groups such as zigzag, armchair and chi- ral tubes. Based on their electronic structure, carbon nanotubes can have metallic or semimetallic characteristic. As mentioned above the huge capacity of carbon materials is due to their massive surface area. Furthermore, in the case of carbon nanotubes both the inner and outer walls can be available for electrolyte ions. At first it was thought, that very narrow pores do not participate in the forma- tion of double layer and energy storage. However, experimental investigations proved, that very narrow pores (lower than 1nm size) not only participate in energy storage, but also exhibit an enor- mous increase of capacitance. Later, theoretical findings showed that the image charge between ion and pore wall screen the repulsion between the ions. This leads to a denser packing of ions, consequently increasing the electrode capacitance. In this work we have studied ion intercalation into carbon nanotubes with diameters lower than 1nm as electrode material by density functional theory. All the calculations have been done using the VASP package. The idea of this work is in that we have imagined carbon nanotubes as electrode materials immersed in solution. Hence, the electrolyte ions try to penetrate into the carbon nanotubes. This work is divided into four parts, which are as follows: In the first part, we have selected truncated carbon nanotubes or carbon nanorings, whoese ends are saturated with hydrogen atoms. In particular, the truncated carbon nanotubes are include the (6,0), (8,0), (10,0) and (12,0) carbon nanotubes. As electrolyte ions alkali (Li, Na and Cs) and halogen (Cl, Br and I) atoms have been tried. Meanwhile, we have neglected the presence of solvent or any counterpart. After simulation it was realized that all the alkali atoms have lost one electron, and also the halogen atoms have obtained one more electron, and also the stable position of all the ions is in the center of the tubes. The results have shown that the surrounding tubes screen the ionic charge very effectively, thereby the ion-ion interactions are strongly reduced, which explains, why narrow tubes store charge more effectively than wider one. We have calculated the insertion energies of the atoms into the tubes and understood that for each atom the diameter of the tube has to be optimized. In the second part of the work, we extended the model of short nanotubes to infinite ones. In particular, we have chosen the (6,2)CNT, the (6,3)CNT, the (8,0)CNT and the (5,5)CNT as electrode material. Among the presented carbon nanotubes the (6,2)CNT and the (8,0)CNT are semimetallic, while the (5,5)CNT and the (6,3)CNT are metallic. Like in the previous work we have inserted alkali (Li, Na and Cs) and halogen (F, Cl, Br and I) atoms into the carbon nanotubes. The results have shown that the atoms were fully ionized. The charge exchange with the CNTs affects the band structure, and turns those tubes that were originally semiconductors into conductors. None of the ions is adsorbed chemically, their position inside the tube and their energies of adsorption are determined by a competition between electrostatic image interactions, which favor a position at the wall, and Pauli repulsion. In models for charge storage it is often assumed that in small tubes the ions are at the center, but we have found several cases where small alkali ions are positioned near the wall. We have also investigated the screening of the Coulomb potential along the axis of the tubes. In particular we wanted to see if there is a difference between semiconducting and conducting CNTs. Within the accuracy of our calculations we found no difference in the screening, because the charge transfer has made the non-chiral tubes conducting. In the third part of this work, we have investigated insertion of alkali and halogen atoms into nitrogen doped (N-doped) carbon nanotubes. Here, the (8,0)CNT and the (5,5)CNT have been chosen as electrode material. The results have shown that N-doped carbon nanotubes are less stable than the pure ones, and also the atoms were fully ionized. The position of the ions in the carbon nanotubes exhibits contradictory behavior in the (8,0)CNT than the (5,5)CNT. In fact, in the former one the ions have high repulsion from the impurity area and try to get away as far as possible. This effect is stronger in the case of small ions like Li+. However, in the (5,5)CNT the ions get closer to the nitrogen area. This behavior is caused by the difference in the spin density of carbon nanotubes. In other words, the spin density is more localized in the N-doped (8,0)CNT than the N- doped (5,5)CNT. Therefore, it causes big repulsion with the inserted ions. The nitrogen doping and charge exchange with ions affect the band structure of carbon nanotubes. Actually, substitution of nitrogen and insertion of alkali atom keep the tubes conducting. However, intercalation of halogen atoms causes both tubes to become semiconducting. We also have calculated insertion energy of ions in the N-doped carbon nanotubes. The results have shown that insertion of the ions is more favorable in the N-doped carbon nanotubes than in the pure ones. In the fourth part of the work, we have taken into account the presence of counterions. For this purpose we have tried insertion of alkali halide monomers (LiF, LiCl and NaCl), a chain of NaCl in nanotube, as well as presence of water molecules with NaCl monomer in a carbon nanotube. Therefore, the (5,5)CNT as electrode material has been chosen. In all the investigated systems, the ions and the molecules are not chemically bound to the carbon nanotube wall. In the case of alkali halide monomers there is no strong charge transfer with the nanotube. However, for the chain of NaCl this interaction is stronger, while the main charge transfer is between the alkali and halide ions in the chain. Water does not exchange charge with the nanotube. Nonetheless, it tries to hydrate the alkali and halide ions confined in the tube.

This paper aims to provide a deeper understanding of the water-, sanitation- and hygiene (WASH)-related insecurities that people experiencing homelessness in urban areas of high-income countries (HIC) are facing, and how these insecurities are further complicated during extreme weather events. While limited recent research has looked into WASH among people experiencing homelessness in HICs, and while some work has considering the implications of climate change on WASH and health, the nexus of WASH, extreme weather events and homelessness in HICs have not been studied thus far. We conducted the first systematic scoping review of peer-reviewed literature on this nexus, which is understudied and marked by complexity, involving a range of systems and forms of impact. A total of 50 publications were included in our analysis.We found that public facilities like drinking water fountains, toilets, handwashing facilities, and showers are scarce, frequently unavailable, often pose safety and cleanliness issues, and access to non-public facilities may be cost-prohibitive for homeless populations. Consequently, people experiencing homelessness, including those sleeping rough, in encampments, or shelters, are often forced to limit drinking water consumption, forego healthy hygiene behaviours, and resort to open urination and defecation, all of which carry health risks. Extreme weather events, like heatwaves, extreme cold, heavy rain and flooding exacerbate challenges for people experiencing homelessness, further complicating their access to WASH, and reducing the ability of service providers to deliver extra relief, creating a dual WASH and health burden.Our review highlights that the Human Right to Water and Sanitation is not met for people experiencing homelessness in urban areas of high-income countries, with women emerging as one of the most vulnerable subgroups. It reveals that the impact of certain WASH issues (e.g. drinking water) on homeless populations are better understood than others (e.g. waste), and, similarly, the effects of certain extreme weather events (e.g. heatwaves) on the health and WASH conditions of people experiencing homelessness are better understood than others (e.g. flooding). Data gaps and the lack of information on limited WASH access and health circumstances of people experiencing homelessness, further minimize their representation and consequently impose obstacles to improve their situation.Based on our analysis, we established a framework which operationalizes the nexus of WASH, extreme weather events and homelessness. This framework improves our understanding of the underlying complexities at the intersection of these three issues and provides a foundation for enhanced preparedness and health-oriented planning.

We study the effect of early life exposure to above average levels of rainfall on adult mental health. While we find no effect from pre-natal exposure, post-natal positive rainfall shocks decrease average Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CESD) mental health scores by 15 percent and increase the likelihood of depression by 5 percent, a more than 20 percent increase relative to the mean. These effects are limited to females. We rule out prenatal stress and income shocks as pathways and find evidence suggestive of increased exposure to disease. CINCH working paper series, vol. 2018, no. 5

Basic infrastructure services – water and sanitation, waste collection and management, transport, energy, and housing – form the foundation upon which cities are built. Sustainable and equitable provision of services is key to combating climate change, eradicating poverty and meeting targets set out in international sustainability agendas. However, even as the language of the sustainability transitions literature is being appropriated by governments, social movements and practitioners, the concepts of sustainability and sustainability transitions remain ill-defined and often narrowly applied. We conduct a corpus-assisted discourse analysis of the sustainability transitions literature on urban basic infrastructure services to tap into prevailing representations and conceptions. Findings show that the delivery of sustainable urban services is discursively framed as a predominantly institutional and economic challenge, favouring a top-down techno-managerial approach to transitions that applies technical fixes to environmental problems at the expense of social dimensions of sustainability. While some studies, such as those with a focus on the Global South and/or water and sanitation services, engage to a greater degree with issues such as justice and equality, they still tend towards technical and economic solutions. An integrated approach encompassing all dimensions of sustainability and a broader understanding of infrastructure services not as separate, single-purpose technologies but as part of interconnected systems with multiple social, economic and environmental objectives is needed if we are to transition to a more sustainable urban future. Management in the Built Environment Urban Development Management