- home
- Advanced Search
- Energy Research
- 3. Good health
- DE
- German
- Energy Research
- 3. Good health
- DE
- German
description Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Conference object , Other literature type 2016 GermanyElmenhorst, Eva-Maria; Benderoth, S.; Vejvoda, M.; Wenzel, J.; Aeschbach, D.;Introduction The sleep inducing effects of alcohol as well as the increase in sleep propensity and sleepiness after sleep loss have been linked to the adenosinergic system in the brain. While the performance impairing effects of ethanol have partly been related to the inhibitory effects of cerebral adenosine, sleep loss has been found to increase adenosine receptor density. The interindividual variability of cognitive performance impairments after alcohol intake as well as after sleep loss is extensive. Thus, we examined in humans whether performance degradations resulting from sleep loss and alcohol consumption are related. Methods Performance in a 10-min Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) was tested in 47 healthy volunteers (mean age 27 ± 5 (SD) years, 21 females) at 6 pm 1) after an 8 hour control night, 2) after alcohol consumption (aiming at a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.08%), and 3) after 35 hours of total sleep deprivation. After alcohol intake, 35 of the participants reached a BAC of more than 0.06% prior to the performance testing (mean BAC 0.074%, SD 0.009%, min. 0.063%, max. 0.095%) and were included in the analyses. Two recovery nights were scheduled between conditions. Results Performance impairments due to acute alcohol intake and due to 35 hours of sustained wakefulness were calculated as differences from performance under control conditions. The degree in performance degradation correlated highly between both conditions (i.e. 10% slowest reaction times: Pearson’s r=0.73, p<0.0001; standard deviation of reaction times: r=0.75, p<0.0001; mean reaction time: r=0.59, p=0.0002). Conclusions Participants whose PVT performance proved to be vulnerable to the effects of alcohol consumption were also vulnerable to sleep loss, whereas individuals who were resilient against the effects of alcohol were also less susceptible to the impact of sleep deprivation. These results suggest that the effects of alcohol and sleep deprivation on performance are mediated – at least in part – by a common pathway that may involve the adenosinergic system in the brain.
DLR publication serv... arrow_drop_down add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=od______1640::8051cd30ea2d71062c171a4ce23d1eed&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess RoutesGreen 0 citations 0 popularity Average influence Average impulse Average Powered by BIP!
more_vert DLR publication serv... arrow_drop_down add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=od______1640::8051cd30ea2d71062c171a4ce23d1eed&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis 2005 GermanyPublisher:Philipps-Universität Marburg Authors: Abdel-Nabi, Riad;doi: 10.17192/z2005.0685
Effect of ethanol on amino acids and related compounds in rat plasma, heart, aorta, bronchus, and pancreas. The composition of 36 amino acids and related compounds is presented for plasma, heart, aorta, bronchus and pancreas. The distribution pattern of these biochemicals is similar but not identical among the tissues. The effect of an acute dose of ethanol (2g/kg,IP) on these amino acids and related compounds was then studied. In the plasma, alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, beta-alanine, glycine, phenylalanine, and serine are decreased. In the aorta, ammonia and taurine are decreased. In the heart, aspartic acid and leucine are decreased, and carnosine, GABA, glutamic acid, and ornithine are increased. In the pancreas, asparagine and taurine are decreased, and citrulline, cysteine, histidine and isoleucine are increased. In the bronchi, GABA, ethanolamine, histidine, taurine, and isoleucine are decreased. A number of correlations of some compounds in plasma or tissues were found but differed often between control and ethanol-treated animals. Ethanol-induced tissue changes generally do not correlate with plasma changes and are mostly specific for a given tissue. Effekte einer akuten Dosis Ethanol (2g/kg, IP) auf bestimmte Aminosäuren und verwandte Verbindungen wurden untersucht. Die Aminosäurespiegel bzw. deren Verteilung ist ähnlich, aber nicht gleich, in den verschiedenen Geweben. In den verschiedenen Geweben fanden wir teilweise erniedrigte Spiegel, teilweise aber auch erhöhte Spiegel nach Ethanol-Gabe. Diese Veränderungen bezogen sich 1. auf die einzelnen Aminosäuren oder 2. auf die unterschiedlich- en Gewebe. Eine Anzahl Korrelationen einiger Aminoverbindungen in Plasma oder Geweben wurde gefunden, waren aber oft unterschiedlich zwischen Kontroll- und Ethanolratten. Ethanol-induzierte Veränderungen in den Geweben korrelieren im Allgemeinen nicht mit den Veränderungen im Plasma und sind meistens für die untersuchten Gewebe spezifisch.
Philipps-Universität... arrow_drop_down Philipps-Universität Marburg: PublicationsDoctoral thesis . 2005Full-Text: https://doi.org/10.17192/z2005.0685Data sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)Publikations- und Dokumentenserver der Universitätsbibliothek MarburgDoctoral thesis . 2005add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.17192/z2005.0685&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess RoutesGreen 0 citations 0 popularity Average influence Average impulse Average Powered by BIP!
more_vert Philipps-Universität... arrow_drop_down Philipps-Universität Marburg: PublicationsDoctoral thesis . 2005Full-Text: https://doi.org/10.17192/z2005.0685Data sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)Publikations- und Dokumentenserver der Universitätsbibliothek MarburgDoctoral thesis . 2005add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.17192/z2005.0685&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis , Thesis 2013Embargo end date: 13 May 2014 GermanyPublisher:TUHH Universitätsbibliothek Authors: Oehmke, Sebastian;doi: 10.15480/882.1162
Da fossile Quellen endlich sind, werden Chemikalien aus nachwachsenden Rohstoffen immer interessanter für die Forschung und Industrie. Zu den vielversprechenden Plattformchemikalien gehört das Stoffpaar 3-Hydroxypropionaldehyd/ Acrolein. Jedoch sind bisherige Ansätze für eine wirtschaftliche Produktion von 3-Hydroxypropionaldehyd/ Acrolein im industriellen Maßstab nicht ausreichend. Deshalb wurde in dieser Arbeit geprüft, inwieweit sich Schlempe, ein glycerinhaltiges Nebenprodukt der Bioethanolherstellung, zur 3-Hydroxypropionaldehyd/ Acrolein Produktion nutzen lässt und inwieweit diese Produktion in den Bioethanolprozess im Sinne des Bioraffineriekonzeptes integriert werden kann, um bestehende Probleme zu lösen und Produktionskosten zu reduzieren. Dazu wurden ansatzweise und kontinuierliche Versuche im 5 ml bis 2 l Maßstab sowie Berechnungen in den Bereichen Biokatalysatorproduktion, Biotransformation, Aufreinigung und Kostenschätzung durchgeführt. Der Ganzzellbiokatalysator Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 53608 ist nicht in der Lage die Hefezellen aus Bioethanolproduktionsrückständen für sein Wachstum zu nutzen, jedoch hat sich gezeigt, dass er nicht alle Nährstoffe im MRS Medium benötigt und Hefeextrakt als einzigste Quelle von Aminosäuren und Vitaminen für sein Wachstum und seine Enzymproduktion ausreichend ist. Die 3-HPA Produktion ist in Bioethanolproduktionsrückständen 68 % höher als in einer vergleichbaren Glycerinlösung bei gleichen Bedingungen und es wird weniger Biokatalysator benötigt. Eine Kombination aus Dehydratisierung und einfacher Destillation ist geeignet, um das 3-Hydroxypropionaldehyd simultan in Acrolein umzuwandeln und aus der Biotransformationsbrühe bei 37°C abzutrennen, wodurch 105 ± 8 g/l Acrolein in Wasser mit hoher Reinheit gewonnen werden können. Die Kostenschätzung eines möglichen Prozesses hat gezeigt, dass die ermittelten Kosten des Acroleins in einer Größenordnung liegen, welche zeigt, dass der angedachte Prozess bei entsprechender Optimierung in naher Zukunft zu den Produktionskosten aus Rohölderivaten aufschließen kann. Zusammenfassend konnte gezeigt werden, dass sich eine Anlehnung an den Bioethanolprozess nutzen lässt, um die biotechnologische Produktion von 3-Hydroxypropionaldehyd/ Acrolein aus nachwachsenden Rohstoffen zu verbessern. Since fossile rescources are of limited availability, chemicals from renewable resources become more interesting for scientists and the industry. Promising platform chemicals include 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde and its anhydride acrolein. However, existing approaches are not sufficient for an economic production in industrial scale. Therefore, it was examined in this thesis how far stillage, a glycerol containing byproduct of the bioethanol production process, can be used for the 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde/ acrolein production and how far this production can be integrated into the bioethanol process according to the biorefinery concept to solve existing problems and to reduce production costs. Calculations as well as batchwise and continuous experiments were carried out in 5 ml to 2 l scale in the area of biocatalyst production, biotransformation, purification and cost estimation. The whole cell biocatalyst Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 53608 is not able to use the yeast cells from bioethanol production residues for its growth. However, it has been shown that it does not need all the nutrients in MRS medium and yeast extract is sufficient as the only source of amino acids and vitamins for its growth and enzyme production. The 3-HPA production in bioethanol production residues is 68 % higher than in a comparable aqueous glycerol solution under the same conditions and it requires less biocatalyst. A combination of dehydration and simple distillation is suitable to convert 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde into acrolein and separate it from the biotransformation broth at 37 ° C. 105 ± 8 g/l acrolein in aqueous solution were obtained in high purity. The cost estimation of a possible process has shown that the calculated cost for acrolein can likely catch up with production costs from crude oil in the near future with appropriate optimization. Hence it was shown that basing the process on stillage from the bioethanol process can improve the biotechnological production of 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde/ acrolein from renewable resources.
add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.15480/882.1162&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess RoutesGreen 0 citations 0 popularity Average influence Average impulse Average Powered by BIP!
more_vert add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.15480/882.1162&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis 2012 GermanyAuthors: Welzholz, Anna Catrin Sara;Die Magen-Darm-Motilität von Patienten auf Intensivstationen unterliegt vielen hemmenden Einflüssen. Außer der Wirkung inhibitorisch wirksamer Pharmaka wäre denkbar, dass auch organische Lösungsmittel (Ethanol, DMSO), Detergentien (SLS/CAPB) und aus Perfusor- und Infusionsleitungen freigesetzte Weichmacher (Phthalate) die Dünndarmperistaltik per se beeinflussen oder die Wirkung inhibitorisch wirksamer Pharmaka (Midazolam, Fentanyl) modulieren. Die Untersuchungen wurden in vitro am Dünndarm des Meerschweinchens durchgeführt. Der Parameter zur Beurteilung der inhibitorischen Wirkung auf die Peristaltik einer dem Organbad zugegebenen Substanz war die Änderung des intraluminalen Schwellendrucks ΔPPT (peristaltic pressure threshold) zur Auslösung von Peristaltik. Ein Anstieg der PPT zeigt eine inhibitorische Wirkung an. In der Zusammenschau der Ergebnisse aller Experimente der vorliegenden Arbeit zeigte sich, dass weder DEHP, Ethanol, DMSO noch Detergentien (SLS/CAPB) per se eine konzentrationsabhängige, signifikant hemmende Wirkung auf die Dünndarmperistaltik haben. Jedoch vermochten Ethanol, sowohl extraserosal dem Organbad zugegeben als auch endoluminal durch das Dünndarmsegment perfundiert, und in Ethanol gelöstes DEHP die motilitätshemmende Wirkung von Midazolam bzw. Fentanyl zu verstärken. In den Untersuchungen fiel auf, dass die Schwellendruckänderungen ΔPPT nach Zugabe von Ethanol, unabhängig von der jeweiligen Konzentration, sehr heterogen waren. Um den Mechanismus der Ethanolwirkung genauer zu charakterisieren, wurden Darmsegmente vor der Zugabe von Ethanol mit Antagonisten bzw. Blockern vermuteter Signaltransduktionswege vorbehandelt. Eingesetzt wurden Naloxon (Antagonist an Opioidrezeptoren), Apamin (Inhibitor von calciumaktivierten small conductance Kaliumkänalen), Bicucullin (Antagonist am GABAA-Rezeptor), Lorglumid (Antagonist am Cholecystokinin CCKA-Rezeptor) und YM022 (selektiver Antagonist am Gastrin/CCKB-Rezeptor). Diese Antagonisierungsversuche ergaben keine signifikanten Ergebnisse, da Ethanol in der Konzentration mit inhibitorischer Wirkung auf die Peristaltik zu heterogene Änderungen der PPT hervorrief. Unter klinischen Gesichtspunkten könnten die hemmende Wirkung von Ethanol auf die Peristaltik sowie die Wirkungsverstärkung des motilitätshemmenden Midazolam und Fentanyl durch Ethanol bzw. in Ethanol gelöstes DEHP Faktoren sein, die zur Hemmung der Darmmotilität bei Intensivpatienten beitragen. Critically ill patients' gastro-intestinal-motility is subject to many inhibiting factors. Apart from medicaments also organic solvents (ethanol, DMSO), detergents (SLS/CAPB) and plasticizers (phthalates) which are delivered from infusion lines may influence the action of the bowels per se or modulate the effect of inhibiting pharmaceutics. The investigations were performed on guinea pigs' small intestine in vitro. The modification of the intra-luminal PPT (peristaltic pressure threshold) was measured to estimate the inhibiting effect of a substance on the peristalsis. An increasing PPT shows an inhibiting effect. Overall, neither DEHP, ethanol, DMSO nor detergents (SLS/CAPB) per se had a significant, inbiting effect on the peristalsis. However, ethanol added to the organ bath as well as added via perfusion through the gut segment aggravated the inhibitoring effect of midazolame. The same effect was observed when gut segments were perfused by DEHP solute in ethanol and fentanyl was added to the organ bath. Furthermore, the behaviour of ethanol was very heterogeneous. To characterize ethanol's mechanisms of action different gut segments were pretreated with antagonists or inhibitors of suspected signal transduction pathways. Therefore naloxone (opiod receptor antagonist), apamin (inhibitor of calcium activated small conductance sodium channels), bicucullin (GABA-A receptor antagonist), lorglumide (CCK-A receptor antagonist) and YM 022 (CCK-B receptor antagonist) were used. None of these experiments brought any significant result but also very heterogeneous alterations of the PPT. Under clinical aspects the inhibiting effects of ethanol on the peristalsis as well as the aggravation of the inhibting effects of midazolame and fentanyl by ethanol or DEHP solute in ethanol may be factors which may be conducive to the gastro intestinal atony of the critically ill patient.
Online-Publikations-... arrow_drop_down Online-Publikations-Server der Universität WürzburgDoctoral thesis . 2012License: CC BY NC NDData sources: Online-Publikations-Server der Universität Würzburgadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=od_______713::8d3701a94911bbb3c813b345abbe4f17&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eu0 citations 0 popularity Average influence Average impulse Average Powered by BIP!
more_vert Online-Publikations-... arrow_drop_down Online-Publikations-Server der Universität WürzburgDoctoral thesis . 2012License: CC BY NC NDData sources: Online-Publikations-Server der Universität Würzburgadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=od_______713::8d3701a94911bbb3c813b345abbe4f17&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis , Thesis 2011Embargo end date: 15 Mar 2016 GermanyPublisher:Universität Ulm Authors: Schuster, Stefanie;doi: 10.18725/oparu-1923
Escherichia coli was metabolically engineered for the production of next generation biofuel 1-butanol. Therefore electrotransformation was performed with artificial plasmids harbouring the butanol-synthesis genes from Clostridium acetobutylicum and Clostridium beijerinckii. So far, the functional expression of the genes was proven by demonstrating the synthesis of 1-butanol from glucose in different E. coli strains. To investigate the butanol production in acetogenic bacteria such as Clostridium ljungdahlii, the butanol-synthesis genes were cloned into the shuttle vector pIMP1. C. ljungdahlii is able to grow on synthesis gas, a mixture of CO, CO2 and H2. Synthesis gas can be easily produced and does not compete with the food industry such as conventional butanol fermentation which uses corn or sugar as substrate. Furthermore, genome sequence analysis of C. acetobutylicum revealed a gene (CAC3330) encoding a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP152A2). The gene coding for CYP152A2 was amplified and expressed in E. coli. After overexpression and purification of P450 monooxygenase, it was demonstrated that this enzyme is able to catalyze the hydroxylation of fatty acids in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The "ClosTron® Gene Knockout System" was used for the specific disruption of CAC3330, and in growth experiments, the consequences of the gene inactivation were determined.
Open Access Reposito... arrow_drop_down Open Access Repository of Ulm UniversityDoctoral thesis . 2011Data sources: Open Access Repository of Ulm Universityadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.18725/oparu-1923&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess RoutesGreen 0 citations 0 popularity Average influence Average impulse Average Powered by BIP!
more_vert Open Access Reposito... arrow_drop_down Open Access Repository of Ulm UniversityDoctoral thesis . 2011Data sources: Open Access Repository of Ulm Universityadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.18725/oparu-1923&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euapps Other research productkeyboard_double_arrow_right Other ORP type 2013 GermanyAuthors: Oehmke, Sebastian;Da fossile Quellen endlich sind, werden Chemikalien aus nachwachsenden Rohstoffen immer interessanter für die Forschung und Industrie. Zu den vielversprechenden Plattformchemikalien gehört das Stoffpaar 3-Hydroxypropionaldehyd/ Acrolein. Jedoch sind bisherige Ansätze für eine wirtschaftliche Produktion von 3-Hydroxypropionaldehyd/ Acrolein im industriellen Maßstab nicht ausreichend. Deshalb wurde in dieser Arbeit geprüft, inwieweit sich Schlempe, ein glycerinhaltiges Nebenprodukt der Bioethanolherstellung, zur 3-Hydroxypropionaldehyd/ Acrolein Produktion nutzen lässt und inwieweit diese Produktion in den Bioethanolprozess im Sinne des Bioraffineriekonzeptes integriert werden kann, um bestehende Probleme zu lösen und Produktionskosten zu reduzieren. Dazu wurden ansatzweise und kontinuierliche Versuche im 5 ml bis 2 l Maßstab sowie Berechnungen in den Bereichen Biokatalysatorproduktion, Biotransformation, Aufreinigung und Kostenschätzung durchgeführt. Der Ganzzellbiokatalysator Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 53608 ist nicht in der Lage die Hefezellen aus Bioethanolproduktionsrückständen für sein Wachstum zu nutzen, jedoch hat sich gezeigt, dass er nicht alle Nährstoffe im MRS Medium benötigt und Hefeextrakt als einzigste Quelle von Aminosäuren und Vitaminen für sein Wachstum und seine Enzymproduktion ausreichend ist. Die 3-HPA Produktion ist in Bioethanolproduktionsrückständen 68 % höher als in einer vergleichbaren Glycerinlösung bei gleichen Bedingungen und es wird weniger Biokatalysator benötigt. Eine Kombination aus Dehydratisierung und einfacher Destillation ist geeignet, um das 3-Hydroxypropionaldehyd simultan in Acrolein umzuwandeln und aus der Biotransformationsbrühe bei 37°C abzutrennen, wodurch 105 ± 8 g/l Acrolein in Wasser mit hoher Reinheit gewonnen werden können. Die Kostenschätzung eines möglichen Prozesses hat gezeigt, dass die ermittelten Kosten des Acroleins in einer Größenordnung liegen, welche zeigt, dass der angedachte Prozess bei entsprechender Optimierung in naher Zukunft zu den Produktionskosten aus Rohölderivaten aufschließen kann. Zusammenfassend konnte gezeigt werden, dass sich eine Anlehnung an den Bioethanolprozess nutzen lässt, um die biotechnologische Produktion von 3-Hydroxypropionaldehyd/ Acrolein aus nachwachsenden Rohstoffen zu verbessern. Since fossile rescources are of limited availability, chemicals from renewable resources become more interesting for scientists and the industry. Promising platform chemicals include 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde and its anhydride acrolein. However, existing approaches are not sufficient for an economic production in industrial scale. Therefore, it was examined in this thesis how far stillage, a glycerol containing byproduct of the bioethanol production process, can be used for the 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde/ acrolein production and how far this production can be integrated into the bioethanol process according to the biorefinery concept to solve existing problems and to reduce production costs. Calculations as well as batchwise and continuous experiments were carried out in 5 ml to 2 l scale in the area of biocatalyst production, biotransformation, purification and cost estimation. The whole cell biocatalyst Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 53608 is not able to use the yeast cells from bioethanol production residues for its growth. However, it has been shown that it does not need all the nutrients in MRS medium and yeast extract is sufficient as the only source of amino acids and vitamins for its growth and enzyme production. The 3-HPA production in bioethanol production residues is 68 % higher than in a comparable aqueous glycerol solution under the same conditions and it requires less biocatalyst. A combination of dehydration and simple distillation is suitable to convert 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde into acrolein and separate it from the biotransformation broth at 37 ° C. 105 ± 8 g/l acrolein in aqueous solution were obtained in high purity. The cost estimation of a possible process has shown that the calculated cost for acrolein can likely catch up with production costs from crude oil in the near future with appropriate optimization. Hence it was shown that basing the process on stillage from the bioethanol process can improve the biotechnological production of 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde/ acrolein from renewable resources.
TUHH Open Research (... arrow_drop_down add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=dris___01170::932614326f903faf73a3067ee8b234a4&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eu0 citations 0 popularity Average influence Average impulse Average Powered by BIP!
visibility 10visibility views 10 download downloads 5 Powered bymore_vert TUHH Open Research (... arrow_drop_down add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=dris___01170::932614326f903faf73a3067ee8b234a4&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis , Thesis 2021Embargo end date: 13 Sep 2021 GermanyPublisher:Universität Ulm Authors: Orthen, Tobias Christian;doi: 10.18725/oparu-38785
Although economic inequality between countries has decreased in recent decades, inequality within countries has either increased or stagnated at a high level since the mid-1980s. At the same time, there is no nation state with an income distribution as unequal as the aggregate income distribution at the global level. Wealth inequality is even higher by several magnitudes and, within most states, as unequally distributed as global income. Economic inequality is also closely linked to the issue of negative externalities, more precisely to environmental and climate impacts, since in the current economic-technical system a high level of economic activity is associated with a high level of greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, enormous trade-offs exist within major international programs, such as the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Paris Climate Agreement. This is because creating a high level of prosperity, as envisioned for billions of people, currently goes hand in hand with using fossil fuels, for the most part, and thus with greenhouse gas emissions. In addition, the world’s population continues to grow and there is a large financing gap between what the implementation of the SDGs and the Paris Agreement is expected to cost and what the states have pledged in terms of financing. These conflicting goals are one reason why, after decades of international negotiations by the states, only weak, inadequate climate protection measures have been adopted to date. Other reasons are the nature of the climate problem as a tragedy of the commons, the self-serving interests of individual states and the fact that climate change is addressed almost exclusively at the intergovernmental level. Established principles of justice, such as the polluter-pays principle and the ability-to-pay principle, are not adequately taken into account, with the result that necessary funds for a solution from the private sector cannot be activated. As a result, by 2050, approximately 500 billion tCO2e are expected to be emitted in excess of what would be permissible to meet international targets of limiting global warming to a maximum of 2°C (better 1.5°C). In the medium to long term, humanity needs to transition to an economic-technical system based largely on renewable energy sources and built on improved international cooperation. For this purpose, a reorientation of established justice principles in the context of Thomas Pogge’s conception of global justice will be elaborated on the basis of existing academic literature, in order to adequately introduce the polluter-pays principle and the ability-to-pay principle into the climate and development discourse. In this regard, it is necessary to take so-called top emitters more into account. This allows for promoting a higher degree of justice between individuals worldwide, so that the discourse does not remain at the state level only. Moreover, since funding for international cooperation is scarce, it is argued that the use of such funds should be guided by the needs principle. Moreover, the efficiency in terms of the impact of the funds used for climate protection and development is often very high where also the need is very high, e. g. because people are very poor and local ecosystems are particularly threatened by the effects of climate change. After deriving why top emitters play an important role in solving global problems, the question of who the top emitters actually are is addressed. In a first step, the group of private individuals with high incomes and assets is characterized in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and their ability to (financially) contribute to solving the climate and development issues. This is done using hybrid life cycle assessment methods and the analysis of global income and CO2e distributions. In this context, the conventional approach for calculating individuals’ climate footprints is extended to cover particular greenhouse gas-intensive areas of life such as private air travel and boat use which play a major role for top emitters. The result is an approximation of the annual emissions caused by the biggest top emitters. Results suggest that the biggest top emitters cause greenhouse gas emissions in the mid four-digit range (measured in tCO2e). In a second step, the question of who should be included in the group of top emitters is explored in such a way that the sum of top emitters’ emissions comprises a significant share of the total global emissions. In terms of social cceptability, this group of people is distinguished from those segments of the population that would carry a disproportionate financial burden if they were to pay additional contributions to climate change mitigation and sustainable development. It is proposed to include everyone who generates ≥ 10 tCO2e and who has a disposable income greater than the respective national average. Thus, individuals with high incomes (relative to the national average) are included and individuals with low incomes are excluded. In terms of national income distributions, the group of top emitters defined this way (called type 2) is approximately composed of: the top 30 percent of high-income countries, the top 10 percent of middle-income countries, and the top 1 percent of low-income countries. This amounts to about 700 million people worldwide, who together account for about 45 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions and comprise about 10 percent of the world’s population. This characterization goes beyond the usual discussion of the role of „the world’s richest 10 percent “ as it is more socially acceptable by giving greater consideration to the polluter-pays principle and the ability-to-pay principle being established principles of justice. Because top emitters are often associated with luxurious lifestyles, such as yachts and private jets, it is suggested that this group be referred to as high emitters. The luxurious lifestyle described applies only to the top few percent of high emitters, who further on are suggested to be called top emitters as the subgroup of the highest high emitters. The thesis then elaborates why high and top emitters have a vested interest to voluntarily and substantially engage in international climate change mitigation and sustainable development. High and top emitters benefit most from the current international economic order because they get a large share of the profits. Therefore, the pressures and negative impacts from (a) inadequate climate action and (b) high levels of inequality on this order, on societies, and on high and top emitters are analysed. The physical effects of ongoing global warming, inequality itself, and national populist movements and parties resulting from inequality potentially lead to the destabilization of the international (economic) order, impairment of economic performance, loss of large assets, and curtailment of accustomed energy-intensive lifestyles, e.g. through flight bans. In addition, a vicious circle of poverty would probably also affect large parts of the high and also the top emitters, due to rising costs from adaptation and mitigation of climate change and costs from economic inefficiencies resulting from excessive inequality. These costs compete with expenditures that ensure a functioning efficient economic and social system, such as expenditures on education, research, pensions, the healthcare system, (digital) infrastructure, etc. High and top emitters therefore have a high self-interest to bear a significant part of these costs so that the international economic system continues to function and they can continue to benefit from it. From a justice perspective, they are also fulfilling their negative and positive obligations. If high and top emitters were to take responsibility for all global emissions and pay 30 euros per ton of tCO2e, the total amount would be about 1 trillion Euro, which is in the order of magnitude needed to make significant progress on international climate protection and sustainable development. Such an allocation could be made based on ability in terms of the ratio of disposable income to national average income. The thesis develops a suggestion for such an allocation as well. On the other hand, it is shown that multiple opportunities exist for high and top emitters to deploy their financial and influence-related resources in ways that reduce the pressures of climate change and high inequality on societies and the international order. In addition, a wide range of economic value creation potentials can be tapped for the necessary transition to a new economic-technical and social system based on renewable energy sources and international cooperation. These can be organised in a such a way that promotes sustainable development and international climate protection and thus enables a life in prosperity for about 10 billion people with an intact environment and climate system. If this process is organized wisely, it is also likely to create economic opportunities for high and top emitters as well as for societies worldwide as financial resources can be used effectively, efficiently and fair at the same time. Although economic inequality between countries has decreased in recent decades, inequality within countries has either increased or stagnated at a high level since the mid-1980s. At the same time, there is no nation state with an income distribution as unequal as the aggregate income distribution at the global level. Wealth inequality is even higher by several magnitudes and, within most states, as unequally distributed as global income. Economic inequality is also closely linked to the issue of negative externalities, more precisely to environmental and climate impacts, since in the current economic-technical system a high level of economic activity is associated with a high level of greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, enormous trade-offs exist within major international programs, such as the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Paris Climate Agreement. This is because creating a high level of prosperity, as envisioned for billions of people, currently goes hand in hand with using fossil fuels, for the most part, and thus with greenhouse gas emissions. In addition, the world’s population continues to grow and there is a large financing gap between what the implementation of the SDGs and the Paris Agreement is expected to cost and what the states have pledged in terms of financing. These conflicting goals are one reason why, after decades of international negotiations by the states, only weak, inadequate climate protection measures have been adopted to date. Other reasons are the nature of the climate problem as a tragedy of the commons, the self-serving interests of individual states and the fact that climate change is addressed almost exclusively at the intergovernmental level. Established principles of justice, such as the polluter-pays principle and the ability-to-pay principle, are not adequately taken into account, with the result that necessary funds for a solution from the private sector cannot be activated. As a result, by 2050, approximately 500 billion tCO2e are expected to be emitted in excess of what would be permissible to meet international targets of limiting global warming to a maximum of 2°C (better 1.5°C). In the medium to long term, humanity needs to transition to an economic-technical system based largely on renewable energy sources and built on improved international cooperation. For this purpose, a reorientation of established justice principles in the context of Thomas Pogge’s conception of global justice will be elaborated on the basis of existing academic literature, in order to adequately introduce the polluter-pays principle and the ability-to-pay principle into the climate and development discourse. In this regard, it is necessary to take so-called top emitters more into account. This allows for promoting a higher degree of justice between individuals worldwide, so that the discourse does not remain at the state level only. Moreover, since funding for international cooperation is scarce, it is argued that the use of such funds should be guided by the needs principle. Moreover, the efficiency in terms of the impact of the funds used for climate protection and development is often very high where also the need is very high, e. g. because people are very poor and local ecosystems are particularly threatened by the effects of climate change. After deriving why top emitters play an important role in solving global problems, the question of who the top emitters actually are is addressed. In a first step, the group of private individuals with high incomes and assets is characterized in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and their ability to (financially) contribute to solving the climate and development issues. This is done using hybrid life cycle assessment methods and the analysis of global income and CO2e distributions. In this context, the conventional approach for calculating individuals’ climate footprints is extended to cover particular greenhouse gas-intensive areas of life such as private air travel and boat use which play a major role for top emitters. The result is an approximation of the annual emissions caused by the biggest top emitters. Results suggest that the biggest top emitters cause greenhouse gas emissions in the mid four-digit range (measured in tCO2e). In a second step, the question of who should be included in the group of top emitters is explored in such a way that the sum of top emitters’ emissions comprises a significant share of the total global emissions. In terms of social cceptability, this group of people is distinguished from those segments of the population that would carry a disproportionate financial burden if they were to pay additional contributions to climate change mitigation and sustainable development. It is proposed to include everyone who generates ≥ 10 tCO2e and who has a disposable income greater than the respective national average. Thus, individuals with high incomes (relative to the national average) are included and individuals with low incomes are excluded. In terms of national income distributions, the group of top emitters defined this way (called type 2) is approximately composed of: the top 30 percent of high-income countries, the top 10 percent of middle-income countries, and the top 1 percent of low-income countries. This amounts to about 700 million people worldwide, who together account for about 45 % of global greenhouse gas emissions and comprise about 10 percent of the world’s population. This characterization goes beyond the usual discussion of the role of „the world’s richest 10 percent “ as it is more socially acceptable by giving greater consideration to the polluter-pays principle and the ability-to-pay principle being established principles of justice. Because top emitters are often associated with luxurious lifestyles, such as yachts and private jets, it is suggested that this group be referred to as high emitters. The luxurious lifestyle described applies only to the top few percent of high emitters, who further on are suggested to be called top emitters as the subgroup of the highest high emitters. The thesis then elaborates why high and top emitters have a vested interest to voluntarily and substantially engage in international climate change mitigation and sustainable development. High and top emitters benefit most from the current international economic order because they get a large share of the profits. Therefore, the pressures and negative impacts from (a) inadequate climate action and (b) high levels of inequality on this order, on societies, and on high and top emitters are analysed. The physical effects of ongoing global warming, inequality itself, and national populist movements and parties resulting from inequality potentially lead to the destabilization of the international (economic) order, impairment of economic performance, loss of large assets, and curtailment of accustomed energy-intensive lifestyles, e.g. through flight bans. In addition, a vicious circle of poverty would probably also affect large parts of the high and also the top emitters, due to rising costs from adaptation and mitigation of climate change and costs from economic inefficiencies resulting from excessive inequality. These costs compete with expenditures that ensure a functioning efficient economic and social system, such as expenditures on education, research, pensions, the healthcare system, (digital) infrastructure, etc. High and top emitters therefore have a high self-interest to bear a significant part of these costs so that the international economic system continues to function and they can continue to benefit from it. From a justice perspective, they are also fulfilling their negative and positive obligations. If high and top emitters were to take responsibility for all global emissions and pay 30 euros per ton of tCO2e, the total amount would be about 1 trillion Euro , which is in the order of magnitude needed to make significant progress on international climate protection and sustainable development. Such an allocation could be made based on ability in terms of the ratio of disposable income to national average income. The thesis develops a suggestion for such an allocation as well. On the other hand, it is shown that multiple opportunities exist for high and top emitters to deploy their financial and influence-related resources in ways that reduce the pressures of climate change and high inequality on societies and the international order. In addition, a wide range of economic value creation potentials can be tapped for the necessary transition to a new economic-technical and social system based on renewable energy sources and international cooperation. These can be organised in a such a way that promotes sustainable development and international climate protection and thus enables a life in prosperity for about 10 billion people with an intact environment and climate system. If this process is organized wisely, it is also likely to create economic opportunities for high and top emitters as well as for societies worldwide as financial resources can be used effectively, efficiently and fair at the same time. Obwohl sich die ökonomische Ungleichheit in den letzten Jahrzehnten zwischen den Staaten verringert hat, ist die Ungleichheit innerhalb der Staaten seit Mitte der 1980er Jahre entweder gestiegen oder auf einem hohen Niveau stagniert. Dabei existiert kein Nationalstaat, in dem das Einkommen so ungleich verteilt ist, wie auf globaler Ebene. Die Vermögensungleichheit ist um ein Vielfaches höher und innerhalb der meisten Staaten so ungleich verteilt wie das globale Einkommen. Ökonomische Ungleichheit ist dabei eng mit dem Thema negativer Externalitäten, genauer mit Umwelt- und Klimabelastungen verbunden, da im gegenwärtigen wirtschaftlich-technischen System eine hohe ökonomische Aktivität mit einem hohen Maß an Treibhausgas-Emissionen verbunden ist. Daher existieren enorme Zielkonflikte innerhalb der wichtigen internationalen Programme, wie den Nachhaltigkeitszielen der Ver- einten Nationen (Sustainable Development Goals, SDGs) und dem Klimaabkommen von Paris. Denn der Aufbau eines hohen Wohlstandsniveaus, wie es für Milliarden von Menschen angestrebt wird, ist aktuell mit der Nutzung zumeist fossiler Energieträger und damit mit Treibhausgas-Emissionen verbunden. Zudem wächst die Weltbevölkerung weiter und es existiert eine große Finanzierungslücke zwischen dem, was die Umsetzung der SDGs und des Klimaabkommens von Paris voraussichtlich kostet und dem, was die Staaten an Finanzierungszusagen machen. Diese Zielkonflikte sind ein Grund dafür, dass nach Jahrzehnten internationaler staatlicher Verhandlungen bis heute nur schwache unzureichende Klimaschutzmaßnahmen beschlossen wurden. Weitere Gründe sind der Charakter des Klimaproblems als Tragödie der Allgemeingüter, das Interesse der einzelnen Staaten am eigenen Vorteil und der Tatsache, dass der Klimawandel fast ausschließlich auf zwischenstaatlicher Ebene adressiert wird. Dabei werden etablierten Gerechtigkeitsprinzipien, wie das Verursacher- und das Leistungsfähigkeitsprinzip nicht adäquat berücksichtigt, was zur Folge hat, dass notwendige Mittel für eine Lösung aus dem Privatsektor nicht aktiviert werden können. Das führt dazu, dass bis 2050 voraussichtlich 500 Mrd. tCO2e zu viel emittiert werden als zulässig wäre, um die internationalen Ziele, die Erderwärmung auf maximal 2°C (besser 1,5°C) zu begrenzen, zu erreichen. Mittel- bis langfristig muss an einem Übergang zu einem wirtschaftlich-technischen System gearbeitet werden, dass in großen Teilen auf erneuerbaren Energiequellen beruht und auf einer verbesserten internationalen Kooperation aufbaut. Dazu wird auf der Grundlage der Literatur eine Neuausrichtung etablierter Gerechtigkeitsprinzipien im Kontext einer Konzeption globaler Gerechtigkeit von Thomas Pogge erarbeitet, um vor allem das Verursacher- und das Leistungsfähigkeitsprinzip adäquat in den Klima- und Entwicklungsdiskurs einzubringen. Dazu ist es notwendig, sogenannte Top-Emitter stärker mitzuberücksichtigen, um ein höheres Maß an Gerechtigkeit zwischen Individuen weltweit zu fördern, sodass der Diskurs nicht nur auf Staatenebene verbleibt. Da die Finanzmittel für internationale Kooperation knapp sind, wird zudem dafür argumentiert, sich beim Einsatz solcher Mittel nach dem Bedarfsprinzip zu richten. Häufig ist außerdem die Effizienz in Hinblick auf die Wirkung der eingesetzten Gelder für Klimaschutz und Entwicklung dort sehr hoch, wo auch der Bedarf sehr hoch ist, z. B. weil die Menschen sehr arm sind und Ökosysteme besonders durch Auswirkungen des Klimawandels gefährdet sind. Nach der Herleitung, warum Top-Emitter eine wichtige Rolle bei der Problemlösung spielen, wird die Frage beantwortet, wer die Top-Emitter eigentlich sind? In einem ersten Schritt wird dazu die Gruppe der Privatpersonen mit hohen Einkommen und Vermögen in Bezug auf die Verursachung von Treibhausgas-Emissionen und ihre Leistungsfähigkeit, (finanzielle) Beiträge zur Problemlösung beizutragen, charakterisiert. Dies geschieht mithilfe von Methoden der hybriden Ökobilanzierung und der Analyse von globalen Einkommens- und CO2e-Verteilungen. In diesem Kontext wird das Vorgehen zur Berechnung individueller Klimafußabdrücke auf treibhausgasintensive Lebensbereiche, wie z. B. den privaten Flugverkehr und die Nutzung von Booten erweitert, die für die Top-Emitter eine große Rolle spielen. Das Ergebnis ist eine Annäherung an die jährlichen verursachten Emissionen der größten Top-Emitter. Demnach verursachen die größten Top-Emitter Treibhausgas-Emissionen im mittleren vierstelligen Bereich (gemessen in tCO2e). In einem zweiten Schritt wird der Frage nachgegangen, wer zur Gruppe der Top-Emitter zählen sollte, sodass die Summe der Emissionen der Top-Emitter einen signifikanten Anteil der globalen Gesamtemissionen umfasst. Im Sinne der Sozialverträglichkeit wird diese Personengruppe von den Teilen der Bevölkerung abgegrenzt, die in Bezug auf ihre Leistungsfähigkeit u. U. unverhältnismäßig stark belastet würden, wenn sie zusätzliche Beiträge zum Klimaschutz und für nachhaltige Entwicklung entrichten sollten. Es wird vorgeschlagen, alle diejenigen mit zu berücksichtigen, die ≥10 tCO2e verursachen und ein verfügbares Einkommen haben, das größer ist, als der jeweilige nationale Durchschnitt. Personen mit (relativ zum nationalen Durchschnitt) hohen Einkommen werden dabei mitberücksichtigt und Personen mit niedrigen Einkommen ausgeschlossen. Die so charakterisierte Gruppe der Top-Emitter (Typ 2 genannt) setzt sich in Bezug auf die nationalen Einkommensverteilungen zusammen aus: etwa den obersten 30 Prozent der Staaten mit hohen Einkommen, den etwa obersten 10 Prozent der Staaten mit mittleren Einkommen und den obersten 1 Prozent der Staaten mit geringen Einkommen. Das sind etwa 700 Mio. Menschen weltweit, die zusammen für etwa 45 Prozent der weltweiten Treibhausgas-Emissionen verantwortlich sind und etwa 10,8 Prozent der Weltbevölkerung umfassen. Diese Charakterisierung geht über die weit verbreitete Diskussion der Rolle „der reichsten 10 Prozent der Welt“ hinaus, weil sie sozialverträglicher ist, indem die etablierten Gerechtigkeitsprinzipien stärker berücksichtigt werden. Da Top-Emitter häufig mit einem luxuriösen Lebensstil assoziiert werden, z. B. mit Yachten und Privatflugzeugen, wird vorgeschlagen, diese Gruppe als High-Emitter zu bezeichnen. Der beschriebene luxuriöse Lebensstil trifft nur auf die obersten wenigen Prozent der High-Emitter zu, die als Untergruppe der High-Emitter weiterhin Top-Emitter genannt werden. Im Anschluss wird herausgearbeitet, warum High- und Top-Emitter ein Eigeninteresse haben, sich freiwillig und substantiell für internationalen Klimaschutz und nachhaltige Entwicklung zu engagieren. High- und Top-Emitter profitieren am meisten von der gegenwärtige internationalen wirtschaftlichen Ordnung. Deswegen werden die Drücke und negativen Auswirkungen durch unzureichende Klimaschutzmaßnahmen und ein hohes Niveau an Ungleichheit auf dieses System, die Gesellschaften und auf die High- und Top-Emitter analysiert. Die physikalischen Auswirkungen einer fortschreitenden Erderwärmung, die Ungleichheit selbst sowie durch Ungleichheit beförderte national-populistische Bewegungen und Parteien führen potentiell zu einer Destabilisierung der internationalen (wirtschaftlichen) Ordnung, einer Beeinträchtigung der Wirtschaftsleistung, zum Verlust großer Vermögenstitel und zu einer Beschränkung der gewohnten energieintensiven Lebensstile, z. B. durch Flugverbote. Zusätzlich droht eine Armutsspirale, die vermutlich auch weite Teile der High- und auch der Top-Emitter betreffen würde. Das liegt an steigenden Kosten durch Anpassung und Vermeidung an den Klimawandel und Kosten durch zu hohe Ungleichheit, die zu wirtschaftlichen Ineffizienzen führt. Diese Kosten konkurrieren mit Ausgaben, die ein funktionierendes leistungsfähiges Wirtschafts- und Sozialsystem gewährleisten, wie Ausgaben für Bildung, Forschung, Altersvorsorge, das Gesundheitssystem, (digitale) Infrastruktur etc. High- und Top-Emitter haben also ein hohes Eigeninteresse einen signifikanten Teil dieser Kosten zu übernehmen, damit das internationale wirtschaftliche System weiterhin funktioniert und sie weiterhin davon profitieren können. Aus Gerechtigkeitsaspekten erfüllen sie damit außerdem ihre negativen und positiven Pflichten. Wenn High- und Top-Emitter die gesamten weltweiten Emissionen übernehmen und 30 Euro pro Tonne tCO2e entrichten würden, käme man weltweit auf etwa 1 Bio. Euro und damit in die Größenordnung, die für signifikante Fortschritte für internationalen Klimaschutz und nachhaltige Entwicklung notwendig ist. Eine solche Zuteilung könnte entlang der Leistungsfähighkeit in Bezug auf das Verhältnis zwischen verfügbarem Einkommen und nationalem Durchschnittseinkommen vorgenommen werden. Andererseits wird aufgezeigt, dass vielfältige Möglichkeiten für High- und Top-Emitter existieren, ihre finanziellen und einflussbezogenen Ressourcen so einsetzen, dass die Drücke durch den Klimawandel und die hohe Ungleichheit auf die Gesellschaften und die internationale Ordnung reduziert werden. Zudem können für den notwendigen Übergang in ein neues technisches und soziales System basierend auf erneuerbaren Energiequellen und internationaler Kooperation vielfältige wirtschaftliche Wertschöpfungspotentiale erschlossen werden. Diese nachhaltige Entwicklung und internationalen Klimaschutz fördern und damit ein Leben in Wohlstand für etwa 10 Mrd. Menschen bei intakter Umwelt und einem intakten Klimasystem ermöglichen. Wird dieser Prozess klug organisiert, ergeben sich voraussichtlich außerdem ökonomische Chancen für High- und Top-Emitter sowie für die Gesellschaften weltweit, weil Finanzmittel effektiv, effizient und zugleich gerecht eingesetzt werden können.
add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.18725/oparu-38785&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess RoutesGreen 1 citations 1 popularity Average influence Average impulse Average Powered by BIP!
more_vert add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.18725/oparu-38785&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis 2016 GermanyPublisher:Philipps-Universität Marburg Authors: Lee, Daniel; Brenner, Thomas (Prof. Dr. Dr.);doi: 10.17192/z2017.0054
Der anthropogener Klimawandel verursacht globale Veränderungen im Wetter. Eine direkte Folge sind gefühlte Temperaturen, die vielerorts höher sind, als in Vergangenheit beobachtet wurde. Das Klimasystem reagiert auf die zusätzliche Wärme durch eine Umverteilung warmer Luft und Feuchte in der Atmosphäre, was zu Veränderungen in der globalen Verteilung von Humidität und Temperatur führt. Heißes Wetter birgt Gefahren für verschiedene Aspekte menschlichen Lebens. Medizinisch betrachtet, verursachen hohe Temperaturen Stressreaktionen im Körper, die Auswirkungen auf das Nervensystem und den Blutkreislauf haben. Auch steigen mit der Temperatur die Ermüdungsrate und der Bedarf an Wasser. Über die direkten Auswirkungen auf Gesundheit hinaus nimmt Hitze auf verschiedene Weise - sowohl direkt als auch indirekt - auf menschliche Systeme Einfluss. Ermüdete Arbeitskräfte sind weniger produktiv. Krankheit und Mortalität verursachen Kosten für Wirtschaften und bremsen Wirtschaftswachstum. Ebenso beeinflusst Hitze die Temperatur von Kühlwasser für Kraftwerke, die Wachstumsrate von Pflanzen und viele andere Komponenten von Wirtschaften, die mit dem Wohlergeben des Menschen zusammenhängen. In dieser Dissertation untersuche ich die Zunahme gefühlter Temperatur in den letzten drei Jahrzehnten und die Auswirkungen dieser Zunahme auf Mortalität in Europa und globale Wirtschaftswachstumsraten. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass gefühlte Temperatur fast überall auf der Welt zunimmt, und dass folglich höhere Sterblichkeitsraten zu erwarten sind. Darüber hinaus ist davon auszugehen, dass Wirtschaftswachstum durch längere und häufiger vorkommende Hitzewellen gebremst wird. Anthropogenic climate change is causing global shifts in climate. Mean global temperatures are increasing extremely rapidly. One direct consequence of this is that in many places perceived temperature is higher than before. This is due to shifts in both temperature and humidity as the climate system reacts to the higher level of heat and the accompanying processes redistributing warm air and moisture in the atmosphere. Hot weather has been shown to be potentially dangerous in many contexts to various aspects of human life. From a health perspective, heat creates additional stress for the body, potentially impacting the circulatory and nervous systems. Exhaustion rates increase and the need for hydration rises. Beyond the direct effects on health, heat can also affect other human systems, either directly or indirectly through ancillary mechanisms. Exhausted workers are less productive. Sickness and mortality creates costs for economies and slows economic growth. Heat also affects the temperature of coolant water for power plants, the growth rates of plants, and many other components of economies that are connected with human well-being. In this thesis I discuss the increase in perceived temperature over the past three decades. I examine its effects on mortality in Europe and on economic growth rates worldwide. The findings indicate that perceived temperature is increasing for most of the world, and that higher mortality rates can be expected as a result. Additionally, economic growth can be expected to slow in the presence of longer and more frequent heat waves.
Philipps-Universität... arrow_drop_down Philipps-Universität Marburg: PublicationsDoctoral thesis . 2016License: CC BY NC SAFull-Text: https://doi.org/10.17192/z2017.0054Data sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.17192/z2017.0054&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess RoutesGreen 0 citations 0 popularity Average influence Average impulse Average Powered by BIP!
more_vert Philipps-Universität... arrow_drop_down Philipps-Universität Marburg: PublicationsDoctoral thesis . 2016License: CC BY NC SAFull-Text: https://doi.org/10.17192/z2017.0054Data sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.17192/z2017.0054&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eu
description Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Conference object , Other literature type 2016 GermanyElmenhorst, Eva-Maria; Benderoth, S.; Vejvoda, M.; Wenzel, J.; Aeschbach, D.;Introduction The sleep inducing effects of alcohol as well as the increase in sleep propensity and sleepiness after sleep loss have been linked to the adenosinergic system in the brain. While the performance impairing effects of ethanol have partly been related to the inhibitory effects of cerebral adenosine, sleep loss has been found to increase adenosine receptor density. The interindividual variability of cognitive performance impairments after alcohol intake as well as after sleep loss is extensive. Thus, we examined in humans whether performance degradations resulting from sleep loss and alcohol consumption are related. Methods Performance in a 10-min Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) was tested in 47 healthy volunteers (mean age 27 ± 5 (SD) years, 21 females) at 6 pm 1) after an 8 hour control night, 2) after alcohol consumption (aiming at a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.08%), and 3) after 35 hours of total sleep deprivation. After alcohol intake, 35 of the participants reached a BAC of more than 0.06% prior to the performance testing (mean BAC 0.074%, SD 0.009%, min. 0.063%, max. 0.095%) and were included in the analyses. Two recovery nights were scheduled between conditions. Results Performance impairments due to acute alcohol intake and due to 35 hours of sustained wakefulness were calculated as differences from performance under control conditions. The degree in performance degradation correlated highly between both conditions (i.e. 10% slowest reaction times: Pearson’s r=0.73, p<0.0001; standard deviation of reaction times: r=0.75, p<0.0001; mean reaction time: r=0.59, p=0.0002). Conclusions Participants whose PVT performance proved to be vulnerable to the effects of alcohol consumption were also vulnerable to sleep loss, whereas individuals who were resilient against the effects of alcohol were also less susceptible to the impact of sleep deprivation. These results suggest that the effects of alcohol and sleep deprivation on performance are mediated – at least in part – by a common pathway that may involve the adenosinergic system in the brain.
DLR publication serv... arrow_drop_down add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=od______1640::8051cd30ea2d71062c171a4ce23d1eed&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess RoutesGreen 0 citations 0 popularity Average influence Average impulse Average Powered by BIP!
more_vert DLR publication serv... arrow_drop_down add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=od______1640::8051cd30ea2d71062c171a4ce23d1eed&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis 2005 GermanyPublisher:Philipps-Universität Marburg Authors: Abdel-Nabi, Riad;doi: 10.17192/z2005.0685
Effect of ethanol on amino acids and related compounds in rat plasma, heart, aorta, bronchus, and pancreas. The composition of 36 amino acids and related compounds is presented for plasma, heart, aorta, bronchus and pancreas. The distribution pattern of these biochemicals is similar but not identical among the tissues. The effect of an acute dose of ethanol (2g/kg,IP) on these amino acids and related compounds was then studied. In the plasma, alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, beta-alanine, glycine, phenylalanine, and serine are decreased. In the aorta, ammonia and taurine are decreased. In the heart, aspartic acid and leucine are decreased, and carnosine, GABA, glutamic acid, and ornithine are increased. In the pancreas, asparagine and taurine are decreased, and citrulline, cysteine, histidine and isoleucine are increased. In the bronchi, GABA, ethanolamine, histidine, taurine, and isoleucine are decreased. A number of correlations of some compounds in plasma or tissues were found but differed often between control and ethanol-treated animals. Ethanol-induced tissue changes generally do not correlate with plasma changes and are mostly specific for a given tissue. Effekte einer akuten Dosis Ethanol (2g/kg, IP) auf bestimmte Aminosäuren und verwandte Verbindungen wurden untersucht. Die Aminosäurespiegel bzw. deren Verteilung ist ähnlich, aber nicht gleich, in den verschiedenen Geweben. In den verschiedenen Geweben fanden wir teilweise erniedrigte Spiegel, teilweise aber auch erhöhte Spiegel nach Ethanol-Gabe. Diese Veränderungen bezogen sich 1. auf die einzelnen Aminosäuren oder 2. auf die unterschiedlich- en Gewebe. Eine Anzahl Korrelationen einiger Aminoverbindungen in Plasma oder Geweben wurde gefunden, waren aber oft unterschiedlich zwischen Kontroll- und Ethanolratten. Ethanol-induzierte Veränderungen in den Geweben korrelieren im Allgemeinen nicht mit den Veränderungen im Plasma und sind meistens für die untersuchten Gewebe spezifisch.
Philipps-Universität... arrow_drop_down Philipps-Universität Marburg: PublicationsDoctoral thesis . 2005Full-Text: https://doi.org/10.17192/z2005.0685Data sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)Publikations- und Dokumentenserver der Universitätsbibliothek MarburgDoctoral thesis . 2005add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.17192/z2005.0685&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess RoutesGreen 0 citations 0 popularity Average influence Average impulse Average Powered by BIP!
more_vert Philipps-Universität... arrow_drop_down Philipps-Universität Marburg: PublicationsDoctoral thesis . 2005Full-Text: https://doi.org/10.17192/z2005.0685Data sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)Publikations- und Dokumentenserver der Universitätsbibliothek MarburgDoctoral thesis . 2005add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.17192/z2005.0685&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis , Thesis 2013Embargo end date: 13 May 2014 GermanyPublisher:TUHH Universitätsbibliothek Authors: Oehmke, Sebastian;doi: 10.15480/882.1162
Da fossile Quellen endlich sind, werden Chemikalien aus nachwachsenden Rohstoffen immer interessanter für die Forschung und Industrie. Zu den vielversprechenden Plattformchemikalien gehört das Stoffpaar 3-Hydroxypropionaldehyd/ Acrolein. Jedoch sind bisherige Ansätze für eine wirtschaftliche Produktion von 3-Hydroxypropionaldehyd/ Acrolein im industriellen Maßstab nicht ausreichend. Deshalb wurde in dieser Arbeit geprüft, inwieweit sich Schlempe, ein glycerinhaltiges Nebenprodukt der Bioethanolherstellung, zur 3-Hydroxypropionaldehyd/ Acrolein Produktion nutzen lässt und inwieweit diese Produktion in den Bioethanolprozess im Sinne des Bioraffineriekonzeptes integriert werden kann, um bestehende Probleme zu lösen und Produktionskosten zu reduzieren. Dazu wurden ansatzweise und kontinuierliche Versuche im 5 ml bis 2 l Maßstab sowie Berechnungen in den Bereichen Biokatalysatorproduktion, Biotransformation, Aufreinigung und Kostenschätzung durchgeführt. Der Ganzzellbiokatalysator Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 53608 ist nicht in der Lage die Hefezellen aus Bioethanolproduktionsrückständen für sein Wachstum zu nutzen, jedoch hat sich gezeigt, dass er nicht alle Nährstoffe im MRS Medium benötigt und Hefeextrakt als einzigste Quelle von Aminosäuren und Vitaminen für sein Wachstum und seine Enzymproduktion ausreichend ist. Die 3-HPA Produktion ist in Bioethanolproduktionsrückständen 68 % höher als in einer vergleichbaren Glycerinlösung bei gleichen Bedingungen und es wird weniger Biokatalysator benötigt. Eine Kombination aus Dehydratisierung und einfacher Destillation ist geeignet, um das 3-Hydroxypropionaldehyd simultan in Acrolein umzuwandeln und aus der Biotransformationsbrühe bei 37°C abzutrennen, wodurch 105 ± 8 g/l Acrolein in Wasser mit hoher Reinheit gewonnen werden können. Die Kostenschätzung eines möglichen Prozesses hat gezeigt, dass die ermittelten Kosten des Acroleins in einer Größenordnung liegen, welche zeigt, dass der angedachte Prozess bei entsprechender Optimierung in naher Zukunft zu den Produktionskosten aus Rohölderivaten aufschließen kann. Zusammenfassend konnte gezeigt werden, dass sich eine Anlehnung an den Bioethanolprozess nutzen lässt, um die biotechnologische Produktion von 3-Hydroxypropionaldehyd/ Acrolein aus nachwachsenden Rohstoffen zu verbessern. Since fossile rescources are of limited availability, chemicals from renewable resources become more interesting for scientists and the industry. Promising platform chemicals include 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde and its anhydride acrolein. However, existing approaches are not sufficient for an economic production in industrial scale. Therefore, it was examined in this thesis how far stillage, a glycerol containing byproduct of the bioethanol production process, can be used for the 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde/ acrolein production and how far this production can be integrated into the bioethanol process according to the biorefinery concept to solve existing problems and to reduce production costs. Calculations as well as batchwise and continuous experiments were carried out in 5 ml to 2 l scale in the area of biocatalyst production, biotransformation, purification and cost estimation. The whole cell biocatalyst Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 53608 is not able to use the yeast cells from bioethanol production residues for its growth. However, it has been shown that it does not need all the nutrients in MRS medium and yeast extract is sufficient as the only source of amino acids and vitamins for its growth and enzyme production. The 3-HPA production in bioethanol production residues is 68 % higher than in a comparable aqueous glycerol solution under the same conditions and it requires less biocatalyst. A combination of dehydration and simple distillation is suitable to convert 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde into acrolein and separate it from the biotransformation broth at 37 ° C. 105 ± 8 g/l acrolein in aqueous solution were obtained in high purity. The cost estimation of a possible process has shown that the calculated cost for acrolein can likely catch up with production costs from crude oil in the near future with appropriate optimization. Hence it was shown that basing the process on stillage from the bioethanol process can improve the biotechnological production of 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde/ acrolein from renewable resources.
add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.15480/882.1162&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess RoutesGreen 0 citations 0 popularity Average influence Average impulse Average Powered by BIP!
more_vert add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.15480/882.1162&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis 2012 GermanyAuthors: Welzholz, Anna Catrin Sara;Die Magen-Darm-Motilität von Patienten auf Intensivstationen unterliegt vielen hemmenden Einflüssen. Außer der Wirkung inhibitorisch wirksamer Pharmaka wäre denkbar, dass auch organische Lösungsmittel (Ethanol, DMSO), Detergentien (SLS/CAPB) und aus Perfusor- und Infusionsleitungen freigesetzte Weichmacher (Phthalate) die Dünndarmperistaltik per se beeinflussen oder die Wirkung inhibitorisch wirksamer Pharmaka (Midazolam, Fentanyl) modulieren. Die Untersuchungen wurden in vitro am Dünndarm des Meerschweinchens durchgeführt. Der Parameter zur Beurteilung der inhibitorischen Wirkung auf die Peristaltik einer dem Organbad zugegebenen Substanz war die Änderung des intraluminalen Schwellendrucks ΔPPT (peristaltic pressure threshold) zur Auslösung von Peristaltik. Ein Anstieg der PPT zeigt eine inhibitorische Wirkung an. In der Zusammenschau der Ergebnisse aller Experimente der vorliegenden Arbeit zeigte sich, dass weder DEHP, Ethanol, DMSO noch Detergentien (SLS/CAPB) per se eine konzentrationsabhängige, signifikant hemmende Wirkung auf die Dünndarmperistaltik haben. Jedoch vermochten Ethanol, sowohl extraserosal dem Organbad zugegeben als auch endoluminal durch das Dünndarmsegment perfundiert, und in Ethanol gelöstes DEHP die motilitätshemmende Wirkung von Midazolam bzw. Fentanyl zu verstärken. In den Untersuchungen fiel auf, dass die Schwellendruckänderungen ΔPPT nach Zugabe von Ethanol, unabhängig von der jeweiligen Konzentration, sehr heterogen waren. Um den Mechanismus der Ethanolwirkung genauer zu charakterisieren, wurden Darmsegmente vor der Zugabe von Ethanol mit Antagonisten bzw. Blockern vermuteter Signaltransduktionswege vorbehandelt. Eingesetzt wurden Naloxon (Antagonist an Opioidrezeptoren), Apamin (Inhibitor von calciumaktivierten small conductance Kaliumkänalen), Bicucullin (Antagonist am GABAA-Rezeptor), Lorglumid (Antagonist am Cholecystokinin CCKA-Rezeptor) und YM022 (selektiver Antagonist am Gastrin/CCKB-Rezeptor). Diese Antagonisierungsversuche ergaben keine signifikanten Ergebnisse, da Ethanol in der Konzentration mit inhibitorischer Wirkung auf die Peristaltik zu heterogene Änderungen der PPT hervorrief. Unter klinischen Gesichtspunkten könnten die hemmende Wirkung von Ethanol auf die Peristaltik sowie die Wirkungsverstärkung des motilitätshemmenden Midazolam und Fentanyl durch Ethanol bzw. in Ethanol gelöstes DEHP Faktoren sein, die zur Hemmung der Darmmotilität bei Intensivpatienten beitragen. Critically ill patients' gastro-intestinal-motility is subject to many inhibiting factors. Apart from medicaments also organic solvents (ethanol, DMSO), detergents (SLS/CAPB) and plasticizers (phthalates) which are delivered from infusion lines may influence the action of the bowels per se or modulate the effect of inhibiting pharmaceutics. The investigations were performed on guinea pigs' small intestine in vitro. The modification of the intra-luminal PPT (peristaltic pressure threshold) was measured to estimate the inhibiting effect of a substance on the peristalsis. An increasing PPT shows an inhibiting effect. Overall, neither DEHP, ethanol, DMSO nor detergents (SLS/CAPB) per se had a significant, inbiting effect on the peristalsis. However, ethanol added to the organ bath as well as added via perfusion through the gut segment aggravated the inhibitoring effect of midazolame. The same effect was observed when gut segments were perfused by DEHP solute in ethanol and fentanyl was added to the organ bath. Furthermore, the behaviour of ethanol was very heterogeneous. To characterize ethanol's mechanisms of action different gut segments were pretreated with antagonists or inhibitors of suspected signal transduction pathways. Therefore naloxone (opiod receptor antagonist), apamin (inhibitor of calcium activated small conductance sodium channels), bicucullin (GABA-A receptor antagonist), lorglumide (CCK-A receptor antagonist) and YM 022 (CCK-B receptor antagonist) were used. None of these experiments brought any significant result but also very heterogeneous alterations of the PPT. Under clinical aspects the inhibiting effects of ethanol on the peristalsis as well as the aggravation of the inhibting effects of midazolame and fentanyl by ethanol or DEHP solute in ethanol may be factors which may be conducive to the gastro intestinal atony of the critically ill patient.
Online-Publikations-... arrow_drop_down Online-Publikations-Server der Universität WürzburgDoctoral thesis . 2012License: CC BY NC NDData sources: Online-Publikations-Server der Universität Würzburgadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=od_______713::8d3701a94911bbb3c813b345abbe4f17&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eu0 citations 0 popularity Average influence Average impulse Average Powered by BIP!
more_vert Online-Publikations-... arrow_drop_down Online-Publikations-Server der Universität WürzburgDoctoral thesis . 2012License: CC BY NC NDData sources: Online-Publikations-Server der Universität Würzburgadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=od_______713::8d3701a94911bbb3c813b345abbe4f17&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis , Thesis 2011Embargo end date: 15 Mar 2016 GermanyPublisher:Universität Ulm Authors: Schuster, Stefanie;doi: 10.18725/oparu-1923
Escherichia coli was metabolically engineered for the production of next generation biofuel 1-butanol. Therefore electrotransformation was performed with artificial plasmids harbouring the butanol-synthesis genes from Clostridium acetobutylicum and Clostridium beijerinckii. So far, the functional expression of the genes was proven by demonstrating the synthesis of 1-butanol from glucose in different E. coli strains. To investigate the butanol production in acetogenic bacteria such as Clostridium ljungdahlii, the butanol-synthesis genes were cloned into the shuttle vector pIMP1. C. ljungdahlii is able to grow on synthesis gas, a mixture of CO, CO2 and H2. Synthesis gas can be easily produced and does not compete with the food industry such as conventional butanol fermentation which uses corn or sugar as substrate. Furthermore, genome sequence analysis of C. acetobutylicum revealed a gene (CAC3330) encoding a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP152A2). The gene coding for CYP152A2 was amplified and expressed in E. coli. After overexpression and purification of P450 monooxygenase, it was demonstrated that this enzyme is able to catalyze the hydroxylation of fatty acids in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The "ClosTron® Gene Knockout System" was used for the specific disruption of CAC3330, and in growth experiments, the consequences of the gene inactivation were determined.
Open Access Reposito... arrow_drop_down Open Access Repository of Ulm UniversityDoctoral thesis . 2011Data sources: Open Access Repository of Ulm Universityadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.18725/oparu-1923&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess RoutesGreen 0 citations 0 popularity Average influence Average impulse Average Powered by BIP!
more_vert Open Access Reposito... arrow_drop_down Open Access Repository of Ulm UniversityDoctoral thesis . 2011Data sources: Open Access Repository of Ulm Universityadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.18725/oparu-1923&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euapps Other research productkeyboard_double_arrow_right Other ORP type 2013 GermanyAuthors: Oehmke, Sebastian;Da fossile Quellen endlich sind, werden Chemikalien aus nachwachsenden Rohstoffen immer interessanter für die Forschung und Industrie. Zu den vielversprechenden Plattformchemikalien gehört das Stoffpaar 3-Hydroxypropionaldehyd/ Acrolein. Jedoch sind bisherige Ansätze für eine wirtschaftliche Produktion von 3-Hydroxypropionaldehyd/ Acrolein im industriellen Maßstab nicht ausreichend. Deshalb wurde in dieser Arbeit geprüft, inwieweit sich Schlempe, ein glycerinhaltiges Nebenprodukt der Bioethanolherstellung, zur 3-Hydroxypropionaldehyd/ Acrolein Produktion nutzen lässt und inwieweit diese Produktion in den Bioethanolprozess im Sinne des Bioraffineriekonzeptes integriert werden kann, um bestehende Probleme zu lösen und Produktionskosten zu reduzieren. Dazu wurden ansatzweise und kontinuierliche Versuche im 5 ml bis 2 l Maßstab sowie Berechnungen in den Bereichen Biokatalysatorproduktion, Biotransformation, Aufreinigung und Kostenschätzung durchgeführt. Der Ganzzellbiokatalysator Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 53608 ist nicht in der Lage die Hefezellen aus Bioethanolproduktionsrückständen für sein Wachstum zu nutzen, jedoch hat sich gezeigt, dass er nicht alle Nährstoffe im MRS Medium benötigt und Hefeextrakt als einzigste Quelle von Aminosäuren und Vitaminen für sein Wachstum und seine Enzymproduktion ausreichend ist. Die 3-HPA Produktion ist in Bioethanolproduktionsrückständen 68 % höher als in einer vergleichbaren Glycerinlösung bei gleichen Bedingungen und es wird weniger Biokatalysator benötigt. Eine Kombination aus Dehydratisierung und einfacher Destillation ist geeignet, um das 3-Hydroxypropionaldehyd simultan in Acrolein umzuwandeln und aus der Biotransformationsbrühe bei 37°C abzutrennen, wodurch 105 ± 8 g/l Acrolein in Wasser mit hoher Reinheit gewonnen werden können. Die Kostenschätzung eines möglichen Prozesses hat gezeigt, dass die ermittelten Kosten des Acroleins in einer Größenordnung liegen, welche zeigt, dass der angedachte Prozess bei entsprechender Optimierung in naher Zukunft zu den Produktionskosten aus Rohölderivaten aufschließen kann. Zusammenfassend konnte gezeigt werden, dass sich eine Anlehnung an den Bioethanolprozess nutzen lässt, um die biotechnologische Produktion von 3-Hydroxypropionaldehyd/ Acrolein aus nachwachsenden Rohstoffen zu verbessern. Since fossile rescources are of limited availability, chemicals from renewable resources become more interesting for scientists and the industry. Promising platform chemicals include 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde and its anhydride acrolein. However, existing approaches are not sufficient for an economic production in industrial scale. Therefore, it was examined in this thesis how far stillage, a glycerol containing byproduct of the bioethanol production process, can be used for the 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde/ acrolein production and how far this production can be integrated into the bioethanol process according to the biorefinery concept to solve existing problems and to reduce production costs. Calculations as well as batchwise and continuous experiments were carried out in 5 ml to 2 l scale in the area of biocatalyst production, biotransformation, purification and cost estimation. The whole cell biocatalyst Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 53608 is not able to use the yeast cells from bioethanol production residues for its growth. However, it has been shown that it does not need all the nutrients in MRS medium and yeast extract is sufficient as the only source of amino acids and vitamins for its growth and enzyme production. The 3-HPA production in bioethanol production residues is 68 % higher than in a comparable aqueous glycerol solution under the same conditions and it requires less biocatalyst. A combination of dehydration and simple distillation is suitable to convert 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde into acrolein and separate it from the biotransformation broth at 37 ° C. 105 ± 8 g/l acrolein in aqueous solution were obtained in high purity. The cost estimation of a possible process has shown that the calculated cost for acrolein can likely catch up with production costs from crude oil in the near future with appropriate optimization. Hence it was shown that basing the process on stillage from the bioethanol process can improve the biotechnological production of 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde/ acrolein from renewable resources.
TUHH Open Research (... arrow_drop_down add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=dris___01170::932614326f903faf73a3067ee8b234a4&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eu0 citations 0 popularity Average influence Average impulse Average Powered by BIP!
visibility 10visibility views 10 download downloads 5 Powered bymore_vert TUHH Open Research (... arrow_drop_down add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=dris___01170::932614326f903faf73a3067ee8b234a4&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis , Thesis 2021Embargo end date: 13 Sep 2021 GermanyPublisher:Universität Ulm Authors: Orthen, Tobias Christian;doi: 10.18725/oparu-38785
Although economic inequality between countries has decreased in recent decades, inequality within countries has either increased or stagnated at a high level since the mid-1980s. At the same time, there is no nation state with an income distribution as unequal as the aggregate income distribution at the global level. Wealth inequality is even higher by several magnitudes and, within most states, as unequally distributed as global income. Economic inequality is also closely linked to the issue of negative externalities, more precisely to environmental and climate impacts, since in the current economic-technical system a high level of economic activity is associated with a high level of greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, enormous trade-offs exist within major international programs, such as the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Paris Climate Agreement. This is because creating a high level of prosperity, as envisioned for billions of people, currently goes hand in hand with using fossil fuels, for the most part, and thus with greenhouse gas emissions. In addition, the world’s population continues to grow and there is a large financing gap between what the implementation of the SDGs and the Paris Agreement is expected to cost and what the states have pledged in terms of financing. These conflicting goals are one reason why, after decades of international negotiations by the states, only weak, inadequate climate protection measures have been adopted to date. Other reasons are the nature of the climate problem as a tragedy of the commons, the self-serving interests of individual states and the fact that climate change is addressed almost exclusively at the intergovernmental level. Established principles of justice, such as the polluter-pays principle and the ability-to-pay principle, are not adequately taken into account, with the result that necessary funds for a solution from the private sector cannot be activated. As a result, by 2050, approximately 500 billion tCO2e are expected to be emitted in excess of what would be permissible to meet international targets of limiting global warming to a maximum of 2°C (better 1.5°C). In the medium to long term, humanity needs to transition to an economic-technical system based largely on renewable energy sources and built on improved international cooperation. For this purpose, a reorientation of established justice principles in the context of Thomas Pogge’s conception of global justice will be elaborated on the basis of existing academic literature, in order to adequately introduce the polluter-pays principle and the ability-to-pay principle into the climate and development discourse. In this regard, it is necessary to take so-called top emitters more into account. This allows for promoting a higher degree of justice between individuals worldwide, so that the discourse does not remain at the state level only. Moreover, since funding for international cooperation is scarce, it is argued that the use of such funds should be guided by the needs principle. Moreover, the efficiency in terms of the impact of the funds used for climate protection and development is often very high where also the need is very high, e. g. because people are very poor and local ecosystems are particularly threatened by the effects of climate change. After deriving why top emitters play an important role in solving global problems, the question of who the top emitters actually are is addressed. In a first step, the group of private individuals with high incomes and assets is characterized in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and their ability to (financially) contribute to solving the climate and development issues. This is done using hybrid life cycle assessment methods and the analysis of global income and CO2e distributions. In this context, the conventional approach for calculating individuals’ climate footprints is extended to cover particular greenhouse gas-intensive areas of life such as private air travel and boat use which play a major role for top emitters. The result is an approximation of the annual emissions caused by the biggest top emitters. Results suggest that the biggest top emitters cause greenhouse gas emissions in the mid four-digit range (measured in tCO2e). In a second step, the question of who should be included in the group of top emitters is explored in such a way that the sum of top emitters’ emissions comprises a significant share of the total global emissions. In terms of social cceptability, this group of people is distinguished from those segments of the population that would carry a disproportionate financial burden if they were to pay additional contributions to climate change mitigation and sustainable development. It is proposed to include everyone who generates ≥ 10 tCO2e and who has a disposable income greater than the respective national average. Thus, individuals with high incomes (relative to the national average) are included and individuals with low incomes are excluded. In terms of national income distributions, the group of top emitters defined this way (called type 2) is approximately composed of: the top 30 percent of high-income countries, the top 10 percent of middle-income countries, and the top 1 percent of low-income countries. This amounts to about 700 million people worldwide, who together account for about 45 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions and comprise about 10 percent of the world’s population. This characterization goes beyond the usual discussion of the role of „the world’s richest 10 percent “ as it is more socially acceptable by giving greater consideration to the polluter-pays principle and the ability-to-pay principle being established principles of justice. Because top emitters are often associated with luxurious lifestyles, such as yachts and private jets, it is suggested that this group be referred to as high emitters. The luxurious lifestyle described applies only to the top few percent of high emitters, who further on are suggested to be called top emitters as the subgroup of the highest high emitters. The thesis then elaborates why high and top emitters have a vested interest to voluntarily and substantially engage in international climate change mitigation and sustainable development. High and top emitters benefit most from the current international economic order because they get a large share of the profits. Therefore, the pressures and negative impacts from (a) inadequate climate action and (b) high levels of inequality on this order, on societies, and on high and top emitters are analysed. The physical effects of ongoing global warming, inequality itself, and national populist movements and parties resulting from inequality potentially lead to the destabilization of the international (economic) order, impairment of economic performance, loss of large assets, and curtailment of accustomed energy-intensive lifestyles, e.g. through flight bans. In addition, a vicious circle of poverty would probably also affect large parts of the high and also the top emitters, due to rising costs from adaptation and mitigation of climate change and costs from economic inefficiencies resulting from excessive inequality. These costs compete with expenditures that ensure a functioning efficient economic and social system, such as expenditures on education, research, pensions, the healthcare system, (digital) infrastructure, etc. High and top emitters therefore have a high self-interest to bear a significant part of these costs so that the international economic system continues to function and they can continue to benefit from it. From a justice perspective, they are also fulfilling their negative and positive obligations. If high and top emitters were to take responsibility for all global emissions and pay 30 euros per ton of tCO2e, the total amount would be about 1 trillion Euro, which is in the order of magnitude needed to make significant progress on international climate protection and sustainable development. Such an allocation could be made based on ability in terms of the ratio of disposable income to national average income. The thesis develops a suggestion for such an allocation as well. On the other hand, it is shown that multiple opportunities exist for high and top emitters to deploy their financial and influence-related resources in ways that reduce the pressures of climate change and high inequality on societies and the international order. In addition, a wide range of economic value creation potentials can be tapped for the necessary transition to a new economic-technical and social system based on renewable energy sources and international cooperation. These can be organised in a such a way that promotes sustainable development and international climate protection and thus enables a life in prosperity for about 10 billion people with an intact environment and climate system. If this process is organized wisely, it is also likely to create economic opportunities for high and top emitters as well as for societies worldwide as financial resources can be used effectively, efficiently and fair at the same time. Although economic inequality between countries has decreased in recent decades, inequality within countries has either increased or stagnated at a high level since the mid-1980s. At the same time, there is no nation state with an income distribution as unequal as the aggregate income distribution at the global level. Wealth inequality is even higher by several magnitudes and, within most states, as unequally distributed as global income. Economic inequality is also closely linked to the issue of negative externalities, more precisely to environmental and climate impacts, since in the current economic-technical system a high level of economic activity is associated with a high level of greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, enormous trade-offs exist within major international programs, such as the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Paris Climate Agreement. This is because creating a high level of prosperity, as envisioned for billions of people, currently goes hand in hand with using fossil fuels, for the most part, and thus with greenhouse gas emissions. In addition, the world’s population continues to grow and there is a large financing gap between what the implementation of the SDGs and the Paris Agreement is expected to cost and what the states have pledged in terms of financing. These conflicting goals are one reason why, after decades of international negotiations by the states, only weak, inadequate climate protection measures have been adopted to date. Other reasons are the nature of the climate problem as a tragedy of the commons, the self-serving interests of individual states and the fact that climate change is addressed almost exclusively at the intergovernmental level. Established principles of justice, such as the polluter-pays principle and the ability-to-pay principle, are not adequately taken into account, with the result that necessary funds for a solution from the private sector cannot be activated. As a result, by 2050, approximately 500 billion tCO2e are expected to be emitted in excess of what would be permissible to meet international targets of limiting global warming to a maximum of 2°C (better 1.5°C). In the medium to long term, humanity needs to transition to an economic-technical system based largely on renewable energy sources and built on improved international cooperation. For this purpose, a reorientation of established justice principles in the context of Thomas Pogge’s conception of global justice will be elaborated on the basis of existing academic literature, in order to adequately introduce the polluter-pays principle and the ability-to-pay principle into the climate and development discourse. In this regard, it is necessary to take so-called top emitters more into account. This allows for promoting a higher degree of justice between individuals worldwide, so that the discourse does not remain at the state level only. Moreover, since funding for international cooperation is scarce, it is argued that the use of such funds should be guided by the needs principle. Moreover, the efficiency in terms of the impact of the funds used for climate protection and development is often very high where also the need is very high, e. g. because people are very poor and local ecosystems are particularly threatened by the effects of climate change. After deriving why top emitters play an important role in solving global problems, the question of who the top emitters actually are is addressed. In a first step, the group of private individuals with high incomes and assets is characterized in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and their ability to (financially) contribute to solving the climate and development issues. This is done using hybrid life cycle assessment methods and the analysis of global income and CO2e distributions. In this context, the conventional approach for calculating individuals’ climate footprints is extended to cover particular greenhouse gas-intensive areas of life such as private air travel and boat use which play a major role for top emitters. The result is an approximation of the annual emissions caused by the biggest top emitters. Results suggest that the biggest top emitters cause greenhouse gas emissions in the mid four-digit range (measured in tCO2e). In a second step, the question of who should be included in the group of top emitters is explored in such a way that the sum of top emitters’ emissions comprises a significant share of the total global emissions. In terms of social cceptability, this group of people is distinguished from those segments of the population that would carry a disproportionate financial burden if they were to pay additional contributions to climate change mitigation and sustainable development. It is proposed to include everyone who generates ≥ 10 tCO2e and who has a disposable income greater than the respective national average. Thus, individuals with high incomes (relative to the national average) are included and individuals with low incomes are excluded. In terms of national income distributions, the group of top emitters defined this way (called type 2) is approximately composed of: the top 30 percent of high-income countries, the top 10 percent of middle-income countries, and the top 1 percent of low-income countries. This amounts to about 700 million people worldwide, who together account for about 45 % of global greenhouse gas emissions and comprise about 10 percent of the world’s population. This characterization goes beyond the usual discussion of the role of „the world’s richest 10 percent “ as it is more socially acceptable by giving greater consideration to the polluter-pays principle and the ability-to-pay principle being established principles of justice. Because top emitters are often associated with luxurious lifestyles, such as yachts and private jets, it is suggested that this group be referred to as high emitters. The luxurious lifestyle described applies only to the top few percent of high emitters, who further on are suggested to be called top emitters as the subgroup of the highest high emitters. The thesis then elaborates why high and top emitters have a vested interest to voluntarily and substantially engage in international climate change mitigation and sustainable development. High and top emitters benefit most from the current international economic order because they get a large share of the profits. Therefore, the pressures and negative impacts from (a) inadequate climate action and (b) high levels of inequality on this order, on societies, and on high and top emitters are analysed. The physical effects of ongoing global warming, inequality itself, and national populist movements and parties resulting from inequality potentially lead to the destabilization of the international (economic) order, impairment of economic performance, loss of large assets, and curtailment of accustomed energy-intensive lifestyles, e.g. through flight bans. In addition, a vicious circle of poverty would probably also affect large parts of the high and also the top emitters, due to rising costs from adaptation and mitigation of climate change and costs from economic inefficiencies resulting from excessive inequality. These costs compete with expenditures that ensure a functioning efficient economic and social system, such as expenditures on education, research, pensions, the healthcare system, (digital) infrastructure, etc. High and top emitters therefore have a high self-interest to bear a significant part of these costs so that the international economic system continues to function and they can continue to benefit from it. From a justice perspective, they are also fulfilling their negative and positive obligations. If high and top emitters were to take responsibility for all global emissions and pay 30 euros per ton of tCO2e, the total amount would be about 1 trillion Euro , which is in the order of magnitude needed to make significant progress on international climate protection and sustainable development. Such an allocation could be made based on ability in terms of the ratio of disposable income to national average income. The thesis develops a suggestion for such an allocation as well. On the other hand, it is shown that multiple opportunities exist for high and top emitters to deploy their financial and influence-related resources in ways that reduce the pressures of climate change and high inequality on societies and the international order. In addition, a wide range of economic value creation potentials can be tapped for the necessary transition to a new economic-technical and social system based on renewable energy sources and international cooperation. These can be organised in a such a way that promotes sustainable development and international climate protection and thus enables a life in prosperity for about 10 billion people with an intact environment and climate system. If this process is organized wisely, it is also likely to create economic opportunities for high and top emitters as well as for societies worldwide as financial resources can be used effectively, efficiently and fair at the same time. Obwohl sich die ökonomische Ungleichheit in den letzten Jahrzehnten zwischen den Staaten verringert hat, ist die Ungleichheit innerhalb der Staaten seit Mitte der 1980er Jahre entweder gestiegen oder auf einem hohen Niveau stagniert. Dabei existiert kein Nationalstaat, in dem das Einkommen so ungleich verteilt ist, wie auf globaler Ebene. Die Vermögensungleichheit ist um ein Vielfaches höher und innerhalb der meisten Staaten so ungleich verteilt wie das globale Einkommen. Ökonomische Ungleichheit ist dabei eng mit dem Thema negativer Externalitäten, genauer mit Umwelt- und Klimabelastungen verbunden, da im gegenwärtigen wirtschaftlich-technischen System eine hohe ökonomische Aktivität mit einem hohen Maß an Treibhausgas-Emissionen verbunden ist. Daher existieren enorme Zielkonflikte innerhalb der wichtigen internationalen Programme, wie den Nachhaltigkeitszielen der Ver- einten Nationen (Sustainable Development Goals, SDGs) und dem Klimaabkommen von Paris. Denn der Aufbau eines hohen Wohlstandsniveaus, wie es für Milliarden von Menschen angestrebt wird, ist aktuell mit der Nutzung zumeist fossiler Energieträger und damit mit Treibhausgas-Emissionen verbunden. Zudem wächst die Weltbevölkerung weiter und es existiert eine große Finanzierungslücke zwischen dem, was die Umsetzung der SDGs und des Klimaabkommens von Paris voraussichtlich kostet und dem, was die Staaten an Finanzierungszusagen machen. Diese Zielkonflikte sind ein Grund dafür, dass nach Jahrzehnten internationaler staatlicher Verhandlungen bis heute nur schwache unzureichende Klimaschutzmaßnahmen beschlossen wurden. Weitere Gründe sind der Charakter des Klimaproblems als Tragödie der Allgemeingüter, das Interesse der einzelnen Staaten am eigenen Vorteil und der Tatsache, dass der Klimawandel fast ausschließlich auf zwischenstaatlicher Ebene adressiert wird. Dabei werden etablierten Gerechtigkeitsprinzipien, wie das Verursacher- und das Leistungsfähigkeitsprinzip nicht adäquat berücksichtigt, was zur Folge hat, dass notwendige Mittel für eine Lösung aus dem Privatsektor nicht aktiviert werden können. Das führt dazu, dass bis 2050 voraussichtlich 500 Mrd. tCO2e zu viel emittiert werden als zulässig wäre, um die internationalen Ziele, die Erderwärmung auf maximal 2°C (besser 1,5°C) zu begrenzen, zu erreichen. Mittel- bis langfristig muss an einem Übergang zu einem wirtschaftlich-technischen System gearbeitet werden, dass in großen Teilen auf erneuerbaren Energiequellen beruht und auf einer verbesserten internationalen Kooperation aufbaut. Dazu wird auf der Grundlage der Literatur eine Neuausrichtung etablierter Gerechtigkeitsprinzipien im Kontext einer Konzeption globaler Gerechtigkeit von Thomas Pogge erarbeitet, um vor allem das Verursacher- und das Leistungsfähigkeitsprinzip adäquat in den Klima- und Entwicklungsdiskurs einzubringen. Dazu ist es notwendig, sogenannte Top-Emitter stärker mitzuberücksichtigen, um ein höheres Maß an Gerechtigkeit zwischen Individuen weltweit zu fördern, sodass der Diskurs nicht nur auf Staatenebene verbleibt. Da die Finanzmittel für internationale Kooperation knapp sind, wird zudem dafür argumentiert, sich beim Einsatz solcher Mittel nach dem Bedarfsprinzip zu richten. Häufig ist außerdem die Effizienz in Hinblick auf die Wirkung der eingesetzten Gelder für Klimaschutz und Entwicklung dort sehr hoch, wo auch der Bedarf sehr hoch ist, z. B. weil die Menschen sehr arm sind und Ökosysteme besonders durch Auswirkungen des Klimawandels gefährdet sind. Nach der Herleitung, warum Top-Emitter eine wichtige Rolle bei der Problemlösung spielen, wird die Frage beantwortet, wer die Top-Emitter eigentlich sind? In einem ersten Schritt wird dazu die Gruppe der Privatpersonen mit hohen Einkommen und Vermögen in Bezug auf die Verursachung von Treibhausgas-Emissionen und ihre Leistungsfähigkeit, (finanzielle) Beiträge zur Problemlösung beizutragen, charakterisiert. Dies geschieht mithilfe von Methoden der hybriden Ökobilanzierung und der Analyse von globalen Einkommens- und CO2e-Verteilungen. In diesem Kontext wird das Vorgehen zur Berechnung individueller Klimafußabdrücke auf treibhausgasintensive Lebensbereiche, wie z. B. den privaten Flugverkehr und die Nutzung von Booten erweitert, die für die Top-Emitter eine große Rolle spielen. Das Ergebnis ist eine Annäherung an die jährlichen verursachten Emissionen der größten Top-Emitter. Demnach verursachen die größten Top-Emitter Treibhausgas-Emissionen im mittleren vierstelligen Bereich (gemessen in tCO2e). In einem zweiten Schritt wird der Frage nachgegangen, wer zur Gruppe der Top-Emitter zählen sollte, sodass die Summe der Emissionen der Top-Emitter einen signifikanten Anteil der globalen Gesamtemissionen umfasst. Im Sinne der Sozialverträglichkeit wird diese Personengruppe von den Teilen der Bevölkerung abgegrenzt, die in Bezug auf ihre Leistungsfähigkeit u. U. unverhältnismäßig stark belastet würden, wenn sie zusätzliche Beiträge zum Klimaschutz und für nachhaltige Entwicklung entrichten sollten. Es wird vorgeschlagen, alle diejenigen mit zu berücksichtigen, die ≥10 tCO2e verursachen und ein verfügbares Einkommen haben, das größer ist, als der jeweilige nationale Durchschnitt. Personen mit (relativ zum nationalen Durchschnitt) hohen Einkommen werden dabei mitberücksichtigt und Personen mit niedrigen Einkommen ausgeschlossen. Die so charakterisierte Gruppe der Top-Emitter (Typ 2 genannt) setzt sich in Bezug auf die nationalen Einkommensverteilungen zusammen aus: etwa den obersten 30 Prozent der Staaten mit hohen Einkommen, den etwa obersten 10 Prozent der Staaten mit mittleren Einkommen und den obersten 1 Prozent der Staaten mit geringen Einkommen. Das sind etwa 700 Mio. Menschen weltweit, die zusammen für etwa 45 Prozent der weltweiten Treibhausgas-Emissionen verantwortlich sind und etwa 10,8 Prozent der Weltbevölkerung umfassen. Diese Charakterisierung geht über die weit verbreitete Diskussion der Rolle „der reichsten 10 Prozent der Welt“ hinaus, weil sie sozialverträglicher ist, indem die etablierten Gerechtigkeitsprinzipien stärker berücksichtigt werden. Da Top-Emitter häufig mit einem luxuriösen Lebensstil assoziiert werden, z. B. mit Yachten und Privatflugzeugen, wird vorgeschlagen, diese Gruppe als High-Emitter zu bezeichnen. Der beschriebene luxuriöse Lebensstil trifft nur auf die obersten wenigen Prozent der High-Emitter zu, die als Untergruppe der High-Emitter weiterhin Top-Emitter genannt werden. Im Anschluss wird herausgearbeitet, warum High- und Top-Emitter ein Eigeninteresse haben, sich freiwillig und substantiell für internationalen Klimaschutz und nachhaltige Entwicklung zu engagieren. High- und Top-Emitter profitieren am meisten von der gegenwärtige internationalen wirtschaftlichen Ordnung. Deswegen werden die Drücke und negativen Auswirkungen durch unzureichende Klimaschutzmaßnahmen und ein hohes Niveau an Ungleichheit auf dieses System, die Gesellschaften und auf die High- und Top-Emitter analysiert. Die physikalischen Auswirkungen einer fortschreitenden Erderwärmung, die Ungleichheit selbst sowie durch Ungleichheit beförderte national-populistische Bewegungen und Parteien führen potentiell zu einer Destabilisierung der internationalen (wirtschaftlichen) Ordnung, einer Beeinträchtigung der Wirtschaftsleistung, zum Verlust großer Vermögenstitel und zu einer Beschränkung der gewohnten energieintensiven Lebensstile, z. B. durch Flugverbote. Zusätzlich droht eine Armutsspirale, die vermutlich auch weite Teile der High- und auch der Top-Emitter betreffen würde. Das liegt an steigenden Kosten durch Anpassung und Vermeidung an den Klimawandel und Kosten durch zu hohe Ungleichheit, die zu wirtschaftlichen Ineffizienzen führt. Diese Kosten konkurrieren mit Ausgaben, die ein funktionierendes leistungsfähiges Wirtschafts- und Sozialsystem gewährleisten, wie Ausgaben für Bildung, Forschung, Altersvorsorge, das Gesundheitssystem, (digitale) Infrastruktur etc. High- und Top-Emitter haben also ein hohes Eigeninteresse einen signifikanten Teil dieser Kosten zu übernehmen, damit das internationale wirtschaftliche System weiterhin funktioniert und sie weiterhin davon profitieren können. Aus Gerechtigkeitsaspekten erfüllen sie damit außerdem ihre negativen und positiven Pflichten. Wenn High- und Top-Emitter die gesamten weltweiten Emissionen übernehmen und 30 Euro pro Tonne tCO2e entrichten würden, käme man weltweit auf etwa 1 Bio. Euro und damit in die Größenordnung, die für signifikante Fortschritte für internationalen Klimaschutz und nachhaltige Entwicklung notwendig ist. Eine solche Zuteilung könnte entlang der Leistungsfähighkeit in Bezug auf das Verhältnis zwischen verfügbarem Einkommen und nationalem Durchschnittseinkommen vorgenommen werden. Andererseits wird aufgezeigt, dass vielfältige Möglichkeiten für High- und Top-Emitter existieren, ihre finanziellen und einflussbezogenen Ressourcen so einsetzen, dass die Drücke durch den Klimawandel und die hohe Ungleichheit auf die Gesellschaften und die internationale Ordnung reduziert werden. Zudem können für den notwendigen Übergang in ein neues technisches und soziales System basierend auf erneuerbaren Energiequellen und internationaler Kooperation vielfältige wirtschaftliche Wertschöpfungspotentiale erschlossen werden. Diese nachhaltige Entwicklung und internationalen Klimaschutz fördern und damit ein Leben in Wohlstand für etwa 10 Mrd. Menschen bei intakter Umwelt und einem intakten Klimasystem ermöglichen. Wird dieser Prozess klug organisiert, ergeben sich voraussichtlich außerdem ökonomische Chancen für High- und Top-Emitter sowie für die Gesellschaften weltweit, weil Finanzmittel effektiv, effizient und zugleich gerecht eingesetzt werden können.
add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.18725/oparu-38785&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess RoutesGreen 1 citations 1 popularity Average influence Average impulse Average Powered by BIP!
more_vert add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.18725/oparu-38785&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis 2016 GermanyPublisher:Philipps-Universität Marburg Authors: Lee, Daniel; Brenner, Thomas (Prof. Dr. Dr.);doi: 10.17192/z2017.0054
Der anthropogener Klimawandel verursacht globale Veränderungen im Wetter. Eine direkte Folge sind gefühlte Temperaturen, die vielerorts höher sind, als in Vergangenheit beobachtet wurde. Das Klimasystem reagiert auf die zusätzliche Wärme durch eine Umverteilung warmer Luft und Feuchte in der Atmosphäre, was zu Veränderungen in der globalen Verteilung von Humidität und Temperatur führt. Heißes Wetter birgt Gefahren für verschiedene Aspekte menschlichen Lebens. Medizinisch betrachtet, verursachen hohe Temperaturen Stressreaktionen im Körper, die Auswirkungen auf das Nervensystem und den Blutkreislauf haben. Auch steigen mit der Temperatur die Ermüdungsrate und der Bedarf an Wasser. Über die direkten Auswirkungen auf Gesundheit hinaus nimmt Hitze auf verschiedene Weise - sowohl direkt als auch indirekt - auf menschliche Systeme Einfluss. Ermüdete Arbeitskräfte sind weniger produktiv. Krankheit und Mortalität verursachen Kosten für Wirtschaften und bremsen Wirtschaftswachstum. Ebenso beeinflusst Hitze die Temperatur von Kühlwasser für Kraftwerke, die Wachstumsrate von Pflanzen und viele andere Komponenten von Wirtschaften, die mit dem Wohlergeben des Menschen zusammenhängen. In dieser Dissertation untersuche ich die Zunahme gefühlter Temperatur in den letzten drei Jahrzehnten und die Auswirkungen dieser Zunahme auf Mortalität in Europa und globale Wirtschaftswachstumsraten. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass gefühlte Temperatur fast überall auf der Welt zunimmt, und dass folglich höhere Sterblichkeitsraten zu erwarten sind. Darüber hinaus ist davon auszugehen, dass Wirtschaftswachstum durch längere und häufiger vorkommende Hitzewellen gebremst wird. Anthropogenic climate change is causing global shifts in climate. Mean global temperatures are increasing extremely rapidly. One direct consequence of this is that in many places perceived temperature is higher than before. This is due to shifts in both temperature and humidity as the climate system reacts to the higher level of heat and the accompanying processes redistributing warm air and moisture in the atmosphere. Hot weather has been shown to be potentially dangerous in many contexts to various aspects of human life. From a health perspective, heat creates additional stress for the body, potentially impacting the circulatory and nervous systems. Exhaustion rates increase and the need for hydration rises. Beyond the direct effects on health, heat can also affect other human systems, either directly or indirectly through ancillary mechanisms. Exhausted workers are less productive. Sickness and mortality creates costs for economies and slows economic growth. Heat also affects the temperature of coolant water for power plants, the growth rates of plants, and many other components of economies that are connected with human well-being. In this thesis I discuss the increase in perceived temperature over the past three decades. I examine its effects on mortality in Europe and on economic growth rates worldwide. The findings indicate that perceived temperature is increasing for most of the world, and that higher mortality rates can be expected as a result. Additionally, economic growth can be expected to slow in the presence of longer and more frequent heat waves.
Philipps-Universität... arrow_drop_down Philipps-Universität Marburg: PublicationsDoctoral thesis . 2016License: CC BY NC SAFull-Text: https://doi.org/10.17192/z2017.0054Data sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.17192/z2017.0054&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess RoutesGreen 0 citations 0 popularity Average influence Average impulse Average Powered by BIP!
more_vert Philipps-Universität... arrow_drop_down Philipps-Universität Marburg: PublicationsDoctoral thesis . 2016License: CC BY NC SAFull-Text: https://doi.org/10.17192/z2017.0054Data sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.17192/z2017.0054&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eu