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RESUMÉ Environmental challenges caused by global warming and an increasing inequality between rich and poor, together with the diminishing role of the nation state, poses new challenges to today’s business environment. Many see Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR); meaning social and environmental sustainability in businesses, as one of the key solutions. CSR cannot be accomplished alone by businesses, which is why the term also includes involving the company’s various stakeholders. In Denmark people place high importance on CSR. However, according to existing theory, Danes do not respond well to direct communication about CSR activities. This means that companies cannot differentiate themselves through these initiatives, which is a dilemma for those that want to engage in CSR communication, but are afraid of a backlash in terms of being accused of greenwashing. Stakeholder involvement in CSR communication has been researched quantitatively, but not carried out in practice. On this basis, we explore how businesses can employ stakeholder involvement to communicate about their CSR activities in a way that makes sense for these various stakeholder groups. Thus, the research question consists of two parts: the process, which is stakeholder involvement, and the product, which is a CSR communication strategy. To carry out the research we have worked with Innocent, a company that makes smoothies and implements many CSR principles. We carried out four focus groups with the company’s stakeholders. In accordance with our social constructivist, phenomenological and action research orientation the overall objective was to treat the participants as co-producers of knowledge. The focus groups were based on dialogical theories and a Sense Making approach in order to create room for participation, and to take into account the power relations among participants. Furthermore, because CSR and CSR communication are complex concepts, the focus groups were structured around various creative exercises, which inspired the participants and their interaction. Our findings showed that a company’s context plays a major role for the perception of its CSR activities and the preferred CSR communication, and it is essential that the CSR efforts and communication are an integrated part of the company. Therefore, we cannot provide a ‘one size fits all’ CSR communication solution. Instead, we conclude that stakeholder involvement can be used to determine companies’ integrated CSR communication strategies and have created a practical guide for business to carry out this process. In this way, contextualized and integrated CSR communication can make sense for the various stakeholders.

Reaching the political goals for reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in the Danish agricultural sector requires significant effort. Pyrolysis of biomass represents a large reduction potential in the sector, but there is currently insufficient incentive for farmers to utilize biochar on agricultural soil. In this study, the effects of a Danish carbon tax on the economic incentive to utilize pyrolysis is investigated. Through a dairy farm case study, climate footprints are calculated and the reduction potential of pyrolysis is quantified. Combining these results with an analysis of the carbon tax structure and the carbon credit market, the economic burden of the dairy farm through the carbon tax is estimated in a range of scenarios.The farm is expected to pay between 2,7 and 4,1 mio. DKK in carbon tax corresponding to 8-11% of the annual turnover. Through pyrolysis, the farm savings in carbon tax are dependent on the details of the implementation of the tax. With subsidies for negative emissions in the agricultural sector, pyrolysis is estimated to reduce the carbon tax between 25% and 60%. Without subsidies, the savings are between 15% and 45%. In addition to the incentive for pyrolysis achieved through reduced carbon tax, the sale of carbon credits provides additional value. It is necessary to establish business models that distribute the value between farmers and pyrolysis plant owners, in order to realize the potential of pyrolysis in the agricultural sector.

In this report we study the possibilities for implementing a socio-technical system forrecycling nutrients in used baby and toddler diapers from nurseries in RoskildeMunicipality. To investigate the issue, we apply the ABCD-methodology presented in aFramework for Strategic Sustainable Development (FSSD). The methodology allows us tocreate a vision for Roskilde Municipality that has come to serve as a central actor in ourreport. The vision is based on the sustainability principles presented in FSSD along withprinciples from circular economy. The vision is followed by an outline of the current situationbased on our empirical research through qualitative interviews. In order to transition fromthe current situation to the vision, we describe the potential actions and solutions that wouldmake it possible to achieve this, while also taking into consideration the results from ourinterviews and empirical research data. This is followed by a strategic plan which is oursuggested system on how to achieve a recycling of nutrients in diapers from nurseries inRoskilde Municipality.The report is focused on recycling of the critical and non-renewable resource phosphorusand reducing the use of the fossil fuel that is oil. We use Transition Theory to understandhow a niche technology can transition into the current socio technical regime for wastemanagement. Furthermore, we utilize the theory of Sustainability Science to create aproblem-solving approach on implementing new sustainable waste management practices.

This report seeks to investigate how cast seaweed in Sejerøbugten can be collected as a biomass to support Odsherred Biogas financially and support circular use of resources. This is investigated through a quantitative examining of cast seaweed from Sejerøbugten by measuring dry matter, organic matter, content of sand and biomethanepotential of five kinds of seaweeds found in Sejerøbugten. The quantitative examining is used in the thesis for calculations of the contribution margin of cast seaweed in Odsherred Biogas and to evaluate the influence of beach cleaning in the Natura 2000 area at Sejerøbugten. In addition, the current beach cleaning in Sejerøbugten is examined to gain knowledge about the existing approaches. The report concludes that the beach area with cast seaweed from 0-2 meters from the coast has the best qualities. The beach area has the highest biomethanepotential, a low amount of sand (TS/SI) and does minimal damage to the Natura 2000 area. Cast seaweed can support circular use of ressources by removing nutrients from the recipient and using them in new production chains through Odsherred Biogas. Cast seaweed from beach cleaning in Sejerøbugten can therefore support Odsherred Biogas financially and support a circular use of resources. Dette projekt undersøger, hvordan tang fra stranden i Sejerøbugten indsamles, så det som biomasse både kan understøtte Odsherred Biogasanlæg økonomisk og understøtte cirkulær ressourceanvendelse. I projektet blev udført målinger på tang fra Sejerøbugten for tørstof, organisk tørstof, sandindhold og metanpotentiale for at udregne dækningsbidraget for tangbiomasserne til Odsherred Biogasanlæg og for at vurdere påvirkningen af strandrensningen i Natura 2000-området i Sejerøbugten. Derudover undersøges den nuværende strandrensepraksis for at få en viden om eksisterende fremgangsmåder til strandrensning. Projektet konkluderer, at strandzonen med tang 0-2 m ude i vandet fra vandkanten samlet set havde den bedste kvalitet, idet den havde et gennemsnitligt højt metanpotentiale (115,8 Nml CH4/ g VS), en lav skadevirkning på det opsamlede område samt et lavt sandindhold (14 % SI/TS). Tang kan understøtte cirkulær ressourceanvendelse ved at fjerne næringsstoffer fra recipienten og indgå i nye produktionskæder ved anvendelsen af tangbiomassen i Odsherred Biogasanlæg, så længe der også er en interesse for strandrensning i Odsherred Kommune. Dermed understøtter strandrensningen økonomisk Odsherred Biogasanlæg samt sikrer en cirkulær ressourceanvendelse.

The organic production is based around principles regarding sustainability, however the production is still dependent on fossil fuels and import of manure from the conventional agriculture to fertilize the crops with nitrogen. Biogas production based on clover grass is a possible solution to these two dependencies. The project report names this organic biogas. So far only one biogas plant in Denmark with clover grass as the main feed has been constructed. This project report sets out to investigate which obstacles, which exist for a further implementation of organic biogas. This point of departure happens with the aim to produce a white paper, a document containing concrete recommendations on how to minimize and overcome these obstacles. Reports and literature about biogas, especially organic, are used to build up and present background knowledge about the problem field. Empiric data has been gathered through interviews with main stakeholders and professionals, which are connected to organic biogas. The data, gathered from the empirical research and the literature, is used to identify the obstacles for further implementation of organic biogas. Network theory is then used to analyze, how to minimize or overcome these obstacles. Through the research, that has been carried out, an array of concrete obstacles has been identified. In the white paper, that works as the conclusion of the project report, one or more recommendations to each obstacle are formulated and suggested. Among the recommendations the project report finds it important, that an effort is made to introduce cheaper biogas plants, that the income potential from biogas production is improved, and that development to improve the biogas technology regarding fermentation of clover grass is carried out.

The project is based on the following problem statement “Which resources can be included in the planning process for implementation of a biogas plant in Odsherred Kommune and how can the barriers of the implementation be overcome?”. I have based the project on nine supplementary biomasses to manure. I have prioritised the biomass based on the five listed sustainability criteria: quantity, gas potential, economy, technology and environment. The comparison of the biomasses is shown in a resource-diagram. The largest barriers in the expansion of the biogas-sector, consists of financial barriers, localisation barriers, biomass producers and the ability to sell the biogas. In attempt to overcome these barriers I have developed a stakeholder analysis for each of the four barriers and suggested possible solutions and recommendations. I can conclude that the most sustainable biomass in supplement to manure is straw, deep litter and biomass from naturecare. The best offer on a possible investor would be Odsherred Forsyning or cooperation between Odsherred Forsyning and farmers and the most favourable location would be at Tengslemark- as appointed in the Municipal plan. All interviewed biomass producers appeared to be rather positive to the idea of providing biomass to a biogas plant- meaning there is easy access to supplementary biomass. There are several different ways in which the biogas can be liquidated in Odsherred Kommune: CHP plant, district-heating networks, upgrading to nature gas standards to Ngas network or transportation purposes, city gas or major industries.

AbstractRestructuring of the Danish energy system must contribute to the national greenhouse gas reduction objectives. The main goals are here a 70% reduction in 2030 and full independence of fossil fuels in 2050, compared with the target in 1990. In order for this transition to take place, the focus is on the interaction between energy production and consumption. This master thesis will contribute with solutions for greenhouse gas reduction and interaction between energy production and consumption. This is done by analyzing the main production technologies and their frameworks in a regulatory and planning perspective. In addition, the technology choices, regulation and planning on the consumption side, where the electrification of passenger transport and the heating sector are the focus, must be implemented. The conclusion assesses a number of solutions for how the energy system of the future should be designed based on technology choices, regulation and planning so that system requirements for flexibility, robustness and security of supply are supported long term in the period 2020-2050. ResuméOmstilling af det danske energisystem skal bidrage til de nationale målsætninger vedrørende drivhusgasreduktion. Der arbejdes her ud fra en målsætning om 70 % reduktion i 2030 og fuld uafhængighed af fossile brændsler i 2050, i forhold til mål året 1990. For at denne omstilling skal finde sted er fokus på samspil mellem den energiproduktion og forbrug essentielt. Denne specialerapport vil bidrage med løsninger til drivhusgasreduktion og samspil mellem energiproduktionen og forbruget. Dette sker ved at analysere på de vigtigste produktionsteknologier og rammerne for disse i et regulerings og planlægningsperspektiv. Dertil hvordan de teknologivalg, regulering og planlægning på forbrugssiden, hvor elektrificering af personbil-transporten og varmesektoren er i fokus, skal udmøntes. I konklusionen vurderes en række løsningsforslag til hvordan fremtidens energisystem skal designes ud fra teknologivalg, regulering og planlægning så systemkrav for fleksibilitet, robusthed og forsyningssikkerhed langsigtet understøttes frem mod i perioden 2020-2050.

The current focus on woody biomass in the European energy sector demands an urgent review of the present standards and procedures regarding the production of woody biomass. The key concepts driving woody biomass forward, as a promi-nent green energy source, are carbon neutrality and renewable energy. This pro-ject investigates the claimed upsides of woody biomass and determines whether this can be labeled sustainable. In order to assess the sustainability of woody bi-omass we develop a series of principles that aims to ensure a sustainable devel-opment within the field. Said principles are formulated through the Precaution-ary Principle as presented in the report Late lessons from early warnings pub-lished by the European Environmental Agency in 2001 and revised in 2013. This report concludes that woody biomass can be labeled as a sustainable energy source as long as the principles and criteria presented in this report are met.

We can not reduce our CO2 emissions in Denmark without the help from bioenergy. The challenge lies in finding alternative forms of energy, and not only in the development of technology, but also how we must make a balance between food, energy and the environment. A bioenergy source that we, don’t use, are the production of algae for biodiesel. Algae’s is in contrast to crops, not a competitor for food, and would not make the food prices go up. At the same time, are the cultering of algae, CO2-Neutral There are few photobioreactors, which is suitable for the production of algae bioenergy for today, but they face serious problems when scaled up. The main problems with the reactors are the gas exchange, light, light / dark zones and temperature. These problems reflect a lack of understanding of the algae as a biological creature. These problems are discussed here. If Denmark should cover the entire transport consumption, we have calculated, it would require an area of 29 percent of Denmark's total area, with a production over three months. At this stage it would not be worthwhile to start an algae production, in order to cover transportation consumption. Not even a little piece of it.

Rapporten søger igennem undersøger om hvor stor den potentielle udvinding af metan og plantenærringstoffer er fra KOD fra Hovedstads Regionen, at kunne sætte ord på værdien af KOD i sammenhæng med biogasanlæg. Undersøgelserne er foretaget ved målinger på pulp, og estimater fra andre rapporter for årlige produktioner.Vi har undersøgt metan potentialet i KOD ved brug af forsøgsopstillingen AMPTS II. Plan-tenærringstof indholdet har vi fået målt hos OK Labs. Disse værdier har sammen med esti-mater for den årlige KOD produktion i regionen og estimater for tørstof indholdet i KOD brugt til at estimere den potentielle årlige udvinding af metan og plantenærringstoffer. The repot seeks to investigate the potential for production of methane and plant nutrition from organic household garbage from Hovedstads Regionen. The investigation has been done by lab measurements on the organic garbage and estimates of the yearly production.We have measured the methane potential by use of the AMPTS II test kit. Plant nutrition have been measured by OK Labs. These values combined with estimates for the yearly pro-duction and estimates for the dry matter content in the garbage have been used to estimate the potential yearly production of methane and plant nutrition from the organic household garbage.