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Исследование ландшафтов всегда было традиционным научным направлением географии. В России подобная направленность исследований остаётся актуальной, несмотря на то, что термины «геоэкология» и «ландшафтная экология» сегодня более распространены в англоязычном научном сообществе. Наш краткий обзор показывает значительное ускорение антропогенных ландшафтных изменений в Европе, Центральной Азии и азиатской части России за последние пять десятилетий. Ландшафтные исследования в антропоцене должны быть направлены на достижение и сохранение устойчивости ландшафта при его высокой производительности, что включает в себя прекращение деградации ландшафтов, развитие культурных и сохранение природных ландшафтов. Чистая вода и чистый воздух, плодородные и здоровые почвы для производства продуктов питания и других экосистемных услуг, а также биологически разнообразная зеленая среда являются атрибутами ландшафтов, обеспечивающих выживание и благополучие населения. Дисциплинарные и междисциплинарные исследования должны генерировать знания, инновации и правила принятия действенных решений. Генерация знаний в глобализованном мире основана на сборе больших массивов данных и моделировании сценариев. Международные длительные полевые опыты и системы агроэкологического мониторинга будут предоставлять данные для экосистемных моделей и систем поддержки принимаемых решений. Landscape research has been a traditional scientific discipline of geography. This is still the case in Russia, whilst the terms geo-ecology and landscape ecology have become established in the English speaking scientific community. Our short review reveals huge and accelerating anthropogenic landscape transformations in Europe, Central Asia and Asian Russia since the end the 1960s. Landscape research in the Anthropocene has to focus on achieving landscape sustainability at high productivity. This includes halting landscape degradation, developing cultural landscapes, and maintaining semi-natural landscapes. Clean water and air, fertile and healthy soils for food and other ecosystem services and a green and bio-diverse environment are attributes of landscapes for the survival and well-being of humans. Research has to generate knowledge, innovations and decision rules by disciplinary, interdisciplinary and trans-disciplinary work. Knowledge generation in a globalized world is based on big data gathering and scenario modelling. International long-term experiments and agri-environmental monitoring systems will deliver data for ecosystem models and decision support systems.

Oligotrophic catchments with short spatey streams, upland lakes and peaty soils characterise northwest European Atlantic coastal regions. These catchments are important biodiversity refuges, particularly for sensitive diadromous fish populations but are subject to changes in land use and land management practices associated with afforestation, agriculture and rural development. Quantification of the degree of catchment degradation resulting from such anthropogenic impacts is often limited by a lack of long-term baseline data in what are generally relatively isolated, poorly studied catchments. This research uses a combination of palaeolimnological (radiometrically-dated variations in sedimentary geochemical elements, pollen, diatoms and remains of cladocera), census, and instrumental data, along with hindcast estimates to quantify environmental changes and their aquatic impacts since the late 19th century. The most likely drivers of any change are also identified. Results confirm an aquatic biotic response (phyto- and zooplankton) to soil erosion and nutrient enrichment associated with the onset of commercial conifer afforestation, effects that were subsequently enhanced as a result of increased overgrazing in the catchment and, possibly, climate warming. The implications for the health of aquatic resources in the catchment are discussed Environmental Protection Agency in Ireland (ILLUMINATE 2005-W-MS-40, P.McGinnity was supported by the Beaufort Marine Research Award in Fish Population Genetics funded by the Irish Government under the Sea Change Programme.

Root-surface phosphatase activities were measured in natural and semi-natural shrublands across an European climatic gradient of temperature and rainfall including Wales (WL), Denmark (DK), Netherlands (NL), Hungary (HU), Italy (IT) and Spain (SP). In each site a warming experiment was conducted since 1999 or 2001 by means of passive night-time warming using reflective curtains that covered the vegetation at night. The treatments increased yearly average soil temperatures around 0.8 o C in most of sites. Root-surface phosphatase activity values ranged between 56 mg PNP g -1 h -1 in IT and 3.5 mg PNP g -1 h -1 in HU. Warming had no effect on root-surface phosphatase acti vity across the sites and only in Hungary a slight increase was detected. Plants at Mediterranean sites (IT, SP) showed a higher root-surface phosphatase activity than plants at temperate sites (WL, NL, DK). We suggest it might be an adaptation of plant species evolved under Mediterranean climate that allows them a) to compensate in wet period for the decrease in phosphatase activity, and thus P uptake, during drought periods, and/or b) to benefit from soluble organic P flushes following the frequent drying-rewetting episodes experienced by soils in Mediterranean ecosystems This research was funded by EU under the VULCAN project (Contract EVK2-CT-2000-00094). We also thank partial funding by Spanish Government grants REN2003-04871/GLO and CGL2004- 01402/BOS, Catalan government grant SGR2005-00312, the EC Integrated FP6 ALARM (GOCE-CT-2003-506675) Project, and a Fundación BBVA 2004 grant. Marc Estiarte acknowledges support from “Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia” (Ramón y Cajal contract) 5 páginas, 1 figura, 1 tabla. Peer reviewed

Large dams vary considerably in their adverse climate impact. From a climate standpoint, there are good dams and bad dams. While some large dams are relatively benign, others ap- pear to release substantial amount of greenhouse gases (GHGs) to the atmosphere. The pres- ence of hydropower dams in the exclusive club of green energy sources must hence be taken up to consideration. The severity of the climate impacts from a hydroelectric project seems to be largely determined by the dam site. While dams at good sites can be very defensible from a climate standpoint, those proposed at bad sites can inherently be highly problematic. This paper provides a simple, yet robust, methodology for comparing proposed hydroelectric project sites in terms of their negative climate impacts. This was done through a thorough literature study, with offset in the UN concept of Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF). The concept is defined by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) as a “gas inventory sector that covers emissions and removals of greenhouse gases resulting from direct human-induced land use, land-use change and forestry activities”. The findings of the literature study provided the foundation to discuss which variables contribut- ed the most to changes in greenhouse gas budgets for hydroelectric energy production, and in combination with a 2 month fieldtrip to Cambodia, these findings also facilitated a calcula- tion of the approximate cumulative greenhouse impact of the proposed Sambor Hydropower Dam Reservoir in Cambodia. The fieldtrip additionally complimented the study by drawing attention to how local factors can play a significant role in GHG budgets. The variables, which seemed to affect the GWP of hydropower dams the most, appeared to be the total flooded area (including indirectly implicated lands) and the depth of the reservoir. Addition- ally there seems to be a tendency where land-use changes are more significant in the tropical region than elsewhere, and hence that hydropower development in the warmer climates bears with it a much higher degree of risk, with regard to their climate impact - if appropriate considerations are not carefully planned for. With reservation to the many uncertainties coupled with these kinds of budgets, the total re- lease of GHGs in carbon dioxide equivalents from the proposed Sambor Dam reservoir was estimated to be between 153.17 and 204.41 Mt over a 100 year timeframe, or to have a CO2 to energy ratio of 205 to 274 tCO2 pr. GWh, which is substantially higher than other alternative energy solutions, but, also, substantially lower than thermal alternatives.

The need for adaptation to climate change impacts have led to an increased focus on strategic adaptation targeted at community level, which has become one of the new drivers for change within the developing sector. Although community-based adaptation approaches have become popular there is, however, a lack of empirical based research showing the effectiveness of such adaptation measures. Critiques have been raised that strategic adaptation interventions, tends to give priority to technical-, skills- and asset based solutions. Thereby they do not adequately address the underlying societal structures which makes it difficult for the most vulnerable groups to build the adaptive capacity needed in order to adapt. Through a case study in two rural villages in Nepal, this study investigates the reasons why some households have difficulties in making use of the adaptation measures provided through strategic interventions while others, who are equally exposed, have used the same measures to effectively decrease their vulnerability. By operationalization of a theoretical model which captures respectively the societal and the environmental aspects of vulnerability, and empirical findings based on 43 qualitative interviews, we can conclude that increased availability of tangible and intangible resources is vital for adaptation among the households. The availability of such resources does, however, not alone enable all households to adapt. The case study shows that even though all the investigated households wish to improve their farming, only some have created a higher absorbing capacity by introducing commercial scale vegetable production in a season where the lands traditionally used to be kept barren. Information, knowledge and especially well-functioning relations are the main aspects, which divide those households that have adapted from those which have not. The reasons behind is that some households have not been able to build relations and seek farming related knowledge from those households, which have already adapted, or from training venues. The barriers are mainly due to ethnic marginalization and local inequality in power-sharing, which have not been targeted by the strategic interventions. We conclude that community-based adaptation strategies must give a higher priority to breaking down these barriers in order to support the social processes which make the most vulnerable groups capable of utilising tangible and intangible resources to adapt to climate change and improve their living conditions.

The CLEWS analysis in the Philippines identifies the current energy mix, fossil fuel dependency, renewable energy potential, land use implications, environmental impact, and provides policy recommendations for achieving sustainable energy goals.

Climate change is expected to have an impact on pest management in different agroecosystems. pest management strategies in these agroecosystems may need to be adjusted in responses to long term changes in pest populations. the whitefly bemisia tabaci (gennadius) (hemiptera: aleyrodidae) is an important pest on a global scale because of its voracious feeding and its role in transmission of numerous plant viruses in many agroecosystems. a field study was conducted to help elucidate the impact of climate change on populations of whiteflies in vegetable agroecosystems in egypt. mild winter temperatures allow whiteflies to live year-round in these agroecosystems. predictions of populations of b. tabaci were done for agroecosystems in three egyptian governorates (dakahlia, damietta, and sohag). the sohag site was in the nile valley (about 520 km south of cairo). the other two sites (dakahlia and damietta) were in the nile river delta (about 110 km and 155 km north of cairo, respectively). historical seasonal patterns as well as long-term values (for the years 2041 and 2070) of populations of whiteflies were estimated. the results based on our analysis of the temperature and whitefly population patterns spanning an excess of three decades (from 1980 to 2013) support that the temperature continued to rise, and the whitefly population continued to increase among years in each agroecosystem. results from this research will help agricultural stakeholders in understanding the impact of changing environments on populations of whiteflies.