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[ES] La humanidad se encuentra ante el desafío de abordar tanto la crisis climática como la energética, los cuales son problemas significativos a nivel global. El modelo de abastecimiento de energía eléctrica actual consiste en un modelo centralizado, donde las centrales nucleares, térmicas mediante combustibles fósiles, etc. Producen potencia la cual es enviada a los centros de transformación y red de distribución que posteriormente enviará la potencia eléctrica a los consumidores. Las comunidades energéticas son una forma de distribución de energía descentralizada donde un grupo de personas o empresas pueden colaborar conjuntamente para producir, distribuir, almacenar y consumir energía mediante energías renovables. Entonces, el objetivo de este trabajo, por una parte, es desarrollar una plataforma para visualizar el funcionamiento de una comunidad energética mediante el programa SCADA. Por otra parte, estudiar y emular el funcionamiento de dicha comunidad mediante bancos de ensayo que simulan la operación de dos instalaciones fotovoltaicas de 1500 W y dos instalaciones eólicas de 800 W. Así como cuatro consumidores, simulados mediante resistencias variables. Además, para que los ensayos sean lo más realistas posibles, se toman los datos meteorológicos de dos estaciones situadas en el techo de la ICAM (Lille) y Lambersart a dos kilómetros de distancia. Una vez finalizados estos objetivos, se dimensionará una instalación fotovoltaica en el techo de la ICAM mediante baterías que pueda cumplir con las necesidades de dicha universidad y suponga un actor para una comunidad energética en dicho barrio. [EN] Humanity faces the challenge of addressing both the climate and energy crisis, which are significant global problems. The current model of electricity supply consists of a centralized system, where nuclear power plants, fossil fuel thermal plants, etc., generate power that is sent to transformation centers and distribution networks, which then deliver electric power to consumers. Energy communities are a form of decentralized energy distribution, where a group of individuals or companies collaborate to collectively produce, distribute, store, and consume energy using renewable sources. Therefore, the objective of this work is twofold. Firstly, to develop a platform to visualize the operation of an energy community using the SCADA program. Secondly, to study and emulate the functioning of such a community using test benches that simulate the operation of two 1500 W photovoltaic installations and two 800 W wind installations, as well as four consumers simulated by variable resistors. Additionally, to make the tests as realistic as possible, meteorological data from two weather stations located on the roof of ICAM (Lille) and Lambersart, two kilometers apart, are taken into account. Once these objectives are achieved, a photovoltaic installation with batteries will be dimensioned on the roof of ICAM to meet the university's needs and act as a player within an energy community in that neighborhood.

[ES] La humanidad se encuentra ante el desafío de abordar tanto la crisis climática como la energética, los cuales son problemas significativos a nivel global. El modelo de abastecimiento de energía eléctrica actual consiste en un modelo centralizado, donde las centrales nucleares, térmicas mediante combustibles fósiles, etc. Producen potencia la cual es enviada a los centros de transformación y red de distribución que posteriormente enviará la potencia eléctrica a los consumidores. Las comunidades energéticas son una forma de distribución de energía descentralizada donde un grupo de personas o empresas pueden colaborar conjuntamente para producir, distribuir, almacenar y consumir energía mediante energías renovables. Entonces, el objetivo de este trabajo, por una parte, es desarrollar una plataforma para visualizar el funcionamiento de una comunidad energética mediante el programa SCADA. Por otra parte, estudiar y emular el funcionamiento de dicha comunidad mediante bancos de ensayo que simulan la operación de dos instalaciones fotovoltaicas de 1500 W y dos instalaciones eólicas de 800 W. Así como cuatro consumidores, simulados mediante resistencias variables. Además, para que los ensayos sean lo más realistas posibles, se toman los datos meteorológicos de dos estaciones situadas en el techo de la ICAM (Lille) y Lambersart a dos kilómetros de distancia. Una vez finalizados estos objetivos, se dimensionará una instalación fotovoltaica en el techo de la ICAM mediante baterías que pueda cumplir con las necesidades de dicha universidad y suponga un actor para una comunidad energética en dicho barrio. [EN] Humanity faces the challenge of addressing both the climate and energy crisis, which are significant global problems. The current model of electricity supply consists of a centralized system, where nuclear power plants, fossil fuel thermal plants, etc., generate power that is sent to transformation centers and distribution networks, which then deliver electric power to consumers. Energy communities are a form of decentralized energy distribution, where a group of individuals or companies collaborate to collectively produce, distribute, store, and consume energy using renewable sources. Therefore, the objective of this work is twofold. Firstly, to develop a platform to visualize the operation of an energy community using the SCADA program. Secondly, to study and emulate the functioning of such a community using test benches that simulate the operation of two 1500 W photovoltaic installations and two 800 W wind installations, as well as four consumers simulated by variable resistors. Additionally, to make the tests as realistic as possible, meteorological data from two weather stations located on the roof of ICAM (Lille) and Lambersart, two kilometers apart, are taken into account. Once these objectives are achieved, a photovoltaic installation with batteries will be dimensioned on the roof of ICAM to meet the university's needs and act as a player within an energy community in that neighborhood.

Protected areas remain a cornerstone of global conservation efforts. The double impacts of climate change and biodiversity loss are major threats to achieving the Millennium Development Goals, especially those relating to environmental sustainability, poverty alleviation and food and water security. The growing awareness of the planet’s vulnerability to human driven changes also provides an opportunity to re-emphasize the multiple values of natural ecosystems and the services that they provide. Protected areas, when integrated into landuse plans as part of larger and connected conservation networks, offer practical, tangible solutions to the problems of both species loss and adaptation to climate change. Natural habitats make a significant contribution to mitigation by storing and sequestering carbon in vegetation and soils, and to adaptation by maintaining essential ecosystem services which help societies to respond to, and cope with, climate change and other environmental challenges. Many protected areas could be justified on socioeconomic grounds alone yet their multiple goods and services are largely unrecognized in national accounting. This paper argues that there is a convincing case for greater investment in expanded and better- connected protected area systems, under a range of governance and management regimes that are specifically designed to counter the threats of climate change, increased demand and altered patterns of resource use. The new agenda for protected areas requires greater inclusivity of a broader spectrum of actors and rights holders, with growing attention to landscapes and seascapes protected by indigenous peoples, local communities, private owners and other actors which complement conservation areas managed by state agencies. Greater attention also needs to be focused on ways to integrate and mainstream protected areas into sustainable development, including promotion of “green” infrastructure as a strategic part of responses to climate change.

Protected areas remain a cornerstone of global conservation efforts. The double impacts of climate change and biodiversity loss are major threats to achieving the Millennium Development Goals, especially those relating to environmental sustainability, poverty alleviation and food and water security. The growing awareness of the planet’s vulnerability to human driven changes also provides an opportunity to re-emphasize the multiple values of natural ecosystems and the services that they provide. Protected areas, when integrated into landuse plans as part of larger and connected conservation networks, offer practical, tangible solutions to the problems of both species loss and adaptation to climate change. Natural habitats make a significant contribution to mitigation by storing and sequestering carbon in vegetation and soils, and to adaptation by maintaining essential ecosystem services which help societies to respond to, and cope with, climate change and other environmental challenges. Many protected areas could be justified on socioeconomic grounds alone yet their multiple goods and services are largely unrecognized in national accounting. This paper argues that there is a convincing case for greater investment in expanded and better- connected protected area systems, under a range of governance and management regimes that are specifically designed to counter the threats of climate change, increased demand and altered patterns of resource use. The new agenda for protected areas requires greater inclusivity of a broader spectrum of actors and rights holders, with growing attention to landscapes and seascapes protected by indigenous peoples, local communities, private owners and other actors which complement conservation areas managed by state agencies. Greater attention also needs to be focused on ways to integrate and mainstream protected areas into sustainable development, including promotion of “green” infrastructure as a strategic part of responses to climate change.

This blogpost is a personal retrospective on the participation at the « Deuxième Symposium International de l’AGT : « Territoires, Changements globaux et Développement Durable», 12-17 novembre 2018, Hammamet –Tunisie » and furthermore a reflection on the authors research experience in Tunisia.

This blogpost is a personal retrospective on the participation at the « Deuxième Symposium International de l’AGT : « Territoires, Changements globaux et Développement Durable», 12-17 novembre 2018, Hammamet –Tunisie » and furthermore a reflection on the authors research experience in Tunisia.

La question de la transition énergétique se situe aujourd’hui en haut de l’agenda politique. L’objectif de cette thèse est de s’interroger sur l’émergence d’un nouveau modèle électrique, de déterminer quelles sont ses caractéristiques et s’il représente une alternative au modèle centralisé. En combinant trois perspectives d’analyse – institutionnelle, technologique et territoriale –, elle démontre que ce modèle centralisé a vécu. Un faisceau de changements a transformé en profondeur le système électrique dans sa matérialité et son organisation : libéralisation, production distribuée, décentralisation politique, etc. La nouvelle configuration qui s’élabore est hybride. Elle est le résultat de tensions entre d’un côté des innovations porteuses de changements sociotechniques importants et de l’autre des mécanismes de centralisation politico-administrative et de concentration technico-économique.L’État a perdu son hégémonie mais pas sa centralité, alors même que le secteur s’est diversifié (acteurs, technologies) et que l’électricité se diffuse dans toute la société (accession à la production, processus législatif, etc.). Ni la montée en compétence contrariée de l’UE, ni la libéralisation, ni l’émergence des collectivités n’ont totalement remis en cause sa capacité à se positionner au centre de la régulation du secteur. Son action est tout à la fois sélective (désengagement de l’opérationnel), intégratrice (EnR, collectivités), diffuse (financement, R&D, législation, etc.) et parfois interventionniste (actionnariat, tarification, réseaux de transport et de distribution, etc.). Dans un contexte libéral, l’État s’adapte par une réforme pragmatique de son action et par l’intégration contrôlée des alternatives. Ce « libéralisme apprivoisé » correspond à une territorialisation de la politique publique de l’énergie à l’intérieur de laquelle les collectivités s’imposent selon une logique à la fois ascendante et descendante.Celles-ci sont en train, d’une part, principalement autour des EPCI et des conseils régionaux, de s’imposer comme des partenaires obligés de l’État dans la mise en œuvre et la gestion d’une pluralité de processus et de dispositifs techniques infranationaux. D’autre part, elles souhaitent s’affirmer dans ce secteur et disposent pour cela de leviers opérationnels (concession, planification, soutien aux EnR, information, etc.). Cette appropriation reste encore aujourd’hui partielle et inégale mais représente une tendance forte qui fait du local le nouvel horizon du secteur, y compris pour l’État qui adapte son organisation administrative autour de l’échelle régionale. Un processus d’autonomisation des collectivités, de nature juridique, est donc à l’œuvre, organisé par l’État et relevant d’une libre administration énergétique qui ne peut être réduite au développement d’une capacité de production d’énergie. Les nouvelles délimitations issues de cette autonomisation aboutissent à un agencement de territoires institutionnels qui ne remettent pas fondamentalement en question l’échelle nationale et le rôle de l’État.Cette configuration hybride dépend des modalités de développement de la production soumis à des mécanismes de concentration technico-économiques propres à l’industrie de réseau électrique, à son contexte, ainsi qu’aux logiques spatiales et territoriales dépendants de paramètres infrastructurels. C’est ce que démontre le déploiement contre-intuitif de la production distribuée qui s’effectue sous une forme mixte centralisée/décentralisée, résultat de l’interaction entre des formes de contrôle et des conditions sociotechniques spécifiques (spatialisation, logiques d’échelle, concentration des acteurs, etc.).La configuration qui émerge combine des éléments de rupture/décentralisation et de continuité/centralisation. Compte tenu de l’importance des évolutions à venir – NTIC, stockage –, celle-ci ne représente cependant probablement qu’une étape d’un long cheminement vers un nouveau modèle énergétique Energy transition finds itself high on the political agenda, with electricity occupying its own specific place. The aim of this thesis is to reflect on the emergence of a new electricity model, and to determine its features and whether it offers an alternative to the centralised model. Using three perspectives for analysis – institutional, technological and regional – this thesis demonstrate that this model has had its day. An accumulation of changes has transformed the electricity system, both materially and in relation to its organisation: liberalisation, rise of distributed generation, political decentralisation, and so on. The new configuration currently under production is the result of contradictory socio-technical pressures; these are creating a hybrid system between a general trend towards decentralisation on one side and mechanisms for political-administrative centralisation and technico-economic concentration on the other.The state has lost its monopoly but not its central position, even though the sector has diversified in terms of actors and technologies and become more open to society (access to production, legislative process, etc.). Neither the frustrated progression of EU operations, liberalisation, nor the greater presence of local authorities has thus far been able to entirely undermine the state's ability to position itself at the centre of operational control of the sector. It acts in different ways: withdrawal from operational matters, integration of renewables, finance, R&D, legislation, etc. On occasions it is also interventionist (shareholders, price structures, networks, etc.). In a liberal climate, the state is adapting by undertaking pragmatic reform of its activities and controlling the integration of socio-technical alternatives. This adaptation equates to a greater role for the regional authorities in public energy policy, as local areas continue to gain in importance. These regions and areas are currently defining themselves as indispensable partners of the state – largely on the basis of the bodies for intercommunal cooperation and the regional councils – for the management and implementation of a multitude of processes and technical measures at sub-national level. In parallel, they wish to assert their importance in the sector and can make use of their levers for operational control (planning, support for renewables, etc.) Today, they have still only appropriated the terrain partially and unevenly, but this strong trend means that local is the sector's new horizon, including for the state, which is adapting the organisation of its administration around the regions. And so a process, which is legal in nature and organised by the state is at work, whereby the administrations gain in autonomy to form an unhindered energy administration which cannot be reduced to a capacity to produce energy. The new boundary lines resulting from this growing autonomy are ultimately drawing up institutional territories which pose no challenge to the national scale or the role of the state.This hybrid character arises from technico-economic concentration mechanisms which are specific to the electricity network industry and its context and from rationales concerning space and territories which are connected to infrastructural factors. They result in particular from the counterintuitive deployment of distributed generation carried out in a mixed centralised/decentralised manner, highlighting the interaction between forms of control and socio-technical conditions (spatialisation conditions, concentration of actors, etc).With regard to regulation, the configuration currently emerging presents a balance between shortage/decentralisation and continuity/centralisation. Account taken of developments to come in the areas of storage and new information and communication technologies, it is nevertheless probable that this configuration will only be a long progression towards a new energy model

La question de la transition énergétique se situe aujourd’hui en haut de l’agenda politique. L’objectif de cette thèse est de s’interroger sur l’émergence d’un nouveau modèle électrique, de déterminer quelles sont ses caractéristiques et s’il représente une alternative au modèle centralisé. En combinant trois perspectives d’analyse – institutionnelle, technologique et territoriale –, elle démontre que ce modèle centralisé a vécu. Un faisceau de changements a transformé en profondeur le système électrique dans sa matérialité et son organisation : libéralisation, production distribuée, décentralisation politique, etc. La nouvelle configuration qui s’élabore est hybride. Elle est le résultat de tensions entre d’un côté des innovations porteuses de changements sociotechniques importants et de l’autre des mécanismes de centralisation politico-administrative et de concentration technico-économique.L’État a perdu son hégémonie mais pas sa centralité, alors même que le secteur s’est diversifié (acteurs, technologies) et que l’électricité se diffuse dans toute la société (accession à la production, processus législatif, etc.). Ni la montée en compétence contrariée de l’UE, ni la libéralisation, ni l’émergence des collectivités n’ont totalement remis en cause sa capacité à se positionner au centre de la régulation du secteur. Son action est tout à la fois sélective (désengagement de l’opérationnel), intégratrice (EnR, collectivités), diffuse (financement, R&D, législation, etc.) et parfois interventionniste (actionnariat, tarification, réseaux de transport et de distribution, etc.). Dans un contexte libéral, l’État s’adapte par une réforme pragmatique de son action et par l’intégration contrôlée des alternatives. Ce « libéralisme apprivoisé » correspond à une territorialisation de la politique publique de l’énergie à l’intérieur de laquelle les collectivités s’imposent selon une logique à la fois ascendante et descendante.Celles-ci sont en train, d’une part, principalement autour des EPCI et des conseils régionaux, de s’imposer comme des partenaires obligés de l’État dans la mise en œuvre et la gestion d’une pluralité de processus et de dispositifs techniques infranationaux. D’autre part, elles souhaitent s’affirmer dans ce secteur et disposent pour cela de leviers opérationnels (concession, planification, soutien aux EnR, information, etc.). Cette appropriation reste encore aujourd’hui partielle et inégale mais représente une tendance forte qui fait du local le nouvel horizon du secteur, y compris pour l’État qui adapte son organisation administrative autour de l’échelle régionale. Un processus d’autonomisation des collectivités, de nature juridique, est donc à l’œuvre, organisé par l’État et relevant d’une libre administration énergétique qui ne peut être réduite au développement d’une capacité de production d’énergie. Les nouvelles délimitations issues de cette autonomisation aboutissent à un agencement de territoires institutionnels qui ne remettent pas fondamentalement en question l’échelle nationale et le rôle de l’État.Cette configuration hybride dépend des modalités de développement de la production soumis à des mécanismes de concentration technico-économiques propres à l’industrie de réseau électrique, à son contexte, ainsi qu’aux logiques spatiales et territoriales dépendants de paramètres infrastructurels. C’est ce que démontre le déploiement contre-intuitif de la production distribuée qui s’effectue sous une forme mixte centralisée/décentralisée, résultat de l’interaction entre des formes de contrôle et des conditions sociotechniques spécifiques (spatialisation, logiques d’échelle, concentration des acteurs, etc.).La configuration qui émerge combine des éléments de rupture/décentralisation et de continuité/centralisation. Compte tenu de l’importance des évolutions à venir – NTIC, stockage –, celle-ci ne représente cependant probablement qu’une étape d’un long cheminement vers un nouveau modèle énergétique Energy transition finds itself high on the political agenda, with electricity occupying its own specific place. The aim of this thesis is to reflect on the emergence of a new electricity model, and to determine its features and whether it offers an alternative to the centralised model. Using three perspectives for analysis – institutional, technological and regional – this thesis demonstrate that this model has had its day. An accumulation of changes has transformed the electricity system, both materially and in relation to its organisation: liberalisation, rise of distributed generation, political decentralisation, and so on. The new configuration currently under production is the result of contradictory socio-technical pressures; these are creating a hybrid system between a general trend towards decentralisation on one side and mechanisms for political-administrative centralisation and technico-economic concentration on the other.The state has lost its monopoly but not its central position, even though the sector has diversified in terms of actors and technologies and become more open to society (access to production, legislative process, etc.). Neither the frustrated progression of EU operations, liberalisation, nor the greater presence of local authorities has thus far been able to entirely undermine the state's ability to position itself at the centre of operational control of the sector. It acts in different ways: withdrawal from operational matters, integration of renewables, finance, R&D, legislation, etc. On occasions it is also interventionist (shareholders, price structures, networks, etc.). In a liberal climate, the state is adapting by undertaking pragmatic reform of its activities and controlling the integration of socio-technical alternatives. This adaptation equates to a greater role for the regional authorities in public energy policy, as local areas continue to gain in importance. These regions and areas are currently defining themselves as indispensable partners of the state – largely on the basis of the bodies for intercommunal cooperation and the regional councils – for the management and implementation of a multitude of processes and technical measures at sub-national level. In parallel, they wish to assert their importance in the sector and can make use of their levers for operational control (planning, support for renewables, etc.) Today, they have still only appropriated the terrain partially and unevenly, but this strong trend means that local is the sector's new horizon, including for the state, which is adapting the organisation of its administration around the regions. And so a process, which is legal in nature and organised by the state is at work, whereby the administrations gain in autonomy to form an unhindered energy administration which cannot be reduced to a capacity to produce energy. The new boundary lines resulting from this growing autonomy are ultimately drawing up institutional territories which pose no challenge to the national scale or the role of the state.This hybrid character arises from technico-economic concentration mechanisms which are specific to the electricity network industry and its context and from rationales concerning space and territories which are connected to infrastructural factors. They result in particular from the counterintuitive deployment of distributed generation carried out in a mixed centralised/decentralised manner, highlighting the interaction between forms of control and socio-technical conditions (spatialisation conditions, concentration of actors, etc).With regard to regulation, the configuration currently emerging presents a balance between shortage/decentralisation and continuity/centralisation. Account taken of developments to come in the areas of storage and new information and communication technologies, it is nevertheless probable that this configuration will only be a long progression towards a new energy model