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To show that alcohol intoxication may be underdiagnosed in childhood, we describe four patients in whom it was not suspected until blood alcohol concentrations were measured as part of a toxicology screen.

ABSTRACTThe multi‐field coupling relationship and temperature evolution mechanism of gas‐containing coal in areas affected by geological structures were investigated, focusing specifically on the engineering aspects of a reverse fault in the No. 3 coal seam at the Xinjing Coal Mine. An analysis was conducted to examine the thermal‐fluid‐solid coupling behavior of gas‐containing coal. A thermal‐fluid‐solid coupling model for gas‐containing coal, accounting for the effects of damage, was developed to simulate the incubation process of coal and gas outbursts within the fault zone during the advancement of the working face. The study has indicated that faults not only degrade the mechanical properties of the surrounding coal‐rock mass, but also disrupt the continuity of coal seam stress. Gas tends to accumulate near fault zones, resulting in differences in the gas pressure and content on either side of the fault, thereby substantially increasing the likelihood of coal and gas outbursts. The primary factors influencing temperature variations include deformation energy, energy from gas expansion, thermal convection, thermal conduction, and the thermal effects associated with adsorption and desorption. Among these factors, the endothermic effect associated with adsorption and desorption significantly influences the temperature fluctuations in coal. The results of this study provide a theoretical foundation for exploring the mechanisms underlying coal and gas outbursts, improving the interdisciplinary coupling theory for coal and gas systems and employing temperature metrics to predict such outbursts.

Unless humanity achieves United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030 and restores the relatively stable climate of pre-industrial CO2 levels (as early as 2140), species extinctions, starvation, drought/floods, and violence will exacerbate mass migrations. This paper presents conceptual designs and techno-economic analyses to calculate sustainable limits for growing high-protein seafood and macroalgae-for-biofuel. We review the availability of wet solid waste and outline the mass balance of carbon and plant nutrients passing through a hydrothermal liquefaction process. The paper reviews the availability of dry solid waste and dry biomass for bioenergy with CO2 capture and storage (BECCS) while generating Allam Cycle electricity. Sufficient wet-waste biomass supports quickly building hydrothermal liquefaction facilities. Macroalgae-for-biofuel technology can be developed and straightforwardly implemented on SDG-achieving high protein seafood infrastructure. The analyses indicate a potential for (1) 0.5 billion tonnes/yr of seafood; (2) 20 million barrels/day of biofuel from solid waste; (3) more biocrude oil from macroalgae than current fossil oil; and (4) sequestration of 28 to 38 billion tonnes/yr of bio-CO2. Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) costs are between 25–33% of those for BECCS with pre-2019 technology or the projected cost of air-capture CDR.

United States Energy Foundation project [G-1111-15134]; Ministry of Education, Philosophy and Social Planning project [12YJAZH056]; China Postdoctoral Science Foundation [20090460202]; National Natural Science Foundation of China [710201139]; Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities [2010221040]; National Bureau of Statistics Funds from China [2011LD002]

AbstractAccurate estimation of tree biomass is necessary to provide realistic values of the carbon stored in the terrestrial biosphere. A recognized source of errors in tree aboveground biomass (AGB) estimation is introduced when individual tree height values (H) are not directly measured but estimated from diameter at breast height (DBH) using allometric equations. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of 12 alternative DBH : H equations and compare their effects on AGB estimation for three tropical forests that occur in contrasting climatic and altitudinal zones. We found that fitting a three‐parameter Weibull function using data collected locally generated the lowest errors and bias in H estimation, and that equations fitted to these data were more accurate than equations with parameters derived from the literature. For computing AGB, the introduced error values differed notably among DBH : H allometric equations, and in most cases showed a clear bias that resulted in either over‐ or under‐estimation of AGB. Fitting the three‐parameter Weibull function minimized errors in AGB estimates in our study and we recommend its widespread adoption for carbon stock estimation. We conclude that many previous studies are likely to present biased estimates of AGB due to the method of H estimation.

The rational design and synthesis of environmental, low-cost and eco-friendly renewable biomass-based carbons are highly desired for the development of high-performance supercapacitors. Herein, a novel amide-enriched synthesis strategy for biomass-based carbon from bayberry core (BC) by in-situ melamine-BC prepolymerization and subsequent NH3 ammonization. The synthesized biomass-based BC carbons were characterized by N2adsorption/desorption, scanning electron microscope, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results showed that the BC carbons by melamine and ammonization co-treatment had both much higher N-doping level (up to 6.43%) and surface area (up to 960 m2 g−1) than the N-free doped carbon. The doped N functional group was mainly dominated by the form of amide-N rather than pyridine-N or quaternary-N. More excitingly, the amide-N content increased with the extension of ammonization time while pyridine-N and quaternary-N went down. The prepared amide-enriched BC carbon via 20 g melamine pre-polymerization and 3 h ammonization treatment delivered an excellent specific capacitance of 259 F g−1, which was 35–72 F g−1 higher than the samples by 1h and 2h NH3 treatment though the latter two had much higher surface area, pyridine and quaternary-N content. The results indicated that the amide-N on the N-doped biomass-based carbon made a great role for enhancing the capacitance, and its promotion to electric double layer capacitance and pseudo-capacitance exceeded that of pyridine and quaternary-N.

Researchers have been driven to investigate sustainable alternatives to cement production, such as geopolymers, due to the impact of global warming and climate change resulting from greenhouse gas emissions. Currently, they are exploring different methods and waste materials to enhance the mechanical and physical properties of geopolymer and expand its application range. This review paper offers a thorough analysis of the utilization of various waste materials in geopolymer manufacturing and shows the creative contribution of this research to the development of environmentally friendly cement substitutes. The article covers the properties, durability, and practical applications of geopolymer composites made from various waste binders. It includes a microstructure and chemical analysis. The research findings indicate that geopolymers are an effective cementitious binder substitute for cement in various applications. Additionally, the ecological and carbon footprint analysis highlights the sustainability of geopolymers compared to cement.