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AbstractSolar fuels offer a promising approach to provide sustainable fuels by harnessing sunlight1,2. Following a decade of advancement, Cu2O photocathodes are capable of delivering a performance comparable to that of photoelectrodes with established photovoltaic materials3–5. However, considerable bulk charge carrier recombination that is poorly understood still limits further advances in performance6. Here we demonstrate performance of Cu2O photocathodes beyond the state-of-the-art by exploiting a new conceptual understanding of carrier recombination and transport in single-crystal Cu2O thin films. Using ambient liquid-phase epitaxy, we present a new method to grow single-crystal Cu2O samples with three crystal orientations. Broadband femtosecond transient reflection spectroscopy measurements were used to quantify anisotropic optoelectronic properties, through which the carrier mobility along the [111] direction was found to be an order of magnitude higher than those along other orientations. Driven by these findings, we developed a polycrystalline Cu2O photocathode with an extraordinarily pure (111) orientation and (111) terminating facets using a simple and low-cost method, which delivers 7 mA cm−2 current density (more than 70% improvement compared to that of state-of-the-art electrodeposited devices) at 0.5 V versus a reversible hydrogen electrode under air mass 1.5 G illumination, and stable operation over at least 120 h.

This paper gives a introduction of a SMES unit using 2G HTS wires. A complete SMES system including both superconducting coils and control circuit has been designed to operate at 77 K. Three single-phase H-bridge converters have been used in the control circuit. A loop control signal is sent out by using 32 fixed point Digital Signal Processor (DSP). The complete circuit has been both modelled in simulation and built experimentally. The results validate that this SMES successfully compensates a voltage sag in a power system.

This is the data set associated with the journal article titled 'A Computationally Efficient Framework for Modelling Energy Consumption of ICE and Electric Vehicles'. The data files are in MATLAB file format. Figure 4 was generated using the vehicle speed profiles of an electric bus (EB) when it operated in London and of the EB's baseline simulation model, and using the state of charge (SOC) profiles of the EB when it operated in London and of the EB's baseline simulation model. Figure 5 was generated using the electricity consumption of the EB's baseline simulation model and of the EB's computationally efficient model for different drive cycles. It shows how the proposed computationally efficient model's electricity consumption compares with that of the baseline model. Figure 6 was generated using the speed profiles of a diesel heavy goods vehicle (HGV) when it operated on-road and of the HGV's baseline simulation model, and using the fuel consumption profiles of the diesel HGV when it operated on-road and of the HGV's baseline simulation model. It also contains the road elevation profile. Figure 7 was generated using the fuel consumption values of the diesel HGV's baseline simulation model and of the HGV's computationally efficient model for different drive cycles. It shows how the proposed computationally efficient model's diesel consumption compares with that of the baseline model. All the files were generated using MATLAB software package from Mathworks.

This paper examines the history of the various actual and proposed interconnectors between New South Wales and Victoria into South Australia. It covers the period from the earliest proposal for a regulated interconnector to the recent Victoria Supreme Court review and the latest ministerial proposals. It finds, inter alia, that the Supreme Court decision is likely to have strengthened, in a beneficial way, the regulatory regime for dealing with merchant interconnectors and the obligations on incumbent transmission companies. It finds that none of the proposals for regulated interconnectors did or would have passed the regulatory tests as formulated in terms of aggregate benefits to all market participants. It finds that neither of the merchant interconnectors (into South Australia and Queensland) are likely to have been profitable. It sees a possible explanation for the construction of regulated interconnectors in terms of the benefits to customers, or in terms of bringing about a single competitive market. Above all, it illustrates the political context in which decisions on interconnectors have been made, and the need to take account of such motivations when comparing the likely effects of regulated interconnectors versus merchant interconnectors

Figures Text.zip file contains original SEM images and graphical images included in the main text of the manuscript. The original SEM images contain original scales and beam conditions at which SEM images were taken. SEM images in the manuscript may have been taken as a whole or a part of the original images wherever apply. Likewise the scale in the manuscript images have been re‐drawn in order to enhance the clarity of the images, but depict true scale as they were in original. Supporting Information.zip contains original SEM images and graphical images included in the supporting information. The original SEM images contain original scales and beam conditions at which SEM images were taken. SEM images in the manuscript may have been taken as a whole or a part of the original images wherever apply. Likewise the scale in the manuscript images have been re‐drawn in order to enhance the clarity of the images, but depict true scale as they were in original. Raw data.xlsx contains data files for the graphs discussed in the main text of the manuscript and the supporting information. ERC [ERC–2014–STG–639526]

Frustration in the energy landscape has been quantified using a number of different metrics. These metrics have been applied to the databases in the subdirectories, which contain information about the energy landscape in the form of minima and transition states. The frustration metrics are coded within The PATHSAMPLE program, available for download at: http://www-wales.ch.cam.ac.uk/PATHSAMPLE/ Documentation can also be found at the same web address. The relevant keywords for the work described in this paper can be found at: http://www-wales.ch.cam.ac.uk/PATHSAMPLE.2.1.doc/node5.html Keywords CV, SHANNON and SHANNONR are described in the documentation. SHANNON and SHANNONR calculate frustration measures for the landscape as a function of temperature. The CV keyword gives a heat capacity calculation and hence allows an estimate of the melting temperature. Each Directory holds the database for the relevant system and input files for the PATHSAMPLE program. The output of the frustration calculation, for SHANNON, is given in Shannon.out. Some databases also contain output for the heat capacity calculation in CV.out. If required the OPTIM program is also available for download at: http://www-wales.ch.cam.ac.uk/OPTIM/ Documentation can also be found at the same web address. The program for drawing disconnectivity graphs, disconnectionDPS, can be found at: http://www-wales.ch.cam.ac.uk/software.html There is also input and output for the disconnectivity graph construction in each directory.

See the README file for a detailed description of the dataset. The data has been collected using a number of techniques. Figure 1 contains data gathered using photoelectron spectroscopy and have been saved in a .vms format. The data has been analysed and processed using CasaXPS and Origin respectively. Figure 2 contains data from photoluminescence and Transient absorbance spectroscopy and have been saved as .asc and .txt files. Figure 3 contains plots that have been gathered via X-ray diffraction and Time-of-flight Secondary Ion Mass spectroscopy techniques (ToF-SIMs). The ToF-SIMs data includes the response from all the species that evolves with ion bombardment but the species of interest are I2- and O2-. Figure 4 contains all the photovoltaic performance data in .txt format which can be opened and plotted using the Matlab script provided. The photovoltaic metrics, PCE, Jsc, VOC and FF have been generated with the Matlab script which can be taken forward for the box plot plotting as shown in Figure 4. Figure 5 is a summary of the PICTs data which has been derived from the raw data in Figure S11. Please see the ReadME files for more details.

Triploidy could prevent escaped farm salmon breeding in the wild, while also improving nutrient quality within farmed fillets. Despite these potential advantages, triploid Atlantic salmon have not been widely used in aquaculture, and their reproductive function has yet to be fully evaluated. Here, we compare reproductive function and fillet composition between triploid and diploid farm salmon under standard aquaculture rearing conditions. We show that female triploids are sterile and do not develop gonads. In contrast, males produce large numbers of motile spermatozoa capable of fertilising wild salmon eggs. However, compared with diploids, reproductive development and survival rates of eggs fertilised by triploid males were significantly reduced, with less than 1% of eggs sired by triploid males reaching late eyed stages of development. Analyses of fillets showed that total lipid and fatty acid quantities were significantly lower in triploid compared to diploid Atlantic salmon fillets. However, when fatty acids were normalized to total lipid content, triploid fillets had significantly higher relative levels of important omega-3 Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. Our results show that: (1) escaped triploid farm salmon are very unlikely to reproduce in the wild; and (2) if able to match diploid fillet lipid content, triploid farm salmon could achieve better fillet quality in terms of essential fatty acids. Comparisons between diploid and triploid Atlantic salmonExcel file containing all the data collected during the investigation into the reproductive maturation of triploid Atlantic salmon, their fatty acid biochemistry and how they compare to diploid conspecifics