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Building materials have played a more and more important role in saving building energy since the central government of China set higher standards and requirements for new-constructed and retrofit buildings after 2005. Glazing units, especially energy-saving units including LOW-E coated glazing units and PVB laminated glass, are utilized nation-wide. This paper employs energy simulation to analyze the energy-saving effects of different glazing units in residential buildings in the city of Guangzhou, as an example of hot-humid climate in China. It appeals that the PVB laminated glass can refuse 44 % solar radiation to enter rooms and reduce 40 % of the shading coefficient comparing to clear glass. Meanwhile, in the aspects of operation and design of the HVAC system, 28 % of cooling load, 21 % of installed capacity and 8.6 % of full-load operation time can be saved.

Building materials have played a more and more important role in saving building energy since the central government of China set higher standards and requirements for new-constructed and retrofit buildings after 2005. Glazing units, especially energy-saving units including LOW-E coated glazing units and PVB laminated glass, are utilized nation-wide. This paper employs energy simulation to analyze the energy-saving effects of different glazing units in residential buildings in the city of Guangzhou, as an example of hot-humid climate in China. It appeals that the PVB laminated glass can refuse 44 % solar radiation to enter rooms and reduce 40 % of the shading coefficient comparing to clear glass. Meanwhile, in the aspects of operation and design of the HVAC system, 28 % of cooling load, 21 % of installed capacity and 8.6 % of full-load operation time can be saved.

With the development of SoC technology in recent years, the ultra-low power WiFi System on SoC Chip has emerged. As a result, WiFi-based Wireless Sensor Networks come into use, especially used in Automatic Meter Reading. While because the nodes of Wireless Sensor Networks have limited energy supply, smaller storage capability and slower calculation ability, the current WiFi technology cannot be directly applied to WiFi-based Wireless Sensor Networks. The protocols should be upgraded and the security algorithms should be improved to meet the new requests. Firstly, this article describes the network architecture of WiFi-based WSN for AMR system and discusses the reason for using this analogous Mesh architecture. Secondly, the new Hardware architecture of WiFi-based WSN node is designed to realize the AMR system and verify the research work. The node can collect the data of power meter by WiFi and can be powered by a Lithium Battery. Thirdly, on the basis of study work of WiFi original routing protocol HWMP, a new method on improving the energy saving ability of HWMP to adapt the new features of WiFi-based WSN is proposed. And the simulation work on the new routing protocol E-HWMP has been done with NS2 and the simulation results show that the life cycle of the network has been extended to some degree.

With the development of SoC technology in recent years, the ultra-low power WiFi System on SoC Chip has emerged. As a result, WiFi-based Wireless Sensor Networks come into use, especially used in Automatic Meter Reading. While because the nodes of Wireless Sensor Networks have limited energy supply, smaller storage capability and slower calculation ability, the current WiFi technology cannot be directly applied to WiFi-based Wireless Sensor Networks. The protocols should be upgraded and the security algorithms should be improved to meet the new requests. Firstly, this article describes the network architecture of WiFi-based WSN for AMR system and discusses the reason for using this analogous Mesh architecture. Secondly, the new Hardware architecture of WiFi-based WSN node is designed to realize the AMR system and verify the research work. The node can collect the data of power meter by WiFi and can be powered by a Lithium Battery. Thirdly, on the basis of study work of WiFi original routing protocol HWMP, a new method on improving the energy saving ability of HWMP to adapt the new features of WiFi-based WSN is proposed. And the simulation work on the new routing protocol E-HWMP has been done with NS2 and the simulation results show that the life cycle of the network has been extended to some degree.

We report on generation mechanisms of dislocations in Si multicrystals during directional solidification. Model crystal growth experiments revealed that grain boundaries can be the source of dislocations, and dislocation density was found to be strongly dependent on grain boundary structures. Finite element analysis of stress in Si multicrystals with various grain boundary structures showed that experimentally observed dislocation density is well correlated with calculated shear stress around the grain boundary. These results suggest that artificial control of grain boundary structures is a promising route to decrease dislocations through reduction of shear stress. 24th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 21-25 September 2009, Hamburg, Germany; 1020-1022

We report on generation mechanisms of dislocations in Si multicrystals during directional solidification. Model crystal growth experiments revealed that grain boundaries can be the source of dislocations, and dislocation density was found to be strongly dependent on grain boundary structures. Finite element analysis of stress in Si multicrystals with various grain boundary structures showed that experimentally observed dislocation density is well correlated with calculated shear stress around the grain boundary. These results suggest that artificial control of grain boundary structures is a promising route to decrease dislocations through reduction of shear stress. 24th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 21-25 September 2009, Hamburg, Germany; 1020-1022

With the introduction of distributed generators (DG), the traditional distribution system characterized by radical network becomes a multi-source one. Therefore the accuracy of the equivalent model of distributed generators directly affects the precision of fault location. To solve this problem, this paper proposed a fault location method based on complex correlation Thevenin equivalent and strong tracking filter (STF) in distribution network with DG. Strong tracking filter (STF) can be used for real-time extraction of fundamental wave phase and amplitude of single phase voltage and current, and fast track the power parameters mutation. The method of complex correlation Thevenin equivalent takes into account the randomness of measurement data, DG impedance and load to overcome measurement error caused by the uncertainty of the data, so that the construction of the DG impedance model is more accurate. Simulation results show that the method of fault location proposed in this paper has advantages of high accuracy and strong robustness.

With the introduction of distributed generators (DG), the traditional distribution system characterized by radical network becomes a multi-source one. Therefore the accuracy of the equivalent model of distributed generators directly affects the precision of fault location. To solve this problem, this paper proposed a fault location method based on complex correlation Thevenin equivalent and strong tracking filter (STF) in distribution network with DG. Strong tracking filter (STF) can be used for real-time extraction of fundamental wave phase and amplitude of single phase voltage and current, and fast track the power parameters mutation. The method of complex correlation Thevenin equivalent takes into account the randomness of measurement data, DG impedance and load to overcome measurement error caused by the uncertainty of the data, so that the construction of the DG impedance model is more accurate. Simulation results show that the method of fault location proposed in this paper has advantages of high accuracy and strong robustness.

La-loaded Al2O3 (La/Al2O3) is a practical support for three-way catalysis (TWC) reactions. Although it has been reported that the addition of La to Al2O3 results in improved thermal stability to retain high specific surface areas, its effect on the catalytic reduction of NOx (DeNO(x)) has not been studied systematically. Herein, we describe the role of La in La/Al2O3-supported Pd catalysts (Pd/La/Al2O3) for TWC reactions. For that purpose, we employed various in situ spectroscopic studies, including infrared (IR), X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS), and near-ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) in combination with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The obtained results revealed that Pd-0 species supported on La/Al2O3 are more electron-deficient compared to those on pristine Al2O3 without La(Pd/Al2O3). Kinetic studies using powdered catalysts revealed that the addition of La suppresses the poisoning effect by CO during the DeNO(x) reactions. In addition to the catalytic tests with powdered catalysts, monolithic honeycomb forms of the catalysts were prepared and employed for TWC reactions, which showed that Pd/La/Al2O3 exhibits higher DeNO(x) activity than Pd/Al2O3. In this study, we also reexamined the effective loading amount of La, which has traditionally been similar to 3-5 wt % of La for TWC processes in order to retain the high specific surface area of the La/Al2O3 supports. Our investigations showed that an increased La loading (15 wt %) is even more effective for the DeNO(x) reactions tested in this study due to the higher reactivity toward NO and the greater suppression of the poisoning effect of CO. The developed catalyst Pd/La(15)/Al2O3 has also been tested in a commercial vehicle and has been evaluated on a practical driving mode test cycle (LA-4; city cycle of U.S. Federal and California), where it showed a better catalytic performance than the conventionally used Pd/La(3-5)/Al2O3 catalysts. Our study suggests that the loading amount of La in Pd/La/Al2O3 catalysts needs to be adjusted depending on the application systems, considering not only the support stability (surface areas) but also the promotional effect in the TWC process.

La-loaded Al2O3 (La/Al2O3) is a practical support for three-way catalysis (TWC) reactions. Although it has been reported that the addition of La to Al2O3 results in improved thermal stability to retain high specific surface areas, its effect on the catalytic reduction of NOx (DeNO(x)) has not been studied systematically. Herein, we describe the role of La in La/Al2O3-supported Pd catalysts (Pd/La/Al2O3) for TWC reactions. For that purpose, we employed various in situ spectroscopic studies, including infrared (IR), X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS), and near-ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) in combination with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The obtained results revealed that Pd-0 species supported on La/Al2O3 are more electron-deficient compared to those on pristine Al2O3 without La(Pd/Al2O3). Kinetic studies using powdered catalysts revealed that the addition of La suppresses the poisoning effect by CO during the DeNO(x) reactions. In addition to the catalytic tests with powdered catalysts, monolithic honeycomb forms of the catalysts were prepared and employed for TWC reactions, which showed that Pd/La/Al2O3 exhibits higher DeNO(x) activity than Pd/Al2O3. In this study, we also reexamined the effective loading amount of La, which has traditionally been similar to 3-5 wt % of La for TWC processes in order to retain the high specific surface area of the La/Al2O3 supports. Our investigations showed that an increased La loading (15 wt %) is even more effective for the DeNO(x) reactions tested in this study due to the higher reactivity toward NO and the greater suppression of the poisoning effect of CO. The developed catalyst Pd/La(15)/Al2O3 has also been tested in a commercial vehicle and has been evaluated on a practical driving mode test cycle (LA-4; city cycle of U.S. Federal and California), where it showed a better catalytic performance than the conventionally used Pd/La(3-5)/Al2O3 catalysts. Our study suggests that the loading amount of La in Pd/La/Al2O3 catalysts needs to be adjusted depending on the application systems, considering not only the support stability (surface areas) but also the promotional effect in the TWC process.

China has promised to reduce nation’s carbon dioxide emissions in 2020 by at least 40% of its 2005 levels. This paper proposes that interregional industrial shifts might enable China to meet this goal. A Dorfman-Samuelson-Solow model is presented by using an environmental multiregional input-output table of China in a linear programming format and at given national carbon targets, with aim of maximizing national GDP, under constrains for both demand-supply balance and energy-use change within practical limits. In each province, excluding the energy preserved in the secondary energy, final consumption of 39 manufacturing commodities accounted by bottom-up and top-down methods, final consumption of other sectors, energy transition and loss are calculated by converting 20 energy types into carbon emissions. The model suggests that moving the energy and heavy industries out of China’s North Coast would help considerably, GDP losses could be counteracted by raising the output of high-tech industries in the South Coast and of selected services across most of China’s regions. Moreover, adjusting the energy mix toward cleaner resources would alleviate some pressure to reduce carbon emissions of heavy industry throughout China and of the energy industry in Central China. Superseded by a newer version.