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The article analyses factors influencing the Ukrainian coal market. Based on the analysis the preconditions of further development of coal industry in Ukraine are formulated.

The chapter is based on analysis of the data from the different parts of Europe on the issue of energy poverty in order to undertake explorative work on comparative energy poverty research. The questionnaire surveys, which were conducted in five studied cities (Brno, Kassel, Leipzig, Lüneburg and Poznan) included 49 open, partly-open and closed questions on the locations and characteristics of dwellings, reasons for choosing the dwelling and personal opinions on its conditions, housing and energy costs, energy use, and the personal situation of the interviewee and other households members.

New problems revealed after finishing outputs in the coal mines in the Czech Republic and in another countries, too. The economic situation at the end of the last century led to an intense restriction of mining and the mines were closed. In many cases, as well in Ostrava-Karvina basin also the mine ventilation and degasification were interrupted. During the closing of the mines, especially the shafts and mine workings connected underground areas with the surface, laws of gas distribution were not respected often enough. It resulted in the known problems of gas emissions to the surface. The closed underground thus represents a gas reservoir where the gas is not only gathered, but also produced. So there is a possibility to use the gas as a potential power resource. Po ukončení těžby v České republice, ale i dalších zemích, se objevily nové problémy. Ekonomická situace ke konci dvacátého století způsobila restrikci dobývání a uzavření dolů. V řadě případů, jakož i v ostravsko-karvinském revíru, byla ukončena degazace a větrání. Během uzavírání dolů, zejména jam a děl spojujících podzemí s povrchem, nebyly často respektovány zákony distribuce plynů. To způsobilo známý problém výstupu plynů z podzemí na povrch. Uzavřené podzemí tak představuje zásobník plynu, v něm se plyn nejen shromažďuje, ale i produkuje. Tak se nabízí možnost, získat tento plyn jako potenciální zdroj energie.

The book focuses on three areas of development driving the significant structural and functional changes that have been appearing in and shaping rural spaces: development of renewable energy, multifunctional agriculture, and rural tourism. In the rural context these three phenomena are related and significantly influence each other – or better to say that they intersect, sometimes effectively cooperating and other times contesting with each other. Ranging from global to regional scale, this book covers rural studies from different types of regions, on one hand from regions in the United Kingdom where the rural change debate has a long tradition, on the other hand views from the Central-European perspective, where the above-mentioned processes have appeared much more recently. Different experiences with the issues can be noticed from the post-socialist countryside, other ones from Alpine villages. But in general, the story of all covered rural spaces is interwoven by a red line idea of efforts to improve their societal, economic, and environmental qualities.

The main purpose of this thesis is to present a theoretical discussion about the influence of different economic theories on the concept and strategies to achieve sustainable development in its three spheres: economic, social and environmental. It presents different perspectives on the sustainability of the economic growth process. It explores the loss of ethical analysis along the history of economic thought and its implications to sustainable development. On the economic development sphere, it highlights the relations between the theories of international dependence and the liberal theories of economic development, on the one hand, with the economic thought of Karl Marx and Adam Smith/David Ricardo, respectively. There is an analysis of the compatibility between the economic and social spheres of sustainable development with a focus on the distribution of income among individuals. Under the social development sphere, it presents the capability approach of Amartya Sen as bringing back the classical conception of the economic system. It explores two versions of economics as a social science: neoclassical economic theory defending that all goods are scarce leading to the trivialization of the scarcity problem of natural resources; and classical economic theory defending that the economic system produces a surplus enhancing the importance of studying the management of natural resources. Under the environmental sphere of sustainable development, there is a discussion of two opposing currents: resource/environmental economics and ecological economics. These two currents bring us different versions of sustainability: weak and strong, with a connection to neoclassical economic theory and classical economic theory, respectively. O principal propósito desta tese é apresentar uma discussão teórica sobre a influência de diferentes teorias económicas sobre o conceito e estratégias para atingir o desenvolvimento sustentável nas suas três esferas: económica, social e ambiental. São apresentadas diferentes perspetivas sobre a sustentabilidade do processo de crescimento económico. Explora-se a perda da análise ética no decorrer da história do pensamento económico e as suas implicações para o desenvolvimento sustentável. Na esfera do desenvolvimento económico são salientadas as relações entre as teorias de dependência internacional e teorias liberais, por um lado, e os pensamentos económicos de Karl Marx e Adam Smith/David Ricardo, respetivamente. Analisa-se a compatibilidade entre as esferas económica e social do desenvolvimento sustentável focando a questão da distribuição do rendimento entre indivíduos. Na esfera do desenvolvimento social é apresentada a teoria de desenvolvimento de Amartya Sen remetendo nos para a conceção clássica do sistema económico. Debate-se duas versões da economia como ciência social: a teoria económica neoclássica defendendo que todos os bens são escassos, levando à trivialização do problema de escassez dos recursos naturais; a teoria económica clássica defendendo que o sistema económico produz um excedente, salientando a importância de estudar a gestão dos recursos naturais. No desenvolvimento ambiental discute-se duas correntes opostas: economia dos recursos/ambiental e economia ecológica. Estas duas correntes trazem-nos diferentes versões de sustentabilidade: fraca e forte, respetivamente relacionadas com a teoria económica neoclássica e teoria económica clássica.

Several countries have adopted different strategies, models and policies to assist companies to develop their technological capabilities. These include high tech cluster development, creation of venture capital fund, establishment of technology incubation center, and Science & Technology parks. In turn, the creation of knowledge base industries, regional development, improves the technological infrastructure and life standard of the people. This paper discusses the contribution of science and technology parks in firms' performance in particularly employment, sales and profitability and also in creation of new businesses in information technology sector in Pakistan. This study is based on the case study of STPs (Software Technology Parks) of Islamabad. The results revealed that the establishment of STPs could be helpful in the creation of new companies as half of firms located at the STPs were startup enterprises. It helps firms to enhance its growth performance in the first five years after starting their business at these STPs. By developing software parks in three major cities, Pakistan Software Export Board have achieved partially its objectives.